#entomologists 2017

[nextplayerup]

🦋 - I'd rather stay alone...

🪲🦋🌼

🪳🐝🦟

🕸️ 🪰 🐛

[artifacts-and-arthropods]

The Oriental Blue Clearwing Moth: these moths were regarded as a "lost species" for more than 130 years, until they were finally sighted again in 2013

For more than 130 years, the Oriental blue clearwing moth (Heterosphecia tawonoides) was known only from a single, badly damaged specimen that was collected in Sumatra in 1887. There were no recorded sightings of this species again until 2013, when entomologist Dr. Marta Skowron Volponi unexpectedly found the moths feeding on salt deposits that had accumulated along the riverbanks in Malaysia's lowland rainforest.

These moths were observed by researchers again in 2016 and 2017, and research indicates that the moths are actually bee-mimics, as they mimic the appearance, sound, behavior, and flight patterns of local bees. Their fuzzy, bright blue appearance might seem a little out of place for a bee-mimic, but those features do appear in several different bee species throughout Southeast Asia.

When the moths are in flight, they bear a particularly strong resemblance to the bees of the genus Thyreus (i.e. cuckoo bees, otherwise known as cloak-and-dagger bees), several of which are also bright blue, with banded markings, dark blue wings, fuzzy legs, and smooth, rounded antennae. The physical resemblance is compounded by the acoustic and behavioral mimicry that occurs when the moths are in flight.

Cloak-and-Dagger Bees: the image at the top shows an Indo-Malayan cloak-and-dagger bee (Thyreus novaehollandiae) in a sleeping position, holding itself upright with its mandibles clamped onto a twig, while the image at the bottom shows a Himalayan cloak-and-dagger bee (T. himalayensis) resting in the same position

The moths also engage in "mud-puddling" among the various bees that congregate along the riverbanks; mud-puddling is the process whereby an insect (usually a bee or a butterfly) draws nutrients from the fluids found in puddles, wet sand, decaying plant matter, carrion, animal waste, sweat, tears, and/or blood. According to researchers, the Oriental blue clearwing moth was the only lepidopteran that was seen mud-puddling among the local bees.

Dr. Skowron Volponi commented on the unusual appearance and behavior of these moths:

You think about moths and you envision a grey, hairy insect that is attracted to light. But this species is dramatically different—it is beautiful, shiny blue in sunlight and it comes out during the day; and it is a master of disguise, mimicking bees on multiple levels and even hanging out with them. The Oriental blue clearwing is just two centimeters in size, but there are so many fascinating things about them and so much more we hope to learn.

This species is still incredibly vulnerable, as it faces threats like deforestation, pollution, and climate change. The president of Global Wildlife Conservation, which is an organization that seeks to rediscover "lost species," added:

After learning about this incredible rediscovery, we hope that tourists visiting Taman Negara National Park and picnicking on the riverbanks—the home of these beautiful clearwing moths—will remember to tread lightly and to take their trash out of the park with them. We also recommend that Americans learn about palm oil production, which is one of the primary causes of deforestation in Malaysia.

Sources & More Info:

Phys.org: Bee-Mimicking Clearwing Moth Buzzes Back to Life After 130 Years

Mongabay News: Moth Rediscovered in Malaysia Mimics Appearance and Behavior of Bees to Escape Predators

Journal of Tropical Conservation Science: Lost Species of Bee-Mimicking Clearwing Moth, H. tawonoides, Rediscovered in Peninsular Malaysia's Primary Rainforest

Frontiers in Zoology: Southeast Asian Clearwing Moths Buzz like their Model Bees

Royal Society Publishing: Moving like a Model - mimicry of hymenopteran flight trajectories by clearwing moths of Southeast Asian rainforests

Medium: Rediscovery in a Glint of Blue

re:wild.org: The "Search for Lost Species" Project

[coochiequeens]

As modern science and better archeology methods reexamine historical sites more of women’s history will emerge

by Sarah Durn September 27, 2021

  

The National Museum of Stockholm's Ride of the Valkyries was painted during the Victorian period, which saw renewed interest in Vikings. Fine Art Images / Heritage Images / Getty Images

In Atlas Obscura’s Q&A series She Was There, we talk to female scholars who are writing long-forgotten women back into history.

In 1871 on the sleepy island of Birka, Sweden, Hjalmar Stolpe, a Swedish entomologist turned archaeologist, discovered the lavish grave of a Viking warrior. Around the seated body were the remains of two sacrificed horses, as well as a double-edged sword, a scramasax (a long, thin knife), a bow, a shield, and a spear—every weapon known to the Viking world. It was an astonishing find, especially since Viking warrior graves rarely contain more than three weapons. There was also a full set of hnefatafl, the board game often known as Viking chess, which indicates the strategic thinking and authority of a war leader. A thousand years ago, the site would’ve abutted the Warrior’s Hall, where a garrison lived to protect the bustling Viking town of Birka. The weapons, game pieces, location: Everything told scholars that the man buried in what is known as grave Bj 581 was a prominent, well-respected Viking warrior. No one was really prepared when DNA tests were conducted in 2017 and a new story began to emerge. This was a prominent warrior, all right, but the occupant of Bj 581 wasn’t a man. She was a woman.

Viking historian Nancy Marie Brown’s new book, The Real Valkyrie: The Hidden History of Viking Warrior Women, explores what life might have been like for the warrior woman of Bj 581.

Using more evidence from the recent tests conducted on the remains, Brown traces her journey from Norway to the British Isles to Kiev then, finally, to Birka. Brown imagines the unnamed warrior meeting other prominent Viking women, such as Gunnhild, Mother of Kings, or Queen Olga, ruler of the Rus Vikings in Kiev. She also explores the Viking sagas and contemporary sources with a new lens.

How did you initially get interested in Vikings—and female Vikings in particular?

When I went to college, I actually wanted to study fantasy writing and, you know, learn to write like Tolkien. I learned very quickly that that was not appropriate for an English major in the 1970s, so I decided to study what Tolkien studied, and he was a professor at Oxford University, teaching Old English and Old Norse. So I started reading all of the Icelandic sagas that I could find in translation. And when I ran out of the English versions, I learned Old Norse so that I could read the rest of them.

One of the things I liked about [the sagas] the most was that they had really interesting women characters. There’s a queen in Norway who appears in about 11 sagas, Queen Gunnhild, Mother of Kings. She led armies. She devised war strategy. And then I was looking at the valkyries and the shieldmaids and thinking, you know, these are really interesting people that have always been considered to be mythological.

So when I learned in 2017 that one of the most famous Viking warrior burials turned out to be the burial of a woman, that just absolutely dazzled my imagination.

Is this the first confirmed grave of a female warrior that we have?

This is the one that has the best proof. There are one or two others that have since been DNA tested and proven to be female. But in each of these cases, it’s hard to say if the person in the grave, whether male or female, actually was a warrior, or if the object that we are interpreting as a weapon was used for hunting or for some other purpose.

In this case, it’s every Viking weapon known to history. So it’s such a clear result. And the DNA was so completely female.

When Stolpe discovered the Viking gravesite Bj 581 in 1887, he assumed the remains were of a man. That assumption was shown to be wrong 140 years later. Rapp Halour / Alamy Stock Photo

What do we know about the life of the Viking warrior woman in Bj 581?

In 2017, by testing her bones and her teeth, [scholars] could say she was between 30 and 40 years old when she died. They could also tell that she ate well all of her life. So she came from a rich family or maybe even a royal one. She was also quite tall, about 5’7”. By the minerals in her inner teeth, [scholars can determine] she may have come from southern Sweden or Norway, and also that she went west maybe as far as the British Isles before her molars finished forming. She didn’t arrive in Birka until she was 16.

We also have her weapons and a little bit of clothing that were found in the grave. And these link her to what is known as the Vikings’ East Way, which was the trade route from Sweden to the Silk Road.

We can link, through the artifacts and through the bones, that she could have traveled from as far west as Dublin to as far east as at least Kiev in the 30 to 40 years of her life.

How do we know that there were Viking warrior women?

They are mentioned many, many, many times in the literature. In most cases, they have been dismissed as mythological because, of course, we know warriors were men. But we don’t know that. That is an assumption that is based on traditional Victorian ideas that because women are mothers, they’re nurturing, they’re peacemakers, and they don’t fight.

That’s not historically true. Women have always fought. And they appear in most cultures until the 1800s, when Viking studies and archaeology pretty much started. So we sort of have this problem of bias in our earliest textbooks.

But now we have actual scientific proof of one warrior woman in the Viking Age. And as the scientists who did the study say they would be very surprised if she was the only one.

This small female Viking warrior figurine discovered in Harby, Denmark, has been interpreted as a mythological valkyrie. John Lee / National Museum of Denmark

There’s this assumption that the warrior men of myth must have been based on real people, but it’s not the same for the mythical warrior women. Why is that?

It’s just an assumption based on what people think women are like. Most of the material we have from the Middle Ages was written by men, and most of the material we have until the 1950s was written by men, and women are slowly making their way into the field of Viking scholarship. But many of them are still working under the assumptions that they were taught.

I noticed when I went back and reread some of the sagas in Icelandic that there wasn’t this clear distinction between the warrior women being mythological and the warrior men being human. When you actually look at the old Norse text, there’s a lot of words that have been translated as “men” that actually mean “people,” but it’s always been translated as “men” because it’s a warrior situation.

If you’re translating, you have to make decisions and sometimes your decisions have repercussions that you don’t expect, like writing women out of the history.

By the time Hjalmar Stolpe excavated Bj 581, he had become adept at recognizing where graves could be found in the hummocky Birka landscape. WS Collection / Alamy Stock Photo

Is it possible for historians to remove all of those biases?

No, I don’t think it is. I think we all are looking through our own lenses. But we have to revisit those sources every generation to see past biases. So when you have layer after layer after layer of removing biases, you may get closer to the truth.

What most surprised you in the course of researching your book?

One of the controversies right now in Viking studies is should we really be talking about men and women at all? Maybe there were all kinds of different genders. We don’t know if there were more than two genders in the Viking age. Maybe it was a spectrum.

If you look at this one group of sagas called the Sagas of Ancient Times that are often overlooked because they have all these fabulous creatures in them, like dragons and warrior women. It’s really interesting [because] these girls grow up wanting to be warriors. They’re constantly disobeying and trying to run off and join Viking bands. But when they do run off and join the Viking band, or, in another case, become the king of a town, they insist on being called by a male name and use male pronouns.

So it was very shocking to me to go back and read it in the original and say, “Wow, all this richness was lost in the translation.”

[amrosenberg]

Taxonomies of Fandom

In the 19th century, taxonomies were a big deal. A hundred years after Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature, Darwinian natural philosophy emphasized that new and existing taxonomies should reflect the principle of common descent, giving rise to today’s system of evolutionary taxonomy. 

If you’ve read the Aubrey-Maturin series of nautical adventure novels, you might be familiar with Testudo aubreii, the majestic tortoise that Stephen Maturin named after his best friend Jack Aubrey. It is an honor not lightly to be given, a sort of taxonomy as immortality: “This is Testudo aubreii for all eternity; when the Hero of the Nile is forgotten, Captain Aubrey will live on in his tortoise. There’s glory for you.”  Putting a name to something makes it easier to understand and discuss; it can provide a starting point for study and for further investigation. 

I’ve been thinking a lot about taxonomy lately, thanks to a few conversations I’ve had this month with people looking for expertise on fans and fan studies for final projects. I’m always happy to chat about this stuff, but sometimes I’m unexpectedly run up against the limits of my expertise: to be honest, I don’t know a lot about sports fans, or the practices of fans of massive commercial domains like Disney.

I’m interested in transformative fandom, which is a relatively small (but impactful) slice of the pie, as well as digital platforms and the ways in which youth audiences in particular utilize affordances of those platforms to express enthusiasm. I suppose I’m a fan scholar in the same way that an expert in ants is an entomologist: it’s a useful bit of nomenclature, but don’t ask them about spiders. There’s obviously a lot of benefits to specialization: but for someone who has aspirations towards the public humanities, I’m increasingly aware of my own need to have a more comprehensive overview of the different types of fans. 

Over the 30 years of fan studies’ existence there have been numerous attempts to do just that: create a useful paradigm that neatly sections off fan practices into families and genii. The split between “transformational” and “affirmational” fandoms, first proposed by a pseudonymous fan in 2009 and later taken up by scholars like Henry Jenkins, is broadly handy, but problematic: it can lead to viewing “affirmational” fandom such as cosplaying, merchandise-buying, and information-collecting (such as in wikis) as purely mimetic and of lesser cultural value than “transformational” fan activities (see Hills, 2014). 

That binary also ignores the large swathes of people that perform both types of fandom, or whose fan practices exist somewhere in between, or not on that axis at all; it’s also slightly outdated. In 2009, transformational fans who wrote erotica about non-canonical ships could still be safely said to be “against” canon in some way, non-sanctioned and acting transgressively out of bounds. I would say that in many cases, that is far from the case today. 

Something I’m interested in is how fan practices develop and spread from one “genus” of fandom to another. (Presuming “species” is an individual fandom, and “genus” is a group of species connected by ancestry and shared practice). You see this in the phenomena in sports RPF, for example: slash fanfiction is a genre of practice developed by media fandom (TV/film fandom) in the 1970s and 80s, but it has been “adopted out” so to speak to form the nucleus of a sub-species of sports fans. 

This circulation of practice is especially notable in the field of transcultural fandom (see Morimoto, 2017). Fan practices developed in the context of East Asian pop music fandom, such as chart-boosting, have made their way over to Western fandoms and communities centering on non-music media objects. Digital platforms afford this circulation, which in turn results in a blurring of boundaries between fan species and increasing difficulty in parsing out which “type” of fan someone is. Practices are contagious and amoebic. The type of sparkly fancams intially made by K-pop idol fans were adopted by Succession stans. 

Like the animal kingdom, there’s just so much going on. To say nothing of what was going on. Which types of fans have gone extinct? Which modes of interacting with media are now archaeological artifacts, thanks to the shifting relationality of the apparatus of cultural production with respect to audiences? 

I think that especially in a time when many groups who might not explicitly consider themselves “fans” have freely taken up digital practices developed and popularized in fandom spaces, investigations into the origins and classifications of fans and fan culture has the potential to provide broader behavioral insights into online communities. 

[rick-roller]

Did you know they actually found Spiders Georg???? Gregory Richardson was a brilliant entomologist and arachnid enthusiast. After travelling to Cambodia in the spring of 2003, Richardson devoted the remainder of his career to destigmatizing alternate sources of protein. The entomologist prided himself on living sustainably, retiring just a few years later to live among the people of the Kampong Trach District.

Before his unfortunate death in 2017, Richardson was estimated to have eaten over 1500 spiders a year- not nearly as much as the above factoid but still an impressive feat.

In 2021, several of his former colleagues released a series of his memoirs to the public-

https://www.bugscience.lib.com/staff/rich.g/mem/spidersgregory_

“average person eats 3 spiders a year” factoid actualy just statistical error. average person eats 0 spiders per year. Spiders Georg, who lives in cave & eats over 10,000 each day, is an outlier adn should not have been counted

[here-comes-the-bard]

i love songs that make me go "this is the exact brand of unsettling energy that i think yaevinn gives off". i think it's just like. you see this sweet little guy just being kind and pleasant. but then very quietly, barely perceptibly, you hear the 2017 version of entomologists by GHOST playing whenever you make eye contact with him.

considering the fact that entomologists 2017 is now Nowhere this is an incredibly fucking niche joke but no one does it like it does.

[xtruss]

How Do Animals React during A Total Solar Eclipse? Scientists Plan To Find Out

Scientists Will Observe How Animals' Routines at Several Zoos are Disrupted.

— By Christina Larson | March 7, 202

Washington — When a total solar eclipse transforms day into night, will tortoises start acting romantic? Will giraffes gallop? Will apes sing odd notes?

Researchers will be standing by to observe how animals’ routines at the Fort Worth Zoo in Texas are disrupted when skies dim on April 8. They previously detected other strange animal behaviors in 2017 at a South Carolina zoo that was in the path of total darkness.

“To our astonishment, most of the animals did surprising things,” said Adam Hartstone-Rose, a North Carolina State University researcher who led the observations published in the journal Animals.

While there are many individual sightings of critters behaving bizarrely during historic eclipses, only in recent years have scientists started to rigorously study the altered behaviors of wild, domestic and zoo animals.

Seven years ago, Galapagos tortoises at the Riverbanks Zoo in Columbia, South Carolina, “that generally do absolutely nothing all day … during the peak of the eclipse, they all started breeding,” said Hartstone-Rose. The cause of the behavior is still unclear.

A mated pair of Siamangs, gibbons that usually call to each other in the morning, sang unusual tunes during the afternoon eclipse. A few male giraffes began to gallop in “apparent anxiety.” The flamingos huddled around their juveniles.

Researchers say that many animals display behaviors connected with an early dusk.

In April, Hartstone-Rose’s team plans to study similar species in Texas to see if the behaviors they witnessed before in South Carolina point to larger patterns.

Several other zoos along the path are also inviting visitors to help track animals, including zoos in Little Rock, Arkansas; Toledo, Ohio; and Indianapolis.

This year’s full solar eclipse in North America crisscrosses a different route than in 2017 and occurs in a different season, giving researchers and citizen scientists opportunities to observe new habits.

“It’s really high stakes. We have a really short period to observe them and we can’t repeat the experiment," said Jennifer Tsuruda, a University of Tennessee entomologist who observed honeybee colonies during the 2017 eclipse.

The honeybees that Tsuruda studied decreased foraging during the eclipse, as they usually would at night, except for those from the hungriest hives.

“During a solar eclipse, there’s a conflict between their internal rhythms and external environment,” said University of Alberta's Olav Rueppell, adding that bees rely on polarized light from the sun to navigate.

Nate Bickford, an animal researcher at Oregon Institute of Technology, said that “solar eclipses actually mimic short, fast-moving storms,” when skies darken and many animals take shelter.

After the 2017 eclipse, he analyzed data from tracking devices previously placed on wild species to study habitat use. Flying bald eagles change the speed and direction they’re moving during an eclipse, he said. So do feral horses, “probably taking cover, responding to the possibility of a storm out on the open plains.”

The last full U.S. solar eclipse to span coast to coast happened in late summer, in August. The upcoming eclipse in April gives researchers an opportunity to ask new questions including about potential impacts on spring migration.

Most songbird species migrate at night. “When there are night-like conditions during the eclipse, will birds think it’s time to migrate and take flight?” said Andrew Farnsworth of Cornell University.

His team plans to test this by analyzing weather radar data – which also detects the presence of flying birds, bats and insects – to see if more birds take wing during the eclipse.

As for indoor pets, they may react as much to what their owners are doing – whether they’re excited or nonchalant about the eclipse – as to any changes in the sky, said University of Arkansas animal researcher Raffaela Lesch.

“Dogs and cats pay a lot of attention to us, in addition to their internal clocks,” she said.

— Associated Press | Science Writer

[membracid]

2018 Annual Report

For the last 6 years I’ve been writing a personal annual report. It’s a useful way to evaluate what I did, and a lot of times a year that feels like a failure looks better when I take a longer view.

This will also include some 2017 stuff, since I completely skipped even trying to write a report last year. If you look at these reports over time, you’ll see a pattern: my health has steadily declined since I started working at Purdue. 

I really love what I do there (see adorable photo above), but it’s not much of a surprise that it’s a physically demanding job with a lot of stress associated with it. And as I’ve devoted more and more of my life to this job -- so that I have health insurance, which is REALLY important as you will see below -- the rest of my life has shrunk.

My first year running Bug Bowl in 2015, I had what I thought was a stroke. I’m in charge of a massive outreach event for >30K people, and I’m a part-time employee. Seems reasonable that I might over do it.

I stopped writing for WIRED in 2016, because I didn’t have the time or energy to keep it up. In late April (right after Bug Bowl) I discovered lesions on my spinal cord were the reason I was having trouble walking.

 I turned down most speaking invites in 2017, because I didn’t have the time or energy to travel. I’m pretty sure I had more health things going on, but because I was still paying off my 2016 health bills, I didn’t go to the doctor.  I did still do three awesome things:

I attended SciFoo in August at Google Headquarters

I was a visiting scientist at DragonCon in September

I got to hang out with Mary Roach for a day in December.

I think the big thing I realized in 2017 is that I don’t have do do everything myself. Other people can go hang out at Google or take over my work at Sci Fi Cons. Bug outreach will be more sustainable long term, if more people are doing it.

So 2018. Well.

This year I decided to try to run a crowdfunding campaign for Bug Bowl, since a lot of our equipment was over 20 years old.  The video helps show the scale of Bug Bowl:

Success! Thanks to my many online friends, and community members, we did fund repairs. (you can still make a tax deductible contribution here). THANK YOU!

In 2018, in addition to the successful crowdfunding, I also:

Had a paper accepted to Annals of the Entomological Society of America, and I’m co-author on another that’s been submitted to American Entomologist. 

Did a super fun training for librarians about how science news gets made and covered 

Collaborated with Indiana Humanities on a bee project

Survived 4,800 girl scouts

Had someone in a position of authority at Purdue text me a penis photo

Did a bunch of media interviews, including this one which is about native bees, I SWEAR

My advice to anyone considering a crowdfunding campaign is: don’t. It��s a huge amount of effort. And I was an idiot to take it on during the busiest part of my year. Which is probably why this year’s crop of central nervous system lesions were in my brain, and I finally got my official diagnosis: MS.

I’ve suspected it for quite a while, but it’s only this year I’ve started talking about it. And seriously, folks. Please. Please don’t make your first response to someone telling you they have MS be “Oh, my [aunt/mother-in-law/nephew] had that and they died.”

This is not a fatal disease. It is a pain-in-the-ass disease, and yeah it will get worse over time. I’m gonna die, but so are you. We all will die. “Multiple sclerosis is seldom fatal and life expectancy is shortened by only a few months.”

If you look back at everything I’ve accomplished in the last 15 years: I did that with untreated MS. It’s a pretty decent list of accomplishments for anyone. 

[ranthaven]

I didn’t go through all these, but you might find links to a video or two. Plenty of photographs, diagrams, and other illustrations from what I saw. Enjoy!

References

[1]

Cirrus Digit Firefly Photuris lucicrescens

[2]

Martin, Gavin J.; Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Branham, Marc A.; et al. (1 November 2019). Jordal, Bjarte (ed.). "Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)". Insect Systematics and Diversity. Oxford University Press ). 3 (6). doi:10.1093/isd/ixz024.

[3]

Ferreira, Vinicius S.; Keller, Oliver; Branham, Marc A.; Ivie, Michael A. (2019). "Molecular data support the placement of the enigmatic Cheguevaria as a subfamily of Lampyridae (Insecta: Coleoptera)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Oxford University Press. 187 (4): 1253–1258. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz073.

[4]

Ferreira, Vinicius S.; Keller, Oliver; Branham, Marc A (1 November 2020). Marvaldi, Adriana (ed.). "Multilocus Phylogeny Support the Nonbioluminescent Firefly Chespirito as a New Subfamily in the Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)". Insect Systematics and Diversity. Oxford University Press. 4 (6). doi:10.1093/isd/ixaa014.

[5]

Lewis, Sara (26 April 2016). Silent Sparks: The Wondrous World of Fireflies. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1400880317.

[6]

Marshall, Michael (22 February 2020). "Why the lights are going out for fireflies". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

[7]

Fu, Xinhua; Nobuyoshi, Ohba; Vencl, Fredric V.; Lei, Chaoliang (2006). "Life cycle and behaviour of the aquatic firefly Luciola leii (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Mainland China". The Canadian Entomologist. 138 (6): 860–870. doi:10.4039/n05-093. S2CID 84624340.

[8]

Armstrong, Charles. "Winter Firefly". The University of Maine Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

[9]

"About Fireflies". Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

[10]

McLean, Miriam; Buck, John; Hanson, Frank E. (1972). "Culture and Larval Behavior of Photurid Fireflies". The American Midland Naturalist. University of Notre Dame. 87 (1): 133–145. doi:10.2307/2423887. JSTOR 2423887.

[11]

Lau, T.F.; Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (2006). "Sexual dimorphism in the compound eye of Rhagophthalmus ohbai (Coleoptera: Rhagophthalmidae): Morphology and ultrastructure". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 9: 19–30. doi:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60271-X.

[12]

Eisner, Thomas; Wiemer, David; Haynes, Leroy; Meinwald, Jerrold (1978). "Lucibufagins: Defensive steroids from the fireflies Photinus ignitus and P. marginellus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". PNAS. 75 (2): 905–908. Bibcode:1978PNAS...75..905E. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.2.905. PMC 411366. PMID 16592501.

[13]

Lewis, Sara M.; Cratsley, Christopher K. (January 2008). "Flash Signal Evolution, Mate Choice, and Predation in Fireflies". Annual Review of Entomology. 53 (1): 293–321. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093346. PMID 17877452. S2CID 16360536.

[14]

Branham, Marc A.; Wenzel, John W. (December 2001). "The Evolution of Bioluminescence in Cantharoids (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)". The Florida Entomologist. 84 (4): 565. doi:10.2307/3496389. JSTOR 3496389.

[15]

Gullan & Cranston 2014, pp. 121–122.

[16]

Day, John (2009). "Beetle bioluminescence: a genetic and enzymatic research review". In Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (ed.). Bioluminescence in Focus. Research Signpost: Kerala. pp. 325–355.

[17]

Frick-Ruppert, Jennifer E.; Rosen, Joshua J. (2008). "Morphology and Behavior of Phausis Reticulata (Blue Ghost Firefly)". Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science. 124 (4): 139–47.

[18]

Branchini, Bruce R.; Southworth, Tara L.; Salituro, Leah J.; Fontaine, Danielle M.; Oba, Yuichi (2017). "Cloning of the Blue Ghost (Phausis reticulata) Luciferase Reveals a Glowing Source of Green Light". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 93 (2): 473–478. doi:10.1111/php.12649. PMID 27696431.

[19]

Martin, Gavin J.; Branham, Marc A.; Whiting, Michael F.; Bybee, Seth M. (February 2017). "Total evidence phylogeny and the evolution of adult bioluminescence in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 564–575. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.017. PMID 27998815.

[20]

Stanger-Hall, K. F.; Lloyd, J. E.; Hillis, D. M. (2007). "Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): implications for the evolution of light signals". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013. PMID 17644427.

[21]

Branham, M. (February 2003). "The origin of photic behavior and the evolution of sexual communication in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Cladistics. 19 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00404.x. PMID 34905865. S2CID 46266960.

[22]

Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Lloyd, James E. (March 2015). "Flash signal evolution in Photinus fireflies: Character displacement and signal exploitation in a visual communication system". Evolution. 69 (3): 666–682. doi:10.1111/evo.12606. PMID 25627920. S2CID 26075485.

[23]

Murray, James D. (2002). Mathematical Biology. Vol. I. An Introduction (3rd ed.). Springer. pp. 295–299. ISBN 978-0-387-95223-9.

[24]

Synchronous Fireflies – Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Nps.gov (3 June 2013). Retrieved on 22 June 2013.

[25]

Cross, Robert (23 May 2004) "Tree huggin'". Chicago Tribune.

[26]

Gullan & Cranston 2014, p. 387.

[27]

De Cock, R.; Matthysen, E. (2005). "Sexual communication by pheromones in a firefly, Phosphaenus hemipterus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Animal Behaviour. 70 (4): 807–818. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.011. S2CID 53180940.

[28]

Kazantsev, S. V. (December 2015). "Protoluciola albertalleni gen.n., sp.n., a new Luciolinae firefly (Insecta: Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Burmite amber". Russian Entomological Journal. 24 (1): 281–283. doi:10.15298/rusentj.24.4.02.

[29]

Oba, Y.; Konishi, K.; Yano, D.; Shibata, H.; Kato, D.; Shirai, T. (December 2020). "Resurrecting the ancient glow of the fireflies". Science Advances. 6 (49): eabc5705. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.5705O. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5705. PMC 7710365. PMID 33268373.

[30]

Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2007). "Glowworms: a review of "Arachnocampa" spp and kin". Luminescence. 22 (3): 251–265. doi:10.1002/bio.955. PMID 17285566.

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"UK Glow worm survey home page".

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"Enter a glow-worm record". 11 June 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2018.

[33]

Atkins, Val; Bell, Dolly; Bowker, Ann; et al. (2016). "The status of the glow-worm Lampyris noctiluca L. (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in England". Lampyrid. 4: 20–35.

[34]

Gardiner, Tim; Didham, Raphael K. (2020). "Glowing, glowing, gone? Monitoring long-term trends in glow-worm numbers in south-east England". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 13 (2): 162–174. doi:10.1111/icad.12407. S2CID 216387774.

[35]

Khoo, Veronica; Nada, B.; Kirton, L.G.; et al. (2009). "Monitoring the population of the firefly Pteroptyx tener along the Selangor River, Malaysia for conservation and sustainable ecotourism". Lampyrid. 2: 162–173.

[36]

Wong, C.; Yeap, C.A. (2012). "Conservation of congregating firefly zones (CFZs) in peninsular Malaysia". Lampyrid. 2: 174–187.

[37]

"Latest Update to the IUCN Red List Includes First Global Assessments for Fireflies, with a Spotlight on North America | Xerces Society". xerces.org. Retrieved 12 October 2021.

[38]

Fallon, Candace E.; Walker, Anna C.; Lewis, Sara; et al. (17 November 2021). "Evaluating firefly extinction risk: Initial red list assessments for North America". PLOS One. 16 (11): e0259379. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1659379F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259379. PMC 8598072. PMID 34788329.

[39]

Lewis, Sara M; Wong, Choong Hay; Owens, Avalon C. S.; et al. (1 February 2020). "A Global Perspective on Firefly Extinction Threats". BioScience. 70 (2): 157–167. doi:10.1093/biosci/biz157.

[40]

Lewis, Sara M.; Thancharoen, Anchana; Wong, Choong Hay; et al. (2021). "Firefly tourism: Advancing a global phenomenon toward a brighter future". Conservation Science and Practice. 3 (5): e391. doi:10.1111/csp2.391.

[41]

Sala, Osvaldo E.; Chapin, F. Stuart; Iii; et al. (10 March 2000). "Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100". Science. 287 (5459): 1770–1774. doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1770. PMID 10710299.

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See "How You Can Help", FireFly.org, citing (1) "Understanding Halofenozide (Mach 2) and Imidacloprid (Merit) Soil Insecticides," by Daniel A Potter. International SportsTurf Institute, Inc., Turfax, Vol. 6 No. 1 (Jan-Feb 1998) and (2) "Relative Toxicities of Chemicals to the Earthworm Eisenia foetida," by Brian L. Roberts and H. Wyman Dorough. Article first published online: 20 October 2009. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan. 1984), pp. 67–78.

[43]

Fallon, Candace; Hoyle, Sarah; Lewis, Sara; et al. (2019). "Conserving the Jewels of the Night: Guidelines for Protecting Fireflies in the United States and Canada" (PDF). The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved 23 June 2021.

[44]

Lloyd, James E.; Wing, Steven R.; Hongtrakul, Tawatchai (1989). "Ecology, Flashes, and Behavior of Congregating Thai Fireflies". Biotropica. 21 (4): 373. doi:10.2307/2388290. JSTOR 2388290.

[45]

Viviani, Vadim Ravara; Rocha, Mayra Yamazaki; Hagen, Oskar (June 2010). "Fauna de besouros bioluminescentes (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Lampyridae; Phengodidae, Elateridae) nos municípios de Campinas, Sorocaba-Votorantim e Rio Claro-Limeira (SP, Brasil): biodiversidade e influência da urbanização". Biota Neotropica. 10 (2): 103–116. doi:10.1590/s1676-06032010000200013.

[46]

Firebaugh, Ariel; Haynes, Kyle J. (1 December 2016). "Experimental tests of light-pollution impacts on nocturnal insect courtship and dispersal". Oecologia. 182 (4): 1203–1211. Bibcode:2016Oecol.182.1203F. doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3723-1. PMID 27646716. S2CID 36670391.

[47]

Owens, Avalon Celeste Stevahn; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno; Yang, En-Cheng (7 February 2018). "Short- and mid-wavelength artificial light influences the flash signals of Aquatica ficta fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". PLOS ONE. 13 (2): e0191576. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1391576O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191576. PMC 5802884. PMID 29415023.

[48]

Owens, Avalon C. S.; Lewis, Sara M. (2021). "Narrow‐spectrum artificial light silences female fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 14 (2): 199–210. doi:10.1111/icad.12487. S2CID 232246018.

[49]

Owens, Avalon C.S.; Lewis, Sara M. (2021). "Effects of artificial light on growth, development, and dispersal of two North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Journal of Insect Physiology. 130: 104200. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104200. PMID 33607160. S2CID 231969942.

[50]

"How You Can Help Prevent Fireflies from Disappearing". Firefly.org. Retrieved 12 October 2021.

[51]

"How You Can Help". Xerces Society. Retrieved 12 October 2021.

[52]

Krafsur, E. S.; Moon, R. D.; Albajes, R.; Alomar, O.; Chiappini, Elisabetta; Huber, John; Capinera, John L. (2008). "Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Encyclopedia of Entomology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1429–1452. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3811. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.

[53]

Takada, Kenta (2012). "Japanese Interest in "Hotaru" (Fireflies) and "Kabuto-Mushi" (Japanese Rhinoceros Beetles) Corresponds with Seasonality in Visible Abundance". Insects. 3 (4): 423–431. doi:10.3390/insects3020424. PMC 4553602. PMID 26466535.

[54]

Schultz, Ted R. (2011). "Fireflies, Honey, and Silk. By Gilbert Waldbauer; illustrated by, James Nardi. Berkeley (California): University of California Press. $25.95. xi + 233 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978‐0‐520‐25883‐9. 2009". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 86 (2): 147–149. doi:10.1086/659937.

[55]

Fukunaga, Yoiken (1993). "Hotarumaru" 蛍�� [Firefly Maru]. Nihontō daihyakkajiten 日本刀大百科事典 [Japanese Sword Encyclopedia] (in Japanese). Vol. 5. Yuzankaku. p. 24. ISBN 4-639-01202-0.

[56]

Taketomi, 邦茂 (1943). "Hotarumaru Kunitoshi" 蛍丸国俊 [Kunitoshi Hotarumaru]. Nihontō to muteki tamashī 日本刀と無敵魂 [Japanese sword and invincible soul] (in Japanese). 彰文館. p. 162. JPNO 46023259. Retrieved 25 February 2023.

[57]

Alighieri, Dante (1320). Inferno. Canto XXVI, lines 25–32.

[58]

Ineichen, Stefan (2016). "Light into Darkness: The Significance of Glowworms and Fireflies in Western Culture". Advances in Zoology and Botany. 4 (4): 54–58. doi:10.13189/azb.2016.040402. ISSN 2331-5083.

It's really wild to me how little fireflies have been studied, with how charismatic they are. I can barely find photos online or any information at all on most species, and videos? Forget it.

They barely even get any attention from conservation public outreach.

Y'all don't like lightning bug?💡Blink blonk?

[evoldir]

Fwd: Graduate position: UMontreal.ComputationalInsectDiversity

Begin forwarded message: > From: evoldir@evol.biology.mcmaster.ca > Subject: Graduate position: UMontreal.ComputationalInsectDiversity > Date: 7 November 2023 at 08:11:42 GMT > To: rdmpage@gmail.com > > > MSc scholarship offer: weevil temporal diversity in Panama > > Project description > From 1999 to 2017, at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute’s > Barro Colorado Island Biodiversity Research Center in Panama, adjacent > to a tropical forest plot established in 1982 for the study of forest > evolution, ten Malaise traps systematically captured around 15,000 weevil > specimens (family Curculionidae) representing 1,350 species. Specimens > were identified by a weevil specialist.  This computational project will > analyze temporal changes in weevil diversity in relation to environmental > (mainly climatic) and vegetation changes. The sheer volume of data from > the three datasets (insects, plants, meteorology) makes this a project of > the highest scientific calibre.  The person recruited will be supervised > by entomologist Colin Favret and numerical ecologist Pierre Legendre, with > the participation of tropical beetle specialist Hector Barrios Velazco. > > Eligibility requirements > Interest in computational analysis of biodiversity data and experience in > entomology > University degree (B.Sc. or equivalent) > Good oral and written communication skills > We encourage women, LGBTQ+, aboriginal, individuals of all backgrounds, or > with a disability, to apply. > > Benefits > $15,000/year scholarship for 2 years > Additional financial support available (teaching assistantships, > scholarships) > Flexible working conditions (flexible hours, remote work) > Wonderful work environment: entomology lab on the grounds of the Montreal > Botanical Garden; supportive team of friendly colleagues > > Dates > Evaluation of applications will begin in November 2023, but applications > will be considered until the right candidate is recruited. > The study program will last two years, starting in the 2024 winter or > summer term. > > How to apply > Please send (1) a cover letter, (2) your CV, (3) your transcript (photocopy > acceptable), and (4) the names and contact details of two references, to: > Colin Favret, colin.favret@umontreal.ca. > > Colin Favret

[entomoblog]

« En continuant à utiliser des insecticides, on sélectionne les punaises de lit résistantes »

See on Scoop.it - EntomoScience

Les punaises de lit connaissent une recrudescence en France. Parmi les causes identifiées : leur résistance aux insecticides, la multiplication des voyages et l’achat de meubles d’occasion parasités.

  Arezki Izri, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord

  Publié: 11 octobre 2023, 19:25 CEST

  La France connaît une recrudescence de punaises de lit qui fait l’actualité. Comment expliquer ce phénomène ? Quelles mesures s’avèrent réellement efficaces pour lutter contre ces insectes ? Arezki Izri, parasitologue et entomologiste médical (hôpital Avicenne-APHP, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord), fait le point sur les données qui font consensus et celles qui font débat.

    The Conversation : Pourquoi la France connaît-elle une recrudescence de punaises de lit ?

  Arezki Izri : Le phénomène ne date pas d’hier. Les punaises de lit ont commencé à réapparaître en France au tout début des années 90 alors qu’elles avaient été éliminées auparavant par les insecticides. Deux causes principales ont été identifiées : les voyages (les insectes étant transportés dans les bagages) et la résistance des punaises de lit aux insecticides.

  Les Français voyagent beaucoup et peuvent ramener des punaises de lit de partout et les touristes du monde entier sont nombreux à venir en France, ce qui favorise la propagation de ces insectes.

  D’autres facteurs interviennent comme la récupération de meubles d’occasion qui peuvent être parasités. Attention aussi à nos comportements et à nos réactions ! Que deviennent les meubles et matelas dont on se débarrasse et qui, éventuellement, contiennent des parasites ? Ils sont repris par d’autres personnes…

Néanmoins, si une personne trouve une punaise de lit dans un train, cela ne veut pas dire que tous nos trains sont infestés. À partir de rares cas, on ne peut pas faire une généralité. En juillet 2022, l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (Anses) a mené une enquête, en collaboration avec l’institut de sondage Ipsos, auprès d’un échantillon de 2000 personnes représentatives de la population française. D’après cette enquête, 11 % des ménages français auraient été infestés par les punaises de lit entre 2017 et 2022. Cette enquête montre également qu’il n’existe pas de lien entre le niveau de revenu d’un foyer et le fait d’être victime d’une infestation.

  [Selon l’Anses, un faible niveau de revenu ne favorise pas l’infestation par les punaises de lit. Mais du fait du coût des moyens à mettre en œuvre pour lutter contre ces insectes – près de 900 euros en moyenne par foyer selon les estimations de l’agence – l’infestation peut durer plus longtemps dans des foyers plus modestes, ndlr.]

  T.C. : Pourquoi les punaises de lit sont-elles devenues résistantes aux insecticides ?

  I.A. : On a commencé à recourir aux insecticides contre les punaises de lit depuis les années 40, ce qui a permis de tuer les punaises de lit qui y étaient sensibles. Aujourd’hui, les insecticides principalement utilisés contre les punaises de lit appartiennent à la famille des pyréthrinoïdes. On les classe dans les neurotoxiques car ils pénètrent au niveau du système nerveux de l’insecte.

Les mécanismes à l’origine de la résistance des punaises de lit à ces insecticides sont désormais bien documentés. Il s’agit essentiellement de mutations génétiques modifiant les récepteurs neurologiques des insectes à ces produits.

  Les pyréthrinoïdes pénètrent au niveau d’un orifice de la fibre nerveuse de la punaise de lit, ce qui paralyse l’insecte et le tue. Mais certaines punaises de lit, du fait d’une mutation au niveau de leur ADN, présentent une modification de cet orifice qui empêche l’action de l’insecticide. C’est pourquoi elles deviennent résistantes aux pyréthrinoïdes.

  C’est un peu comme si l’insecticide était une clé et le nerf de l’insecte une serrure. Chez les punaises de lit présentant cette malformation au niveau de l’orifice de la fibre nerveuse, la « clé insecticide » ne rentre plus dans la « serrure nerf de l’insecte ». Les punaises de lit « anormales », c’est-à-dire celles qui présentaient cette malformation, se sont ainsi multipliées.

  Cependant, ce phénomène est beaucoup plus compliqué qu’on ne le pense, parce que cohabitent en permanence des punaises de lit sensibles aux insecticides et d’autres qui y sont résistantes. En effet, quand on élimine les punaises de lit sensibles aux insecticides, celles qui survivent (parce qu’elles sont résistantes aux insecticides) peuvent donner naissance non seulement à de nouvelles punaises résistantes, mais aussi à des punaises de lit sensibles. Tout cela est une question de génétique. Mais en continuant à utiliser des insecticides, on sélectionne de plus en plus les punaises de lit résistantes.

  T.C. : Pourquoi l’Agence de sécurité sanitaire (Anses) recommande-t-elle malgré tout le recours aux insecticides dans son rapport publié en juillet 2023 ?

  I.A. : J’ai participé au groupe de travail de l’Anses. Pour lutter contre les punaises de lit, elle recommande de privilégier les méthodes non chimiques, comme le traitement par la chaleur sèche ou la congélation.

  Concrètement, le nettoyage par la chaleur peut s’opérer par l’intermédiaire d’un appareil professionnel qui diffuse une chaleur sèche pouvant aller jusqu’à 180 °C ou via des nettoyeurs vapeur (dont la vapeur monte à des températures allant de 110 à 180 °C) que l’on peut acheter ou louer. Les petits objets et le linge non lavable peuvent, quant à eux, être placés pendant 2 heures au congélateur à – 20 °C.

  Mais effectivement, au sein du groupe de travail, certains experts défendaient le recours aux insecticides contre les punaises de lit. L’Anses préconise donc de « faire appel à des professionnels de la désinsectisation en cas de persistance de l’infestation ».

Toutefois, j’ai exposé une position divergente, mes arguments étant présentés en annexe du rapport. Avec le laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie de l’hôpital Avicenne à Bobigny et la mission punaises de lit de l’Agence régionale de santé (ARS) d’Ile-de-France, nos travaux sur la résistance aux punaises de lit ont fait l’objet de trois publications scientifiques. Nos articles viennent enrichir un ensemble de plus de 200 publications scientifiques qui confirment la résistance aux différents insecticides dans le monde.

  (Dans son rapport, l’Anses indique que « l’usage intensif d’un insecticide nuit à son efficacité en augmentant le risque de sélection d’individus résistants ». Elle rappelle également que l’effet répulsif de certains insecticides favorise la dispersion des punaises et que cette « lutte chimique » peut avoir des effets sur la santé humaine et l’environnement, ndlr).

  T.C. : Quelles sont les conséquences pour la santé humaine ?

  I.A. : La punaise de lit dispose d’une trompe qu’elle replie sous son abdomen quand elle est au repos. Pour piquer, elle pointe sa trompe dans la peau et va chercher les vaisseaux sanguins pour faire son repas de sang.

Les boutons surviennent sur les parties du corps découvertes. Toutefois, toutes les personnes ne développent pas de boutons après avoir été piquées par des punaises de lit et un certain nombre des sujets piqués ne présentent que des boutons de petites tailles. Les boutons de grande taille sont observés chez les sujets qui développent une allergie à la salive de l’insecte.

Mais la piqûre d’une punaise de lit ne donne pas de maladie infectieuse. À ce jour, aucune épidémie de maladie infectieuse transmise par les punaises de lit n’a été décrite.

  T.C. : En pratique, comment savoir si un lieu est infesté par des punaises de lit ?

  I.A. : D’abord, il faut apprendre à reconnaître cet insecte. À l’œil nu, une punaise de lit ressemble à un pépin de pomme qui se déplace rapidement. Elle apparaît de couleur rousse. Quand il sort de l’œuf, l’insecte, qui mesure moins d’un millimètre, est transparent et donc quasi invisible. Mais il va tout de suite prendre un repas de sang en piquant, ce qui va le colorer en rouge. A noter que cinq stades larvaires sont nécessaires avant que la punaise de lit devienne adulte.

  Ensuite, chez soi ou quand on se rend dans un hôtel, il faut apprendre à inspecter la literie, en soulevant les draps, le matelas, etc., à la recherche des petites taches noires qui correspondent aux déjections fécales des punaises de lit.

  Quand on intervient au début de l’infestation, par les méthodes mécaniques (ramasser et laver les textiles à 60 °C, passer l’aspirateur et jeter aussitôt le sac puis appliquer de la vapeur sèche aux endroits suspectés d’être les cachettes de l’insecte), on peut éliminer les punaises de lit sans trop de difficultés."

  Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) | Parasites & Vectors, 29.06.2017 https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-017-2232-3

  [Image] Schematic of potential behavioral and physiological changes involved in insecticide resistance in bed bugs

Bernadette Cassel's insight:

  En relation

  Les punaises de lit touchent 11 % des ménages français indépendamment du milieu social, selon l’Anses - De www.lemonde.fr - 19 juillet, 17:35

[deathb8dy]

Mostly accurate for the timeline we got for this bitch (me) but I wanna add notes cause why! Not!

Younger me loved Black and White, TOAK the most. I still personally love TOAK but fell out of Black and White. HOUSEWIFE RADIO TOO.

Amygdala's Ragdoll is 1 of 2 songs that dragged me into english vocaloid entirely. HWR was the other one. I hate it here cause it was because of animation memes and the very first song I heard that got me to that point (Insanity if you wanted to know.)

From the instrumentals I adored uh, Split Idol and Only Somewhat Seen. Loved the depressed vibes especially younger. Pierre Janet's Criminal Defense is when I started to go to the higher bpm songs but not fully.

Now. The two qualia automata songs. SURPRISINGLY, I listen to them both mostly due to stims (literally the Metal Breaks and Bends part is a fucking audio stim) and wholeheartedly my ocs (we love maladaptive daydreaming in the car) being tormented via music. Also plus the fast bpm thing, it's a major kick to the itch I need.

Also funny but oh god fun fact! I had a car accident the day RRB came out but it is only funny because my aunt got hit in the face by her lunch. That's all.

Anyways Scapeg8at is my all time favorite. You got that whole thing down but additionally, it's the "existing out of spite" and high bpm for me. I'll literally start happy stomping cause like fuck.....

Uhh out of order but I grew out of the mental illness based songs, only listen to chattering 2019 if it comes on Spotify and I just. Oc maladaptive daydreaming is a bitch to me.

One more, In Iolite is a song I'll listen to! Just not often. And Chelovek, The Distortionist, and uhh... Can't think of the song but the one that released with PJ's CD? Yea no I will not listen to them willingly, Chelovek and the one instrumental mostly it overstimulates me but. I fucking hate Distortionist now I've seen too many people like.... Make him like an adult when he's 17 it makes me feel god awful 😭

Bonus! ; I do not like to listen to the older pre 2016 songs but Face Less is one that I will kill everyone and god for a remake. Genuinely helped me though bad times and I just only feel bad as I associated all of the older songs with.......... Some fucked up people 😭😭😭

what I assume about you based on your favorite ghost and pals song

happy days, appetite of a people pleaser, hyperdontia, or chattering (2019): you're in middle school

novocaine or the distortionist: you most likely call them hot and you scare me. probably also in middle school tbh

candle queen: you're not really a ghost fan you just know this one song

honey i'm home: you're either genuinely a fan of the lyrics and themes or you just like charon and/or charon x norman

reckless battery burns: good taste this song is very well produced and the pv is cool BUT. I know you care more about tamari

aura: you like women.

star of the show: you like women. and you're the "me and the bad bitch I pulled by being autistic" meme as a person

the things I deserve: you ALSO like women and you're either really going through it or this song got you through it

amygdala's rag doll: you either know it from the animation memes or you're overcome with a boiling hot rage every time someone calls it trypophobia

rotary dial: you probably relate to henry unfortunately

black & white: you have bad taste (it's okay, me too I love this one) but you're genuinely so sweet tbh

housewife radio: you're correct and probably sympathize with nancy. also more than likely you can or have done a full analysis of every little detail in this song

colorbars: you're into glitchy and digital aesthetics and you much prefer this design over his broadcast illusion one. if you're a. certain way. you might simplify him down to Gay but cmon people we are past that it is 2023

anything from nothing perfect that's NOT perfect nothing: you chose the "i'm not like other girls" option but that's okay because it's an under appreciated ep

perfect nothing: you think you chose the "i'm not like other girls" option. banger song though

those who carried on or two of a kind: I am in love with you. dystopian stuff is your vibe and you're really curious about the pv wip characters/wish it wasn't left unfinished

spider on the wall (2018)(my fav): you scare me. objectively bad taste (affectionate)

spider on the wall (2022): you scare me worse. objectively bad taste (DEROGATORY)

in iolite or chelovek: do you exist (HI I LOVE YOU) if you do you love it when ghost does stuff that's actually different and cool

uncanny, adapertio, or I had to die to survive: you'll cling onto any oc or relationship ghost drops and you probably had theories about uncanny and adapertio when you saw the similarities

culpability or pierre janet's criminal defense: you stuck around during the slow period/hiatus and I will, for some reason, assume you're an older fan

entomologists (2019): I don't think you exist either but I love you. a lot. really into the "bug" part of industrial catholic bugcore

scapeg♾️at: you relate HARD to this song. want to see your abusers in the GROUND. probably a real petty person but I admire that

deathbody: nobody seems to really like this one for some reason? but if you DO I assume you're an older fan who related to foolish and/or ttid in your youth

end world normopathy: be honest you're here for tamari

[kenresearchcompany]

Global Seed Treatment Market is expected to grow further to a size of around US$11 Billion by 2028: Ken Research

The purpose of seed treatment is to disinfect seeds from pathogenic organisms, which could be seed-borne or soil-borne, and storage insects. A host of processes are deployed to treat seeds, including the application of fungicides or insecticides, exposing seeds to solar energy, immersing them in conditioned water, etc. A properly carried out seed treatment process helps prevent the spread of plant diseases, protects seeds from rot, seedling blights, and storage insects, and improves germination.

The Global Seed Treatment Market is estimated to have grown to a size of nearly US$7 Billion in 2022 from approximately US$5 Billion in 2017. The market is expected to grow further to a size of around US$11 Billion by 2028 at a CAGR of nearly 8% for the forecasted period of 2022-2028.

For more information, request a free sample @  https://www.kenresearch.com/sample-report.php?Frmdetails=NTk2MDEx

Seed Treatment adoption rate is expected to grow steadily in the forecasted period as it offers low-cost protection against diseases and soil-borne organisms and protects weak seeds, resulting in improved germination. According to the Agriculture industry publication Agriculture.com, a soybean fungicide/ insecticide treatment may cost anywhere between US$10 and US$12 per 140,000 seed unit. Soybean seeding rates usually vary between 80,000 and 140,000 seeds per acre. When it comes to the effectiveness of such treatments, a 2019 compilation of studies, conducted by agronomists and entomologists from 14 land-grant universities, discovered an improvement of 2 bushels per acre in soybean farming when neonicotinoid IST was combined with a fungicide seed treatment. The best result found in the study was that of a surge of 3.3 bushels per acre.

Another major factor, driving the agriculture industry to adopt Seed Treatment measures, is its capacity to empower seeds to fight against unfavorable weather conditions. Such unfavorable weather conditions might result in cold and damp soils or extremely dry soils that encourage the breeding, growth, and development of fungi spores. For instance, in the United States, in 2010 and 2012, high nighttime temperatures had an immensely negative impact on corn yields. Similarly, premature budding caused by a warm winter resulted in losses worth US$220 million of cherries in Michigan in 2012.

Ingredients used in Seed Treatment products are harmful to humans, animals, and also to seeds in some cases. Treated seeds that go unsold can not be used as animal feed. The limiting peripheral or ancillary use of these treated seeds often hampers the scalability of the market. Treating the seeds at the correct dosage rate is also critical to the treatment’s success. For instance, seeds with high moisture percentage can get easily damaged when treated with concentrated liquid products.

In the initial days of the pandemic, the Global Seed Treatment Market suffered supply chain disruptions stemming from restricted movements of vehicles, closed markets, and a limited supply of raw materials. However, soon after the initial days were over, the manufacturing of seed treatment agrochemicals resumed under the category of essential goods production in many countries. The rise in consciousness around health and efficient farming techniques also boosted the demand for high-value seeds.

Key Trends by Market Segment

By Type:  According to Ken Research’s analysis, the majority of the seed treatment procedures are carried out through the Chemical route.

Chemical treatment of seeds can be done by applying insecticides, fungicides, or nematicides, including fumigants, carbamates, etc. Non-chemical or biological seed protection processes involve bio-insecticides, bio-fungicides, and bio-nematicides.

According to the observations put out by the Iowa State University, fungicide seed treatment can be beneficial for seeds with less than 80% germination rate. These types of seeds are typically considered to be of low vigor. Fungicides are also considered effective treatment tools when seeds are planted early in cold or wet soils and reduced till and no-till fields.

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By Treatment/Application Technique: The seed coating segment is estimated to occupy the largest market share in 2022 as far as treatment/application techniques are concerned.

The techniques of seed dressing involve treating crop seeds with fungicides and/or insecticides so that they are well-equipped to fight out the fungal diseases and insects that attack from both below and above ground. The process of seed coating implies covering the seeds with manageable amounts of exogenous materials. Film coating or microbial coating are popular seed coating types. Finally, in the process of Seed Pelleting, inert materials are added to the seeds to increase their weight, size, or shape.

Seed pelleting helps in planting crops that otherwise have irregularly shaped seeds. According to the data presented by the seed treatment company Seed Dynamics Incorporated, pelleting can increase the weight of seeds from anywhere between 1000% (10X) to 4,000% (40X). Usually, 88000 seeds of raw begonia weigh 1 gram. However, seed pelleting can increase the weight 100 times and take it to an average of 857 seeds per gram.

By Crop: The Cereal and Grains segment is expected to emerge as the largest crop segment as far as the application of seed treatment techniques is concerned.

Production in the World Cereal Market, according to the data provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), almost 2,645 million tons of cereals were produced during the 2018-2019 period, and the production was estimated to cross the mark of 2,800 million tons in 2022.

Similarly, production in the coarse grain market in the world was estimated to grow from a little more than 1,400 million tons to 1,500 million tons in 2022.

Treating seeds help reduce loss in the production of cereal grains due to pests and diseases.

By Formulation: Although the liquid formulation segment is expected to account for the largest share in 2022, the dry formulation segment is estimated to witness faster growth during the forecasted period.  

There are several types of liquid formulations that agriculturists try out on a regular basis for a range of crop seed types. For instance, soaking paddy seeds in 1% Potassium Chloride solution for 12 hours helps improve the germination potential. A similar outcome is achieved when Sorghum seeds are soaked in Sodium Chloride and Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate solutions for 12 hours.

Dry formulation seed treatments, on the other hand, help maintain the integrity of seed coatings. The growth in this segment is driven by the utilitarian benefits of the process: it is easy to apply and store and comes at a low cost.

The effectiveness of these treatments, dry and/or wet, has been recorded by many agencies/organizations/institutions. For instance, data published by the Manitoba government showed that seed treatments helped prevent yield loss 22% of the time in soybean seeds. Studies conducted in North Dakota, on wheat seeds, over a period of 14 years, showed a 7.2% stand increase over an untreated check, 73% of the time. However, the effectiveness often varies depending on how the climate is. For instance, another research at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Saskatoon found that neonicotinoid seed treatments were more effective in dry soils than in wet soils, and at 20-30 degree centigrade than at 10 degrees.

By Function: The seed protection segment occupies the largest share of the seed treatment market when seen from the prism of functions. The seed enhancement segment mostly takes care of plant nutrition needs.

Seed protection procedures can be chemical or non-chemical/biological. Seed enhancement procedures involve the application of biologicals, such as bio-fertilizers, bio-stimulants, plant growth regulators, seed priming, and seed disinfection procedures.

Protection and enhancement techniques are often deployed together for improved results. A scientific study conducted in 2018 showed how the solid matrix seed priming technique can be effectively combined with seed coating procedures. The experiment was conducted on the Kaibab Plateau in Arizona. The process resulted in 66-82% faster emergence from primed-seed pods than the untreated seeds. Seedlings that stemmed out from the primed-seed pods had 2.9-3.8-times higher density than untreated seeds.

By Region: North America is estimated to continue with its dominance over the seed treatment market even in the forecasting period, majorly due to the large-scale adoption of biotech crops in countries like the United States and Canada.

The United States has been one of the earliest adopters of Biotech crops. Biotech crops were introduced in 1996. Within the next seventeen years, by 2013, more than ninety percent of all cotton, soybeans, and corn planted in the United States was Biotech. More than 173 million acres were planted with biotech seeds in the United States by 2013.

The adoption of biotech in farming, along with genetically modified crops, has also been high in the Asia Pacific region, turning it into one of the most high-potential markets for seed treatment.

Japan, for instance, is among one of the world’s largest per-capita importers of GM food and feed and has approved more than 300 GM products for food, including 141 varieties of crops. The Philippines has also exhibited remarkable progress in adopting seed treatment. It was the first country in Asia to have given commercial clearance to Rice that was treated with beta-carotene for enhanced nutritional value.

The seed treatment market has also flourished in Europe and many LAMEA countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, to address the need for high-quality seeds, prevent anthrax diseases, combat the occasional attacks of the Yellow virus, et al.

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Competitive Landscape

The Global Seed Treatment market has nearly 150 players, including globally diversified players, regional players, and country-niche players having their expertise in addressing region-specific needs to treat seeds in a way that is conducive to the local climate conditions.

Large global players constitute ~20% of the market in terms of the number of competitors, while regional players hold the second largest share. Some of the major players in the market include Adama Agricultural Solutions, Bayer AG, BASF, Syngenta AG, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Dow, Corteva, Inc., Croda International Plc., Nufarm, Novozymes, and more, among others.

Conclusion

The Global Seed Treatment Market Size, Segments, Outlook, and Revenue Forecast 2022-2028 is expected to continue growing on a steady and moderately-paced trajectory. The need for efficient farming is increasing worldwide. Farmers and agricultural farm owners are looking for ways to reduce the loss of yield, improve their seed’s germination potential, and protect seeds from the negative impacts of irregular climate, pests, insects, and diverse types of crop diseases. As of 2019, genetically modified crops occupied 190 million hectares of cultivable fields, indicating a growing inclination towards leveraging science and technology for the improvement of agricultural production. This inclination would serve as a tailwind for the Global Seed Treatment Market in the forecasted future.

Note: This is an upcoming/planned report, so the figures quoted here for market size estimate, forecast, growth, segment share and competitive landscape are based on initial findings and might vary slightly in the actual report. Also, any required customizations can be covered to the best feasible extent for Pre-booking clients and report delivered within maximum 2 working weeks.

Market Taxonomy

By Type         

Chemical

Non-Chemical

By Treatment / Application Technique

Seed Dressing

Seed Coating

Seed Pelleting

By Crop         

Grains and Cereals

Oilseeds and Pulses

Fruits and Vegetables

Other Crop Types (Forages, Alfalfa, Flower seeds, etc.)

By Formulation         

Liquid Formulation

Dry Formulation

By Function  

Seed Protection

Seed Enhancement

By Region     

North America (USA, Canada, Mexico)

Europe (Germany, UK, France, Spain, Italy)

Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Indonesia, Australis)

Latin America, Middle East, and Africa (LAMEA)

Key Companies        

Adama Agricultural Solutions

Bayer AG

BASF

Syngenta AG

Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.

Dow

Corteva, Inc.

Croda International Plc.

Nufarm

Novozymes A/S

[snailss-fmp]

RESEARCH <> ENTOMOLOGY

nysmuseum. (2020). Field Trip to the NYSM: The Entomology Collection. [Online]. Youtube. Last Updated: 8th July. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlYeKg9s2Ck [Accessed 28 November 2022].

WIRED. (2022). How Entomologists Use Insects to Solve Crimes | WIRED. [Online]. Youtube. Last Updated: 21st October. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8PoWlQkduA [Accessed 28 November 2022].

CALIFORNIA Magazine. (2017). Why Entomology? – Bugged, Episode 3. [Online]. Youtube. Last Updated: 3rd October. Available at: Why Entomology? – Bugged, Episode 3 [Accessed 28 November 2022].

Entomological Hub. (2020). Insect collections in museums | how to collect insects | entomology lectures | Module 01.07. [Online]. Youtube. Last Updated: 4th August. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSuFFirfWOo [Accessed 28 November 2022].

Sci-ology. (2018). Defining Characteristics of the Insect Orders | Entomology. [Online]. Youtube. Last Updated: 7th December. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QL906_79HJM [Accessed 28 November 2022].

[taste-the-crown]

— you got their blood on your roses in hand

You'd heard of the Toyohashi Kita Prom Murders, everyone in the area had. It had happened in 2017, not all too long ago, when six innocent students at the Toyohashi Kita all-male highschool were killed. All of the murders were committed in one night, the night of their senior prom.

Not a lot of people know the specifics, only that each victim was killed in rather brutal fashion as one of the most popular boys went insane over what is suspected to be...Well, not being voted Prom King. The boy had became delusional, believing everyone now worshipped him.

When the cops arrived, he threatened suicide, and ended up stabbing himself to avoid jail. That stab was fatal, and now people believe all seven of those who were killed have been bound to the now-abandoned Toyohashi Highschool building, living out their sorrowful days into eternity. Apparently, only one of the murderer's competition went out alive. No one knows his name.

Today, you venture inside the building. Past the weathered police tape, and step into the previously gleeful white building, teeming with school spirit. Nowadays, it's dirty and not many people venture in. But, as you step foot in for the first time, fresh footprints are noticeable in the dirt and dust of the floor. Do you trust your gut instinct...and follow them?

@morals-and-florals @floral-samurai @the-real-kokichi-ouma (any of your blogs work ^^) @theultimatemoralcompass @chaoticblogofmuses @the-friendly-entomologist @human-monokuma // or anyone else. be warned, this blog centers around themes of insanity and mental instability. descriptive gore is present occasionally, and the mystery that shrouds Toyohashi Kita is not a pleasant one at all. be aware, and if you are not in a place to play out this storyline, do not feel obligated to. for anyone curious, the characters are all ocs beside saihara and a few others. typically triggering characters such as iruma miu, ouma kokichi, etc, are not muses in this blog. i myself am not triggered by anyone in dangan rompa besides kaede akamatsu in the slightest manner, but i try to make everyone comfortable no matter how fucked up the story in my blog is. story short, be safe everyone. if you read all the way through this, thanks.