#cytochrome oxidase

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Research Diaries of Satyendra S. Page 160.

[uncrossedrhyme]

Guide to Life-Sustaining Nutrients: Copper [PREVIEW]

The following is a preview of a Patreon-exclusive newsletter Click the icon below to support Become Something New for the cost of just one cup of coffee per month for access to this and upcoming Patreon-only content. ☕📖🧠💪 Patreon Starting at the most vital level, copper is a mitochondrial cofactor, essential for cytochrome C oxidase (complex IV), which completes oxidative phosphorylation to…

[tenth-sentence]

By measuring different oxygen isotopes, it is possible to measure the in vivo activities of the alternative oxidase and cytochrome c simultaneously.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[herpsandbirds]

Convergent evolution of Amphidromus-like colourful arboreal snails and phylogenetic relationship of East Asian camaenids, with description of a new Aegistohadra species

Parin Jirapatrasilp, Chih-Wei Huang, Chung-Chi Hwang, Chirasak Sutcharit and Chi-Tse Lee

ABSTRACT

East Asian terrestrial snails of the family Camaenidae are diverse in terms of genus and species numbers, shell morphology and mode of living. This family also includes colourful conical arboreal snails that traditionally have been assigned to the genus Amphidromus. Yet, the present study shows that, despite their deceiving conchological similarity, some of these East Asian arboreal snails do not belong to the genus Amphidromus or the subfamily Camaeninae. The presence of a dart complex comprising a mucous gland, a dart sac, an accessory sac and a proximal accessory sac, along with a pronounced penial caecum and molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that former ‘Amphidromus’ dautzenbergi, ‘A.’ roemeri and ‘Camaena’ mirifica, and one additional new species belong to Aegistohadra (subfamily Bradybaeninae).  Aegistohadra dautzenbergi, comb. nov. and Aegistohadra roemeri, comb. nov. are conical with colourful spiral bands, whereas Aegistohadra mirifica, comb. nov. and Aegistohadra zhangdanae, sp. nov. are heliciform to conical with colourful, variegated spiral and transverse banding patterns. DNA sequence analyses also revealed that each variety of Aegistohadra dautzenbergi could not be differentiated by mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA) gene fragments. The phylogenetic position of Aegistohadra within the East Asian camaenids revealed that the similar appearance in shell morphology, microhabitat use and diet to arboreal snails in the genus Amphidromus is homoplastic. Moreover, the presence or absence of a dart complex is also homoplastic and is unsuitable for suprageneric classification. By contrast, the presence of a flagellum and a penial caecum is useful for the suprageneric classification.

Read the paper here:

CSIRO PUBLISHING | Invertebrate Systematics

[typhlonectes]

A new diminutive subterranean eel loach species of the genus Pangio (Teleostei: Cobitidae) from Southern India

REMYA L SUNDAR+ C.P. ARJUN+ ARYA SIDHARTHAN+ NEELESH DAHANUKAR+ RAJEEV RAGHAVAN

Abstract

A second subterranean species of Pangio is described from an old dug-out well in Kerala, Southern India. The new species, Pangio pathala is unique within the genus in possessing the highest number (27) of caudal vertebrae.  Pangio pathala is distinguished from P. bhujia, the only subterranean Pangio species known so far, in having four pectoral-fin rays (vs. three), five anal-fin rays (vs. six), 67 vertebrae (40 abdominal and 27 caudal vertebrae) (vs. 62–63), and a raw genetic distance of 8.1–8.7% in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene. This paper also provides an additional record of Pangio bhujia from a location 40 km south of the type locality.

Read the paper here:

A new diminutive subterranean eel loach species of the genus Pangio (Teleostei: Cobitidae) from Southern India | Zootaxa (mapress.com)

[gray-matter-in-a-teacup]

Cyanide Poison

Let's start by understanding exactly how cyanide kills you. In simple terms, cyanide prevents cells from using oxygen to make energy molecules.

The cyanide ion, CN-, binds to the iron atom in cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria of cells. It acts as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor, preventing cytochrome C oxidase from doing its job, which is to transport electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain of aerobic cellular respiration. Now unable to use oxygen, the mitochondria can't produce the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tissues that require this form of energy, such as heart, muscle cells, and nerve cells, quickly expend all their energy and start to die. When a large enough number of critical cells die, you expire as well. Death usually results from respiratory or heart failure.

Immediate aymptoms include headaches, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, lack of coordination, and rapid heart rate. Long exposure symptoms include unconsciousness, convulsions, respiratory failure, coma and death.

A person exposed to cyanide may have cherry-red skin from high oxygen levels, or dark blue coloring, from Prussian blue (iron-binding to the cyanide ion). In addition to this, skin and body fluids may give off an almond odor.

The antidotes for cyanide include sodium nitrite, hydroxocobalamin, and sodium thiosulfate.

A high dose of inhaled cyanide is lethal too quickly for any treatment to take effect, but ingested cyanide or lower doses of inhaled cyanide may be countered by administering antidotes that detoxify cyanide or bind to it. For example, hydroxocobalamin, natural vitamin B12, reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which leaves the body in urine.

These antidotes are administrated via injection, or IV infusion.

Cyanide is actually a lot more common than you'd think. It's in pesticides, fumigants, plastics, and electroplating, among other things. However, not all cyanide are so poisonous. Sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and cyanogen chloride (CNCl) are lethal, but thousands of compounds called nitriles contain the cyanide group, yet aren't as toxic. They still aren't terribly good for you, so I wouldn't go around ingesting other cyanide compounds, but they're not quite as dangerous as the lethal kind.

Thank you for reading, have a lovely day :)

[ravings-of-a-mad-scientist]

Meanwhile, at the Annual Mollusk Taxonomy Convention

Taxonomist 1: I think this population of blorb snails count as their own species under the phylogenetic and biological species concepts. Their last common ancestor was between 5 and 100 million years ago, idk, my 35 year old copy of Clustal finally exploded so I just eyeballed it, but they totally got wack cytochrome C oxidase genes, even though for the most part they're genetically pretty similar and they still look and act exactly the same in every way and also both live in the same place as each other. The only reason why they don’t interbreed is they have like a single incompatible protein thingo, which is also more or less the only meaningful phenotypic difference between them.

(this is an actual thing that can happen. They’re called cryptic species and species complexes and they hurt my soul) 

Taxonomist 2: No. It’s more pragmatic and useful to just use the morphological and ecological species concepts here; and they say fuck you and your dumb snails. I wanna lump all existing species into half as many species, there’s too many fucking species.

Taxonomist 1: you wanna fucking say that to my face you little shit?

Taxonomist 3: Hey, real quick, what do you guys think about the possibility of reclassifying the Blorb genus under Littorinidae instead of Muricidae? Because I already wrote a paper on it, so that's the case now. Cry about it.

Taxonomist 2: I think today is the day bitches die.

*Mexican standoff using conch shells as blunt weapons ensued, there were no survivors.*

*This is unfortunately the leading cause of death among all taxonomists*

[science-lover33]

Unraveling the Tapestry of Cellular Energy: A Comprehensive Voyage through the Electron Transport Chain 🧬⚙️

Prepare for a deep dive into the labyrinthine pathways of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), where molecular machinations weave the intricate tapestry of cellular respiration. In this odyssey, we'll navigate the complexities with surgical precision, leaving no nuance unexplored.

1. Prelude at Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase):

The ETC's overture commences at Complex I, where NADH, a product of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, surrenders its high-energy electrons. Traverse the serpentine route of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and a succession of iron-sulfur clusters, witnessing the orchestrated dance that propels electrons toward the enigmatic ubiquinone (Q).

2. Interlude with Succinate (Complex II - Succinate Dehydrogenase):

As the symphony progresses, Complex II takes the stage with succinate as its protagonist. Succinate dehydrogenase, fueled by succinate from the Krebs cycle, orchestrates a parallel electron flow. Behold the ballet of electrons navigating iron-sulfur clusters and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), converging upon ubiquinone (Q) in a seamless choreography.

3. Cytochrome Waltz (Complex III - Cytochrome bc1 Complex):

The narrative crescendos at Complex III, the cytochrome bc1 complex, where Q takes center stage. Through a series of mesmerizing redox reactions, Q gracefully shuttles electrons to cytochrome c. This transient dancer becomes the ethereal messenger, ferrying electrons with finesse towards the climactic rendezvous at Complex IV.

4. Grand Finale with Complex IV (Cytochrome c Oxidase):

In the climactic finale, Complex IV, personified by cytochrome c oxidase, awaits the electron ensemble. Watch as electrons, guided by a cascade of copper and iron centers, engage in a captivating pas de deux with molecular oxygen. Witness the alchemical metamorphosis as oxygen is humbly transmuted into water, marking the zenith of our electron saga.

5. Proton Symphony and ATP Synthesis:

Simultaneously, the proton symphony unfolds as protons, displaced during electron transit, accumulate in the intermembrane space. This sets the stage for a grand energy transfer. The finale crescendos with protons flowing back through ATP synthase, a molecular turbine, culminating in the synthesis of ATP—the lifeblood of cellular energy currency.

References:

1. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.

2. Nelson, D. L., Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.

3. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Gatto, G. J. S., & Stryer, L. (2019). Biochemistry (8th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.

[interludes-of-first]

A little independent research:

Jellyfish (Cnidaria Medusozoa) are gelatinous zooplankton characterized mainly by their medusa phase, consisting of free swimming bodies, umbrella-shaped bells, and trailing tentacles often equipped with complex sting cells. Similarly, due to their lack of specialized systems such as a hub for osmoregulation, respiration, circulation, and no nervous system, as well as the fact that they are composed of approximately 95% water,  jellyfish have been credited as one of the simplest forms of marine animals. However, in the 1980s biologists discovered the Turritopsis Dohrnii and its close relative Turritopsis Nutricula, which would subsequently be coined as the immortal jellyfish, thus changing the way we view mortality and influencing how we research both the aging process and fatal diseases in humans.

The Journal ``Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution” further delves into these notions regarding the immortality of Turritopsis Dohrnii and its relatives, exploring the Complete mitochondrial genome and evolutionary analysis of such jellyfish— Key morphogenetic features of jellyfish include tissue and cell differentiation, irreversible cell cycle arrest and final cellular commitment, however, Turritopsis Dohrnii was the first metazoan containing the sequence of the mitochondrial genome that allows it to revert its ontogeny. Although the complete mitochondrial genome has not been reported and analyzed, the complete sequence of the genome is presented. This was achieved by DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing which allowed for the Organization, structure, and nucleotide composition of the Turritopsis Dohrnii mitochondrial genome to be explored. Furthermore, these reversions in the lifecycle have generated broad interest in this species as a potential biological model for research on aging and the molecular mechanisms of cell differentiation and transdifferentiation.

Additionally, the article “Bioinformation” regarding the conserved mitochondrial gene distribution in relatives of Turritopsis Nutricula, similarly explores these concepts— using phylogenetic analysis on available 16s rRNA gene and protein sequences of Cytochrome oxidase subunit-I (COI or COX1) in Turritopsis Nutricula, additional close relatives with potential immortality are discovered: Nemopsis bachei could be closest organism based on COX1 gene sequence, T. Dohrnii may be designated as the closest taxon to T. Nutricula based on rRNA, and four other species showed similar root distance based on COX1 protein sequence. The COX1 gene is especially important as it's used for phylogenetic analysis, while COX is associated with the process of aging and therefore immortality in these jellyfish. Moreover, with the discovery of related species to the immortal jellyfish, and the presence of the COXI gene, these specific organisms can be a great tool in cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative-related disorders.

Lastly, the paper “Jellyfish, Aging, and Cancer” similarly exemplifies the growing importance of immortality in the specific species of jellyfish— Turritopsis Nutricula and Turritopsis Dohrnii are some of the known hydrozoans in the animal kingdom that can revert back to the polyp stage after reaching the medusa stage of maturity and mating. This process, known as transdifferentiation, is the closest phenomenon to immortality on the planet. Although research on this narrow topic is just beginning, the immortal jellyfish could one day cure aging effects and possibly cancer.

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Research Folios of S. Sunkavally. Page 108.

[botanyone]

Effective traps in bladderworts may come at the cost of genome size

Effective traps in bladderworts may come at the cost of genome size https://ift.tt/tSwL0M3 Species of carnivorous bladderwort, butterwort and sundew plants harbor some of the smallest genomes found in flowering plants. Researchers have long wondered what genetic or environmental factors contribute to these miniature plant genomes and now, a team of scientists discovered that a single mutation correlates with and drives the downsizing of genomes across some carnivorous species within the Lentibulariaceae family. The results were recently published in Annals of Botany. Mitochondria are the energy-producing organelles within cells. The researchers focused on a mutation in a gene called cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which codes for an enzyme critical for mitochondria to generate energy through cellular respiration. They hypothesized that the COX mutation boosts mitochondrial efficiency, providing an advantage for carnivorous plants that rely on suction traps to catch prey. However, the mutation may come at a cost by increasing production of damaging molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a byproduct of respiration. To test this idea, the team based in Masaryk University compiled genome size data and chromosome measurements for over 100 species across the three genera that make up the carnivorous Lentibulariaceae family: Genlisea, Pinguicula and Utricularia. They also isolated and analyzed the sequence of the COX gene from each species to identify whether they carried the ancestral or mutated version. Using statistical analyses, the researchers assessed if patterns in the data supported the COX mutation driving smaller plant genomes over evolutionary time. Their findings provide compelling evidence that the COX mutation contributes to genome downsizing in these carnivorous plants. Species with the mutated COX gene consistently had smaller genomes and chromosomes compared to those retaining the ancestral sequence. Phylogenetic modeling also revealed the genomes of COX mutation carriers trended towards becoming progressively smaller as an evolutionary response. The researchers believe increased ROS levels resulting from the COX mutation overwhelm plants’ DNA repair abilities, leading to higher rates of genomic deletions over generations. As nonessential regions gradually removed, plant genomes shrink in size. While enhancing mitochondrial function benefits carnivorous traps, this genetic tweak comes at the cost of destabilizing the genome. Our findings indicate that the whole genus Utricularia and sections Recurvatae and Genlisea from the genus Genlisea harbour CC or CS mutations in the COX gene… The observation that these Lentibulariaceae lineages tend to evolve smaller genome sizes compared to those with the ancestral LS state (genus Pinguicula, Genlisea section Tayloria) aligns with the hypothesis that changes in the COX sequence elevate ROS production, increasing DNA damage and fostering deletion-biased DNA repair, culminating in genome contraction. By uncovering how a single mitochondrial mutation impacts genome evolution, this study sheds light on the complex genetic and environmental trade-offs shaping species. It illustrates how even subtle changes to cellular processes can cascade into altering an organism’s entire genome blueprint over evolutionary timescales. The work also highlights carnivorous plants as intriguing genetic models and underscores mitochondrial mutations as an underappreciated driver of genome change. Continued exploration of this unique system may reveal further unexpected findings. READ THE ARTICLE Zedek F., Šmerda J., Halasová A., Adamec L., Veleba A., Plačková K. and Bureš P. (2024) “The smallest angiosperm genomes may be the price for effective traps of bladderworts” Annals of Botany. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae107 The post Effective traps in bladderworts may come at the cost of genome size appeared first on Botany One. via Botany One https://botany.one/ October 09, 2024 at 03:30PM

[leedsomics]

MTALTCO1: a 259 amino acid long mtDNA-encoded alternative protein that challenges conventional understandings of mitochondrial genomics.

Mitochondrial derived peptides and proteins significantly expand the coding potential of the human mitogenome. Here, we report the discovery of MTALTCO1, a 259 amino acid protein encoded by a mitochondrial alternative open reading frame (mtaltORF) found in the +3 reading frame of the cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene. Using custom antibodies, we confirmed the mitochondrial expression of MTALTCO1 in human cell lines. Sequence analysis revealed high arginine content and an elevated isoelectric point that were not contingent on CO1's amino acid sequence, suggesting selective pressures acting on this protein. MTALTCO1 displays extensive fusion-fission dynamics at the interspecies level, yet produces a full-length protein throughout human haplogroups. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying novel mtaltORFs in expanding our understanding of the mitochondrial proteome. http://dlvr.it/TDcSFq

[typhlonectes]

Evolution in the dark: Unexpected genetic diversity and morphological stasis in the blind, aquifer-dwelling catfish Horaglanis

Rajeev Raghavan, Remya L. Sundar, C.P. Arjun, Ralf Britz, Neelesh Dahanukar

Abstract

The lateritic aquifers of the southern Indian state of Kerala harbour a unique assemblage of enigmatic stygobitic fishes which are encountered very rarely, only when they surface during the digging and cleaning of homestead wells. 

Here, we focus on one of the most unusual members of this group, the catfish Horaglanis, a genus of rarely-collected, tiny, blind, pigment less, and strictly aquifer-residing species. A six-year exploratory and citizen-science backed survey supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals novel insights into the diversity, distribution and population structure of Horaglanis. 

The genus is characterized by high levels of intraspecific and interspecific genetic divergence, with phylogenetically distinct species recovered above a 7.0% genetic-distance threshold in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene. Contrasting with this deep genetic divergence, however, is a remarkable stasis in external morphology. We identify and describe a new cryptic species, Horaglanis populi, a lineage that is the sister group of all currently known species. 

All four species are represented by multiple haplotypes. Mismatch distribution reveals that populations have not experienced recent expansions.

Read the paper here: 

https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/98367/

[rnomics]

JMSE, Vol. 12, Pages 1427: Complete Mitogenomes of Deep-Sea Eels Histiobranchus bathybius and Simenchelys parasitica and a New Record of H. bathybius from the East Mariana Basin, Western Pacific Ocean

In this study, using Illumina sequencing, we sequenced first the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of two deep-sea eels, Histiobranchus bathybius and Simenchelys parasitica, collected from the East Mariana Basin in the Western Pacific Ocean. The complete length of the H. bathybius and S. parasitica mitogenomes were 16,696 and 16,687 bp, respectively, each containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 #tRNA genes, and 2 ribosomal #RNA genes). To enhance the accuracy of the identification of H. bathybius and S. parasitica, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of multiple deep-sea eels based on the mitochondrial DNA gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [COI]) using the maximum likelihood method. Our phylogenetic tree analysis confirmed that the specimens collected in this study are congeneric species of H. bathybius and S. parasitica reported in previous studies. Based on these results, we report the first complete mitogenomes of H. bathybius and S. parasitica and a new record for the two species in the East Mariana Basin. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/12/8/1427?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr

[industrynewsupdates]

Sodium Cyanide Procurement Intelligence: A Closer Look

The global sodium cyanide category is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 6.15% from 2023 to 2030. It is driven by growing demand for precious metals such as silver and gold, growth in the need for chemical intermediaries by the agriculture and pharmaceutical sectors, and expansion of various end-user sectors due to rising consumer demand and rapid industrialization. In addition,sodium cyanide is widely utilized in the electroplating, a crucial process in electronics and automobile industries. Rising living standards and increasing consumer spending have increased demand for consumer durables and cars, which has led to a rise in electroplating applications and, in turn, increased market demand for the product. However, the detrimental impact of the product on environment and human health due to its toxicity is expected to hinder the growth of the global category during the projected timeframe. Sodium cyanide prevents oxygen from reaching tissues, resulting in tissue hypoxia due to its binding to the ferric iron of oxidized cytochrome oxidase.

Key technologies that are trending in the sodium cyanide industry include distributed control systems (DCS), digitization, green chemistry, blockchain, and robotics & automation.Chemical manufacturing uses sensors to gather real-time data on numerous manufacturing process variables, such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate, and utilize it to monitor and manage the production process. DCS is utilized to assess sensor data and modify process settings in real-time to achieve optimum process performance. In addition, technologies such as digitalization has made it possible for chemical plants to remotely operate their facilities, monitor production processes in real-time, and perform preventive maintenance. This results in higher output, less downtime, and enhanced security. Furthermore, chemical manufacturers can now employ processes that are greener and more sustainable. For instance, advancements in catalysis technology have made it feasible to conduct chemical reactions at lower temperatures and pressures, which has decreased energy usage.

The category for sodium cyanide exhibits a moderately consolidated landscape, with over 59.9% of the market share being held by the top 10 players in the industry. Key players in the industry are utilizing a range of tactics in an effort to improve their market share, such as intense research & development (R&D) projects, strategic partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, and technical advancements. The application of the product offered in the category is being improved by renowned businesses that are recognized for their innovative concepts and superior products. The analysis of the category also reveals a vibrant and healthy atmosphere characterized by a continuous search for fresh opportunities for growth and innovation. Businesses can explore and take advantage of latest trends and technology in this conducive environment. Buyers in the category possess low power to negotiate as the market is dominated by a restricted number of players which leads to less price variation.

Order your copy of the Sodium Cyanide Procurement Intelligence Report, 2023 - 2030, published by Grand View Research, to get more details regarding day one, quick wins, portfolio analysis, key negotiation strategies of key suppliers, and low-cost/best-cost sourcing analysis

Raw materials (caustic soda, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, etc.), labor, energy, equipment & machinery, and packaging & transportation constitute the key cost components in this category. One major factor influencing the price of sodium cyanide is the cost of the raw materials used in its manufacturing. The cost of production can be directly impacted by the changes in the prices of raw materials, particularly hydrogen cyanide. In addition, pricing is heavily influenced by supply and demand dynamics, just like with any other commodity. Prices are likely to rise in situations where there is a limited supply and a high demand for it. Conversely, low prices may result from an oversupply situation. Furthermore, the production process of sodium cyanide is energy intensive. Manufacturers vary their prices in response to changes in energy costs to account for higher or lower backend costs, which ultimately affects the final consumer. In the US, the price of sodium cyanide ranges between USD 165 per kg - 175 per kg.

Asia-Pacific region dominates the global sodium cyanide category, holding substantial share of revenue. The mining sector (where sodium cyanide is used for extraction of precious metals) in the region is anticipated to begin a new phase of expansion in the coming years with rising capital expenditure for projects. Gradually, the sector is emerging from its downturn as the global economy begins to revive. Given the substantial contribution of the mining sector to the GDP of economies in the region, governments are concentrating on implementing reforms, policies, and regimes that would facilitate its expansion. Reviewing the proximity of supplier’s warehouse to the location of delivery, assessing if a supplier is a signatory to international cyanide management code, evaluating if the supplier offers the product in the required form (liquid / dry), and comparing the pricing of the product by different suppliers in the industry are some of the best sourcing practices considered in this category.

Sodium Cyanide Procurement Intelligence Report Scope

• Sodium Cyanide Category Growth Rate: CAGR of 6.15% from 2023 to 2030

• Pricing Growth Outlook: 5% - 10% increase (Annually)

• Pricing Models: Cost-plus pricing, Competition-based pricing

• Supplier Selection Scope: Cost and pricing, Past engagements, Productivity, Geographical presence

• Supplier Selection Criteria: Industries served, years in service, revenue generated, employee strength, geographic service provision, form of sodium cyanide, type of packaging, risk management, regulatory compliance, lead time, and others

• Report Coverage: Revenue forecast, supplier ranking, supplier matrix, emerging technology, pricing models, cost structure, competitive landscape, growth factors, trends, engagement, and operating model

Browse through Grand View Research’s collection of procurement intelligence studies:

• Lab Chemicals Procurement Intelligence Report, 2023 - 2030 (Revenue Forecast, Supplier Ranking & Matrix, Emerging Technologies, Pricing Models, Cost Structure, Engagement & Operating Model, Competitive Landscape)

• Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Procurement Intelligence Report, 2024 - 2030 (Revenue Forecast, Supplier Ranking & Matrix, Emerging Technologies, Pricing Models, Cost Structure, Engagement & Operating Model, Competitive Landscape)

Key Companies 

• Anhui Anqing Shuguang Chemical Group Co., Ltd.

• Australian Gold Reagents Pty Ltd

• Cyanco International, LLC

• CyPlus GmbH

• Draslovka Holding

• Hebei Chengxin Co., Ltd.

• Korund Ltd.

• Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.

• Orica Limited

• Taekwang Industrial Co., Ltd.

• The Chemours Company LLC

• Tongsuh Petrochemical Corporation Ltd.

Brief about Pipeline by Grand View Research:

A smart and effective supply chain is essential for growth in any organization. Pipeline division at Grand View Research provides detailed insights on every aspect of supply chain, which helps in efficient procurement decisions.

Our services include (not limited to):

• Market Intelligence involving – market size and forecast, growth factors, and driving trends

• Price and Cost Intelligence – pricing models adopted for the category, total cost of ownerships

• Supplier Intelligence – rich insight on supplier landscape, and identifies suppliers who are dominating, emerging, lounging, and specializing

• Sourcing / Procurement Intelligence – best practices followed in the industry, identifying standard KPIs and SLAs, peer analysis, negotiation strategies to be utilized with the suppliers, and best suited countries for sourcing to minimize supply chain disruptions

[litonlaser]

Five-Color Light (Red, Yellow, Blue, Green, Near-Infrared Light) LED PDT Phototherapy Machine

Article source: https://www.litonlaser.com/five-color-light-led-pdt-phototherapy-machine/

1.Basic overview of LED Phototherapy beauty equipment.

LED Phototherapy beauty machines have always received widespread attention, and different colors of light will have different beauty effects.

Because different wavelengths reach different levels of the skin, LED Phototherapy Equipment uses heating to produce different photothermal effects at different skin levels, and the human skin also begins to undergo a series of reactions.

In general, skin Phototherapy is a physical therapy method that uses light radiation to treat skin diseases or perform beauty treatments. It includes visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, photochemotherapy, laser therapy and other forms.

1.1 The mechanism of action of PDT visible light in skin phototherapy.

The mechanism of action of visible light in skin phototherapy mainly involves the effects at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. The light energy emitted by the phototherapy device is absorbed by chromophores in skin cells and converted into heat and chemical energy. These chromophores include hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, flavins, flavoproteins and porphyrins. Among them, the common target chromophore in skin tissue is cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) containing iron and copper, which is located in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

Cytochrome oxidase is an enzyme responsible for the key steps of cellular respiration and controls the final chemical reaction of the process. Light promotes the dissociation of nitric oxide (NO) from cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), allowing oxygen to bind to it again and enhance the activity of the respiratory chain, enhance enzyme activity, affect electron transfer, and promote mitochondrial respiration and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, by regulating reactive oxygen species (such as singlet oxygen species), light will further change the redox state of cells, induce the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways in cells, and change the levels of transcription factors related to cell proliferation, survival, tissue repair and regeneration.

1.2 Application areas of PDT skin phototherapy.

1.2.1 Skin aging.

The wavelength range of the light source used for treatment is 630~850 nm, mainly 630~660 nm. The light source dose varies depending on the irradiated area, and both pulsed and continuous light modes are used. Studies have shown that LED phototherapy can increase skin vascular microcirculation, affect the production of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and inhibit cell apoptosis.

1.2.2 Inflammation.

The wavelength of the light source used to reduce inflammatory response is 560~660 nm, and the dosage ranges from 0.1~17 J/cm2. Both continuous and pulse modes are used. Studies have shown that LED phototherapy has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the synthesis of PEG-2.

1.2.3 Acne.

The pathogenesis of common acne has not yet been clarified, mainly involving four factors: excessive keratinization of follicles, increased sebum secretion affected by androgen secretions, colonization of Propionibacterium acnes, and inflammation. Phototherapy has been proposed as an alternative to drugs for the treatment of common acne. Acne is usually treated with a combination of red and blue light. The mechanism is that Propionibacterium acnes synthesizes and stores endogenous porphyrins, the main components of which are coproporphyrin III and protoporphyrin IX, with an absorption peak of around 415 nm. Therefore, once the above porphyrin is exposed to visible light (especially blue light), it will be photoexcited to form reactive free radicals and singlet oxygen, which will cause membrane damage to Propionibacterium acnes and induce bacterial death; on the other hand, red light will affect the sebum secretion of sebaceous glands and change the behavior of keratinocytes, while regulating the cytokines of macrophages and other cells.

1.2.4 Wound healing.

Similar to improving skin aging, light irradiation accelerates wound healing by promoting cell proliferation and collagen production and increasing local blood circulation, in which fibroblasts play an important role. The light source parameters used in the treatment of wound healing are similar to those of skin aging, and continuous light therapy is the main method. Studies have shown that LED light therapy can significantly increase the speed of wound healing.

1.2.5 Scars.

Hypertrophic scars and keloids are benign skin tumors that are usually formed after surgery, trauma or acne and are difficult to eradicate. Fibroblast proliferation and excessive collagen deposition are their two main characteristics. The light source used to treat scars is mainly near-infrared light above 800 nm, and the irradiation mode is mainly continuous light. Studies have shown that LED phototherapy can significantly reduce the formation of postoperative scars.

1.2.6 Photoprotection.

Red light/infrared light responds to light damage by promoting collagen secretion of fibroblasts and reducing MMP production; and by stimulating keratinocytes, releasing nerve growth factor (NGF) and its gene expression. NGF can protect melanocytes from UV and induce cell apoptosis by upregulating BCL-2 levels in cells. The wavelengths of light used for photoprotection are mainly 630~660 nm red light and infrared light, and the irradiation mode is mainly continuous light. Studies have shown that LED phototherapy can significantly reduce the amount of erythema after UV irradiation.

1.2.7 Inhibition of melanin production.

The wavelengths of the light sources used for melanin inhibition treatment are mainly 585 nm yellow light and 660 nm red light, and the dose is 20 J/cm2, mainly continuous light. Studies have shown that LED phototherapy can inhibit the activity of tyrosinase induced by melanocyte stimulating hormone and reduce the expression of MITF and tyrosinase in B16F10 cells.

2.The role of different colors of light in LED phototherapy beauty machines.

2.1 LED red light benefits.

Repair, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-aging, Hair growth. Wavelength 635-670nm can be fully absorbed by fiber cells, enhance cell viability, repair damaged cells, promotes collagen production and elasticity, smooth the skin. Simultaneously, good treatment results can also be obtained in removing pigmentation and reducing sun damage.

2.2 LED blue light benefits.

Wavelength 470nm, when LED blue light illuminates acne, it can effectively apply almost all of its energy to the target, P. acnes. Eliminate P. acnes by stimulating porphyrins in the skin enzyme and release a large amount of singlet reactive oxygen species, thereby removing inflammation and acne. In addition, blue light can also inhibit the secretion of exuberant sebaceous glands and balance skin oil secretion. Not only can effectively remove acne, but also improve the problem of large pores.

2.3 LED green light benefits.

Wavelength 540nm, natural and soft light color has the effect of neutralizing and calming nerves, can improve anxiety or depression. It can regulate the function of skin glands, effectively clear the lymphatics to remove edema, improve oily skin, acne and so on.

2.4 LED yellow light benefits.

Wavelength 570-600nm stimulates collagen regeneration and whitens skin. It has an active effect of accelerating blood circulation, activating cells, and stimulating cell excitability; it can promote collagen synthesis, enhance collagen fibers and elastic fibers of the skin, and terminate and stop the redness of the skin.

2.5 LED Near-infrared benefits.

Wavelength 800-900nm light relieves pain, promotes the growth of epithelial cells after trauma, promotes wound healing, and promotes the repair of eczema dermatitis. The Wavelength 580-850nm range of equipment has a certain effect on skin collagen stimulation, skin rejuvenation and pore shrinkage.

3.Medical clinical application of LED light therapy PDT beauty machine.

3.1 Dermatology.

Skin herpes, eczema, dermatitis, melasma, allergic skin, etc.

3.2 Wound repair.

Trauma, orthopedics, surgery, burns and other difficult-to-heal wounds,Various ulcers, bedsores, diabetic wounds, fistulas and other chronic wounds.

3.3 Rehabilitation therapy.

Treatment of various injuries, strains, sports injuries, and various pains.

4.Learn more about LED light therapy PDT skin rejuvenation machine.

Litonlaser is a professional beauty instrument factory, producing LED phototherapy equipment with High Power 3w per SLD color light.

The efficacy of LED depends largely on the strength of energy. Litonlaser is a 20-year-old beauty instrument supplier, and the quality can be fully guaranteed.

In addition to red light, blue light, green light, yellow light, and infrared light, purple light, white light, and orange light can also be added.

In addition, we have also developed the latest 1927nm thulium laser, which is a new beauty technology. We are the first manufacturer in China to develop 1927nm thulium laser.

For more information, please feel free to contact us:CONTACT US – Beauty Machine Manufacturer LitonLaser