#corynebacteria

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Research Notebooks of S. Sunkavally. Page 297.

[buttfrovski]

pikn eye

Conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes inflamed due to an infection or an irritant. As a result of this inflammation, the blood vessels in the conjunctiva dilate, causing redness or hyperemia, and the conjunctiva can also become swollen.

The inflammation affects the entire conjunctiva, and depending on the cause, discharge may also be present. Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs when the eye's surface tissues are colonized by normal flora like Staphylococci sp., Streptococci, and Corynebacteria. The epithelial covering of the conjunctiva is the primary defense mechanism against infection, and any disruption in this barrier can lead to infection.[39] Secondary defense mechanisms include immune reactions carried out by the tear film immunoglobulins and lysozyme, conjunctival vasculature, and the rinsing action of blinking and lacrimation.

[actvpeople]

Why Do Some People’s Sweat Smell While Others’ Don’t?

Sweat odor is a topic that’s rarely discussed openly but is something everyone wonders about. Why does sweat smell stronger in some people and barely noticeable in others? Let’s dive into how sweating works, what influences its odor, and why even your feet can become a source of concern.

Sweat Itself Doesn’t Smell

First, let’s clarify: sweat itself doesn’t have an odor. Eccrine glands, which cover most of the body, primarily produce water and salt. Their main job is to cool your body. This type of sweat is odorless, and if all sweat glands worked this way, we’d never worry about body odor.

However, apocrine glands, located in areas like your armpits, groin, and other regions with hair follicles, work differently. These glands produce sweat rich in fats and proteins. Here’s where things get interesting: this sweat becomes a feast for bacteria living on your skin. The byproducts of bacterial activity are what create the odor.

Why Does Sweat Smell Stronger in Some People?

Everyone’s sweat odor is unique, like a fingerprint. Here are the factors that play a role:

Bacteria on Your Skin Your skin is home to countless bacteria, and each person’s bacterial mix is unique. For instance, bacteria like Corynebacteria are especially active in breaking down apocrine sweat, resulting in a more pronounced odor.

Genetics Some people have a mutation in the ABCC11 gene, which changes the composition of their sweat. This gene is common in many East Asian populations, making their sweat less attractive to bacteria. As a result, there’s almost no odor.

Diet What you eat affects your body and, yes, your sweat. Garlic, onions, spices, and even alcohol can intensify your body odor. If you notice changes, think about what you’ve eaten recently.

Hormones Hormone levels, especially testosterone, directly influence apocrine gland activity. This explains why men often have stronger body odor.

Lifestyle and Health Certain health conditions, such as diabetes, kidney, or liver issues, can alter sweat odor. For example, people with diabetes may notice a sweet odor in their sweat due to elevated ketones in the body.

What About Feet?

Feet are a slightly different story. Here, eccrine glands are the main players, producing watery sweat. This sweat is also odorless by itself. However, feet create the perfect environment for bacteria due to:

Closed shoes and socks, which provide warmth and moisture.

Keratin in the skin, which bacteria and fungi use as a food source.

When bacteria start breaking down sweat and dead skin cells, the infamous "foot odor" appears. In some cases, fungal infections like athlete’s foot can exacerbate the problem.

If you want an effective solution to foot odor or fungal infections, check out trusted products available here.

Conclusion

Sweat odor is completely natural. It’s influenced by everything from genetics and diet to bacteria and health conditions. The key is understanding how your body works and finding the care routine that’s right for you. And remember, there’s no shame in addressing body odor—it’s just part of being human.

A few final helpful tips!

Use the right products. Deodorants kill bacteria, while antiperspirants reduce sweating. Choose breathable footwear and socks. Natural fabrics like cotton and wool allow your skin to "breathe." Let your feet breathe. Walk barefoot at home to keep your feet dry.

[lunarsilkscreen]

Sebaceous Glands and Acne

The question oft asked by scientists and and vanity cream sales people.

I've long pondered the reason and think I've come to a conclusive answer outside the typical.

"It is argued that the close endocrine control of human sebaceous glands and the likely effects of acne on selection indicate that both gland and disease have persisted because they are biologically useful. Two possibilities are proposed: sebum may provide precursor substrates for metabolism and synthesis by the epidermis of compounds of both local and systemic importance; and the adjuvent properties of corynebacteria which colonise the active sebaceous glands of acne may facilitate certain general immunological membrane." - PubMed

I think the reason is no further than this particular line here: "corynebacteria which colonise the active sebaceous glands." Not for the reasoning indicated.

I think... The oils themselves are the immunological membrane, and it's just that the corynebacterium which adapted to colonize our faces.

Effectively; the oily emissions keep pests out of our pores. Parasites and anything that wants to upset our biological function.

It's a bit further in Acne actually has a dual purpose; A collection point for dead invasive matter and blood cells that the body uses to seal up infected or damaged material.

A cyst, in this view, is no different than acne. It just contained more dead blood cells.

So if the first layer, the oil, is to keep things out; then the second is to fight off anything that makes it past that barrier. This is why Acne can look like an immune response (an allergic reaction)--because it *is*.

And as our immune system tends to do as it learns about foreign matter; it catalogues the invaders. Which is why we have a larger acne response around puberty, and less as we age.

And this is why we see a decrease in the release of both oils and Acne Reactions. Because the immune system has normalized to certain pollens and what-not in the air.

There is always the possibility, however, that a potential gets clogged, and this is a very different *kind* of acne. The one caused by creams and makeups, even ones meant to clear up acne.

Because *this* acne is caused by you not exfoliating correctly, as opposed to the opposite; exfoliating too much, which can let invaders in and *also* cause Acne.

What I'm saying is; Take a shower, wash your face, and stop using so much makeup and man-creams.

[gazettereview]

You Won't Believe How Dirty Your Hands Are -Read more at https://gazettereview.com/you-wont-believe-how-dirty-your-hands-are/ - https://gazettereview.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-dirty-are-our-hands.jpg #LP

You Won't Believe How Dirty Your Hands Are

Did you know that our hands harbor thousands of germs? Around 1,500 per square centimeter of skin, to be exact. Some examples include Staphylococcus epidermidis, corynebacteria, and propinonibacteria. While some microbes are harmless, some can lead to serious illness. For instance, streptococcus pneumoniae can cause meningitis, which can be serious if not treated. That’s not […]

https://gazettereview.com/you-wont-believe-how-dirty-your-hands-are/

[fandomfluffandfuck]

Consider: stucky + omegaverse with alpha!Steve and omega!Bucky + a little bit of biology that makes Steve go crazy...

Okay, so we have to start with some background here--

Usually (because of thicker skin, body hair, corynebacteria (bacteria that smell), generally more sweat/higher body temperature, plus some other things that don't matter right now) men's sweat is more potent (re: stinky/stronger).

So, do you think that would mean male omega's slick smells stronger than female omega's would? Or, at least, their slick would smell different.

Right?

Like, maybe male omegas slick isn't stronger necessarily, but more musky? Less sweet? I don't know.

I do know, however, I like the idea that male omega's slick smells stronger. Maybe it's muskier too. It smells Different.

Then, of course, after having This Thought (which, yes, I had the thought after working out when I was sweating and able to smell myself as I got into the shower), I had to continue thinking until I found a way of applying it to stucky...

So, what if Bucky is the first male omega that Steve has the pleasure of dating? He's known he's bisexual for a long time--some of his first crushes were on boys in the neighborhood--but he's always ended up with women. Just out of luck, well, luck and statistics considering that the majority of omegas are women.

And, so, when they start to get to the point in their relationship where sex and fooling around is on the table...

Oh. Shit.

The familiar yet also new scent of a male omega's arousal backhands Steve across the fucking face.

The air in the room is hot and only getting hotter with the way Bucky is beginning to sigh and breathe out these pretty, soft moans. Nothing sounds as good as him. Steve already knows.

Steve had been making his way down Bucky's gorgeous body, nosing and mouthing and licking at him. His smooth, pretty skin. Tracing lines over his collarbones and ribs, nibbling his hip and the slight softness of his tummy, biting his hip, licking some of his lean muscle, and kissing his upper thighs. All while slowly undressing him.

Ridding Bucky of his shoes, socks, and shirt already.

Only his pants and underwear are left.

As he starts to make more noise, Steve is greeting every new patch of skin. Exposing more and more skin...

And now he's finally taking his pants off. Throwing them off the bed. Forgetting about them instantly.

Bucky spreads his bare legs--shameless--and gets his feet underneath himself so he can push his hips up against Steve's face with a pleading sound. He's so hard.

Whatever.

Steve can't help the exhaled chuckle that exits his chest, nor can he help the words falling from his lips, "such a needy omega--"

Something about Bucky just brings the stubborn almost sadistic alpha out of him. Maybe it's just how sweet the omega is.

It doesn't matter. All that matters is--

Bucky can feel the way his chest is starting to heave--the way sweat is building up on his skin, the way his blood pressure and body temperature are rising.

"D-didn't peg you for, ah, a tease," Bucky jokes shakily, still trying to rub himself against Steve's fucking face.

God, it's so hot.

He's so hot.

And all of it is in reaction to Steve. Steve feels drunk off of his reactions. And Bucky feels drunk off of the pleasure of having this huge, attractive alpha settled between his legs to worship him.

So, fuck, yeah, Bucky is turned on.

He's turned on and can feel the tale-tell rush of heat back between his legs signaling the way he's starting to get wet. Ready to take his alpha's knot. It's what he's made for. He wants it. He needs it.

Although, Bucky barely has time to notice the feeling--his hole clenching and going all hot and wet and sticky with a flush coloring his body--before Steve notices it for him.

And he growls.

Like-

Full on growls.

It's the first time Bucky has heard the alpha make the sound--chest deep, and animal--and it makes his insides go weak. His neck feels limp, arched, and ready to be bitten and claimed. And, fuck, instantly he feels another gush of slickness come out of him...

He's leaking for Steve. Like a faucet.

He's trembling and so so wet. Already. But--

What even?

Why?

He just--

Steve--

Steve doesn't even know either.

That fucking smell wafts up into his nose and his open mouth so he's practically gulping it down as Bucky spreads himself and jerks his hips up, and Steve's... he's drugged.

Instantly.

It's ripe.

Steve is immediately hooked on how he smells.

There's still a layer of cloth between him and his omega yet it's so strong already. He smells sweet but dark and musky too. His smell is so so strong. It's-

It's lush.

It makes Steve want to feast upon his omega.

He wants to and he does shove his face in between those round, pretty cheeks; right where Bucky has made a dark wet patch on his otherwise grey boxers. All his slick. His fragrant slick.

Bucky reacts wonderfully to his horny enthusiasm, moaning and clenching his thighs around Steve. Clenching them around his head and neck. Suffocating Steve in his scent where it's the thickest.

The strongest.

And Steve feels like a damn teenager getting laid for the first time--smelling slick for the first time and being convinced that his rut has instantly been triggered by the sheer wave of want that assaults him. Punching him in the gut. Leaving him desperate to feel that slick thick, sweet, and sticky on his lips, his tongue, and his chin, dripping down his face.

Fucking God.

Steve humps the mattress. Rutting his hips into the soft but firm mattress. A feral groan comes out of him. He can't help it. He's so out of his mind. Breathing Bucky in with his goddamn mouth open. He's probably drooling as well. Panting. He just can't help but take in these huge breaths.

The sound of fabric ripping breaks the spell.

Shit.

Steve's clutching Bucky's boxer briefs so hard that they're tearing apart in his hands--ripping his way to his omega's bare flesh. He needs.

"Wha-?" Bucky starts to ask, losing the word half in a moan and half in a laugh. It's a great fucking sound, even muffled (especially when muffled by his thighs on either side of his head).

Bucky makes another incredible sound that's half moaning and half laughing. But he also buries his hand, clenched tight, into Steve's golden hair. Pulling him back just to get some sense out of the suddenly bewitched alpha.

"I, God-" Steve loses the ability to talk in favor of growling again; the sound taking over his whole chest.

He's so hungry.

"I don't even know-" he cuts himself off to shove his nose against Bucky's poor, neglected hole again. Steve is thrilled to be covered in his slick as it leaks through the fabric--thrilled to be covered in the evidence of his arousal. It's all Steve ever wants to smell until the day he dies.

Now, suddenly, he's blushing so hard at the sight that his alpha makes that he is feeling faint.

Steve's face is a picture of a man in heaven.

His eyes stay rolled back in his head even as Bucky pulls him up from between his thighs--hand fisted in his hair. Both his swollen lips and whole fucking lower face are wet.

Bucky watches the complete show of Steve's mouth falling open and his tongue sweeping out to clean some of the wetness from his face. The bob of his throat at his swallows makes Bucky whimper... taking his slick, his taste, so deep inside of him.

"You-you just smell so fuckin' good--taste good too," Steve finally answers. "Wanna-" he groans, "wanna fuckin' eat you."

He is well and truly drunk on his slick.

Shuddering, Bucky can't find anything but arousal inside him. He can't question it. He can only indulge. This has to be the hottest thing that's ever happened to him and nothing has even happened yet.

He doesn't think he'll survive more. Especially not when more STARTS with Steve growling and ripping his boxers down with his teeth.

Jesusfuckingchrist.

[kemetic-dreams]

How do Caucasians aka white Europeans smell?

A question that deserves a serious study because I'm sure many of us feel that the body odor of Caucasians is not the same as the body odor of Indonesians in general. People since ancient times tried to classify race and social class based on smell. In the film Parasite, it is told that a rich couple felt a distinctive smell from their maid and driver.

I can offer an answer based on an article I've read but forgot where.

It is said that there is a relationship between body odor and earwax (cerumen). The world's population is divided into 2 groups, namely those with wet earwax (Africans and Europeans) and those with dry earwax (Asian people). Populations with wet cerumen tend to sweat more than those with dry cerumen. According to the article, the population that sweats the most is the African population because they have larger apocrine glands.

Then, in an experiment published in The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Two African people and two European people were taken as research subjects. The four of them were students, who ate in the same cafeteria, lived in roughly the same neighborhood, and participated in the same school activities. For the experiment, all four of them showered in the same bathroom and used the same type of soap.

During the first part of the experiment, the four students had just taken a shower. For the second part, they were sweating after a hard workout. Experiments are carried out in such a way as to eliminate the possibility of recognizing them. Several people were then asked to identify their ethnicity and the origin of the sweat odor but the majority of respondents said they did not know. So the sweat was initially odorless.

So it can be concluded that white, yellow, black and others have the same smell. If genetic factors determine the composition of sweat, what makes body odor is the bacteria found on the skin. There are 4 types of bacteria in the body, namely staphylococci, corynebacteria, propionibacteria and micrococci. It appears that corynebacteria are the most contributing to body odor. And because each individual has a different bacterial composition, body odor will be less or stronger depending on the proportion of these corynebacteria. Those with a microflora consisting mostly of the latter will have the strongest body odor.

How do Caucasians smell?

The smell of Caucasians and half-bloods in my house smells like Johnson & Johnson powder. But it comes from the laundry soap I use. The rest, our body odor is the same.

[industryarcresearch]

Global Food Amino Acid Market Size Forecast to Reach $13.27 Billion by 2025

The Global Food Amino Acid Market size is forecast to reach $13.27 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 6.83% during the forecast period 2020-2025. Amino acids are organic compounds that aids in the expansion of protein chains in an organism. There are nine amino acids that are required by the human body to grow and function properly– histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Food amino acids are primarily used in dietary supplements and nutraceutical products. Increasing consumption of amino acids as dietary supplement for health-conscious people and the increase in the demand for processed and convenience foods is the major factor driving the growth of the market. The growing inclination of consumers toward food and dietary products with additional health benefits is set to further enhance the overall market demand for the Global Food Amino Acid Market during the forecast period 2020-2025.

Global Food Amino Acid Market Segment Analysis - By Type

The Glutamic Acid held the largest share in the Global Food Amino Acid Market in 2019 and is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 7.19% during the forecast period 2020-2025. Glutamic acid is a nonessential amino acid, which is mainly used and produced in the form of its sodium salt as monosodium glutamate (MSG). Glutamic acid can be found in animal and plant proteins. The fermentation medium consists of strains of Corynebacteria or Brevibacteria producing glutamic acid plus carbon sources (glucose and molasses), inorganic salts, and biotin. Similar to the production of lysine, UF can be used after the fermentation process for the initial separation of the microorganism and the glutamic acid followed by the pre-concentration of glutamic acid-containing UF permeate by RO before evaporation and crystallization. Additionally, growth in consumption of nutraceutical and dietary supplements, along with an increase in awareness among consumers toward products with nutritive ingredients is also increasing. Glutamic Acid is set to be the highest growing segment and is estimated to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period 2020-2025.

Request for Sample Report @ https://www.industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=509554

Report Price: $ 5900 (Single User License)

Global Food Amino Acid Market Segment Analysis - By Source

Plant-Based Amino Acid held the largest share in the Global Food Amino Acid Market in 2019 owing towards consumer preference for naturally sourced products and plant products like soybean, wheat, corn, potato, and peas. The plant-based raw materials are the main sources that have an advent usage on these products and deliver profitable opportunities to the industry. Vegans get protein from nuts, peanut butter, seeds, grains, tofu, and soymilk also provide protein. The increased accessibility of vegetarian and vegan foods and the adoption of proactive approaches to health and wellbeing by consumers and augmented social awareness related to animal slaughter are abetting the growth of the market. The growing trend of maintaining an active lifestyle has led to the addition of healthy and nutritive supplements in the regular diets of consumers; this is expected to fuel the demand for amino acids in the nutraceutical & dietary industry. Plant-Based Amino Acid is set to be the highest growing segment and is estimated to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period 2020-2025.

Global Food Amino Acid Market Segment Analysis - Geography

Asia Pacific dominated the Global Food Amino Acid Market in 2019 with a share of more than 36.10%, followed by North America owing to the trend of maintaining an active lifestyle has led to the addition of healthy and nutritive supplements in regular diets of consumers. According to the All Tech feed survey in the year 2019, China has around 4,600 feed mills with a feed production of 168 million metric tons annually. The rise in income, purchasing power, and consumer demand for nutritional & healthy products provide promising prospects for the growth and diversification in the region’s food sector. The increase in purchasing power of consumers owing to the economic development in China has led to the growth in demand for high-quality processed foods is also increasing the growth of the Global Food Amino Acid Market in this region.

However, North America is estimated to grow at a higher CAGR during the forecast period 2020-2025 owing to the growing trend of adding dietary supplements to consumer diets in this region.

Global Food Amino Acid Market Drivers

Increasing Consumption of Dietary Supplements

Increasing Consumption of Dietary Supplements is increasing the growth of the Global Food Amino Acid Market. Protein remains on the top position when it comes to dietary supplements and amino acids are known to be building blocks of protein formation. Amino acids have been found to have multiple functional benefits in human nutrition. The increase in international sporting events has also led to increased attention on the physiological effects of amino acids (BCAAs) on muscles, which is likely to offer a potential opportunity to amino acid ingredient manufacturers. The demand of consumers for products with no changes in nutritional, mineral, and calcium properties is anticipated to increase the growth. The increase in international sporting events has also led to increased attention on the physiological effects of amino acids for their muscle growth. Thus, increasing the growth of the Global Food Amino Acid Market during the forecast period 2020-2025.

The increase in use of food amino acid as a flavor enhancer in the food industry

The increase in the use of food amino acid as a flavor enhancer in the food industry is increasing the growth of the Global Food Amino Acid Market. The uses of the essential oils of plants in foods are limited, the use of oils at physiologically effective levels would affect the aroma and flavor of the foods. Low concentrations could be used in a combined system, to enhance antimicrobial activity. Amino acids, in addition to their vital role in muscle building, brain activities, dietary supplements, significantly contribute to enhancing the flavor of the food. Amino acids Glutamate and Aspartate, are the flavor enhancers that make the food more delicious and serve the taste buds. Thus, increasing the growth of the Global Food Amino Acid Market during the forecast period 2020-2025.

Download Sample Report @ https://www.industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=509554

Global Food Amino Acid Market Challenges

Stringent Government Regulations and lack of proficient organization for Food Amino Acids system

Some of the factors that are set to impede the growth of the Global Food Amino Acid Market are stringent government regulations and lack of proficient organization for the food amino acids system. High capital investments for storage and strict regulations for consumer safety are restraining the growth of the market.

Global Food Amino Acid Market Industry Outlook

Product launches, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the Global Food Amino Acid Market. In 2019, the Global Food Amino Acid Market share is consolidated by the top ten players present in the market. Global Food Amino Acid Market, the top 10 companies are Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Brenntag AG, Sigma-Aldrich, Co. LLC., Daesang Corporation, Evonik Industries, Kingchem LLC, Prinova Group LLC., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Group, Hugestone Enterprise Co., Ltd. and Pangaea Sciences, Inc. among others.

Acquisitions/Product Launches

In August 2018, Brenntag AG launched its global Food & Nutrition brand in 73 countries. This acquisition helped in increasing consumer demands for nutritional value products.

Key Takeaways

The Asia Pacific dominated the Global Food Amino Acid Market in 2019 owing to the rise in income, purchasing power, and consumer demand for nutritional & healthy products. The Global Food Amino Acid Market scope for different regions will be provided in the final report.

Consumer preference for consumption of protein-rich-dietary supplements has intensified owing to biological presentation and improved amino acid functioning are likely to aid in the market growth of the Global Food Amino Acid Market.

Detailed analysis of the Strength, Weakness, and Opportunities of the prominent players operating in the market will be provided in the Global Food Amino Acid Market report.

Stringent government regulations and lack of proficient organization for food amino acids system are poised to create hurdles for the Global Food Amino Acid Market.

Related Reports :

A. Lysine Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Research/Lysine-Market-Research-504923

B. Vitamins And Nutrition Supplements Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Report/231/Vitamins-and-Nutrition-supplements-Market-report.html

For more Food and Beverages Market reports - Please click here

[tracuuthuocaz]

Thuốc Thuốc bột pha tiêm Tabaxin 2,25g tác dụng, liều dùng, giá bao nhiêu? | Tracuuthuoctay

TraCuuThuocTay.com chia sẻ: Thuốc Thuốc bột pha tiêm Tabaxin 2,25g điều trị bệnh gì?. Thuốc bột pha tiêm Tabaxin 2,25g công dụng, tác dụng phụ, liều lượng.

BÌNH LUẬN cuối bài để biết: Thuốc Thuốc bột pha tiêm Tabaxin 2,25g giá bao nhiêu? mua ở đâu? Tp HCM, Hà Nội, Cần Thơ, Bình Dương, Đồng Nai, Đà Nẵng. Vui lòng tham khảo các chi tiết dưới đây.

Thuốc bột pha tiêm Tabaxin 2,25g

Tác giả: Dược sĩ Hạnh Nguyễn Tham vấn y khoa nhóm biên tập. ngày cập nhật: 1/11/2019

Nhóm thuốc: Thuốc trị ký sinh trùng, chống nhiễm khuẩn, kháng virus,kháng nấm

Dạng bào chế:Thuốc bột pha tiêm

Đóng gói:Hộp 10 lọ

Thành phần:

Piperacillin (dưới dạng piperacillin natri) 2g; Tazobactam (dưới dạng Tazobactam natri) 0,25g

SĐK:VN-22351-19

Nhà sản xuất: Penmix Ltd – HÀN QUỐC Nhà đăng ký: Công ty TNHH Dược phẩm Nam Hân Nhà phân phối:

Chỉ định:

Nhiễm trùng toàn thân hay cục bộ đã xác định hay nghi ngờ do các vi trùng nhạy cảm, nhiễm trùng đường hô hấp dưới, nhiễm trùng hệ niệu có biến chứng, nhiễm trùng ổ bụng, nhiễm trùng da mô mềm, nhiễm trùng huyết, nhiễm trùng sản phụ khoa, nhiễm trùng đa khuẩn.

Piperacillin/Tazobactam có tác dụng hiệp đồng với aminoglycoside chống lại một số dòng Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Điều trị phối hợp đã thành công, đặc biệt ở những bệnh nhân bị suy giảm sức đề kháng. Ngay khi có kết quả kháng sinh đồ, kháng sinh liệu pháp nên được điều chỉnh.

Dược lực:

Piperacillin là một kháng sinh họ penicillin bán tổng hợp có phổ rộng đối với nhiều vi trùng hiếu khí và kỵ khí gram dương và gram âm, tác dụng bằng cách ức chế sự tổng hợp thành và vách tế bào. Tazobactam là một triazolylmethyl penicillanic acid sulphone, là một chất ức chế mạnh đối với nhiều bêta-lactamase, đặc biệt là các men qua trung gian plasmid là nguyên nhân thường gây kháng penicillin và cephalosporin nhất là các cephalosporin thế hệ ba. Sự hiện diện của tazobactam trong Tazocin làm gia tăng phổ kháng khuẩn của piperacillin bao gồm cả các vi trùng sinh bêta-lactamase vốn thường đề kháng với các kháng sinh khác trong nhóm bêta-lactam. Vì thế, Tazocin là sự phối hợp tác dụng của một kháng sinh phổ rộng với tác dụng một chất ức chế bêta-lactamase.

PHỔ KHÁNG KHUẨN

Gram (-): Hầu hết các dòng sinh bêta-lactamase qua trung gian plasmid hoặc không sinh bêta-lactamase: E. coli, Klebsiela spp (K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae), Proteus spp (P. vulgaris, P.mirabilis), Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella spp (M. cataralis), Haemophilus spp (H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae), Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia spp, Campylobacter spp, Gardnerella vaginalis. Nhiều dòng không sinh bêta-lactamase hoặc sinh bêta-lactamase qua trung gian nhiễm sắc thể: Enterobacter spp. (E. cloacae, E. Aerogenes), Citrobacter spp (C. freundii, C. Diversus), Providencia spp, Morganella morganii, Serratia spp (S. marsecens, S. liquifaciens), Pseudomonas spp (P. aeruginosa, P. cepacia, P. fluorescens), Xanthomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter spp.

Gram (+): Staphylococi (S. Aureus, không bao gồm S. aureus kháng methicilline), S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus), Streptococi (S. Pneumonia, S. Pyogenes, S. Bovis, S. Agalactiae, S. Viridan, S. Group C & D), Enterococi (E. feacalis, E. feacicum), Corynebacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, Norcardia spp.

Kỵ khí: Bacteroides spp (B. bivius, B. disiens, B. capillosus , B. melaninogenicus, B. oralis), Bacteroides fragilis group (B. fragilis, B. vulgatus, B. distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformis, B. asaccharolyticus), Peptostreptococus spp, Fusobacterium spp, Eubacterium group, Clostridia spp (C. difficile, C. perfringens), Veilonella, Actinomyces spp.

Phối hợp piperacillin và tazobactam đặc biệt hữu ích khi dùng để điều trị nhiễm trùng hỗn hợp và điều trị bao vây trước khi có kết quả kháng sinh đồ vì thuốc có hoạt phổ rất rộng.

Liều lượng – Cách dùng

Người lớn và trẻ em trên 12 tuổi: 

4g piperacillin/0,5g tazobactam tiêm mạch mỗi 8 giờ. Tổng liều hàng ngày có thể thay đổi từ 2,25 g đến 4,5 g mỗi 6 đến 8 giờ. 

Trẻ em dưới 12 tuổi: 

chưa có đủ dữ kiện nghiên cứu dùng thuốc cho trẻ em dưới 12 tuổi. 

Người suy thận: 

Liều Piperacillin/Tazobactam phải được điều chỉnh theo độ thanh thải creatinin: 

-Thanh thải creatinin 20-80 ml/phút: 12 g/1,5 g/ngày chia ra 4 g/500 mg mỗi 8 giờ. 

– Thanh thải creatinin <20 ml/phút: 8 g/1 g/ngày chia ra 4 g/500 mg mỗi 12 giờ. 

– Với bệnh nhân chạy thận nhân tạo, tổng liều hàng ngày tối đa là 8 g Piperacillin/ 1 g Tazobactam. 

Ngoài ra, vì một chu kỳ chạy thận 4 giờ có thể lấy đi 30-50% lượng piperacillin, nên sau mỗi chu kỳ chạy thận chích thêm 2 g/250 mg Piperacillin/Tazobactam. 

Thời gian điều trị: trong trường hợp nhiễm trùng cấp, Piperacillin/Tazobactam phải được tiếp tục ít nhất 48 giờ sau khi hết sốt hay giải quyết được các triệu chứng lâm sàng. 

Cách dùng: 

Tiêm mạch: Mỗi lọ thuốc 4,5 g pha với 20 ml nước cất vô trùng hoặc NaCl 0,9% tiêm mạch chậm trong 3-5 phút.

Truyền tĩnh mạch: Mỗi lọ thuốc 4,5 g pha với 20 ml nước cất vô trùng hoặc NaCl 0,9%, sau đó pha loãng thêm nữa thành ít nhất 50 ml truyền tĩnh mạch trong 20-30 phút. 

Quá liều 

Không có antidote đặc hiệu. Không có kinh nghiệm về quá liều thuốc. Tuy nhiên, trong trường hợp cấp cứu, tất cả các biện pháp nội khoa tăng cường được chỉ định giống như đối với piperacillin. Nồng độ piperacillin quá cao trong huyết thanh có thể được lấy ra bằng thẩm phân.

 Tuy nhiên, liều 24 g piperacillin/ngày hay hơn đã được dùng ở người mà không quan sát thấy tác dụng bất lợi nào. Trong trường hợp có kích động vận động hay co giật, có thể chỉ định thuốc chống co giật (ví dụ như diazepam hoặc một barbiturate). Trong trường hợp sốc phản vệ, nặng phải bắt đầu ngay các biện pháp xử trí. 

Trường hợp tiêu chảy nặng và kéo dài, phải xem xét đến khả năng viêm đại tràng giả mạc. Do đó, phải ngưng piperacillin/tazobactam trong các trường hợp như vậy và bắt đầu một trị liệu thích hợp (ví dụ teicoplanin đường uống hay vancomycin đường uống). Chống chỉ định dùng các thuốc ức chế nhu động ruột.OOSC

Chống chỉ định:

Chống chỉ định ở bệnh nhân có tiền sử dị ứng với piperacillin và/hoặc cephalosporin hay dị ứng với chất ức chế bêta-lactamase.

Tương tác thuốc:

Dùng đồng thời probenecid với piperacillin/tazobactam làm tăng thời gian bán hủy và tốc độ thanh thải của cả piperacillin và tazobactam, nhưng nồng độ đỉnh trong huyết tương của các thành phần không bị ảnh hưởng. Không thấy có tương tác thuốc giữa piperacillin/ tazobactam với vancomycin hay với tobramycin. Khi phối hợp piperacillin/tazobactam với một thuốc khác, không được trộn chung trong cùng một lọ hay chích cùng một lúc do sự bất tương thích về vật lý. Khi dùng đồng thời với heparin liều cao, thuốc kháng đông đường uống hay các thuốc có ảnh hưởng đến hệ thống đông máu và/hoặc chức năng tiểu cầu, các thông số về đông máu phải được đo thường xuyên hơn và theo dõi cẩn thận hơn.

Tác dụng phụ:

Nhiều bệnh nhân được điều trị trong các nghiên cứu lâm sàng mắc bệnh rất nặng và có nhiều bệnh lý cơ bản và suy giảm chức năng sinh lý, đã làm cho khó xác định quan hệ nhân quả giữa các triệu chứng bất lợi với việc dùng piperacillin/tazobactam. Tác dụng phụ tại chỗ được báo cáo là có thể xảy ra, có thể hay được xác định là có liên quan đến việc điều trị piperacillin/tazobactam là viêm tĩnh mạch (0,2%) và viêm tĩnh mạch huyết khối (0,3%). Các phản ứng phụ toàn thân trên lâm sàng hay gặp nhất được báo cáo, có thể hay được xác định là có liên qua đến điều trị piperacillin/tazobactam là tiêu chảy (3,8%), phát ban (0,6%), hồng ban (0,5%), ngứa (0,2%), ói (0,4%), buồn ói (0,3%), phản ứng dị ứng (0,4%), mề đay (0,2%), và bội nhiễm (0,2%). Một số phản ứng phụ toàn thân trên lâm sàng khác được báo cáo có thể hay được xác định là có liên quan đến điều trị piperacillin/tazobactam nhưng tần suất nhỏ hơn 0,1% là: phản ứng da, đổ mồ hôi, hồng ban đa dạng, chàm, ngoại ban, phát ban dạng dát-sẩn, viêm miệng, táo bón, yếu cơ, ảo giác, khô miệng, hạ huyết áp, đau cơ, viêm tĩnh mạch nông, sốt, cơn đỏ bừng mặt, phù, mệt mỏi. Phản ứng tại chỗ còn có viêm hay đau ở vị trí tiêm do không pha thuốc theo đúng như chỉ dẫn (trong phần Liều lượng v�� Cách dùng). Các thay đổi bất lợi trên cận lâm sàng được báo cáo trong các nghiên cứu nhưng không xác định mối liên quan đến thuốc là giảm thoáng qua số lượng bạch cầu, tăng bạch cầu ái toan, tăng tiểu cầu, giảm tiểu cầu, Coomb test dương tính, hạ Kali huyết, tăng thoáng qua các men gan (SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase) trong huyết thanh, bilirubin. Trường hợp hiếm, phát hiện được sự gia tăng các thông số chức năng thận (urea, creatinin) trong huyết thanh.

Chú ý đề phòng:

Trước khi bắt đầu điều trị bằng piperacillin/tazobactam phải hỏi kỹ về tiền sử dị ứng với penicillin, cephalosporin hay các dị nguyên khác. Nếu xảy ra phản ứng dị ứng trong khi đang điều trị bằng piperacillin/tazobactam thì phải ngưng thuốc. Các phản ứng quá mẫn nghiêm trọng có thể cần phải xử trí bằng adrenalin và các biện pháp cấp cứu khác.

– Dù piperacillin/tazobactam có độc tính thấp đặc trưng của các kháng sinh họ penicillin, vẫn nên kiểm tra định kỳ chức năng của các cơ quan như thận, gan, hệ tạo máu trong khi điều trị dài ngày. – Các biểu hiện chảy máu đã xảy ra ở một số bệnh nhân điều trị bằng kháng sinh họ beta lactam. Những phản ứng này đôi khi xảy ra cùng với các bất thường trên xét nghiệm về đông máu như thời gian máu đông, sự kết tập tiểu cầu, thời gian prothrombin và thường xảy ra hơn ở bệnh nhân có suy thận. Nếu những biểu hiện xuất huyết xảy ra như là hậu quả của điều trị kháng sinh thì phải ngưng thuốc và tiến hành điều trị thích hợp. – Cũng như với các kháng sinh khác, phải luôn lưu ý khả năng xuất hiện các dòng vi trùng kháng thuốc, đặc biệt là khi điều trị kéo dài. Nếu điều này xảy ra, phải có xử trí thích hợp. – Cũng như với các penicillin khác, bệnh nhân có thể bị kích động thần kinh cơ hoặc co giật nếu liều cao hơn liều đề nghị được dùng bằng đường tĩnh mạch. – Nên đo ion đồ có chu kỳ nếu bệnh nhân có dự trữ Kali thấp, và luôn lưu ý khả năng hạ Kali huyết nơi những bệnh nhân có dự trữ Kali quá thấp và những người đang được điều trị bằng thuốc độc tế bào hay đang dùng thuốc lợi tiểu. Có thể quan sát thấy sự gia tăng nhẹ các chỉ số chức năng gan. – Dùng kháng sinh liều cao và ngắn ngày để điều trị bệnh lậu có thể che giấu hay làm chậm xuất hiện các triệu chứng của giang mai. Vì vậy bệnh nhân lậu nên được xét nghiệm tìm giang mai trước khi điều trị. Có thể lấy bệnh phẩm để xét nghiệm trên kính hiển vi nền đen từ bất cứ sang thương nguyên phát nào, còn các xét nghiệm huyết thanh học phải chờ đến sau tối thiểu 4 tháng. Lúc có thai và lúc nuôi con bú Chưa có nghiên cứu đầy đủ về việc sử dụng piperacillin/tazobactam trong khi mang thai và khi cho con bú. Piperacillin/tazobactam không ảnh hưởng đến khả năng thụ thai và không sinh u quái ở chuột. Tuy nhiên, trong khi chờ có đầy đủ kết quả thực nghiệm, phụ nữ có thai hay đang cho con bú chỉ nên đưọc điều trị khi lợi ích của điều trị vượt trội nguy cơ đối với cả bệnh nhân lẫn thai nhi.

Bảo quản:

Bột đông khô: lọ chứa bột đông khô piperacillin/tazobactam có thể được bảo quản ở nhiệt độ phòng có kiểm soát (15-25°C) tới ba năm. Khi được pha đúng hướng dẫn, thuốc vẫn ổn định được 24 giờ nếu giữ trong tủ lạnh (2-8°C). Thuốc đã pha loãng có thể giữ được 24 giờ ở điều kiện lạnh (2-8°C) và chứa trong túi dịch truyền hay trong ống tiêm. Thuốc đã pha mà không sử dụng phải bỏ đi. Piperacillin/tazobactam không được pha chung với các thuốc khác trong cùng một ống tiêm hay cùng một chai dịch truyề

Thông tin thành phần Piperacillin

Dược lực:

Piperacillin là kháng sinh ureido penicillin phổ rộng.

Dược động học :

– Hấp thu: Piperacillin không hấp thu qua đường tiêu hoá, nên phải tiêm tĩnh mạch hoặc tiêm bắp. – Phân bố: thuốc phân bố tốt vào các mô, kêt cả mô xwong, dịch mật, tuần hoàn thai nhi, dịch não tuỷ khi viêm màng não. – Thải trừ: Piperacillin bài tiết khoảng 60-80% qua nước tiểu, 20% qua dịch mật dưới dạng không biến đổi.Thời gian bán thải khoảng 1 giờ.

Tác dụng :

Piperacillin là kháng sinh ureido penicillin phổ rộng có tác dụng diệt khuẩn đối với các vi khuẩn ưa khí và kỵ khí gram dương và gram âm bằng cách ức chế tổng hợp thành tế bào vi khuẩn. Piperacillin dễ bị giảm tác dụng do các beta lactamase. Kháng piperacillin có thể do beta lactamase và sự thay đổi ở nhiễm sắc thể làm giảm dần tác dụng của piperacillin.

Chỉ định :

Nhiễm khuẩn đường hô hấp (viêm xoang,viêm phế quản…), thận & đường tiết niệu, tai mũi họng (viêm họng…) , răng hàm mặt, phụ khoa, nhiễm khuẩn huyết. 

Dự phòng trong phẫu thuật.

Liều lượng – cách dùng:

Tiêm bắp: người lớn: 2g, 2lần/ngày; trẻ > 6 tuổi: 1g, 2lần/ngày; trẻ < 6 tuổi: 0,5g, 2lần/ngày. Tiêm IV 3-5 phút: người lớn: 150-300mg/kg/ngày (tới 24g/24 giờ); trẻ em: 100-300mg/kg/ngày. Có thể được chia làm nhiều liều tùy vị trí & mức độ bệnh. Suy thận nặng: giảm liều theo ClCr.

Chống chỉ định :

Quá mẫn với penicilline & cephalosporine. Quá mẫn với lidocain hoặc nhóm amide. Có thai. Sơ sinh & trẻ em.

Tác dụng phụ

Phản ứng có hại Phát ban, ngứa, nổi mề đay, quá mẫn. Hiếm: tiêu chảy & buồn nôn. Cá biệt: thay đổi men gan. Hiếm khi xảy ra: thay đổi huyết học. Chóng mặt, nhức đầu, mệt mỏi, ảo giác. Ðau nơi tiêm bắp, viêm tĩnh mạch, ban đỏ, cứng cơ.

Thông tin thành phần Tazobactam

Dược lực:

Tazobactam là kháng sinh nhóm beta-lactam.

Tác dụng :

Tazobactam là một penicillin và sulfone biến đổi mạnh.

Liều lượng – cách dùng:

Tazobactam được kết hợp với piperacillin kháng sinh phổ rộng beta-lactam trong thuốc piperacillin / tazobactam, được sử dụng trong nhiễm trùng do Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tazobactam mở rộng phổ của piperacillin bằng cách làm cho nó có hiệu quả đối với các sinh vật biểu hiện beta-lactamase và thông thường sẽ làm suy giảm piperacillin.

Lưu ý: Dùng thuốc theo chỉ định của Bác sĩ

Nguồn tham khảo drugs.com, medicines.org.uk, webmd.com và TraCuuThuocTay.com tổng hợp.

Cần tư vấn thêm về Thuốc Thuốc bột pha tiêm Tabaxin 2,25g tác dụng, liều dùng, giá bao nhiêu? bình luận cuối bài viết.

Tuyên bố miễn trừ trách nhiệm y tế

Nội dung của TraCuuThuocTay.com chỉ nhằm mục ��ích cung cấp thông tin về Thuốc Thuốc bột pha tiêm Tabaxin 2,25g tác dụng, liều dùng, giá bao nhiêu? và không nhằm mục đích thay thế cho tư vấn, chẩn đoán hoặc điều trị y tế chuyên nghiệp.

Chúng tôi miễn trừ trách nhiệm y tế nếu bệnh nhân tự ý sử dụng thuốc mà không tuân theo chỉ định của bác sĩ.

Vui lòng liên hệ với bác sĩ hoặc phòng khám, bệnh viện gần nhất để được tư vấn.

Đánh giá 5* post

The post Thuốc Thuốc bột pha tiêm Tabaxin 2,25g tác dụng, liều dùng, giá bao nhiêu? appeared first on Tra Cứu Thuốc Tây.

Dẫn nguồn từ Tra Cứu Thuốc Tây https://tracuuthuoctay.com/thuoc-thuoc-bot-pha-tiem-tabaxin-225g-tac-dung-lieu-dung-gia-bao-nhieu/

[pediadoc7-blog]

Diphtheria, a dreaded disease of childhood which had undergone a dramatic decline in incidence and mortality in the twentieth century as a result of immunisation and effective treatment, has recently been enjoying a minor resurgence especially amongst older children and adolescents, mainly due to waning immunity. Caused by toxigenic Corynebacteria, it is spread by droplet infection from acute cases as well as asymptomatic carriers. The clinical manifestations result from the local infection especially in the upper airways as well as the potent exotoxin which can have long term effect on the heart and nervous system. Management of diphtheria requires administration of antibiotics and anti-toxin as well as effective supportive care for the airway management, myocarditis and neuropathy. Universal immunisation with the five doses of Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus toxoid (DPT) vaccine needs to be augmented by Tetanus, diphtheria, acellular Pertussis (TdaP) at the of 10-12 years for controlling the rising incidence of diphtheria, especially in India.

[eduardolauzurica]

Queratólisis punctata, hoyuelos en la planta del pie y microbiota.

  Está de moda hablar de “flora intestinal” y muchos sabéis que también la hay cutánea, además de bucal y vaginal. Unos cuantos advierten, ¿porqué “flora” y no “fauna”?, apréciese la ironía, y que puestos a afinar con la terminología….mejor “microbiota”. El caso es que cada vez adquiere más importancia la inmensidad de bacterias que conviven en el cuerpo humano sano y empezamos a ser conscientes…

[microminutes]

Dr Warhol’s Periodic Table of Microbes

The Small Guide to Small Things

81.  Tl.  Tsukamurella

Microbes can be found pretty much everywhere, and Tsukamurella is no exception. The type species, Tsukamurella paurometabola, was initially isolated from bedbugs.  There are currently around a dozen species. About half are environmental organisms, isolated from soil, sewage sludge, and a deep water (220 meters down) marine sponge. The other half are primarily opportunistic pathogens, most often associated with bloodstream infections and indwelling medical devices, as well as pulmonary infections.

A noteworthy feature of the Tsukamurella is that they have seriously long-chain carbon molecules in their cell walls (mycolic acids), ranging from 64 to 78 carbons, which are highly unsaturated with 2 to 7 double bonds. (That’s almost as long as the Mycobacterium, with up to 90 carbons.) The Tsukamurella are related to other organisms with mycolic acids in their cell walls such as Corynebacteria, Mycobacteria, and Nocardia. They form branching hyphae-like structures in culture.

This is a relatively new genus, established in 1988, which may not seem new to many people, but its 100 years “younger” than organisms like Staph and Strep. The microbes were named in honor of Dr Michio Tsukamura.

Tsukamurella cells are Gram positive straight to slightly curved rods that measure 0.5 to 0.8 microns wide by 1 to 5 microns long.

Get a beautiful science poster of The Periodic Table of Microbes at https://www.etsy.com/no-en/shop/WarholScience

[paulkattupalli]

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute toxin-mediated infection of the upper respiratory tract or skin caused by toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae

-Corynebacteria are gram-positive, non-spore forming, club-shaped rods with a beaded appearance on Gram stain

-it has largely been eradicated in developed nations through widespread vaccination

-It is transmitted from person to person through…

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Foot Fetish

While foot smell is seldom talked about around the water cooler, it is an awkward issue that impacts countless individuals. Your feet harbor countless organisms and germs. Our feet can produce over a cup of wetness daily, and the heat and wetness develop in our shoes to produce an active source for these organisms to establish and grow. 

 Foot smell happens when numerous germs, mostly corynebacteria and micrococci, break down denatured proteins discovered on the skin and shoes, leading to undesirable smells from the feet. The feet are the locations where smells most typically happen since they supply a warm, damp breeding place for odor-causing germs. Removing the germs generally gets rid of the smell. 

 One of the most current usages of damaging foot smell is the aspect silver spun into the weave of the material. Silver has actually been utilized for over 4000 years as an anti-bacterial representative and is still prevalent in health centers today. 

 Silver has actually generally been utilized in coins, tableware, and precious jewelry. In medication, it is the very first medication presented to a newborn infant’s eyes (as in silver nitrate), colloidal silver is utilized as a liquid anti-bacterial, and silver sulfadiazine is utilized as a topical cream for burn victims. 

 Silver is now likewise being utilized in the shoes market for shoes, insoles and socks. There are lots of advantages beyond foot smell that these items use. Below is a brief description of these functions: 

 Silver uses both antimicrobial and anti-odor advantages. Extremely, both ammonia and denatured proteins bind most easily with silver. Since silver is on the exterior of the fiber, this permits for instant binding with these smell triggering representatives-- resulting in immediate smell decrease! 

 Anti-Bacterial: The antimicrobial efficiency of silver has actually shown to have unique efficiency benefits. It has actually been shown to get rid of 99.9% of germs on the product in less than one hour of direct exposure. Silver will likewise eliminate germs and fungis much faster as the temperature level in your shoes increases due to activity due to the fact that its anti-microbial residential or commercial properties are triggered with heat. 

 Silver shoes improves the natural motion of wetness through evaporation. Silver speeds up the evaporation of wetness. In warm weather condition, silver-lined shoes addresses evaporation by dissipating the quantity of wetness in contact with your feet. 

 In conclusion, silver in shoes, is a sensible action to anybody who may struggle with foot smell, has a particular medical issue-- such as diabetes, in which the foot would take advantage of germs being removed, or with individuals who have issues with blisters and locations on their feet. Silver-lined shoes: A brand-new treatment utilizing an old remedy.

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Is a New Remedy for Body Odor on the Horizon? – WebMD

Is a New Remedy for Body Odor on the Horizon? – WebMD

Is a New Remedy for Body Odor on the Horizon? – WebMD

By Steven Reinberg

HealthDay Reporter

MONDAY, April 15, 2019 (HealthDay News) — Danish researchers have sniffed out a potential new weapon to fight armpit odor.

It’s zinc oxide, or ZnO. The strategy was inspired by hospital wound care. Because putting zinc oxide on open surgical wounds reduces corynebacteria and the bad…