#equivalent weight of nitrogen

[sweetlikehoneystingslikeabee]

Question, could I request the riddlers with s/o who has sensory issues? If you feel comfortable writing for it

Riddler Party x Reader With Sensory Issues

OH BOY, DO I... You came to the right place I have PLENTY of personal experience with sensory issues. Nightmare. Lots of Riddler parties lately! Seems like you guys LIKE them or something.

For those unaware, I'll be referencing sensory overload which is a common experience with neurodivergent people where certain sensations become Too Much and sets off an intensive reaction emotionally and/or physically. For example, me being autistic, when I personally experience overload I first get really irritable and uncomfortable which can quickly turn to hyperventilation/feeling like I cannot breath if i can't resolve/get away from the source of the overload. I tend to have issues with a bit of everything sensory wise, but it can be a little different for everyone with certain sensations being much more likely to trigger or be upsetting than it is for others.

TW: Ableism mention, self-harm relating to bad sensory issues

Gotham

Oh does he know all about it. He's the one who is definitely on spectrum and experiences the most outward symptoms. The worst for him is the sensations of bad touch and textures. Fortunately smell doesn't bother him much considering his old line of work. Yet if it's something that bothers you, he'll be happy to keep some coffee nearby! Coffee contains nitrogen, which helps neutralize odors. So it's a natural deodorizer! If.... If that's what bothers you.

The most sympathetic to sensory issues because he knows what it's like. He's also very aware of the consequences of too much turning into sensory overload. You'll notice a lot of his clothing is rather sleek, more of a silken or cotton texture. As a child he had this wool sweater his father would make him wear until Edward scratched himself to bleeding. Anything slightly itchy on his skin will send him over the fucking edge. Maybe you relate.

He will get overprotective about you getting set off. A little baggie of coffee beans, ready to cut the wiring on lights that are too bright, maybe even shoot someone not willing to turn the goddamn music down! Excuse me, this dish has x and that has a bad mouth feel so they NEED to take this back and remake it. If it's you, you deserve the fuss.

BTAS

Not related to sensory issues per say, but this is the man that would make the highest tier fidget gear for you. You can bet he would be equally attentive to satisfying sensory issue situations. Get ready for weighted blankets and a room that is basically a sensory cocoon for you to escape to when things get to be too much. It's not a devoid space, it's just a room set up for you that he'll never put air fresheners or candles in, it has some light sound proofing and it's own thermostat. He'll call it your "office."

He already modified most of his place to be adjustable at the drop of a hat, but now he polishes it off and gives you the remote. Dimmer type switches for all the lights in the house and you can shutter up the windows, too. He's ready to cater to whatever it is that irritates you in particular.

If you ever get a sensory overload in public, he's the one who will notice and quickly whisk you away to a quiet and safe spot to help you come down. Breathing exercises that he made sure to look up for you, hugging pressure if that's what you need and a soft voice to ground you.

60s

You are going to need to remind him a lot. It's not because he doesn't care or won't do anything for you, it's because a lot of his life is kind of nightmarish sensory-wise and he's just used to that level of chaos by now. He does everything big! Big lights, big sounds, you get it. Plus he doesn't really know a lot of neurodivergent people so it's not something he's actively aware or thinking of.

That being said, however, he's doing the equivalent of taking his jacket off so you can cross a puddle- but with sensory issues! "Oh! Pretty thing, do cover your ears, this might be loud." Mentally keeps a list of foods or ingredients that you don't like the texture of. Just in case he notices before you! Then he gets the bonus of being your knight in armor looking out for you.

If anyone were to be rude about it or uncompromising, he'd take it as a personal offense. Likely give them a witty riddle, a slight scare and then plots to ruin their day/life in the near future. No one is going to mess with you and get away with it.

Zero Year

Undiagnosed, but lowkey has the Tism. He's INCREDIBLY picky about the food he eats because of related sensory issues. It can't be too mushy, it can't be too grainy, it can't be too hard to chew- the list goes on. He's an expert at sending things back in restaurants if it bothers him, so he'll definitely do it for you.

Just know that at times he will be too self-involved and might unintentionally set you off before remembering last second. He'll be apologetic when he does it! Try to suck up and get back on your good side. Remember all the times he went out of his way to do NICE things for your sensory issues!

He will be downright obnoxious if someone else is setting off your sensory issues, however. Do you know the statistics of the population having sensory issues and YOU'RE playing loud music in your tiny shitty establishment? Do you know what that's like for someone who is sensitive to auditory issues? Maybe a little experiment is in order...

Do not ask what the experiment entails unless you want graphic details.

Arkham

Has sensory issues himself but would never admit there could be something "wrong" with him, so he downplays it a LOT as if it's just a regular experience. It's one of several reasons why his hideouts tend to lack the noise of other people. He also immensely dislikes physical touch unless he initiates it himself or it's you. So when you explain it, he's both understanding a little surprised.

Of course there's a name for it. There's a name for everything and he knew that- but also... knowing there's a phrasing to explain what he's been experiencing is enlightening to say the least. Considering this is the man that would make fidget rings and the like to keep you occupied if you also stim, he's going to try and be attentive to sensory stuff.

If it's something like aversion to his machinery noises, for example, while he's not going to stop making things... You find a set of noise-cancelling headphones waiting at the door when you enter the hideout. He won't stop specific behaviors of his for you, but he'll try to find ways of making it okay for you. Compromising! It's definitely showing his way of loving you since anyone else he'd tell them to fuck off if they didn't like how he lives his life.

Telltale

Don't take this the wrong way but at first, he's going to think you're just being overly sensitive/picky. Because you're his partner, he's not going to be intentionally rude about it. If something is bothering you, he'll try to take care of it. Whether it's a sound or smell or feel on your skin- He doesn't mind taking whatever steps to try and resolve it.

Likely he won't take it seriously until there's A) A sensory overload or B) You really have a conversation with him about why it's a big deal. Mentioning how it's not that different from his OCD triggers would be helpful here. Then he gets it.

His grand narcissism still effects his perception of other people's issues, even when it's the one he loves. Once he has the realization, however, he'll be getting on the ball and will torment anyone who doesn't take you seriously. What are your needs? He wants to have the full discussion. Because, whatever it is, he plans on you having it from now on.

2022

While it might not be sensory issues exactly, he knows the sensation of being mentally and physically overloaded in a way that could incapacitate you entirely. The moment you tell him, he's almost apologetic. Are you telling him because he did something that triggered your issues? No? Oh, thank god.

If it's related to touching, it'll be a little hard for him at first. He really wants to cuddle and be physically affectionate but he will respect your boundaries if it really bothers you. Otherwise, this guy is going to have the softest blankets and pillows for you to burrow in after a hard day. He can even lay on you or the blankets for a weighted component! Matching cozy sweaters and socks that are soft on your skin.

Sensory overload will scare the shit out of him the first time it happens. Such an intense reaction and you seem so distressed! Afterwards he'll be learning the signs that it could be starting with you and your triggers so that he can shut it down before it gets bad. He is not above murder to stop the trigger if need be. It's for his angel, after all!

[usafphantom2]

U-2 Avionics Technician explains why Dragon Lady pilots breathe pure oxygen for as much as 14 hours straight

The U-2

Built in complete secrecy by Kelly Johnson and the Lockheed Skunk Works, the original U-2A first flew in August 1955. Early flights over the Soviet Union in the late 1950s provided the president and other US decision makers with key intelligence on Soviet military capability. In October 1962, the U-2 photographed the buildup of Soviet offensive nuclear missiles in Cuba, touching off the Cuban Missile Crisis. In more recent times, the U-2 Dragon Lady has provided intelligence during operations in Korea, the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq. When requested, the U-2 also provides peacetime reconnaissance in support of disaster relief from floods, earthquakes, and forest fires as well as search and rescue operations.

U-2 print

This print is available in multiple sizes from AircraftProfilePrints.com – CLICK HERE TO GET YOURS. U-2S Dragon Lady “Senior Span”, 9th RW, 99th RS, 80-329

The U-2R, first flown in 1967, was 40 percent larger and more capable than the original aircraft. A tactical reconnaissance version, the TR-1A, first flew in August 1981 and was structurally identical to the U-2R. The last U-2 and TR-1 aircraft were delivered in October 1989; in 1992 all TR-1s and U-2s were designated as U-2Rs. Since 1994, $1.7 billion has been invested to modernize the U-2 airframe and sensors. These upgrades also included the transition to the GE F118-101 engine which resulted in the re-designation of all Air Force U-2 aircraft to the U-2S.

U-2 pilots breathe pure oxygen for as much as 14 hours straight

Despite all these upgrades, one thing that hasn’t changed much at all over the years is oxygen.

U-2 Avionics Technician explains why Dragon Lady pilots breathe pure oxygen for as much as 14 hours straight

‘[U-2 pilots] breathe pure oxygen for as much as 14 hours straight,’ Damien Leimbach, former USAF Avionics Technician on U-2 aircraft, says on Quora.

‘The plane flies at extreme altitudes (above 70K ft) which many people know. What most people don’t know is that the cockpit is not a pressure vessel. Look at the three panels under the windscreen in this photo.

U-2 Avionics Technician explains why Dragon Lady pilots breathe pure oxygen for as much as 14 hours straight

‘Opening any of those up would allow a maintainer to look directly into the cockpit. The only thing holding the air inside is a thin smear of sealant, and some screws for the panel. As a result, the cockpit is only pressurized to the equivalent of about 29k ft, which for reference is roughly equal to standing at the top of Everest.

‘Why? To save weight. Putting a pilot in a space suit weighs less than building a pressure vessel into the plane.

U-2 pilots pre-breathing pure oxygen

U-2 Avionics Technician explains why Dragon Lady pilots breathe pure oxygen for as much as 14 hours straight

‘You see that suitcase close to them? Yeah, that’s not their spare underwear and a toothbrush. It’s a liquid oxygen supply. They just spent an hour or more like this,

U-2 Avionics Technician explains why Dragon Lady pilots breathe pure oxygen for as much as 14 hours straight

‘pre-breathing pure oxygen to purge his system of nitrogen.’

As highlighted above, one thing that hasn’t changed much at all over the years is oxygen: in fact, pre-breathing took place in the 1950s just like it takes place today.

Leimbach explains;

‘Just like scuba divers, rapid decompression in an emergency could cause the bends. So, the pilot will spend an hour or two before a mission taking a nap and breathing pure oxygen, then hooking up to the LOX case for the ride out to the jet, where PSD (physiological support division) will then connect him to the liquid oxygen supply on the jet. Then they get to spend the next 8–12 hours continuing to breathe pure oxygen during the mission. They do NOT mix the pure oxygen with air. That would defeat the purpose of the nitrogen purge. Anyone suggesting that this is somehow harmful or fatal to pilots needs to stop relying so much on bots so write her answers.

‘Here is a crew chief servicing the LOX tanks on the U-2.’

U-2 Avionics Technician explains why Dragon Lady pilots breathe pure oxygen for as much as 14 hours straight

Photo credit: Staff Sgt. Kenny Holston, Airman 1st Class Luis A. Ruiz-Vazquez, Senior Airman Colville McFee, SrA Andrew Buchanan 9th Reconnaissance Wing Public Affairs / U.S. Air Force and Lockheed Martin

U-2

This model is available in multiple sizes from AirModels – CLICK HERE TO GET YOURS.

Dario Leone

Dario Leone is an aviation, defense and military writer. He is the Founder and Editor of “The Aviation Geek Club” one of the world’s most read military aviation blogs. His writing has appeared in The National Interest and other news media. He has reported from Europe and flown Super Puma and Cougar helicopters with the Swiss Air Force.

@Habubrats71 via X

[this-is-my-main-i-follow-from]

Cure (recipe at bottom)

100g of cure #1: 6.25g (6 250mg) sodium nitrite; 93.75g salt (sodium chloride).

10g cure 1: 0.625g (625mg) NaNO2; 9.375g salt.

1g: 0.0625g (62.5mg); 0.9375g.

Alright. If my recipe calls for 3g cure for every 1kg of meat, I am getting (62.5x3=)187.5mg nitrite/kg. If I am curing 4kg then it is (187.5x4=)750mg. If I am curing 500g then it is (187.5x0.5=)93.75mg nitrite.

100g of cure #2: 5.67g (5 670mg) sodium nitrite; 3.63g (3 630mg) sodium nitrate; 9.3 (9 300mg) both; 90.07g salt.

10g cure 2: 0.567g (567mg) nitrite; 0.363g (363mg) NaNO3; 0.93g (930mg) both; 9.07g salt.

1g: 0.0567 (56.7mg) ite; 0.0363g (36.3mg) ate; 0.093g (93mg) both

If my recipe calls for 3g of cure for every 1kg of meat, I am getting 170.1mg nitrite/kg & 0.1089g nitrate/kg, or 279mg both/kg.

EU regulation says 150mg. Good thing I'm in Canada.

Alright so, celery leaf.

"Cold-smoked sausages containing 2.58% of freeze-dried celery (corresponding to 150 mg/kg of nitrate) or 150 mg/kg nitrite or 150 mg/kg nitrate were manufactured with S. xylosus or with S. xylosus and P. pentosaceus mixture."

This seems to imply that they cured meat with normal 150mg nitrate, then they cured meat with 150mg nitrate in the form of celery, & they cured meat with 150m nitrite. To get 150mg nitrate in the form of celery, they needed 25.8g of freeze dried celery powder.

According to my assumptions, there are 150mg of nitrate in 25.8g celery powder.

Celery Total Nitrate Content (mg kg−1[which means ppm or mg/kg]): 1103, 1544, 1495, according to different sources

That is for fresh celery & not dried celery leaves. How much weight does celery lose when dried? If I wanted to do the math, I would find a conversion for something like parsley leaves weight fresh vs dry & celery fresh vs freeze dried. Either that or multiply away the water weight from celery.

"The five different sausage formulations were: Control negative (CN) no nitrate added; Control positive (CP) 150 mg/kg potassium nitrate; Group with celery powder (GSe) 3 g/kg celery powder. Based on Sindelar et al. (2006), a mild effect on the colour of the meat was expected from celery and spinach, and beet powder was added in two lots."

So here it seems like they are treating 3g of celery as equivalent to 150mg nitrate.

This is a far cry from 26g of celery equivalent to 150mg.

Celery is 95% water. According to my brother, dry celery has 14 000mg (14g) of nitrate in one kilo.

If I need 279mg of nitrates/ites for one kilogram of meat, how many grams of dried celery powder do I need?

279 is basically 280mg. I need 20grams of dried celery.

So without further ado, here is my recipe:

For every kilogram of meat you want to cure, you need the following:

Salt: 25g (& an extra 3g from cure 2)

Cure 2: 3g (280mg nitrate/ite, 2.7g salt); ALTERNATIVELY - Dried celery leaf powder: 20g

Dry sage: 0.9g

Rosemary: 0.6g

Fennel seed: 1g

Ground fennel: 1g

White pepper: 0.3g

Garlic powder: 0.5g

Chianti (italian/tuscan red wine from sangiovese grape)

Mixing vessel, something with which to open the chianti, gram scale, fridge/cooler, plastic bag/vacuum seal bag, probably a tray or smth to do this on.

Keep all the parts apart until you are ready to mix. You'd be surprised how often you forget that you already did a part of it. Phone rings? Oh now where was I. Did I already get the salt? Hmm...

Weigh the meat you want to cure. Multiply each number by how many kilos of meat you have. Measure the ingredients all apart.

Wet with wine until it is like sand at the beach. Pack on all the salt mix. Do not waste any because this is already measured for this amount of meat. Put it into the bag & seal.

Store in the fridge for a few weeks up to a few months.

When ready, I would suggest using a thermocirculator to low-temperature pasteurize it, & then it is safe to store for another few months.

(Here is what my teacher said: Yes, once we cured the whole muscle, we store it under refrigeration to cure through. Depending on the cut and temp, that's usually about 3-4 weeks for the Coppa and 2-3 for the lomo, as reference. You can keep it vac sealed with the curing ingredients for months. Max I've done personally is 5 months. After the curing phase, I cooked them sous vide. And it's neat because once it's been cooked sous vide, the shelf life in the fridge is then also months.)

[citynewsglobe]

[ad_1] Are you a bodybuilder seeking to improve your muscle development and efficiency? In that case, you could have heard of Dbol (Dianabol), a well-liked anabolic steroid identified for its highly effective results. This complete information provides you with all the knowledge you should know earlier than purchase dbol, together with its advantages, potential dangers, and suggestions for protected utilization. Our objective is to supply helpful insights and sensible recommendation that can assist you make an knowledgeable determination. What's Dbol? Understanding Dianabol Dbol, brief for Dianabol, is among the most well-known anabolic steroids within the bodybuilding neighborhood. Developed within the Nineteen Fifties, it shortly gained reputation for its capacity to advertise fast muscle development and energy. Dbol is chemically much like testosterone, the first male hormone, and works by rising protein synthesis in muscle cells. How Dbol Works If you take Dbol, it enhances nitrogen retention in muscle tissues, which results in elevated protein manufacturing. This, in flip, ends in higher muscle mass and energy. Moreover, Dbol boosts crimson blood cell manufacturing, bettering oxygen supply to muscle tissues and enhancing endurance throughout exercises. Authorized Standing of Dbol It is essential to notice that the authorized standing of Dbol varies by nation. In america and plenty of different nations, Dbol is assessed as a managed substance, requiring a prescription for authorized use. Nevertheless, it's obtainable with out a prescription in some nations. All the time examine the native rules earlier than buying Dbol. Advantages of Utilizing Dbol Speedy Muscle Beneficial properties One of many main causes bodybuilders flip to Dbol is its capacity to ship fast muscle good points. Customers usually report important will increase in muscle measurement and energy inside just a few weeks of beginning a Dbol cycle. This makes it a really perfect alternative for these seeking to bulk up shortly. Enhanced Power and Efficiency Along with muscle development, Dbol additionally enhances energy and general efficiency. This permits bodybuilders to raise heavier weights and push by means of extra intense exercises, in the end main to raised ends in the gymnasium. Improved Restoration Dbol also can velocity up the restoration course of by lowering muscle soreness and irritation. This implies you possibly can practice extra often and with higher depth, resulting in quicker progress in your health objectives. Potential Dangers and Facet Results Liver Toxicity One of the important dangers related to Dbol utilization is liver toxicity. Dbol is a hepatotoxic compound, which means it could actually trigger injury to the liver when utilized in excessive doses or for extended durations. It is essential to watch liver operate and use liver help dietary supplements when taking Dbol. Hormonal Imbalances Since Dbol mimics testosterone, it could actually result in hormonal imbalances within the physique. This will likely lead to unwanted effects equivalent to gynecomastia (enlarged breast tissue in males), pimples, and hair loss. To mitigate these dangers, think about using an aromatase inhibitor to manage estrogen ranges throughout your Dbol cycle. Cardiovascular Points One other potential danger of Dbol utilization is its affect on cardiovascular well being. Dbol can enhance blood strain and levels of cholesterol, doubtlessly resulting in heart-related points. Common cardiovascular train and a heart-healthy food plan will help decrease these dangers. Ideas for Secure Utilization Begin with a Low Dose In case you're new to Dbol, it is important to start out with a low dose to evaluate your physique's response. A typical newbie's dose ranges from 15 to 30 mg per day. Progressively enhance the dosage as wanted, however by no means exceed the advisable limits. Use a PCT Plan

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[casyoo]

Light environment control targets and quality physiology of artificial light vegetable production

Quality and functional substance accumulation levels are one of the important indicators of concern in facility vegetable production. For vegetables, the main nutritional quality indicators include primary metabolites (sugar, protein, minerals, vitamins, cellulose, etc.) and secondary metabolites (anthocyanins, phenolics, flavonoids, lycopene, etc.). These indicators are controlled by light conditions. In other words, they are nutritional quality indicators that can be controlled by light conditions, which have prospects in the applications of LED lighting.

Hu et al.'s (2014) study showed that consuming 200g of fruits (equivalent to two apples) per day can reduce the risk of stroke by 32%; consuming 200g of vegetables per day can reduce the risk of stroke by 11%. The appearance quality and nutritional quality of vegetables are very important.

Zheng Xiaolei et al. (2011) studied the effects of different light qualities (white fluorescent light, red LED, blue LED, red/blue LED) on the growth and edge burning of loose leaf lettuce under plant factory conditions, providing a certain theoretical basis for the high-quality and efficient production of loose leaf lettuce in plant factories.

The results showed that red/blue LED can significantly increase the fresh weight, leaf number and leaf area of loose leaf lettuce, and reduce the nitrate content of loose leaf lettuce, but does not reduce the edge burn index; red LED can promote stem elongation, significantly reduces the burnt edge disease index and nitrate content, but is not conducive to dry matter, vitamin C accumulation and leaf area increase; blue LED inhibits the growth of loose leaf lettuce and increases nitrate content, but can significantly reduce burnt edge disease index. It showed that red LED is beneficial to the growth of loose leaf lettuce in the plant factory and reduces the occurrence of burnt edges.

The plants had longer internodes and thinner stems under red light. Under blue light, the internode is shorter and the stem is thicker, and the elongation and growth are inhibited to some extent (Jao and Fang, 2003). 

Blue LED significantly inhibits the growth of loose leaf lettuce stems. Red light promotes stem elongation (Li and Kubota, 2009); while under blue LED, the stem length was 16% shorter than the control, indicating that blue light inhibited stem elongation. and the results were consistent with those of previous studies.

Blue light increased the activity of indoleacetic acid oxidase, decreased the level of auxin, and inhibited plant growth. Red and blue LED light can increase the vitamin C content of loose leaf lettuce compared with fluorescent light, and red LED can significantly reduce the vitamin C content of loose leaf lettuce. Chen Qiang et al. (2009) found the same result on tomatoes.

The effect of light quality on vitamin C content was related to the activity of its synthesis and decomposition enzyme activity. Galactolactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH) directly catalyzed the synthesis of vitamin C from galactolactone. Ascorbate oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase (AAP) are key enzymes in the oxidation of vitamin C in plants (An Huaming et al., 2005), and these three enzymes are sensitive to light. The mechanism of the different responses of the above three enzymes to different light properties needs to be further studied.

Vitamin C is an important nutrient component and an important index to evaluate the quality of loose leaf lettuce. Leafy vegetables are very easy to enrich nitrate, which is converted into nitrite during use, which is harmful to human health. Red LED can reduce the nitrate content of loose leaf lettuce, while blue LED can increase the nitrate content of loose leaf lettuce (Zheng Xiaolei et al., 2011; Deng Jiangming et al., 2000).

Blue LEDs increase nitrate content mainly because the process of absorbing nitrate nitrogen requires energy consumption, and blue light is likely to promote nitrate nitrogen absorption by stimulating ATP formation. The cogroups of nitrate reductase (NR) are flavin adenine dinucleotide and purine, and the chromophore of blue light receptor contains flavin and purine, so blue light is likely to directly stimulate NR, so that nitrate in loose leaf lettuce leaves can be reduced quickly, thus promoting the absorption and accumulation of nitrate.

The anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation of red leaf lettuce will decrease under the facility cultivation condition. Studies have shown that supplementing blue light and UV-B light at night can significantly improve anthocyanin synthesis. Shoji et al. (2010) studied the effect of increasing blue light intensity in red-blue composite light on anthocyanin synthesis. The accumulation of anthocyanins is the largest under blue light of 100umol/m2·s, the smallest under red light, and the red and blue composite light was in the middle. That is to say, the ratio of red to blue is very important in the synthesis of anthocyanins in red leaf lettuce.

[spacenutspod]

Sediment from Canada’s Mackenzie River empties into the Beaufort Sea in milky swirls in this 2017 satellite image. Scientists are studying how river discharge drives carbon dioxide emissions in this part of the Arctic Ocean.NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen using Landsat data from USGS Runoff from one of North America’s largest rivers is driving intense carbon dioxide emissions in the Arctic Ocean. When it comes to influencing climate change, the world’s smallest ocean punches above its weight. It’s been estimated that the cold waters of the Arctic absorb as much as 180 million metric tons of carbon per year – more than three times what New York City emits annually – making it one of Earth’s critical carbon sinks. But recent findings show that thawing permafrost and carbon-rich runoff from Canada’s Mackenzie River trigger part of the Arctic Ocean to release more carbon dioxide (CO2) than it absorbs. The study, published earlier this year, explores how scientists are using state-of-the-art computer modeling to study rivers such as the Mackenzie, which flows into a region of the Arctic Ocean called the Beaufort Sea. Like many parts of the Arctic, the Mackenzie River and its delta have faced significantly warmer temperatures in recent years across all seasons, leading to more melting and thawing of waterways and landscapes. In this marshy corner of Canada’s Northwest Territories, the continent’s second largest river system ends a thousand-mile journey that begins near Alberta. Along the way, the river acts as a conveyor belt for mineral nutrients as well as organic and inorganic matter. That material drains into the Beaufort Sea as a soup of dissolved carbon and sediment. Some of the carbon is eventually released, or outgassed, into the atmosphere by natural processes. Scientists have thought of the southeastern Beaufort Sea as a weak-to-moderate CO2 sink, meaning it absorbs more of the greenhouse gas than it releases. But there has been great uncertainty due to a lack of data from the remote region. To fill that void, the study team adapted a global ocean biogeochemical model called ECCO-Darwin, which was developed at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. The model assimilates nearly all available ocean observations collected for more than two decades by sea- and satellite-based instruments (sea level observations from the Jason-series altimeters, for example, and ocean-bottom pressure from the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions). Like a conveyer belt of carbon, the Mackenzie River, seen here in 2007 from NASA’s Terra satellite, drains an area of almost 700,000 square miles (1.8 million square kilometers) on its journey north to the Arctic Ocean. Some of the carbon originates from thawing permafrost and peatlands.NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team The scientists used the model to simulate the discharge of fresh water and the elements and compounds it carries – including carbon, nitrogen, and silica – across nearly 20 years (from 2000 to 2019). The researchers, from France, the U.S., and Canada, found that the river discharge was triggering such intense outgassing in the southeastern Beaufort Sea that it tipped the carbon balance, leading to a net CO2 release of 0.13 million metric tons per year – roughly equivalent to the annual emissions from 28,000 gasoline-powered cars. The release of CO2 into the atmosphere varied between seasons, being more pronounced in warmer months, when river discharge was high and there was less sea ice to cover and trap the gas. Ground Zero for Climate Change Scientists have for decades studied how carbon cycles between the open ocean and atmosphere, a process called air-sea CO2 flux. However, the observational record is sparse along the coastal fringes of the Arctic, where the terrain, sea ice, and long polar nights can make long-term monitoring and experiments challenging. “With our model, we are trying to explore the real contribution of the coastal peripheries and rivers to the Arctic carbon cycle,” said lead author Clément Bertin, a scientist at Littoral Environnement et Sociétés in France. Such insights are critical because about half of the area of the Arctic Ocean is composed of coastal waters, where land meets sea in a complex embrace. And while the study focused on a particular corner of the Arctic Ocean, it can help tell a larger story of environmental change unfolding in the region. Since the 1970s, the Arctic has warmed at least three times faster than anywhere else on Earth, transforming its waters and ecosystems, the scientists said. Some of these changes promote more CO2 outgassing in the region, while others lead to more CO2 being absorbed. For example, with Arctic lands thawing and more snow and ice melting, rivers are flowing more briskly and flushing more organic matter from permafrost and peatlands into the ocean. On the other hand, microscopic phytoplankton floating near the ocean surface are increasingly taking advantage of shrinking sea ice to bloom in the newfound open water and sunlight. These plantlike marine organisms capture and draw down atmospheric CO2during photosynthesis. The ECCO-Darwin model is being used to study these blooms and the ties between ice and life in the Arctic. Scientists are tracking these large and seemingly small changes in the Arctic and beyond because our ocean waters remain a critical buffer against a changing climate, sequestering as much as 48% of the carbon produced by burning fossil fuels. News Media Contacts Andrew Wang / Jane J. LeeJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.626-379-6874 / 818-354-0307andrew.wang@jpl.nasa.gov / jane.j.lee@jpl.nasa.gov Written by Sally Younger 2023-185 Share Details Last Updated Dec 21, 2023 Related TermsClimate ChangeCarbon CycleEarthGreenhouse GasesJet Propulsion LaboratoryOceans Explore More 5 min read NASA’s Tech Demo Streams First Video From Deep Space via Laser Article 3 days ago 4 min read Armstrong Flight Research Center: A Year in Review Article 7 days ago 6 min read NASA’s NEOWISE Celebrates 10 Years, Plans End of Mission Article 1 week ago

[ionized-alpaca]

Hi, friendly neighborhood scientist here! I am also alarmed, but not by all of the same things and not for all the same reasons!

First thing:

And YOU STILL DON'T GET FOOD. YOU GET MOLECULES.

Depending on what is being fermented, you do in fact get food! The existing product cited in one of the first "precision agriculture" articles, Quorn, uses a fungus to grow mycoprotein (literally, "fungus protein") that is then bound together with egg- or potato-based binders to achieve a meat-like texture.[1] What comes out of the reactor is not yet a food product, but it's most of the way there and those downstream processing steps should all be happening in the same facility.

Is it highly processed? Yes. But it is food.

And they seem to have the process down pretty well, seeing as Quorn has a growing presence in US supermarkets.

A lot of the "fake meat" products out there right now are pretty junk-y, but if a theoretical highly processed, slightly dystopian-sounding alternative food could be nutritionally equivalent, taste similar, and have lower environmental impact? That should not be rejected just because it's "molecules" instead of food - your regular reminder that everything is made of chemicals if you break it down to component parts.

(I'm not saying that was OP's argument, but people in general have a kneejerk reaction to things that are "unnatural" that I wanted to get ahead of.)

Moving on to environmental impacts:

I'm going to pull a bit from this paper in Nature about beef specifically here[2], rather than "traditional agriculture" as a whole. Carbon footprint in general is really hard to nail down, but depending on what meat product you're replacing, cellular agriculture (umbrella term for producing traditional agricultural products using cells grown in a bioreactor; "precision fermentation" falls under the umbrella) can actually have an edge here.

Beef is the number one driver of deforestation in tropical forests[3], followed by soy - and at least in the US, most corn and soy is itself used as animal feed. Livestock require huge amounts of land, both to house the animals themselves and to feed them, not to mention additional facilities to slaughter and process the carcasses.

The Nature paper lays out scenarios in which 20%, 50%, and 80% of beef production are replaced with fungus-derived mycoprotein (e.g., the Quorn from earlier); the fungus is grown using sugar as feedstock instead of corn or soy. In the 20% scenario, deforestation is halved compared to a scenario in which growing global meat demand continues to be met using traditional agriculture, due to the decreased need for pasture land.

The authors also sum up an analysis for different environmental benchmarks in this frankly confusing graph I will attempt to break down for y'all:

(viewing it here will probably be easier)

The x-axis features their 4 scenarios: MP0 is no change, continuing to produce all beef using cows. MP20 is replacing 20% of beef with microbe-grown mycoprotein, MP50 is 50%, MP80 is 80%.

If we look at the most conservative scenario, MP20, the authors calculate only modest changes in water use, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen oxide emissions, and methane emissions. (However, it should be noted that methane emissions punch above their weight, with 1 kilogram of methane trapping as much heat as 84 kilograms of carbon dioxide, so 11% reduction can be significant!) The biggest claimed wins are in reducing carbon dioxide and deforestation, both down a whopping 56%.

HOWEVER, two GIANT caveats: 20% replacement is ambitious: plant-based meat in the US, a relatively affluent market with a pretty good level of cultural acceptance for plant-based meat, had a measly 2.5% market share of retail packaged meat in 2022.[4]

Second, this analysis was just on land use. Their CO2 number, infuriatingly, does not take into account the emissions from the process to produce the mycoprotein itself.

So what is the carbon footprint of the process?

For that, I found a life cycle analysis for mycoprotein production[5]. (My apologies if it's paywalled; I think this link should work?) And I'm also drawing on this literature review's interpretation; I am not an environmental scientist or statistician, so admittedly this part of the analysis is outside my wheelhouse.

Depressingly, 1 kg of mycoprotein meat substitute is about equivalent to 1 kg of chicken in terms of carbon footprint (measured as "warming potential" in units of kg of CO2), largely due to the energy demands of processing it. Seeing as Quorn, the only mainstream mycoprotein product I'm aware of, is imitation chicken, not beef, this is bad news on a carbon footprint front.

So does precision fermentation reduce environmental impacts? Kind of, but it's difficult to conclusively quantify and making a significant impact would require these cultured products to displace market share from traditional meat at a pace consumers are probably not willing to undertake in the near future.

The big question: is the science there yet?

Listen y'all, I have a STEM degree. I have taken a good number of courses on biotechnology. I spent a whole semester studying cultured meat, which is a related but even more nightmarishly complicated rabbithole I do not have time to address right now.

Forgive me if I stop pulling sources here: the "fermentation farm," download a food app and have a tiny factory custom make you a precisely tailored food? That is not right on the horizon. I would call that firmly within the realm of science fiction for the foreseeable future.

Keeping all of those strains of microbes alive and in optimal growth conditions would require so much energy and labor that I cannot see that being a facility anyone wants to run, let alone put in "every community."

The reactors these microbes grow in have to be kept sterile and maintained at specific temperatures, with the liquid media circulated and periodically cycled in/out to avoid the microbes from essentially choking on their own waste. Contamination happens, reactors have to go down for maintenance, piping networks have to be set up to pump your microbes from place to place - there are a million moving parts on every production line, so every additional line you create is going to snowball the cost, energy demands, and footprint of your facility. A highly complex facility that can make "any" molecule almost by definition cannot be small, or else you'll spend so much time flushing lines, cleaning reactors, and switching between microbes that you'll never get anything done.

Addressing the "Liberation Labs" facility: there's a reason large scale cellular fermentation facilities have been limited to pharmaceuticals so far: pharma can charge astronomical prices that will cover these facilities. (Admittedly pharmaceuticals are using trickier cells and have to uphold stricter sterility standards - but growing tons and tons of cells is never going to be cheap)

If they're going ahead with building a plant in 2024, I assume they have some kind of analysis that makes them think they can turn a profit selling powdered proteins.

But the specific proteins they're making - the CEO highlights lactoferrin, a protein in mammalian milk, in one article[6] - are for alternative dairy products that are not mainstream yet, targeting projected demand that may never exist. They're making a huge gamble by going straight to bulk scale on, and I cannot emphasize this enough, a product that might never have a market.

If we find the right combination of protein, product, process, and demand... I won't say precision fermentation is a dead end. But what's happening right now? Is a lot of startup hype, big swings from companies that might end up making nothing but giant dead factories, and "environmentally friendly" products that don't actually have a smaller carbon footprint than the meat they replace.

Sources:

Quorn

Projected environmental benefits of replacing beef with microbial protein. Nature, 4 May 2022

What are the biggest drivers of tropical deforestation?. World Wildlife Fund Magazine, Summer 2018.

U.S. retail market insights for the plant-based industry. Good Food Institute, 2023.

Meat alternatives: life cycle assessment of most known meat substitutes. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2015. (Alternate link)

Liberation Labs bags $30m to kit out ‘first-of-a-kind’ biomanufacturing hub in Indiana. AgFunderNews, 12 April 2023.

I went down the internet rabbit hole trying to figure out wtf vegan cheese is made of and I found articles like this one speaking praises of new food tech startups creating vegan alternatives to cheese that Actually work like cheese in cooking so I was like huh that's neat and I looked up more stuff about 'precision fermentation' and. This is not good.

Basically these new biotech companies are pressuring governments to let them build a ton of new factories and pushing for governments to pay for them or to provide tax breaks and subsidies, and the factories are gonna cost hundreds of millions of dollars and require energy sources. Like, these things will have to be expensive and HUGE

I feel like I've just uncovered the tip of the "lab grown meat" iceberg. There are a bajillion of these companies (the one mentioned in the first article a $750 MILLION tech startup) that are trying to create "animal-free" animal products using biotech and want to build large factories to do it on a large scale

I'm trying to use google to find out about the energy requirements of such facilities and everything is really vague and hand-wavey about it like this article that's like "weeeeeell electricity can be produced using renewables" but it does take a lot of electricity, sugars, and human labor. Most of the claims about its sustainability appear to assume that we switch over to renewable electricity sources and/or use processes that don't fully exist yet.

I finally tracked down the source of some of the more radical claims about precision fermentation, and it comes from a think tank RethinkX that released a report claiming that the livestock industry will collapse by 2030, and be replaced by a system they're calling...

Food-as-Software, in which individual molecules engineered by scientists are uploaded to databases – molecular cookbooks that food engineers anywhere in the world can use to design products in the same way that software developers design apps.

I'm finding it hard to be excited about this for some odd reason

Where's the evidence for lower environmental impacts. That's literally what we're here for.

There will be an increase in the amount of electricity used in the new food system as the production facilities that underpin it rely on electricity to operate.

well that doesn't sound good.

This will, however, be offset by reductions in energy use elsewhere along the value chain. For example, since modern meat and dairy products will be produced in a sterile environment where the risk of contamination by pathogens is low, the need for refrigeration in storage and retail will decrease significantly.

Oh, so it will be better for the Earth because...we won't need to refrigerate. ????????

Oh Lord Jesus give me some numerical values.

Modern foods will be about 10 times more efficient than a cow at converting feed into end products because a cow needs energy via feed to maintain and build its body over time. Less feed consumed means less land required to grow it, which means less water is used and less waste is produced. The savings are dramatic – more than 10-25 times less feedstock, 10 times less water, five times less energy and 100 times less land.

There is nothing else in this report that I can find that provides evidence for a lower carbon footprint. Supposedly, an egg white protein produced through a similar process has been found to reduce environmental impacts, but mostly everything seems very speculative.

And crucially none of these estimations are taking into account the enormous cost and resource investment of constructing large factories that use this technology in the first place (existing use is mostly for pharmaceutical purposes)

It seems like there are more tech startups attempting to use this technology to create food than individual scientific papers investigating whether it's a good idea. Seriously, Google Scholar and JSTOR have almost nothing. The tech of the sort that RethinkX is describing barely exists.

Apparently Liberation Labs is planning to build the first large-scale precision fermentation facility in Richmond, Indiana come 2024 because of the presence of "a workforce experienced in manufacturing"

And I just looked up Richmond, Indiana and apparently, as of RIGHT NOW, the town is in the aftermath of a huge fire at a plastics recycling plant and is full of toxic debris containing asbestos and the air is full of toxic VOCs and hydrogen cyanide. ???????????? So that's how having a robust industrial sector is working out for them so far.

[leomiflowmeters]

IMPORTANT POINTS TO TAKE CARE BEFORE INSTALLATION OF INSERTION THERMAL MASS FLOW METER

APPLICATION STUDY Conduct a site survey to understand the purpose of gas flow measurement as a function of process conditions. For example, flue gas flow measurement in a coal-fired power plant.

PROCESS CONDITIONS Confirm the following liquid properties for optimal selection: Standard gas or gas mixture (total percentage) It is real gas like nitrogen or gas mixture like biogas with 75% methane + 15% CO2 + 5% nitrogen + 3% water vapour + 2% H2S. Specific Gravity or Specific Gravity or Molecular Weight A standard gas such as Nitrogen has a Specific Gravity: 1.25 or a Specific Gravity: 1250 kg/Nm3 Flow Rates (Minimum, Operating, Maximum) based on customer process conditions. The aisles must be temperature & pressure conditions. TOM.G.Nm3/h. (DIN1343–0⁰C and 1.01325 bar), Sm3/h (typical 2⁰⁰C and 1.01325 bar OR ISO2533 1⁵⁰C and 1.01325 bar) or actual m3/h. compliance with working conditions.

Static pressure (minimum, working pressure and maximum in bar or equivalent units). Static pressure of the gas flowing through a pipe or duct. Temperature (minimum, working temperature and maximum ⁰C) Temperature of the gas circulating in the pipe or duct. Gas conditions such as dry or wet gas or %RH gas flow details.

Gas contains dust or dirt, dust concentration in ppm if possible Corrosive properties of the gas or compatibility of suitable materials with the sensor wetted part Hazardous or non-hazardous. Indicate whether the area of ​​use is hazardous in terms of protection class, area and environment. Gas group classification is required. (e.g. zone I or II, gas group IIA IIB IIC etc.).Required for non-hazardous degrees of protection such as IP65, IP66, IP67 for enclosures and amplifiers; sensor probe housing.

INSTALLATION Please check the following carefully: Pipe Size: Measure OD, ID & Thickness of pipe OR confirm Sch40, Sch80 etc. Piping Diagram OR Class A, B or C piping if applicable. Pipe Size & ; Type: If a duct is used, check whether it is square or rectangular and carefully measure the size and size. wall thickness installation location & Mounting method: Check the installation location and determine the suitable installation location with the desired straight length available. If a straight length is not available, discuss possible practical solutions. With or without isolation valve: If the application requires an isolated sensor probe during operation, the process isolation valve may or may not be installed. ORIENTATION Determine the mounting of the sensor probe based on the available clearance near pipes or ducts. Horizontal Vertical Inclined depending on available space near pipe or duct.

RECOMMENDATIONS Check additional points as below:

Upstream & Downstream straight length available at mounting site. Power supply conditions

[mvikas12345]

What is Difference Between Stainless Steel and Mild Steel?

Stainless Steel is created largely from iron and carbon in a two-step process. The chromium in stainless steel combines with the oxygen in the air to generate a protective coating, making stainless steel very corrosion and rust-resistant. The more alloying elements steel has, the higher its price.

Mild steel is carbon-alloyed, whereas stainless steel is chromium-alloyed. In the presence of water, oxygen, and ions, mild steel is very reactive and will easily convert to iron oxide (rust). Mild steel is produced in the same manner as other carbon steel, commonly accomplished by combining iron ore and coal. Mild steel, also called carbon steel is low-emissions carbon steel.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STAINLESS STEEL AND MILD STEEL

The primary distinction between mild steel and stainless steel is that mild steel is constituted mostly of iron and carbon, whereas stainless steel is composed mainly of iron and chromium. So, let’s find a few more differences between mild and stainless steel.

Composition

Mild Steel

Steel is an iron-carbon alloy with a carbon content of 2.1%. Steel alloys include mild steel and stainless steel. Mild steel, also known as plain or low carbon steel, has 0.05-0.25% carbon as its major component. Other components are present in lower concentrations. Among them are aluminum, nickel, sulfur, chromium, and silicon.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel has a greater chromium concentration, accounting for 10.5% of its total weight. Manganese, Nitrogen, Copper, Nickel, and Molybdenum are the additional elements contributing to Stainless Steel's formation.

Corrosion Resistance

Mild Steel

Mild steel is not corrosion-resistant (rust). Mild steel does not have strong corrosion resistance in its untreated condition; nevertheless, it may be considerably increased by adding a suitable surface protection agent to any project's exposed sections. Raised DO concentration increased mild steel corrosion rates to 72%.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is corrosion-resistant. The chromium in stainless steel reacts with the oxygen in the air to form a protective layer that makes it extremely corrosion and rust-resistant. Even though stainless steel is extremely corrosion-resistant, it is not rustproof.

Common Grades

Mild Steel

Here are some typical mild steel grades. Their universality is something they share with comparable metals.

EN 1.0301

This grade has silicone content, a manganese content of 0.4%, and carbon content of 0.1%. It also contains trace amounts of copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. Its equivalent grades are C10, AISI 1008, and DC01.

EN 1.1121

This carbon steel has a carbon content of 0.08% to 0.13% and a manganese content of 0.3% to 0.6%. Its applications include the manufacture of cold-headed bolts and fasteners. AISI 1010 is the equivalent grade. This grade has high ductility and formability and may be formed using standard methods.

EN 1.0402

The grade comprises 0.18% to 0.23% carbon and 0.3% to 0.6% manganese. It is extremely weldable and is good for carburized components. It exhibits an excellent blend of strength, toughness, and flexibility.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel comes in at least 150 different grades. The following are the most prevalent steel grades:

The 200 Series

The 200 series is used in cutlery, washing machines, outdoor equipment, the automobile sector, and other applications.

The 300 Series

The 300 series is used in medical devices, autos, food and beverage equipment, jewelry, and other products.

The 400 Series

Heat treatment applications are one of the 400 series' applications. Motor shafts, agricultural equipment, and gas turbine components are examples.

Amount of Iron

Mild Steel

The carbon forms a strong molecular structure with iron. The resultant lattice microstructure aids in achieving certain material qualities, such as tensile strength and hardness, on which we rely on steel. Mild steel can contain up to 98% iron.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is made up of around 90% iron.

Strength

Mild Steel

This steel is less strong due to its low carbon content. It promotes improved weldability. A variety of alloying elements are used to improve the chemical characteristics. Mild steel has a lower tensile strength but may be strengthened by adding carbon.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is stronger than mild steel due to its alloy (chromium). As a result, it is utilized to make products that must survive impact or repeated use. It can be cut, machined, and shaped into complex forms without introducing proportionate stresses to the workpieces.

Weldability

Mild Steel

Mild steels have excellent weldability, and their absence of extra alloying elements makes them a cost-effective solution for many welding applications.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel has low weldability. The biggest issue in welding this type of stainless steel is the lack of HAZ toughness. Excessive coarsening of the grain can cause cracking in strongly constrained joints and thick section material. No particular precautions are required when welding thin section material (less than 6mm).

Brittleness

Mild Steel

Mild steel may flex rather than break when subjected to a larger impact force, making it less brittle.

Stainless Steel

Stainless Steel is fragile when compared to mild steel. Stronger metals are also more brittle; when subjected to a larger impact force, the metal (stainless steel) breaks rather than bends.

Fabrication

Mild Steel

Mild steel is a suitable fabrication material because it is simpler to twist, cut, drill through, weld, or roll into pipes.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel, on the other hand, is difficult to manufacture; high-tech machinery and trained personnel are required.

Magnetic

Mild Steel

It is magnetic.

Stainless Steel

It might be magnetic or not. Generally, ferritic stainless steels are magnetic, but austenitic stainless steels are not.

Malleability

Mild Steel

A malleable substance is pounded without cracking or breaking into a new shape. Mild steel is more malleable than stainless steel because it is more flexible.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is significantly less malleable than mild steel, making it easier to produce.

Appearance

Mild Steel

Mild steel has a drab appearance and a matte texture.

Stainless Steel                                                                                                                               

Stainless steel appears silver-white, bright, or glossy. The chromium coating on stainless steel makes it beautiful in its natural form without the necessity for painting.

This post was originally published here: https://www.mvikas.in/what-is-the-difference-between-mild-steel-and-stainless-steel

[whumpster-fire]

What if The Abyss Was Real?

I haven’t done a dumb “Applying real-world physics to fantasy settings thought experiment shitpost” in a while, I feel like doing one for Made In Abyss.

Okay so long story short, The Abyss, from the manga/anime Made In Abyss, is a really big hole in the ground. Specifically, it’s a circular chasm with an unknown depth estimated to be at least 20,000 meters, but there’s a magical curse that causes any human being attempting to ascend to get sick, with symptoms getting worse the lower you’re trying to ascend from, and if you go too deep you’ll die if you try to return.

Gee... sounds a little bit like Decompression Sickness, doesn’t it? So now I’m curious: would the increased atmospheric pressure in The Abyss be dangerous even if there was no magical curse?

To get this out of the way: a 20-kilometer deep hole can’t exist on Earth in real life - not because lava would come out, because continental crust is usually thicker than that (although the Abyss is on an island in the middle of the ocean so it might be getting into the mantle), but because rocks aren’t strong enough and the immense weight combined with the effects of erosion would cause it to collapse and fill itself in after a while. If there was a hole that deep, the bottom would probably be unsurvivably hot because of a combination of geothermal heat and Adiabatic Lapse (i.e. for the same reason high altitudes are really cold, a really low negative altitude would be extremely hot because any descending air mass will be compressed by the increasing pressure and when you compress air it gets hotter).

But assuming fantasy physics do keep the rocks stable and the temperature normal-ish, would the atmospheric pressure make the Abyss deadly to return from / descend into?

Let’s find out!

High pressure is a hazard divers in the ocean have to contend with, and much like in the Abyss, descending is relatively safe but ascending is the tricky part. It’s very hard to actually crush someone with pressure because the pressure inside and outside your body tends to equalize since we’re mostly made up of non-rigid liquid... gel... stuff. If you rapidly take that pressure away though, you get nasty effects like the solubility of gases in blood decreasing, causing gas to come out of solution and form bubbles which fuck your everything up. This is generally not a worry when going to high altitude because normal atmospheric pressure is only equivalent to about 10 meters of water, but if you go from a highly pressurized atmosphere to normal pressure too fast you can be in danger. In fact, decompression sickness was originally identified in bridge construction workers working in pressurized work chambers called caissons.

So could the Abyss cause that?

Well... the pressure gradient in a column of air is a bit different from in a column of water. In any fluid the rate of pressure change with depth is equal to the weight density of the fluid. In water, this means the rate of change is linear, approximately 1 atmosphere per 10 meters of depth, because liquids are incompressible and their density doesn’t change much with pressure. In air it’s a different story. The pressure change is much slower because gases are less dense than liquids, but it’s nonlinear, because air is compressible - the deeper you go the higher the pressure gets, and the higher the pressure gets the denser the air becomes, and the higher air density means the pressure increases faster. In fact, the pressure grows or decays exponentially with changing altitude!

This can be modeled with a “constant” called the Scale Height - the height it takes for the pressure to change by a factor of e. Scarequotes around “constant” because it isn’t: air density is a function of temperature as well as pressure, and like I said temperature isn’t constant with altitude. It also varies with molecular weight, and therefore with air composition, and therefore with humidity - humid air is lighter than dry air.

Luckily the Abyss has a constant-ish temperature (ish. The 4th layer’s really hot, the 5th is cold, but it’s not like it’s going from antarctic winter to boiling). What about humidity? Well... the thing is, the vapor pressure of water, and therefore the maximum possible partial pressure of water vapor in air at 100% humidity, is a function of temperature, but as the pressure increases that partial pressure becomes a smaller and smaller percentage of the total pressure. Even at the surface, the air won’t be more than 5% water vapor unless it gets above 30 *C, and only about 2% at 20 *C. So the effect of humidity should be pretty small.

So let’s assume we can approximate the air in the Abyss as dry air at... 27 *C because that’s 300 Kelvins and makes my math easier. That’s pretty warm, but the 4th Layer, Giant’s Goblets, is hot, humid, and really big vertically so it probably skews the average upward a bit. This gives us a scale height of about 8800 meters.

So what are the conditions like?

1st Layer: Edge of the Abyss. Depth: 0 meters. Pressure: 100% sea level.

I think the boundary between the city of Orth and the Abyss proper is around sea level? This is just normal air, with no health hazard to humans.

2nd Layer - Forest Of Temptation: Depth: 1350 meters. Pressure: 115% sea level.

So far so good. The air at the bottom of the first layer is a little thicker and contains a little more oxygen, so you might actual feel better going down there. Someone returning to the surface after an extended period of acclimation to the air down there might get mild altitude sickness.

 2nd Layer - The Inverted Forest: Depth: 2600 meters. Pressure: 135% sea level.

The pressure is know about the same as you’d experience at the bottom of a typical public swimming pool. Be careful to equalize your ears! The pressure difference between here and the surface is the same as between the surface and around 3500 meters above sea level, which is pretty darn high! The inverted forest itself and Ozen’s observation camp is probably a bit higher up than this so the pressure’s a bit lower, if somebody rapidly went all the way up to the surface after living down there for months they might get significant altitude sickness?

3rd Layer - The Great Fault: Depth: 2600-7000 meters. Pressure: 135-220% sea level.

This is a pretty tall layer, and by the time you reach the bottom the air is more than twice as thick as at the surface! This also means the updrafts hit extra hard because all aerodynamic forces - lift and drag - are amplified with the greater air density. A falling object’s terminal velocity is around 70% what it is at sea level. If somebody decided to skydive directly to the Giant’s Goblet, they’d still need a parachute but they could use a parachute of about half the area and still make a safe landing - if they weren’t eaten by the giant flying monsters or crashed into the cliff face by the winds.

4th Layer - The Goblet of Giants: Depth: 7000+ meters. Pressure: 220%+ sea level.

The top of the Goblet of Giants is humid and swelteringly hot. While the humid air doesn’t actually contain more water vapor than humid air of the same temperature at sea level, there’s still more air to absorb and conduct heat. The human body might have trouble cooling itself under these conditions, and delvers could succumb to heatstroke very easily. I’m not sure if the body would just adapt to this much oxygen and get rid of red blood cells en masse, so altitude sickness might not get that much worse.

Cooking under these conditions would be strange, because the ambient pressure is now higher than the pressure inside a pressure cooker. Riko would probably have to use specialized recipes to account for water boiling at over 120 *C and the environment basically being a pressure cooker even if you’re just trying to grill something.

4th Layer - Garden of the Flowers of Resilience: Depth: 9,000 meters. Pressure: 278% sea level. The air’s still getting thicker and thicker. The pressure is equivalent to being 18 meters underwater. Decompression sickness might now be a risk if you rapidly ascended to the surface via a gondola. Without a gondola, there’s no way anyone could climb that rapidly. You will not bleed out of every orifice.

5th Layer - Sea of Corpses: Depth: 12,000 meters. Pressure: 390% sea level.

Time to enter the dark, icy depths! The pressure down here is high. A typical car tire is a little over 2 bars above ambient or 3 bars absolute, so if you brought an inflated car tire down here it would be deflated by the pressure. A soda can would also have gone flat long before this depth. The air is now cold, but probably still humid from the sea and water platform thingies all around. This is a dangerous environment because the thick air cools things like human bodies very effectively, creating an elevated risk of hypothermia and frostbite! The Sea of Corpses is a pretty apt name: swimming or diving in this water could turn deadly very fast.

5th Layer - Ido Front: Depth: 13,000 meters. Pressure: 435% sea level.

This is the point of no return! Ido Front’s near the bottom of the 5th layer but apparently the real boundary is below “sea level” a bit. The curse of the 5th layer is loss of senses and hallucinations... which is actually kind of accurate except for the part where you have to ascend to be affected. The pressure down here is close to the limit for recreational scuba diving because breathing air at such high pressures can lead to Nitrogen Narcosis, and delvers would suffer from slowed reactions and reduced mental acuity. However, it’s not severe enough to cause real hallucinations at this depth, at least at the exposure durations for divers.

6th Layer - Capital of the Unreturned: Depth: 13,000 meters. Pressure: 435% sea level. You... can still return from this depth. Divers do it all the time. They have to take decompression stops around every 10 meters - or 1 atmosphere. To create a 1 atmosphere pressure change Bondrewd’s Happy Fun Time Elevator would have to drop its victims to nearly 15,000 meters, near the bottom of this layer and rocket them back up to Ido Front in a few minutes. Even then this is the safe practice because people were sometimes getting sick and occasionally dying. So uhh... myth busted I guess?

7th Layer - The Final Maelstrom: Depth: 15,500 meters. Pressure: 580% sea level.

By this depth, the partial pressure of oxygen should be reaching 1.2 bars assuming the air is mixed with surface air somehow. Oxygen toxicity is now a major concern: the safety limit for exposure duration at this partial pressure of oxygen is about 3-1/2 hours, much shorter than how long a delver would be down there. The true Curse of the Abyss is now setting in, as the amount of oxygen in the air damages the central nervous system, causing seizures. At greater depths than this the high atmospheric pressure would quickly incapacitate and kill a delver. Sufficient breathing gas to descend this far probably couldn’t be carried in large enough quantities to survive navigating whatever the hell is down there.

Interestingly the depth of the 7th Layer actually more or less corresponds to the real-life limits of human physiology, and if there was a chasm this deep in the real world, we would be just as unable to explore the deepest depths without the benefit of modern technology.

[gothighunicorntolerance]

Planet Earth is Blue- 2

One

AO3

Logan had been a member of the Silver Serpent for a good three years now, three years being counted in earth time with the calendar app on Logan’s phone (which somehow still worked, despite there not being any internet service in space. Logan had yet to figure out why he could still watch YouTube or access anything with WiFi, really). 

During his three years, Logan learned quite a lot. In addition to learning a few words in Janus’s language (‘hello,’ ‘help,’ and ‘My name is Logan,’ the only phrases Janus said would really be useful), Logan also learned how to commit crimes in space. It sounded much more exciting than it actually was, of course, since most of the crime Janus and the crew committed was the smuggling of slightly illegal goods. The most valuable thing Logan had learned, however, was how to hack alien technology.

He had always been good with computers, but now with access to technology more advanced than anyone on earth could dream of? He was almost unstoppable. He single-handedly erased all warrants for Virgil’s arrest in three different galaxies, as well as cleaning up Janus’s record. 

There had been several close calls over the years, though Janus handled most of them nonviolently. There had only been one occasion where a space cop had gone mysteriously missing out of the airlock. Being aboard a ship with crewmates that had a various amount of arrest warrants on different planets wasn’t perfect, but it sure beat earth. Logan would take aliens over transphobia any day of the week. 

The Silver Serpent’s current load was a cargo hold full of Volatum, something Logan didn’t want anything to do with, as it was almost like a narcotic for the Umutu, the species native to Trappist-E and H, as well as a few weapons, all hidden under what they were legally delivering, a plant native to Kepler-62 called ibiryo.

The journey between planets was low-stress, as the only thing they really had to worry about was raiders- Logan had never met them, and hoped that he wouldn’t. But the entry to Trappist-E where they were to drop off the Volatum? The entire process was extremely stressful. First, permission to dock was needed- Janus took care of that part, as captain. Once permission was given, glorified border patrol guards would inspect the ship for illegal substances. This was the part that always made Logan nervous. What would happen if the Volatum and weapons were found? 

Logan stood in the hallway with the rest of the crew, as per instructed, and watched the guards look around. Virgil glared at them as one opened the door to his room. It was only Patton putting a webbed hand on Virgil’s back that stopped him from hissing. Roman and Remus looked at each other, giggling at something only they heard. 

Janus put a hand on Logan's shoulder and gave a small squeeze. During his time on the ship, Logan found that while Janus wasn’t one to hold long conversations, he instead communicated via physical touch. 

“It’ll be fine,” Janus whispered so only Logan could hear. “I’m confident in my abilities.” 

Logan gave a subtle nod. 

It took an achingly long time, but the three guards that had boarded eventually come back out. 

“You’re free to land, Silver Serpent,” one of them waved as they stepped out of the ship. 

“Thank you,” Janus nodded, gesturing for the crew to follow him to navigation where they strapped into their seats in preparation for reentering an atmosphere. Going back into the pull of gravity was… an experience, to say the least. It reminded Logan of when he had been on a plane that had to land in the rain- bumpy, jarring, and overall making his insides feel like they had been turned upside down and then crushed with a weight. The first time Logan had reentered, he had been sick to his stomach. But now, after hundreds of trips to different planets, reentry was much more bearable, though still not at all pleasant. 

Logan closed his eyes and focused on his breathing, something he found helped. He only opened his eyes once Janus announced, “Gentlemen, we have landed!”

Patton was the first to unbuckle, and he immediately lay down on the floor with his arms and legs spread out. 

“I really don’t like that,” Patton mumbled. 

“Neither do I,” Logan stretched his arms above his head. 

“Alas, it is necessary. Now, we don’t have time to lounge around quite yet. We have to deliver,” Janus helped Patton up. “The ibiryo buyers will be here soon.”

“When will the second customer be dropping by?” Virgil asked. 

Janus just shrugged by moving his top set of arms. “Soon. But let’s get to work unloading.”

He ushered them to the cargo hold, where it was Logan and Patton’s job to hand boxes of ibiryo to Janus, Remus, Roman, and Virgil, who brought the boxes out to the dock to be picked up by the buyers. 

When the ibiryo was finally unloaded, Logan sat with the rest of the crew outside, his muscles aching. Roman and Remus’s words were muffled by their breathing apparatuses, which they had to use to breath in the oxygen-rich atmosphere of Trappist-E, as they needed nitrogen, not oxygen. 

The sunset of Trappist-E was close to that of earth’s sunsets, albeit dimmer, as the sun that the planet orbited didn’t give off nearly as much energy as earth’s sun. The air was thinner, making it a little difficult for Logan to breathe, especially when he was still wearing his binder, but it wasn;t nearly as bad as it had been on Trappist-H, where Logan hard to borrow one of the breathing devices and stop binding. 

Janus suddenly stood up next to him and raised one of his arms in greeting to a figure walking towards the now-empty docking area and began to walk towards them. 

“Is that them?” Logan whispered to Virgil, who sat next to him. 

“Yup,” Virgil replied. “I don’t know who they are, but I’m pretty sure they’re some kind of gang leader. You could probably find out with your fancy computer skills, Teach.”

“Probably,” Logan agreed. “Though it would likely take a lot of sorting through criminal records on this planet.”

Janus and the newcomer walked back to the ship. “Roman, Remus, go get the gifts for my friend here.”

The twins nodded and stood up, hurrying into the ship to bring out the Volatum. The newcomer left their hood up when they spoke to Janus, but Logan could tell they were Umutu- the coarse black fur around their hands gave it away. “I take it that my gift is in good condition?” they asked.

“Of course. Nothing but the best from my crew,” Janus replied. 

“Very nice. Still the price we agreed on?”

“Correct. Who would I be if I changed the price upon delivery? A government agent?”

Janus and the Umutu buyer laughed. “Ah, here it is,” Janus took the boxes from Roman and Remus. 

“Thirty pounds of Volatum. Twelve guns, twelve cases of ammunition,” the buyer inspected. “It seems to be in order. Let me transfer the payment and I’ll be on my way.”

Janus nodded and waved Logan over to wire the transfer. Logan held out a tablet and typed out a code that would allow the funds to be untraceably deposited into an account Logan had set up for himself- most of the funds were used by Janus without Logan’s complaint, as he didn’t really have a need for the money, though he did purchase a small souvenir for himself after every planet he visited. 

Each trinket was put carefully in the drawer of his nightstand, though to anyone else it would look like a drawer full of clutter- a ball of yarn made from a cotton like plant from Roman and Remus’s native planet, Wolf-1061-C. A branch from a tree-like organism from Gliese-667-Cc. It was also comforting to know that the type of shirts that proclaimed “I went to New York and all I got was this t-shirt” we’re not confined to earth’s tourism culture- he had several of those, each from a different planet. 

The Umutu took the tablet, typed in a code, and handed it back to Logan with a nod.

“Crew of the Silver Serpent, I salute you,” they said.

“Pissing off authority is what we strive to do,” Janus grinned. 

“A noble cause. Now, I will be on my way.” 

The buyer left the docks, leaving the crew alone.

“Well,” Logan announced. “I’m going to go to my room and sleep. If you see something interesting in the market, buy it for me?” 

“Of course!” Roman replied.

“Definitely,” Janus nodded. “Well be taking off in a few hours, so now would be your chance to go shopping if you want to.”

“Thank you, but I’m exhausted,” Logan walked back into the ship, where he tugged off his binder and pulled on a sleeping shirt before crawling under his exceptionally warm and light blankets on his small bed and falling asleep almost immediately. 

He woke to shouting. 

Stumbling out of his bedroom, he put his glasses in just in time to see Virgil running past him from the engine room to the front navigation, screaming some untranslatable words at the top of his lungs (untranslatable because there was no English equivalent, not because the translator device refused to translate unpleasant words. He had heard plenty of those streaming from Virgil’s mouth when there was an engine malfunction).

Logan took a moment to realize what was happening before chasing after Virgil. 

“Who’s chasing us this time!?” Logan shouted over the clanking of the engines and the scuttle of Virgil’s spidery legs against the cold metal floor. 

“The cops!” Virgil shouted over his shoulder. 

“Those motherfuckers!” Logan cracked his knuckles as he ran after Virgil. 

Logan slid into a seat and began typing at a tablet. “What’s their ship name? I’m going to slow them down! Wait- are you kidding me? They’re using an unsecured network… hold on. Patton, look out the window and tell me what’s happening.”

“They’re still shooting at us! Wait! They’ve stopped! And now- now they’re… flying in circles?” Patton hopped out of his seat to the thick glass panes that served as windows to report what was going on as Logan typed commands into the tablet. 

“Perfect! This won't be able to last forever, so get out of here!” Logan told Janus and Virgil.

“Virgil, can we warp?” Janus shouted over the engine. 

“Once! Now go go go! Now do it now!” Virgil shouted back.

With a flip  of a switch, the crew of the Silver Serpent successfully evaded the law once again, and with shouts of “ACAB, BITCHES!”, they arrived in the Fireworks Galaxy.

Had Logan been on the spaceship equivalent of a cap car, he would have heard the confused shouts of the space-cops as they tried to figure out what had caused the sudden malfunctions in the steering mechanisms and the reason only the left engine was working. But Logan was not on the space-cop car- he was with the crew of Janus’s ship, with the different species he had learned to call his friends, his family, shouting obscenities at the space-cops, as all upstanding citizens did. 

“Well,” Remus announced. “Fuck the police! Jan, where are we going next?”

Janus shrugged. “Wherever we want, Remus. Wherever we want. Logan, you pick.”

Logan froze for a moment, not used to the spotlight being on him. He looked out the window at the galaxy, at the nebulae and planets and countless stars, at the infinity that was the universe. He had seen things like this before, of course, but he could never get over the sheer vastness of space. 

“Let’s go to that one,” he pointed at a random planet. 

“That one it is,” Janus gave Logan a six-armed hug from behind. 

In addition to learning how to hack spaceships, Logan also learned that Patton’s and Janus’s hugs were quite possibly the best in the entire universe. Janus’s multiple arms made hugging all that better, and Logan leaned into the taller humanoid (Logan still wasn’t quite sure what descriptor, exactly, that he was supposed to use. Janus wasn’t a figure, as those were shapes in fog or darkness. He wasn’t a man, which was made obvious by the four extra arms and shimmering golden scales. Janus wasn’t just a friend, either. Logan considered them all family, but he did occasionally wish there could be something… more with Janus. So Janus was simply the taller humanoid, as not even Logan had the proper vocabulary to describe him).

Logan watched the galaxy pass by, still in Janus’s protective hug, as the Silver Serpent flew to the planet and had pointed to.

Life was good. Life was happy, even! 

Those were words Logan had never thought he would have been able to truthfully say, not when he was back on earth. But now? Now, in space- which had seemed like a far off dream- Logan could truly say he was happy.

[tinyshe]

The Billion Agave Project

 Analysis by Ronnie Cummins

[all videos embedded in this article are present on youtube]

Story at-a-glance

The Billion Agave Project is a game-changing, ecosystem-regeneration strategy adopted by several innovative Mexican farms in the high-desert region of Guanajuato

The system produces large amounts of agave leaf and root stem — up to 1 ton of biomass over the eight- to 10-year life of the plant

When chopped and fermented in closed containers, this plant material produces an excellent, inexpensive (2 cents per pound) animal fodder

This agroforestry system reduces the pressure to overgraze brittle rangelands and improves soil health and water retention, while drawing down and storing massive amounts of atmospheric CO2

The goal of the Billion Agave campaign is to plant 1 billion agaves globally to draw down and store 1 billion tons of climate-destabilizing CO2

This article was previously published March 7, 2021, and has been updated with new information.

The Billion Agave Project is a game-changing, ecosystem-regeneration strategy recently adopted by several innovative Mexican farms in the high-desert region of Guanajuato. With your support, we've been the primary group to donate to Organic Consumers Association supporting this crucial project that is now proven to green arid regions and provide both food and income for some of the world's most challenged farmers.

This strategy combines the growing of agave plants and nitrogen-fixing companion tree species (such as mesquite), with holistic rotational grazing of livestock. The result is a high-biomass, high forage-yielding system that works well even on degraded, semi-arid lands. A manifesto on mesquite is available in English1 and Español.2

The system produces large amounts of agave leaf and root stem — up to 1 ton of biomass over the eight- to 10-year life of the plant. When chopped and fermented in closed containers, this plant material produces an excellent, inexpensive (2 cents per pound) animal fodder.

This agroforestry system reduces the pressure to overgraze brittle rangelands and improves soil health and water retention, while drawing down and storing massive amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).

The goal of the Billion Agave campaign is to plant 1 billion agaves globally to draw down and store 1 billion tons of climate-destabilizing CO2. The campaign will be funded by donations and public and private investments.

Why Agave?

Climate-Change Solution

Agave plants and nitrogen-fixing trees, densely intercropped and cultivated together, have the capacity to draw down and sequester massive amounts of atmospheric CO2.

They also produce more above-ground and below-ground biomass (and animal fodder) on a continuous year-to-year basis than any other desert or semi-desert species. Agaves alone can draw down and store above ground the dry-weight equivalent of 30 to 60 tons of CO2 per hectare (12 to 24 tons per acre) per year.

Ideal for arid and hot climates, agaves and their companion trees, once established, require no irrigation and are basically impervious to rising global temperatures and drought.

Livestock Feed Source

Agave leaves, full of saponins and lectins, are indigestible for livestock. However, once their massive leaves (high in sugar) are chopped finely via a machine and fermented in closed containers for 30 days, the end product provides a nutritious and inexpensive silage or animal fodder.

This agave/companion tree silage, combined with the restoration of degraded rangelands, can make the difference between survival and grinding poverty for millions of the world’s small farmers and herders.

Drought-Resistant

Agaves require little-to-no irrigation. They thrive even in dry, degraded lands unsuitable for crop production because of their Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway.

The CAM pathway enables agave plants to draw down moisture from the air and store it in their thick leaves at night. During daylight hours, the opening in their leaves (the stomata) closes up, drastically reducing evaporation.

A New Agroforestry Model

A pioneering group of Mexican farmers is transforming their landscape and their livelihoods. How? By densely planting (1,600 to 2,500 per hectare or 2.47 acres), pruning and intercropping a fast-growing, high-biomass, high forage-yielding species of agaves among preexisting (500 per hectare) deep-rooted, nitrogen-fixing tree species (such as mesquite), or among planted tree seedlings.

When the agaves are 3 years old, and for the following five to seven years, farmers can prune the leaves or pencas, chop them up finely with a machine, and then ferment the agave in closed containers for 30 days, ideally combining the agave leaves with 20% of leguminous pods and branches by volume to give them a higher protein level.

In Guanajuato, mesquite trees start to produce pods that can be harvested in five years. By Year 7, the mesquite and agaves have grown into a fairly dense forest. In Years 8 to 10, the root stem or pina (weighing between 100 and 200 pounds) of the agave is ready for harvesting to produce a distilled liquor called mescal.

Meanwhile the hijuelos (or pups) put out by the mother agave plants are being continuously transplanted back into the agroforestry system, guaranteeing continuous biomass growth (and carbon storage).

In this agroforestry system farmers avoid overgrazing by integrating rotational grazing of their livestock across their rangelands. They feed their animals by supplementing pasture forage with fermented agave silage.

+ Sources and References

[botanyyoke44]

Exploring The Very Best Market Entrance Method For Reagents And Also Strategies Relating To Peptide

What Are Sarms Kinds?

Content

Peptide

Write-up Information.

Bsn Progressed. Strength N O Xplode 2.0

Selective Electrosynthesis For Late Stage Peptide Functionalization: A Green Chemistry Strategy.

Nevertheless, it pays to do your research study when it comes to vitamin C skincare, as formulations on the market differ hugely in regards to concentration, strength as well as stability. ' Vitamin C need to be made use of for skin care in focus of approximately 20 per cent. Higher percentages can possibly trigger even more inflammation,' claims Dr Mahto. What's even more, the item you select demands to be effectively stabilised to make certain maximum absorbency right into the skin.

At what age should you start retinol?

Begin in Your Mid '20s or Early '30s "Your mid-twenties are a great time to start using retinol," says Ellen Marmur, M.D. "Many patients who have used it for years swear by it."

So, leeches evolved a healthy protein called hirudin, which potently hinders thrombin. The total evidence-base connected with collagen supplements is restricted.

Peptide

The peptides have applications in tumor imaging in addition to in cancer cells treatment by means of targeting of payloads and also practical inhibition of ɑvß6. ɑvß6 plays several regulatory features in tumors consisting of TGFß activation, cell proliferation, MMP production, cell intrusion and survival.

Exonucleases, they damage the phosphodiester bond starting from one end of the chain. The ester link is a very high-energy bond releasing an incredible amount of energy upon hydrolysis. Like the rest of the bonds talked about earlier, it is additionally broken down by including a water particle. It is a modified kind of ester linkage in which the oxygen bridge is utilized to attach a carbon atom with a sulfur atom. It is developed as an outcome of the reaction in between the carboxylic group of one particle as well as the thiol group (- SH) of another particle. The carboxylic team sheds the oxygen as well as hydrogen while the thiol group loses its hydrogen and also a thioester bond is formed.

Article Details.

CRPS is a chronic problem connected with joint injuries, which brings about unpleasant and also inflamed joints, as well as adjustments in skin colour. There is additionally sign up now! that collagen supplements might assist in the therapy of rheumatoid joint inflammation; which is an inflammatory type of joint inflammation that brings about swelling as well as discomfort in the joints. But this proof is mixed, and there is much stronger proof to sustain well established clinical therapies for rheumatoid joint inflammation, such as the medicine methotrexate.

A small number of human studies have actually additionally found that taking collagen supplements might assist to maintain and also enhance bone mass. Nevertheless, comparable to the research studies associated with muscle mass, we can't eliminate that the positive influence of collagen in these studies might result from a boost in total protein consumption, instead of a details benefit pertaining to collagen. Consequently, supplementing with vitamin C might be useful for joint wellness in those who have a reduced consumption of this vitamin. There is additionally some evidence which recommends that supplementing with 500mg of vitamin C each day for 50 days may decrease the threat of establishing complex local pain disorder after a wrist crack.

Bsn Progressed. Stamina N O Xplode 2.0

The ability of radiolabelled variations of the peptide to precisely localise to ɑvß6-expressing xenografts in vivo, consisting of bust as well as pancreatic, has actually been demonstrated by PET DOG as well as SPECT. Human MHC class I molecules are encoded by a collection of genes-- HLA-A, HLA-B as well as HLA-C (HLA means 'Human Leukocyte Antigen', which is the human equivalent of MHC particles located in the majority of animals). These genes are extremely polymorphic, which means that each person has his/her very own HLA allele set. The consequences of these polymorphisms are differential sensitivities to infection and also autoimmune diseases that may arise from the high diversity of peptides that can bind to MHC course I in various individuals. Also, MHC class I polymorphisms make it practically impossible to have a best cells suit in between contributor as well as recipient, and hence are in charge of graft denial. The normal procedure of antigen discussion via the MHC I molecule is based on a communication between the T-cell receptor and also a peptide bound to the MHC class I molecule. There is likewise a communication in between the CD8+ molecule on the surface of the T cell and also non-peptide binding areas on the MHC course I molecule.

Cyclolab And EpiPharma Form Joint Venture - Contract Pharma

Cyclolab And EpiPharma Form Joint Venture.

Posted: Mon, 11 Jan 2021 15:43:30 GMT [source]

Hydrogen bond is created as in between a hydrogen atom as well as a very electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen. When a hydrogen atom comes within the electron affinity of a very electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen, electrostatic pressures of attraction among the proton of hydrogen and the single set of electrons in oxygen or nitrogen. Endonucleases, they can damage the phosphodiester bond even from within the chain of nucleotides.

Careful Electrosynthesis For Late Phase Peptide Functionalization: A Green Chemistry Technique.

It strongly hydrates skin for 24 hr, in addition to visibly restoring and also firming skin. Infused with Olay's Vitamin B3 & Peptides, its moisture-binding formula passes through up to 10 layers deep right into skin surface & assists optimize surface cell revival. It highly moistens skin for 24-hour, visibly restores & companies skin. Especially designed with SPF30 to assist safeguard skin from damaging UVA as well as UVB rays.

How do you make homemade peptides?

The overall process goes like this: 1. Remove the FMOC protecting group from the amine side of the amino acid. 2. Add the next amino acid in the chain and coupling activation reagents. 3. Repeat step's 1 and 2 until the sequence is complete. 4. Cleave the peptide from the resin.

A glycoprotein is a substance consisting of carbohydrate covalently linked to protein. The carbohydrate may remain in the type of a monosaccharide, disaccharide. oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, or their derivatives (e.g. sulfo- or phospho-substituted). Proteoglycans are a subdivision of glycoproteins in which the carbohydrate devices are polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Infused with Olay's Vitamin B3 & Peptides, its fragrance-free moisture-binding formula permeates as much as 10 layers deep into skin surface & assists optimize surface cell renewal.

A few little researches have actually found that eating collagen, in the type of gelatin, may bring about a decrease in cravings. It is worth keeping in mind that each of these researches included less than 25 individuals, as well as none determined real adjustments in weight.

Bioactive Peptides

Hence, peptide presented in complex with MHC class I can just be recognised by CD8+ T cells. This interaction belongs of so-called 'three-signal activation design', and in fact stands for the initial signal. The next signal is the communication between CD80/86 on the APC as well as CD28 externally of the T cell, followed by a 3rd signal-- the production of cytokines by the APC which totally activates the T cell to provide a details response. In order to can involving the key elements of adaptive immunity (uniqueness, memory, diversity, self/nonself discrimination), antigens have to be refined as well as provided to immune cells. Antigen discussion is mediated by MHC class I molecules, and also the course II particles discovered on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and certain various other cells. The carboxyl team of the muramic acid is frequently replaced by a peptide having residues of both L- and also D-amino acids, whereas that of L-talosaminuronic acid is replaced by a peptide containing L-amino acids only.

The toughest evidence is connected to skin health and decreases in joint pain from workout or osteoarthritis. As one of the most bountiful healthy protein in the body, collagen serves a number of vital architectural features. Dietary collagen is more difficult for our body to absorb, as compared with hydrolysed variations. It is also essential to keep in mind that collagen supplements are usually stemmed from fish-- for that reason any person who has a fish allergic reaction must avoid this sort of supplement. Vegan collagen supplements are readily available, which are made from genetically customized bacteria and yeast.

Retinoids should be your initial port of telephone call, according to the professionals. They're often described as the gold criterion in skin care, many thanks to their capacity to motivate cell turnover at warp speed. In other words, clinical research study showing the results of collagen drinks on skin is lacking, so if you seek a more tried-and-tested means to enhance your skin wellness, you might be better spending your money in other places. Happily, there are a handful of alternatives verified to enhance the skin's collagen degrees when applied topically. Study the research subjects of 'Introducing chemical performance in fmoc-peptide gels for cell culture'. Gelatine is a substance originated from the collagen of pets such as chickens, cattle, pigs and fish.

' Eating a well balanced diet plan with appropriate protein-- either plant based or pet-- will certainly improve collagen manufacturing,' says Griggs. What's more, vitamin C is located in abundance in most fruits and vegetables, so make sure you're obtaining your 10 a day. Of course, rubbing on the skincare isn't the only way to top up your collagen levels.

Kind I collagen is vital for skin flexibility and stamina, and a loss of collagen in the skin, which occurs naturally with aging, can bring about wrinkles. It is also one of the most bountiful protein in the body-- bookkeeping for about 30% of our total protein web content. Collagen is an important part of connective tissues-- which give assistance, framework as well as protection in our body, as well as binding with each other organs or various other tissues. The coiling of RNA chain onto itself occurs by means of hydrogen bonding.

Multi-weight Hyaluronic Acid hydrates as well as plumps, while sophisticated Prebiotics balance skin's microbiome to make sure maximum skin wellness.

provensarms.com from communications in between electrons of the dual bond of the carbonyl team and also those of the C-- N bond such that the latter gets partial (about 40%) double-bond residential properties.

This ultra-hydrating formula integrates the most up to date age-defying technology to proactively deal with the look of expression lines and lessened volume.

This then clears the means for the other Peptides in the facility to permeate the skin, such as Matrixyl 3000 and also Argirelox.

Linus Pauling, in the 1930s, used X-ray diffraction to check out the nature of the peptide bond developed between two amino acids.

He reported that the peptide team (Carbon Monoxide-- NH) has a stiff planar structure.

All kinds of gelatine for use in medications are manufactured under strict hygiene and safety and security guidelines. Hence, venom-based insecticides can assist deal with the 1000 or two insect pests that minimize the world's crop production by an approximated 10-- 14%. The cone snail-- the world's most dangerous snail-- causes hypoglycaemia to sedate fish prior to capture.

One more little study located that taking a day-to-day collagen peptide supplement for 6 months brought about improvements in nail toughness as well as development. However, this only consisted of 25 participants, as well as there was no sugar pill team-- which decreases the stamina of this evidence. There is some emerging evidence which recommends that taking hydrolysed collagen supplements may help to lower creases and improve collagen degrees in the skin, along with skin hydration and also skin elasticity. However, there are issues with several of the researches in this area, for instance some are really tiny, as well as do not use a control team. Additionally, even more studies are needed in connection with the possible use of collagen supplements in skin disease like eczema. In fact, collagen is thought to comprise around 75% of our skin's dry weight.

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10 Things That Happen To Your Body When You Eat Protein Every Day

Whether you’re dieting or training for a marathon, the word “protein” comes up frequently. Proteins are a crucial part of staying healthy. A balance between proteins, fats, and carbs is taken into account by a healthy diet.

But is there such a thing as an excessive amount of protein? within the same way that you simply can consume an excessive amount of fat or too many carbs, you certainly can overdo it on the protein. It all depends on what you’re eating, and the way you’re preparing it.

You could get indigestion One of the primary things you’ll notice once you have an excessive amount of protein in your diet is that your stomach becomes unhappy. High concentrations of protein can cause you to feel bloated like your whole stomach features a lead weight in it. That’s why doctors recommend fiber, either in your diet or from supplements, do you have to enter a high protein regimen.

You may become dehydrated

Protein-heavy diets have a serious drawback when it involves hydration. Protein overload will cause you to lose water more quickly. this will cause dehydration. Drinking more water can help with the water loss, especially if you’re not beverage regularly in the first place. It’s an honest idea to remain hydrated when you’re making diet changes.

You could become exhausted Of all the food types, protein is the hardest for us to digest. It takes extra work from the stomach to interrupt it down. Believe it or not, which will cause you to be unexpectedly tired. A high-protein meal seems on the surface to be healthy, but it comes with a price if you overindulge.

You may get constipation

This is the downside to a high-protein, low-carb diet. you'll get blocked up easily. Taking fiber can alleviate that, but you’re happier swapping a number of those proteins for vegetables and other easier-to-digest foods. you need protein to possess a healthy diet, but keep the ratio on the side of fibrous, plant origin foods and you’ll feel tons better.

You could get diarrhea This seems to be a contradiction. How can something that causes constipation also cause diarrhea? It depends on how you’re taking proteins. If you’re consuming tons of dairy-based products, this will happen. the answer again is to build up your fiber consumption and crop on both proteins and fats.

You may develop bad breath

This is a side effect of a low-carb, diet. once you decrease your carb intake to almost nothing, your body is claimed to travel into “ketosis,” which suggests your body is switching to burning fat already stored on your body instead of the incoming carbs, and therefore the by-product of the fat burning is bad breath. Brushing your teeth more often won't help, so just pop a breath mint and drink more water.

You may see some weight gain

One of the most important dieting myths is that eating protein will convert into muscle, not fat. That’s not how it works. Eating an excessive amount of anything will probably store as fat instead of muscle, which includes protein. If your calorie count is just too high, it doesn’t matter if the calories come from protein or fat or maybe vegetables, you'll gain weight.

You may have an increased risk of the heart condition 

You would think that a diet high in protein would protect you from a heart condition, not contribute thereto. Well, within the case of meat, you’d be wrong. If you’re wanting to protect your heart, you'd be happier with lean meats like chicken and fish. That way you get the advantage of protein without the heart-related drawback. Eating less meat also will lower your intake of saturated fats and cholesterol.

You could suffer from kidney damage If you have already got kidney issues, then meat consumption is perhaps a nasty idea anyway. there's an excessive amount of nitrogen in red meats for healthy kidneys to interrupt down efficiently, so if you’re having kidney problems you're just making them work even harder. you ought to ask your doctor if you're having kidney issues for an inventory of foods to be avoided.

You may have an increased risk for cancer

Overdoing it on meat and full-fat dairy has been related to several sorts of cancers, including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. this might flow from to the concentration of hormones present within the meat. Lean meats don't have an equivalent association. this is often to not say that eating meat causes cancer, but if your history causes you to vulnerable to cancers this is often one risk factor you'll avoid.

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IMPORTANT POINTS TO TAKE CARE BEFORE INSTALLATION OF INSERTION THERMAL MASS FLOW METER

APPLICATION STUDY Conduct a site survey to understand the purpose of gas flow measurement as a function of process conditions. For example, flue gas flow measurement in a coal-fired power plant.

PROCESS CONDITIONS Confirm the following liquid properties for optimal selection: Standard gas or gas mixture (total percentage) It is real gas like nitrogen or gas mixture like biogas with 75% methane + 15% CO2 + 5% nitrogen + 3% water vapour + 2% H2S. Specific Gravity or Specific Gravity or Molecular Weight A standard gas such as Nitrogen has a Specific Gravity: 1.25 or a Specific Gravity: 1250 kg/Nm3 Flow Rates (Minimum, Operating, Maximum) based on customer process conditions. The aisles must be temperature & pressure conditions. TOM.G.Nm3/h. (DIN1343–0⁰C and 1.01325 bar), Sm3/h (typical 2⁰⁰C and 1.01325 bar OR ISO2533 1⁵⁰C and 1.01325 bar) or actual m3/h. compliance with working conditions.

Static pressure (minimum, working pressure and maximum in bar or equivalent units). Static pressure of the gas flowing through a pipe or duct. Temperature (minimum, working temperature and maximum ⁰C) Temperature of the gas circulating in the pipe or duct. Gas conditions such as dry or wet gas or %RH gas flow details.

Gas contains dust or dirt, dust concentration in ppm if possible Corrosive properties of the gas or compatibility of suitable materials with the sensor wetted part Hazardous or non-hazardous. Indicate whether the area of ​​use is hazardous in terms of protection class, area and environment. Gas group classification is required. (e.g. zone I or II, gas group IIA IIB IIC etc.).Required for non-hazardous degrees of protection such as IP65, IP66, IP67 for enclosures and amplifiers; sensor probe housing.

INSTALLATION Please check the following carefully: Pipe Size: Measure OD, ID & Thickness of pipe OR confirm Sch40, Sch80 etc. Piping Diagram OR Class A, B or C piping if applicable. Pipe Size & ; Type: If a duct is used, check whether it is square or rectangular and carefully measure the size and size. wall thickness installation location & Mounting method: Check the installation location and determine the suitable installation location with the desired straight length available. If a straight length is not available, discuss possible practical solutions. With or without isolation valve: If the application requires an isolated sensor probe during operation, the process isolation valve may or may not be installed. ORIENTATION Determine the mounting of the sensor probe based on the available clearance near pipes or ducts. Horizontal Vertical Inclined depending on available space near pipe or duct.

RECOMMENDATIONS Check additional points as below:

Upstream & Downstream straight length available at mounting site. Power supply conditions