#ecology and evolutionary biology

[bethanythebogwitch]

The modern world is nice, but sometimes you just get the urge to go primitive. Because I'm a complete wimp who would die within a day of giving up the internet, I'm going to deal with that urge by talking about primitive animals. It's Wet Beast Wednesday and I'm talking about lancelets.

(image: a lancelet. Not much to look at, are they?)

Lancelets, or amphioxi, are highly basal (close to the ancestral form) chordates that are vaguely similar to fish, but are vastly more primitive. They have all the characteristics of chordates, the key one being a notochord, a flexible rodlike structure that goes down the body. The majority of chordates that are still alive are vertebrates, who have incorporated the notochord into the spinal column. The other groups of surviving chordates are the tunicates (who I'll get to eventually) and the lancelets. Because lancelets are so primitive, they are used at model organisms representing an early stage of vertebrate evolution. It was originally thought that lancelets are remnants of an early lineage that eventually evolved into vertebrates. Genetic studies later showed that tunicates are actually more closely related to modern vertebrates than lancelets. They are still used as a model organism as they are a fantastic representation of early chordates. The similarity of lancelets to the 530 million year old Pikaia gracilens, one of the earliest known chordates, is one of the reasons they are such a useful model organism.

(image: a diagram of lancelet anatomy by Wikipedia user Systematicist)

Lancelets can be found all over the world, living in temperate to tropical shallow seas. The only known exception is Asymmetron inferum, which has been found around whale falls at 225 m (738 ft) deep. They are small animals, reaching around 8 cm at their largest. An amphioxus looks pretty worm-like, with a simple mouth at one end and a pointed tail at the other. The name amphioxus means "both (ends) pointed" which is a pretty appropriate description. The mouth is lined with tentacle-like threads called oral cilli, which are used for feeding. Lancelets are filter-feeders that use the cirri to filter plankton, microbes, and organic detritus. Water and food pass into the pharynx (back of the mouth), which is line with gill slits. This is where it gets weird. The gill slits aren't used for respiration, but for feeding. Mucus gets pushed through the gill slits by cilia, trapping the food and moving it deeper into the digestive tract. Not only to lancelets not use their gill slits to respirate, they actually don't have a respiratory system at all. Instead, they just absorb dissolved oxygen through their thin and simple layer of skin. Their circulatory system doesn't move oxygen around either as there is no heart or hemoglobin present. For what it's worth, they don't have a proper live either. When you look at a lancelet's anatomy, you can see similarities to fish anatomy, just much more primitive and with some parts missing.

(image: the head of a lancelet, with mouth and cilli visible)

Lancelets have 4 different systems used for vision. Two, the Joseph cells and Hesse organs, are simple photoreceptors that are on the notochord and detect light along the back of the animal. Imagine having a bunch of very simple yes on your spinal cord that can see through your skin. There is also a simple photoreceptor called the lamellar body (which confusingly is also the name of a type of lipid) and a single simple eye on the head. Speaking of light, lancelets are florescent, producing green light when exposed to blue to ultraviolet light. In all species, the proteins responsible for this are found around the cilii and eye, but some species also have them in the gonads and tail. The purpose for this florescence isn't exactly known, but a common hypothesis is that it helps attract plankton toward their mouths.

(image: an extreme close-up of a lancelet's cilli fluorescing)

Lancelets have seasonal reproduction cycles that occur in summer. Females release their eggs first, followed my males releasing sperm to fertilize them. Depending on species, spawning can either occur at specific times, or gradually throughout breeding season. Development occurs in several stages. In the frist stage, they live in the substrate, but they will quickly move into the water column to become swimmers. These swimming larvae practice diel vertical migration, traveling to the surface at night and returning to the seafloor in the day. While larvae can swim, they are still subject to the current and can be carried long distances. Adults retain their ability to swim, which is done by wriggling like an eel and in some cases, spinning around in a spiral fashion while moving forward. Unlike the larvae, adults spend most of their time buried in the substrate with only their heads exposed. They typically only emerge when mating or if disturbed.

(image: a diagram of the lancelet life cycle. source)

Because of their use as model organisms, humans have developed methods to keep and breed lancelets in captivity. The majority of research has been done on Branchiostoma lanceolatum, but several other species have been studied. Multiple species are endangered due to pollution and global warming. Several species are edible and can either be eaten whole or used as a food additive. In spring, when their gonads begin to develop for breeding season, they develop a bad flavor.

Mom: "we have garden eels at home". Garden eels at home:

(image: three lancelets sticking their heads out of the sediment)

[sourcedecay]

I lowkey have a bachelors degree

[softenedsunbeams]

jumpscare! too socially anxious to say this off anon BUT i think you should be allowed to infodump abt stuff you like more. i am looking politely

hsfjjdkgjdjfbr :D

[sandhya17]

Horseshoe crabs, Earth's ancient creatures, face endangerment due to excessive baiting, unintended capture, LAL testing, and shoreline development. Click to read more

[laneybeetle]

Looking for: evolutionary biologists / ecologists / wildlife biologists / etc.

This might be a stretch, but are there possibly any folks who attended college for ecology or evolutionary biology (or related subjects) that wouldn't mind chatting with me about their experiences? I'm incredibly conflicted about majoring in English or ecology/biology, and would love to talk to someone with experience in the science majors I'm interested in.

If you fit this description, please feel free to dm me directly or comment if I can dm you! <3

[pallases]

this book has led me down a rabbit hole of searching whether birds can get rabies

[eelhound]

"If human societies are not simply aggregations of isolated individuals who come together to truck and barter, how then shall we conceptualize society? It’s [...] worth questioning the very idea of the self-sovereign individual. We are not born as sovereign individual agents even though of course we have certain capacities and scope for self-determination. We are, rather, creatures whose personal development and flourishing requires that we be nested within social and intergenerational collectives. We are actually 'Nested-I’s.'

As evolutionary scientists like E.O. Wilson, David Sloan Wilson, and Martin Nowak have argued, group selection is a more influential force than individual selection in evolution. Collective social structures profoundly influence and constrain our individuality. Biologically speaking, it is even a bit difficult to talk about 'individuals' as if they were separate from 'nature.' Human beings could not function without millions of bacteria living in their guts, or without being immersed within a biodiverse ecosystem of living organisms. Yet much of economics remains locked into the mindset of atomistic, acquisitiveness individuals engaged in mechanical, cause-and-effect transactions in the service of capital accumulation. There is relatively little attention to the holistic, dynamic, non-linear dimensions of living systems. The notions of human aliveness and nonmarket values are scanted.

The idea of 'rational self-interest' is now so thoroughly embedded in modern life that the ontological frame is considered self-evident. However, as economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis show in their book A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution, human beings have a rich evolutionary history of developing social systems and institutions to support 'strong reciprocity' and collective interests. The significant work of the late Elinor Ostrom, too, helped demonstrate the profound importance of social collaboration as a powerful economic force. Alas, despite her receiving the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2009 for her pioneering work, the discipline has not really embraced her perspectives more fully.

This is a shame. Ostrom’s work has been a bellwether for many social movements that reject the stunted social vision and imagination of standard economics. In my own work as a commons scholar, I have seen scores of self-organized commons function extremely well. They use peer-governance and -provisioning to give people greater control over their lives, and in more satisfying, humane ways than labor markets. One need only look to such phenomena as open-source software, cosmo-local production (globally shared design knowledge + local physical production), open-access scientific publishing, data commons, WiFi and civic infrastructures managed as commons, cooperatives, community land trusts, community-supported agriculture, agroecology, indigenous land stewardship, cohousing, participatory budgeting in government, and much else."

- David Bollier, from "My Advice to an Aspiring Economist: Don’t Be an Economist." Evonomics, 21 January 2021.

[undiscoveredphoenix]

not my job asking for my high school transcript

[stuck-in-the-ghost-zone]

hey mac ghostzone ur very cool and are a big reason why i actually went into ecology instead of settling for a 'safer' major <3 🦕 stay swagg

WAAAAH THATS SO COOL????????? thats SO cool im happy u found smth ur passionate about !!!!!!! i hope ur enjoying it so far !!!!

[whats-in-a-sentence]

The first is biology,* which tells us what humans truly are: clever chimps.

*Academic biology is a vast field; I draw on its ecological/evolutionary end rather than its molecular/cellular end.

"Why the West Rules – For Now: The patterns of history and what they reveal about the future" - Ian Morris

[akitadruid]

"acoustical consciousness". I coin that, it may have been minted by someone previously, but a fresh pressing and it refers in this case to the broad understanding of the way species use sound, in particular the well known and modulated sounds made by their own bodies in motion, to ascertain the nature of their surroundings and navigate and communicate. (Placing limits here, but secondary and tertiary consequences as cause and incentive and evolutionary feedback implied and included)

[muzdiir]

while i applied like in january to a uni in mass, they've been waiting until they receive all my transcripts (which uh i think the one from exeter got sent to the wrong place 🙃).

instead of waiting indefinitely, i just applied to where i got my bachelors for what is probably going to be a better/more interesting major anyway

[normal-newt]

(deep breath) 

When people say “that’s a dingo not a dog” they are making an Important Distinction. Yes, leading theory is dingoes evolved from other dogs. But the distinction here isn’t about taxonomy.

Imagine saying “oh yeah. Left your 10 year old alone with my pet wolf”. Much worse than saying “with my pet dog”. Even if you can make argument statement is true, it is still misleading, and different word choice still causes different reaction in people.

Dingo has many words describing it, but most useful one here is “naturalised”. Even if can make good argument dingo is technically introduced dog breed, is still distinct type of animal with set of behaviours, breeding cycle and relationship with Australian ecosystems and cultures here not found in any other dog breed.

Is important distinction in normal conversations because the word “dog” makes people think animal doesn’t belong in Australia unless living with humans.

“Dog” makes people think “I must rescue him” or “he looks hungry” when seeing perfectly healthy wild dingo, which is pretty much best way to cause attacks on humans. Or people assuming is safe to let child look at wild dingo so long as parent is nearby, have been multiple attacks like this recently, luckily kids survived their injuries.

“Dog” also makes people think “newly introduced predator” instead of predator our wildlife has adapted to over thousands of years. Makes people think “wild dog cull” is removing environmental threats when is actually attempt to stop predation on sheep (can anyone think of any other large Australian predator hunted by farmers for this reason?) Is not coincidence the word “dingo” is replaced with word “dog” in every publication by people who want to promote culls.

Is to drive home the difference between “stray dog that needs to be rescued” and “wild dingo you should not be encouraging your kids to play with”.

Even if say dingo is dog breed, okay, fair enough. But dingo is still dog breed with unique and established set of behaviours, breeding strategies + relationship with humans + wider ecology of mainland Australia. Fills established ecological niche here. But most people here say “wild/ feral dog breed” when they want to promote culling of dingoes. Not for conservation of wildlife, for conservation of sheep.

Tired of seeing culls of significant keystone predator justified using this, tired of seeing people attacked after not respecting or understanding difference between dingo and other dogs.

if you would specify difference between wolf and dog in similar situation, please also do same between dog and dingo. Because this adds context, but more importantly changes how people understand and relate to what you say. And unfortunately much of how we relate to wildlife, how we protect it and stay safe around it, depends on this.

[tysonfurybattlepass]

It seems like there were a lot of saber toothed predators back in the day, why are there none now (apart from clouded leopards?)

that’s a good question! unfortunately “why” questions are very difficult to answer in paleontology; we just can’t definitively prove any of our hypotheses without observing the animals alive.

that being said, it’s a common trend in evolutionary biology that hyperspecialization tends to make an animal more vulnerable to extinction. things like saber teeth are really really good at one thing: killing very large prey quickly after immobilizing it. if that strategy is no longer viable, then the sabertooth doesn’t have any other plan to fall back on!

generalists, or jack-of-all-trades animals (think cougars and coyotes and black bears), tend to fare better when the environment shifts drastically. even if their preferred food source disappears, no worries! it’s not their only food source, because the generalist can do anything!

however, it’s entirely possible that saber teeth are actually a great evolutionary trait, and all the sabertooths just happened to go extinct for unrelated reasons. if that’s the case, then we just need to wait around until they re-evolve again in an extant group, since there are no living sabertooth lineages to work off of. we can only hope and dream :)

[plethodontidae]

everyone manifest i get to go to puerto rico this summer for an internship 🙏

[er-cryptid]