#cyanogenic

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Dhurrin is stored as a glycoside, but when consumed by herbivores, the glycoside is quickly hydrolyzed to sugar and an aglycone, which is very unstable and releases HCN (Figure 23.16). Cassava accumulates linamarin and lotaustralin as its major cyanogenic glycosides (see Figure 23.16).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[img0022]

KAI business card design with a unique point image text translation Oh 1 1 day 'Inte... https://en.imgtag.co.kr/issue/702188/?feed_id=1889988&_unique_id=674c441e7d5d2

[official-time-loop-posts]

Official Time Loop Post

[gmun-ooc]

Coming up with OC lore. I forgot about the ramies (cute way of saying ramifications)

[livingforstars]

The Tails of Comet Hyakutake - May 2nd, 1996.

"What makes comet tails so colourful? This photograph of Comet Hyakutake was taken on the night of April 18th, 1996, and highlights different components of the tail. The gold and red tail features are dust, made predominately of little bits of rock and carbon. The dust tail shines by reflecting sunlight. Extending past the dust tail is the comet's ion tail, shown here glowing in blue. The ion tail is composed mostly of ions of water, carbon monoxide, and cyanogen. The ion tail glows by emitting light when elections recombine with electrically charged ions to make uncharged molecules. The photograph was taken just north of Kansas City, Missouri, USA."

[gray-matter-in-a-teacup]

Cyanide Poison

Let's start by understanding exactly how cyanide kills you. In simple terms, cyanide prevents cells from using oxygen to make energy molecules.

The cyanide ion, CN-, binds to the iron atom in cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria of cells. It acts as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor, preventing cytochrome C oxidase from doing its job, which is to transport electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain of aerobic cellular respiration. Now unable to use oxygen, the mitochondria can't produce the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tissues that require this form of energy, such as heart, muscle cells, and nerve cells, quickly expend all their energy and start to die. When a large enough number of critical cells die, you expire as well. Death usually results from respiratory or heart failure.

Immediate aymptoms include headaches, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, lack of coordination, and rapid heart rate. Long exposure symptoms include unconsciousness, convulsions, respiratory failure, coma and death.

A person exposed to cyanide may have cherry-red skin from high oxygen levels, or dark blue coloring, from Prussian blue (iron-binding to the cyanide ion). In addition to this, skin and body fluids may give off an almond odor.

The antidotes for cyanide include sodium nitrite, hydroxocobalamin, and sodium thiosulfate.

A high dose of inhaled cyanide is lethal too quickly for any treatment to take effect, but ingested cyanide or lower doses of inhaled cyanide may be countered by administering antidotes that detoxify cyanide or bind to it. For example, hydroxocobalamin, natural vitamin B12, reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which leaves the body in urine.

These antidotes are administrated via injection, or IV infusion.

Cyanide is actually a lot more common than you'd think. It's in pesticides, fumigants, plastics, and electroplating, among other things. However, not all cyanide are so poisonous. Sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and cyanogen chloride (CNCl) are lethal, but thousands of compounds called nitriles contain the cyanide group, yet aren't as toxic. They still aren't terribly good for you, so I wouldn't go around ingesting other cyanide compounds, but they're not quite as dangerous as the lethal kind.

Thank you for reading, have a lovely day :)

[skin-slave]

Plants with defense mechanisms against mammals do not consent to be killed and eaten by humans! They have made it clear that they do not want that!

Phenols are intended to irritate mucous membranes and act as toxins. Tannins are anti-nutrients that prevent absorption and inhibit digestive enzymes. Extra-floral nectar and many volatile organic compounds are the rape whistle of the plant world, a desperate attempt to attract allies that will defend them from predation. Terpinoids, alcohol, alkaloids, and cyanogenic glycosides are all defensive compounds. These are all a clear statement of non-consent!

Stop eating these plants immediately:

Fruit: strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, pomegranates, grapes, oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, apples, persimmons, quinces, wild cherry, pineapple, bananas, goji, cassava, apricots, plums, peaches

Vegetables: spinach, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, carrots, peppers, onions, garlic, potatoes, eggplants, okra, bamboo shoots

Nuts/seeds: walnuts, pecans, sesame seeds, flaxseed, almonds, sunflower seeds, guarana, kola

Grain/grass/legumes: oats, barley, rice, lentils, chickpeas, wheat, sorghum, beans, peas

Other: tea, coffee, cocoa, tumeric, ginger, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, lemongrass, rosemary, yerba mate, paprika

This isn't an exhaustive list. Grocery aisles are full of violated plants. A strong scent is a sign of elevated volatile organic compounds and sour or tart flavors are often due to defense compounds. So that can be a hint. But check the species you normally eat to be sure.

Caffeine is a defensive toxin and the caffeine in other things is extracted from plants, so beware of caffeinated snacks and drinks that seem otherwise safe. Also watch your vitamins and supplements for nonconsensual extracts. And don't forget cosmetics and skincare! Many plumping formulas contain caffeine and/or other defensive compounds like capsaicin.

This is just another step in moving toward an exploitation-free life. If a living thing has expressly denied consent, it's unethical to kill it and consume its remains. Just bc their screams are at ultrasonic frequencies doesn't mean they fall on deaf ears.

[banefolk]

Elderberry leaves, branches, unripe berries, and seeds are mildly toxic due to lectins and cyanogenic glycosides which can result in nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea if ingested. The flowers are edible fresh, cooked or dried and are used to make syrup, liqueur, wine, tea, fritters, and baked goods. The berries are safe to ingest after cooking and are famously used in teas, syrups, and tinctures to help relieve cold and flu symptoms.

Pictured: red elderberry (sambucus racemosa)

Note: don’t use red elderberries, they taste like compost juice.

[creature-wizard]

mycotoxins, cyanogenic glycosides, fumonisins. Seriously pick up a box of cereal, read the ingredients and look them up. Pick up a bad of chips, literally everything processed has toxins that lead to cancer, mental illness, and several other health issues. So before you accuse someone of prejudice please do actual research on the ingredients in the food. I am living proof. I was literally starving to death because I couldn’t hold down food anymore. I switched to one ingredient foods that are literally only ingredients I can pronounce and know what they are and my health has done a 180. I was quite literally going to DIE I could NOT hold anything in my system. Do not tell me I’m wrong when I have quite literally lived it

Yeah uh, most of these foods are not particularly toxic to most people. You are an outlier. Just because you can't eat these foods doesn't mean the government is trying to poison everybody.

Also have you ever heard the phrase "the dose makes the poison"? An ingredient being potentially toxic in large amounts doesn't mean it's going to be particularly harmful in small amounts, if it's harmful at all.

And while there are many ingredients that probably are causing harm, this still doesn't suggest a conspiracy to poison everyone. It's got more to do with economics; IE, what's cheap to produce and what'll give you a shelf-stable product. (Most of us don't want our grain products molding after three days.)

You are literally a conspiracy theorist and your conspiracy theories are rooted in antisemitism whether you acknowledge it or not.

[samirafee]

#PRUNUS LAUROCERASUS - CHERRY LAUREL - KIRSCHLORBEER

⚠️Toxic fruit seeds/pip/pit/stones/Kerne☠️contain cyanogenous glycosides

@samirafee

[transgenderer]

okay, so the secret of our success lists several sources about cyanide poisoning from cassava/manioc. his sources are are:

For a review of the health effects, see Nhassico et al. 2008.

See Dufour 1994, Wilson and Dufour 2002, Jackson and Jackson 1990, and Dufour 1988a, 1988b. Varieties of manioc respond to drought by massively increasing their cyanogenic output. Bitter manioc supplies 70% of the Tukanoans’ calories.

See Dufour 1984, 1985.

This appears to have happened in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Tylleskar et al. 1991, 1992).

The emergence of specific negative health impacts is complex and depends on other factors such as the presence of sulfur in the diet (Jackson and Jackson 1990, Tylleskar et al. 1992, 1993 Peterson, Legue, et al. 1995, Peterson, Rosling, et al. 1995). Jackson and Jackson discuss a processing technique that actually increases cyanogenic content. See Padmaja 1995 for a review of processing techniques

Peterson and Legue:

The thorough traditional processing-method strictly adhered to in the central study area effectively removed cyanogens as indicated by low urinary thiocyanate. Frequent shortcuts in processing in the western area resulted in cyanide exposure as indicated by urinary thiocyanate levels three times higher. We conclude that insufficiently processed cassava aggravates IDD in parts of CAR

note however that this paper explicitly contradicts the claims of henrich referenced in scott's article

However, reports of accidental acute intoxications and the bitter taste of roots in the village indicate that total cyanogen content of roots is high

the village that used shortcuts had acute intoxication and bitter roots! so it's not some thing where the effects of not following tradition are very subtle and impossible to connect with manioc.

it seems from several sources the rapid spread of manioc in the modern era is at least partial responsible, plus shift towards market economy.

[org4n-failur3]

Cyanide info dump

It takes about 150-1,000 crushed apple seeds to off an adult. Each apple seed contains 1-4 milligrams of amygdalin which is a cyanogenic glycoside composed of cyanide and sugar. The body can process small amounts of it without causing harm. Eating the amount of seeds can cause cyanide poisoning and potentially death.

However eating roughing 10 crushed up cherry seeds contains enough Prussic acid (aka cyanide) to also off a grown man.

So in smaller doses the body can process it normally by changing it into thiocyanate but in higher doses the body’s ability to do that gets overwhelmed and cannot process it. Cyanide in large doses that don’t get changed into thiocyanate, starts attacking cells and restricting them of using oxygen which then leads to the cells dying off. Parts of the body are more susceptible to this, of that being the heart, lungs and the central nervous system. This is why cyanide poisoning can lead to death.

[dawnthefox24]

(MW) Lúcio hears knocking at the door and opens it seeing MW Mercy at the door* MW Lúcio: *lets her inside*Niran Vengeance is here! MW Lifeweaver: *runs over to her happily* Hi Dr. Ziegler, what brings you here!? MW Mercy:*sighs softly as she hands him some European Yew* I got what you needed Niran, considers this a birthday present MW Lifeweaver:*squeaks in delight as he takes it happily* Amazing!!! MW Mercy:*rolls her eyes* Yes,yes no can you tell me what European Yew does to a person? MW Lifeweaver:*Claps his hands together as he smiled happily* The seeds in the European Yew are toxic. But ingesting the leaves or the seeds contain a poison called taxane, which cause's death! MW Mercy: *has her arms crossed but smiles a bit* Interesting, and the symptoms? MW Lifeweaver: *takes her to his lab happily* You have to see it for yourself, but I'll tell you. The symptoms include a fast heart rate, muscle spasms and laboured breathing MW Mercy: *smiles even more* Very fascinating, so I get a free performance on one of your test subjects as they eat this little plant? MW Lifeweaver:*smiled happily and give the European Yew to Lúcio* Indeed! Lúcio can you take this and give it to our lovely volunteer? MW Lúcio:*Rolls his eyes but sighs* Only because it's your birthday... *MW Lifeweaver and MW Mercy are watching MW Lúcio gives the plant to the test subject as they watch them eat it and see the side effects kick in* MW Lifeweaver:*watches with such delight* Amazing isn't it Dr.Ziegler? MW Mercy:*smiles* It is indeed MW Lifeweaver: Oh I should make some tea for all three of us, do you prefer apple tea? I hear that eating the seeds of the apple contain cyanogenic glycosides. Consuming enough of the seeds, by chewing, mashing, or breaking them apart in some way,which ends with a fatal dose. MW Mercy:*laughs a bit* I wouldn't mind having apple tea then MW Lifeweaver: *gets up to make the tea*Wonderful! MW Lúcio:*comes back as he sits down next to Mercy* Where's Niran? MW Mercy: Making apple tea MW Lúcio:*chuckles* Did he tell you about the apple seeds? MW Mercy: He did MW Lúcio: I think there's a video somewhere that I can show you the side effects of what it does MW Mercy:*grins* That would be wonderful MW Lifeweaver:*returns with the teas and hands them the tea* Enjoy~ MW Mercy and MW Lúcio:*takes their teas*Happy birthday Niran MW Lifeweaver: *Sips his tea happily* Thank you

[livingforstars]

What are Comet Tails Made Of? - March 26th, 1996.

"The tail of Comet Hyakutake, visible in this colour image, is composed of dust and gas driven off the icy comet nucleus by the Sun's heat and blown away by the solar wind. Bathed in solar ultraviolet light, the gas molecules break down and are excited, producing a characteristic glow. This glow is responsible for visible light from the tail, and astronomers using spectroscopes can identify the compounds involved. The close passage of Hyakutake presented an excellent chance to use this technique to explore the composition of its tail. Typical comet gas tail constituents are simple combinations of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen - for example, H20 (water), CO (carbon monoxide), and CN (cyanogen) are common. In fact, the poisonous CO and CN compounds were seen in the spectrum of Halley's Comet during its 1910 apparition. This caused some public concern at the time as the Earth was expected to pass through Halley's tail! However, stretching for millions of miles, comet tails are extremely thin and tenuous and don't pose a danger to the Earth's atmosphere."

[delightfulweepingwillows]

Hihi

Do you know any names similar to sypha?

Or otherwise names based on uncommon Botanical poisons/deadly plants? /Np -sparrow

Tox, Toxx, Toxy, Toxic, Toxin, Toxins

Poi, Pois, Poison, Poisic or Toxsin or Toxson (Poison + Toxic)

Harm, Harmed, Harmful, Harmless, Trick, Tricky, Trixy, Acid, Acidic, Acidix, Fatal, Mortality, Abnorm, Abnormal, Abno, Abnor, Chem, Chemi, Chemical

More stuff under cut TvT

Effect, Affect, Burn, Burned, Burning, Burnt, Burns, Sting, Stings, Bite, Bites, Bitten, Scratch, Scratched, Flame, Inflamed, Inflamay, Inflamation, Blis, Blist, Blister, Blisters, Blistex, Danger, Dangex, Dangerous, Endanger, Endangered, Inges, Ingest, Ingested, Smoke, Smokey, Smoky, Sym, Symp, Sympt, Symptom, Expo, Expose, Exposure, Exposed, Inter, Intern, Internal, Grad, Gradual, Gradu, Met, Meta, Metab, Metal, Metallic, Tallic,

Pretty, Pleasant, Pleasing, Pleased, Graze, Grazed, Clustered, Cluster, Clusters, Clust

Leaf, Leaves, Flower, Flowy, Petal, Petals, Tree, Forest, Forestry, Life, Bee, Stem, Petalx, Scent, Scented, Decor, Decorum, Decorate, Decorative, Fern, Seed, Seeds, Thorn, Thorns, Thorny, Prick, Prickle, Prickles, Pricked, Blood, Bleed, Drip, Spine, Spines, Poke, Stab, Stabby, Stabber, Ripe, Ripen

Oleander Nerium: Oleander, Nerium, Olean, Oleand, Leand, Neri, Olener, Neriander

The Tree of Death (Hippomane mancinella): Death, Mane, Manci, Nella, Nellamane, Manella, Sap, Phorbol, Phor

Snakeroot, White (Ageratina altissima): Snake, Root, Snakeroot, Snakey, Roots, Rooted, White, Whiteroot, Agera, Agertina, Altis, Altissima, Sima, Alti, Trematol, Trema, Matol, Trem

Castor Oil (Ricinus Communis): Castor, Oil, Ricinus, Communis, Commun, Munis, Rici, Ricin, Infern, Infernal, Crim, Crims, Crimson

Rosary Pea (Abrus precatorius): Rose, Rosary, Pea, Abrus, Precatorius, Abru, Abrux, Catorius, Cator, Precator, Torius, Jequirity, Jequir, Jeq, Abri, Abrin, Abrix, Trop, Tropi, Tropical

Misc Others:

Bell, Bella, Lily, Valley, Vall, Val, Sweet, Sweets, Shade, Nightshade, Bella, Donna, Belladon, Bellux, Bellix, Belladonna, Dracunculus, Dracun, Cunculus, Draculus, Dracu, Tannin, Alum, Allium, Alli, Aril, Arils, Ackee, Citric, Citrus, Citrix, Citrux, Cyan, Cyano, Cyanogen, Ano, Anogen, Urushiol, Shiol, Urush, Uru, Urus, Urushi, Urushio, Shio, Cyanide, Cyani, Yanide, Yanid, Nid, Nide, Cya, Cyide, Rash, Lacquer, Lacq, Lac, Myristicin, Myr, Myris, Myriat, Ticin, Ristic, Risticin, Rist, Myrist, Myri

Oxalic, Rhub, Rhu, Rhubarb, Barb, Sour, Abrin, Abri, Abrix, Saponin, Adonidin, Aconitic, Adonid, Adoni, Adonis, Adonix, Aconit, Aconi, Linamarin, Lina, Lin, Linam, Marin, Rin, Nitril, Nitriles, Nitri, Tri, Tril, Triles, Hydrin, Vol, Volatile, Tile, Agglutination, Agglutin, Glutin, Glu, Agglu, Nephrotoxicity, Toxicity, Nephro, Corrosion, Corrosive, Corro, Wolfsbane, Monkshood, Bane, Aconitine, Nitine, Acon

[koma-lyptus]

Notes on Crab Apples 🍎

Crab apples are safe to eat, much like a regular apple, if you avoid the stem and core/seeds.

Crab apple cores, like those of bigger apples, contain seeds that have small amounts of cyanogenic glycoside. When this naturally occurring plant compound is metabolized, it’s converted into cyanide.

Cyanide is a toxic substance. However, the amounts of cyanogenic glycoside in crab apple seeds is minimal. You would have to eat a lot of these seeds to see any ill effects, so swallowing one or a couple on accident won’t be cause for concern

Dogs that consume large amounts of the toxic parts of the crab apple may experience gastrointestinal upset and in severe cases respiratory failure.

Auggie had a lick before deciding he did not want the apple.