#cimo frankel

[chrancecriber]

Radio NET Bulgaria (December 30, 2022)

23:56 ROBERTO RESTUCCIA - 1985 23:52 KIM WATERS - Rhythm and Romance 23:48 JS FLOYD - Kukumo 23:44 CHAZZY GREEN - At My Place 23:40 THREESTYLE - Reasons 2 Love 23:36 KEN POWE - College Hills 23:32 JAREZ - How I Feel 23:27 JULIAN VAUGHN - Hotel Lover 23:21 GERALD ALBRIGHT, NORMAN BROWN - 24-7 23:17 RICHARD ELLIOT - Coco 23:13 TIM BOWMAN - Boss 23:08 NILS - Up and Away 23:04 BRIAN SIMPSON - One of a Kind 23:00 EUGE GROOVE - Belle Mania 22:58 PIXALEND - Maritime Sadness 22:53 ASTRID SURYANTO - Distant Bar (Original Mix) 22:50 351 LAKE SHORE DRIVE - Day Of Light 22:46 EMMA HEWITT - Foolish Boy (Zetandel Chill Out Mix) 22:42 CHAMBRE 7 - Rising To The Top (Original Mix) 22:36 ANDY SOL & ECOLYTE - Ponse Passing (Original Mix) 22:32 JES - In Ohm (Lime Chill Remix) 22:27 ORJAN NILSEN - Drink To Forget (Original Chill Out Mix) 22:23 OXYGENE - The Ocean (Goldtripp Remix) 22:18 ANGELO CRESCERI - Harmony 22:14 CRISTINA CAMACHO - Thank you 22:10 SUSANA - A Million Memories (Acoustic Rework) 22:06 LIULA - Sweet Dreams 22:03 YIRUMA, RUVIN - River Flows In You 21:59 DJ MATISSE, LOUNGE PARADISE - This Love (Maroon 5 Cover) 21:54 STAN CROWN - Not Inveted Love (Original Mix) 21:49 ELLIE GOULDING - Heartbeats (Cosmonaut Grechko Edit) 21:45 YURI KANE - Right Back (Chillout Mix) 21:42 KATO, JON - Turn The Lights Off (Bullytrax Campfire Mix) 21:37 FUNKAGENDA - Breakwater (Violet Oversoul Mix) 21:32 JENS BUCHERT - Bug in Mind (Vocal Mix) 21:28 ROBERT NICKSON - Spiral (Chillout Mix) 21:24 HEADSTRONG, SHELLEY HARLAND - Here In The Dark 21:21 DIANA KRALL - California Dreamin' 21:15 SIMON LE GREC - Decisions (Delor Mix) 21:07 PROJECT BLUE SUN - Naked 21:03 SUNLESS - Love A Touch (K.S. Project Remix) 20:59 LEONA LEWIS - Dip Down (ReUnited Chill Out Mix) 20:54 CECILE BREDIE - Dreamland 20:49 DJ MILEWS - Children 20:45 ARMIN VAN BUUREN, DJ SHAH, CHRIS JONES - Going Wrong (Acoustic Mix) 20:41 GOODVIC - Dreaming Of You (Original Mix) 20:37 HONEY - A Girl Called You (feat. Jean Honeymoon) 20:33 30 SECONDS TO MARS - Bad Romance (Lady Gaga's Cover) 20:29 FRAINBREEZE, ELLIE LAWSON - I Pray (Chill Out Mix) 20:25 RICHARD MARX - Right Here Waiting 20:21 SLEEPTHIEF, ZOE JOHNSTON - Alice's Door (Nicholas Gunn Remix) 20:18 C.CIL - Sunset 20:12 BRIAN CULBERTSON - The Look 20:07 SUNLOUNGER, SEIS CUERDAS - A Balearic Dinner (Chill Mix) 20:03 SILENCE OF SEPTEMBER - Sleep Off Reason 19:59 DEEPER SUBLIME - I've Got You (Original Mix) 19:57 CNBK - Burning Skies (Acoustic Version) 19:52 THE PROJECT PARADISE - We Love You Moscow (D.A.W. Remix) 19:46 DENIS SERGEEV, 4ONE - Merging Of Two Destiny 19:42 SUNLOUNGER - In & Out 19:35 AMBITUS - Answers 19:29 TIESTO - I Will Be Here (Syntheticsax ft. LiTa & R.I.J. Project Remix) 19:23 GUENTER HAAS - Alone But Never Lonely 19:18 CHRIS B, LADY V - A New Direction (Original Mix) 19:14 ELLES DE GRAAF, MOONNIGHT - Sunset Kindness (Chill Out Mix) 19:07 TRANZLIFT - Heaven's Shore (Magdelayna's Chilled Remake) 19:03 FARUK SABANCI, JOSIE - Wake Up (Zetandel Chill Out Mix) 18:59 T.A.T.U - Show me love (Zetandel Chill Remix) 18:55 AHY O - Shine On 18:50 DOWNTEMPO GROOVERS - Smooth And Sexy Mix 18:46 DARK MATTERS, ANA CRIADO - The Quest Of A Dream (Original Mix) 18:42 EVANESCENCE - My Immortal (Acoustic Version) 18:37 DJ A - Let Me Love You (Andreas Agiannitopoulos Remix) 18:33 KENNY G, BRIAN MCKNIGHT - Careless Whisper 18:30 ASSMONKEYS, LYCK - Embrace My Heart (Bassmonkeys & Jenna Donnelly Moonlight Mix) 18:24 KITARO - Dance Of Sarasvati 18:19 VELVET DREAMER - Summer Breeze 18:15 SOLARIC INC - Children (Chill Mix) 18:11 KRONO, CIMO FRANKEL - Sweet Goodbye 18:07 KEVIN SUNRAY - Stories Untold feat. Gaia Barbero (Acoustic Dubstep Mix) 18:02 LUSTRAL - Raven (Album Mix) 17:56 NO HORIZONS, SHEEMA - Summer Son 17:49 VECHIGEN - No Fear (Summer Vibes Chill Mix) 17:44 LA CAINA - Mona 17:41 OCEAN DRIVE, DJ ORISKA - Without You (Acoustic Version) 17:35 LEO ROJAS - Serenade To Mother Earth 17:30 SUPER8 TAB, ALYNA - Perfect Day (Original Mix) 17:24 FLAER SMIN - Alone In The Dark 17:17 SYNTHETICSAX - Here Workin' (DJ Rostej Original Remix) 17:13 DT8 PROJECT - Hold Me Till The End (Unplugged Mix Lounge Edit) 17:09 LOUNGE GROOVE AVENUE - Silk And Smooth 17:05 KIRSTY HAWKSHAW, TENISHIA - Reason To Forgive (Piano Mix) 17:00 SUNLOUNGER, ZARA TAYLOR - Lost (Chill Version) 16:56 BEN TANKARD - Still Here 16:52 JEREMY HECTOR - I'll Remember 16:48 BOBBY LYLE - Tommy's Song 16:43 RAINFOREST BAND - Just Before Sunrise 16:39 JESSY J - Remember the Night 16:34 JEFF GOLKIN & FOREVER LOVE - We Have Love Tonight 16:30 KIM SCOTT - Treetops 16:26 CAROL ALBERT - Sapporo Dream 16:23 DAN SIEGEL - Street Talk 16:18 TOM BRAXTON - As Long As I'm With You 16:13 BRIAN SIMPSON - Morningh Glories 16:08 DIRK K - California 16:04 MARION MEADOWS - Step to This 16:00 JULIAN VAUGHN - Come Here 15:56 JULIAN VAUGHN - Joy 15:51 PHIL DENNY, NILS - Suite Party 15:47 JAKOB MAGNUSSON - Karlsson's Arrival 15:43 NILS - Call Me 15:38 NAJEE - Isla Hermosa 15:33 PETER WHITE - Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow 15:28 DOMINIC CAMARDELLA - Whispers in the Wind 15:23 KEN NAVARRO - Island Life 15:19 DARRON COOKIE - Your Smile 15:14 HIROSHIMA - Shades of Honor 15:10 TIM BOWMAN - Light of Love 15:05 PATRICK BRADLEY - Exhale 15:00 496 WEST - Maputo 14:56 OLI SILK - Take Some Time Out 14:53 JAZZ FUNK SOUL - Hustle 14:49 JIM ADKINS - Straight Ahead 14:45 NICHOLAS COLE - Pillow Talk 14:41 GARY PALMER - Windsurfer 14:37 LEBRON - Spotlight 14:33 VINCENT INGALA - Love Zone 14:29 MARCUS ANDERSON - Unity 14:24 GABRIEL MARK HASSELBACH - Chill@Will (Raincoast Mix) 14:21 RICK HABANA - Aqua 14:16 BIRDS OF A FEATHER - Thickets 14:11 JESSY J - Cuba 14:08 FUNKTASTIC PLAYERS - Always 14:03 BLAKE AARON - You're My Miracle 14:00 DANIEL DOMENGE - French Connection 13:55 DAVID PETROSYAN - Everytime You Go 13:51 THE SMOOTH JAZZ ALLEY - Bay Breeze 13:47 BONEY JAMES - Full Effect 13:43 ANDRE DELANO - Full Circle 13:39 NICK COLIONNE - Nite Train 13:35 BRIAN SIMPSON - Persuasion 13:30 3RD FORCE - Day Into Night 13:26 BALANCE9 - Sway 13:21 KIM SCOTT - Rite of Passage 13:17 MARQUEAL JORDAN - Behave to Love 13:13 LOUIE FITZGERALD - Jukin' and Jivin' 13:09 NATE WHITE - All in My Head 13:04 NILS - Life is What You Make It 13:00 NAJEE - Better 12:56 DARREN RAHN - With You By My Side 12:52 RICHARD ELLIOT - Given It Up 12:47 REGGIE CORDINGTON - Far Away 12:42 GREGG KARUKAS - Rocky Peak 12:38 RICHARD ELLIOT - Chill Bill 12:34 TIM BOWMAN - Smile 12:30 RYAN LA VALETTE - Highway 10 12:25 DREW DAVIDSEN - Alexander's Dream 12:21 OLI SILK - Seventh Heaven 12:17 DEON YATES - For Hosea 12:14 PAUL HARDCASTLE - Coastline Crusader 12:09 EUGE GROOVE - Another Sad Love Song 12:05 JIM ADKINS - Come a Little Closer 12:00 MAURIZIO GRONDONA GROUP - Looking At The Sea 11:57 LAWSON ROLLINS - Momentum 11:52 GTF - Spanish Steps 11:48 ROBERT HARRIS - Your Memory Lives in Me 11:43 YULARA - Shakti Dance 11:39 JC SOL - Our Groove 11:35 ALEXANDER ZONJIC - Hipster 11:32 MARIEA ANTOINETTE - So Amazing 11:28 FUNKTASTIC PLAYERS - Feeling Happy 11:23 MARCUS ANDERSON - With All My Heart 11:19 BLAIR BRYANT - Girls in the Back 11:16 VANN BURCHFIELD - Ain't No Body 11:12 JAZZ HOLDOUTS - April and May 11:08 SEAN U - Sunburst 11:04 DARREN RAHN - What Cha' Gonna Do For Me 11:00 NICK COLIONNE - On the Move 10:56 DAVE KOZ - Don't Give Up (feat. Burt Bacharach) 10:53 JACOB WEBB - Another Day 10:48 ANDRE DELANO - Face Off 10:44 ROCCO VENTRELLA - On the Road 10:40 POP'N BOSSA - When I Was Your Man 10:36 JULIAN VAUGHN - On Notice 10:31 NATE WHITE - Ducie's Groove 10:27 BILLYRAY SHEPPARD - Heels And Pearls 10:23 JEANETTE HARRIS - Saxy 10:18 PETER WHITE - Joyride 10:14 BRIAN SIMPSON - Whisper To Me 10:09 JONATHAN FRITZEN - Sweet Spot (feat. Paul Brown) 10:05 PAUL BROWN - Makes Me Feel So Good 10:00 GREGG KARUKAS - I Mean What I Said 09:56 RICHARD ELLIOT - Move Ahead 09:52 JULIAN VAUGHN - Strut 09:48 WILL SUMNER - The Girl 09:44 JACKIEM JOYNER - In Your Eyes 09:39 THREESTYLE - Come 2 Me (feat. Magdalena Chovancova, Robert Fertl & Tim Owens) 09:35 TERENCE YOUNG - Without You 09:31 EUGE GROOVE - XXL 09:27 HIROSHIMA - One Wish 09:22 DOMINIC CAMARDELLA - Carmelita 09:18 DAVID BENOIT - The Bones 09:14 WARREN HILL - Gimme Some 09:09 BILL MCGEE - Full Circle 09:04 SONNY EMORY - Latina 09:00 VINCENT IOIA - All Day Music 08:56 PAUL DOZIER - Dancing by the Sea 08:51 INCOGNITO - Selfishly 08:47 ELAN TROTMAN - Tatianna Nale (feat. Julian Vaughn) 08:42 BLAKE AARON - Harmonious Funk 08:38 PHILLIP DOC MARTIN - Won't Let Go 08:34 MARK JAIMES - We'll See (feat. Peter White) 08:29 SEAN U - Second Wind 08:25 JOYCE COOLING - Green Impala 08:21 BRIAN SIMPSON - And the Story Goes 08:17 BONEY JAMES - Ain't No Sunshine 08:13 JACOB WEBB - Brazilian Moments 08:08 REGGIE CORDINGTON - Possibilities 08:04 HIROSHIMA - Lanai 08:00 KEITH ANDREW - Pookies Groove 07:55 NILS - Red Wine & Sunsets 07:51 BRIAN SIMPSON - In the Rain 07:47 JEANETTE HARRIS - 12 57 (feat. Marcus Anderson) 07:42 NELSON RANGELL - Mean Business 07:38 J. WHITE - Free 07:34 MARCIN NOWAKOWSKI - Let's Do It 07:29 PAUL BROWN - Moment by Moment 07:25 VINCENT INGALA - Read Between The Lines 07:20 TIM BOWMAN - Table for Two 07:16 ROCCO VENTRELLA - Stay Close to Me 07:12 GEN SAX - Trapped in the Beat 07:09 OLI SILK - Chill or Be Chilled 07:05 WILL DONATO - Show And Tell 07:00 GERALD ALBRIGHT - I Miss You 06:56 EUGE GROOVE - Slam Dunkn 06:52 DREAMING IN COLOUR - Davy's Byrne 06:48 FRANK MCCOMB - Patrice (For Patrice Rushen) 06:43 NAJEE - Day By Day 06:39 RAGAN WHITESIDE - Funktuation 06:34 PETER WHITE - For The Love Of You 06:29 MARCUS JOHNSON - The Journey 06:25 SERGEY CHIPENKO - All For You 06:19 ROBERT HARRIS - Midnight Rendezvous Live 06:15 JOHN E. LAWRENCE - Do Your Best 06:11 MARQUEAL JORDAN - I'm Coming Home (feat. Chris Big Dog Davis) 06:08 JACKIEM JOYNER - Secrets 06:04 GREGG KARUKAS - Daylight 06:00 JOEL DEL ROSARIO - Delicious Vinyl 05:55 KIM SCOTT - Give Thanks 05:51 MARCUS ANDERSON - Pure Love 05:46 PAUL TAYLOR - The Hills 05:42 BRIAN SIMPSON - A Love Like This 05:39 DIDIER LABOSSIERE - Soarin' 05:35 JACOB WEBB - Groovin' J 05:31 THREESTYLE - Ready to Go 05:27 KARLTON JONES - The Answer 05:23 PEET PROJECT - Trafiq Jam 05:19 BOBBY LYLE - Nujazzy (feat. Nathan East) 05:14 NILS - Dreamin' 05:10 JEANETTE HARRIS - Ja'licious 05:05 JEREMY HECTOR - Ascension 05:00 STEVE WATSON - Maria 04:56 RICHARD ELLIOT - Walk With Me 04:52 BRIAN SIMPSON - One and Only 04:49 BEN TANKARD - Thicker Than Water (Reality TV Mix) 04:45 JOY RIDE - What's Up 04:40 BILLYRAY SHEPPARD - On My Way Now 04:36 MARION MEADOWS - Any Time Any Place 04:33 OLI SILK - All We Need 04:29 DAVID BROUSSARD - Stardust 04:24 KIRK WHALUM - Courtney 04:21 PAUL BROWN - Chill Out 04:17 JAREZ - Around The World 04:12 PIECES OF A DREAM - Smoothing Out 04:08 DARRON COOKIE - Another Day at Work 04:04 NAJEE - Modern Lovers 04:00 NICK COLIONNE - Born Again 03:56 JUSTIN KLUNK - Make It Real 03:52 RICHARD ELLIOT - Lip Service 03:48 CAROL ALBERT - Angels Watching over Me 03:44 JAZZ FUNK SOUL - Room W Vu 03:39 VINCENT INGALA - Sunset On Marco 03:34 THE SMOOTH JAZZ ALLEY - New Hope 03:30 JACKIEM JOYNER - Evolve 03:25 DAVID BENOIT - Rejoyce 03:21 TIM BOWMAN - Rapture 03:17 PHILLIP DOC MARTIN - Club Life 03:12 MARCUS ANDERSON - Open The Eyes Of My Heart 03:07 GARY MEEK - Midnight Sky 03:04 BRIAN SIMPSON - Morning Samba 03:00 PATRICK YANDALL - Laws of Groovity 02:55 NELSON RANGELL - Reasons 02:51 CHRIS STANDRING - Mumbo Jumbo 02:47 ROB TARDIK - Smoothy (feat. Davor Jordanovski) 02:43 JS FLOYD - Foundation Funk 02:39 MARK JAIMES - Evenin' (feat. OLI SILK) 02:34 GARY MEGGS - Internal 02:29 AMANDUS - Quarter to Midnight 02:25 JEREMY HECTOR - Clarity 02:21 TONY SAUNDERS - Push 02:17 RONNY SMITH - Just Groovin 02:12 JULIAN VAUGHN - Finally 02:08 ED CALLE - Desert Rose 02:04 J. WHITE - Valley of the Sun 02:00 CHILLAXING JAZZ KOLLEKTION - Send My Love 01:56 MARION MEADOWS - Carousel 01:52 KONSTANTIN KLASHTORNI - I Feel It Coming 01:46 JIM ADKINS - Passing Through 01:42 PAUL BROWN - More or Les Paul 01:38 RANDY SCOTT - Affection 01:34 HIROSHIMA - Roomful of Mirrors 01:30 DARRON COOKIE - Calling on You 01:25 GERALD ALBRIGHT - Because Of You 01:20 3RD FORCE - Breakout 01:16 PAUL TAYLOR - Club 702 01:13 KAYLA WATERS - Signs And Wonders 01:08 CAROL ALBERT - Magic Mirror 01:04 HANK BILAL - Sunny Days 01:00 OLI SILK - Ahead of the Weather 00:55 ACOUSTIC ALCHEMY - She Speaks American English 00:51 PETER HEROLD - Seabreeze 00:48 JESSY J - Una Mas 00:44 JACKIEM JOYNER - When The Time Is Right 00:40 DARREN RAHN - Our Love 00:36 MARCUS ANDERSON - Passion Blend 00:31 GREG MANNING - I Can't Make You Love Me 00:26 DR. DAVE, THE HOUSECALL BAND - Carefree (Revisited Version) 00:22 PATRICK YANDALL - Whats Cookin 00:17 NORMAN BROWN - The Feeling I Get 00:13 BRENDAN ROTHWELL - Keep On Keepin' On 00:09 ROB TARDIK - Synergy (feat. Vincent Ingala) 00:05 SHAWN RAIFORD - Good Vibrations 00:00 VINCENT INGALA - K-Jee

[painterontheblood]

CHAPTER IV THE UNION OF ATTICA AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY

SECT. I. THE UNION OF ATTICA

When recorded history begins, the story of Athens is the story of Attica, the inhabitants of Attica are Athenians. But Attica, like its neighbour Boeotia and other countries of Greece, was once occupied by a number of independent states. Some of these little kingdoms are vaguely remembered in legends which tell of the giant Pallas who ruled at Pallene under the north-eastern slopes of Hymettus, of the dreaded Cephalus lord of the southern region of Thoricus, or of Porphyrion of mighty stature whose domain was at Athmonon under Mount Pentelicus. The hill of Munychia was, in the distant past, an island, and was crowned by a stronghold; the name Piracus has been supposed to preserve the memory of days when the lords of Munychia looked across to the mainland and spoke of the "opposite shore." At a later stage we find neighbouring villages uniting themselves together by political or religious bonds. Thus in the north, beyond Pentelicus, Marathon and Oenoe and two other towns formed a tetrapolis. Again Piraeus, adjacent Phaleron, and two other places joined in the common worship of the god Heracles, and were called the Four-Villages. Of all the lordships between Mount Cithaeron and Cape Sunium the two most important were those of Eleusis and Athens, severed from one another by the hill-chain of Aegaleos.

It was upon Athens, the stronghold in the midst of the Cephisian plain, five miles from the sea, that destiny devolved the task of working out the unity of Attica. This Cephisian plain, on the south side open to the Saronic gulf, is enclosed by hills, on the west by Aegaleos, on the north-west by Parnes, on the east by Hymettus, while the gap in the north-east, between Parnes and Hymettus, is filled by the gable-shaped mass of Pentelicus. The river Cephisus flows not far from Athens to westward, but the Acropolis was girt by two smaller streams, the Ilīsus and the Eridănus. We have seen that it had been occupied as an abode of men in the third millennium, and that in the bronze age it was one of the strong places of Greece. There still remain pieces of the wall of grey-blue limestone with which the Pelasgian lords of the castle secured the edge of their precipitous hill." The old wall was called the Pelargikon, but in later times this name was specially applied to the ground on the north-western slope. The Acropolis is joined to the Areopagus by a high saddle, which forms its natural approach, and on this sidewalls were so constructed that the main western entrance to the citadel lay through nine successive gates. At the north-western corner a covered staircase led down to the well of Clepsydra, which supplied the fortress with water; and on the north side there were two narrow "postern" descents into the plain, much steeper than that at Tiryns. We may take it that all these constructions were the work of the Pelasgians and were inherited by their Greek successors.

The first Greeks who won the Pelasgic acropolis were probably the Cecropes, and, though their name was forgotten as the name of an independent people, it survived in another form. For the later Athenians were always ready to describe themselves as the sons of Cecrops. This Cecrops was numbered among the imaginary pre-historic kings of Athens; he was nothing more than the fabulous ancestor of the Cecropes. But the time came when other Greek dwellers in Attica won the upper hand over the Cecropes, and brought with them the worship of Athena. It was a momentous day in the history of the land when the goddess, whose cult was already established in many other Attic places, took possession of the hill which was to be pre-eminently, and for all time, associated with her name. The Acropolis became Athenai; the folks ––whether Cecropes or Pelasgians–– who dwelled in the villages around it, on the banks of the Ilīsus and Eridănus, became Athenians. The god whom the Cecropes worshipped on the hill, Poseidon Erechtheus,was forced to give way to the goddess. Legend told that Athena and Poseidon had disputed the possession of the Acropolis, and that each had set a token there, the goddess her sacred olive-tree,the god a salt-spring. The dethroned deity was not banished; there was a conciliation, characteristic of the Greek temper, between the old and the new. Erechtheus in the shape of a snake is permitted still to live on the hill of Athena, and the oldest temple that was built for the goddess, harboured also the god. In later times Athenian "history" transformed Erechtheus into a hero, and regarded him, like Cecrops, as one of the early kings.

Athena and Poseidon on a vase painted by Amasis

There was another god who was closely associated in Attic legend with Athena, and Athens was distinguished by the high honour in which she held him. This was Hephaestus, the divine smith, the master and helper of handicraftsmen, the cunning giver of wealth. But we cannot say how far back his worship in Attica goes, or when his special feasts were instituted. It is probable that his honour grew along with the prosperity of the craftsmen. An Athenian poet calls his countrymen "sons of Hephaestus," and, according to one myth, it was from his seed that all the earth-born inhabitants of Attica were sprung. At the feast of Apaturia, in the last days of autumn, when children were admitted into the Phratries by a solemn ceremony, the fathers used to light torches at the hearth and sing a hymn to the lord of fire.

The next great step in Attic history was the union of the land.We cannot be certain at what time this union took place; it recedes beyond the beginnings of recorded history; and we can only dimly discern how it was brought about. When the lords of the Acropolis had subdued their own Cephisian plain, from Mount Parnes to the hill of Munychia, from the slopes of Hymettus to Aegaleos, they were tempted to extend their power eastward into the "Midland beyond Mount Hymettus, and subdue the southern "acté," wedge of land which ends in the lofty cape of Sunium. The completion of this conquest was possibly the first great achievement of Athens, and the second was probably the subjugation of the north-eastern plain of Marathon and the "tetrapolis." Thus the first stage in the union of Attica is the reduction of the small independent sovereignties throughout all the land, except the Eleusinian plain in the west, under the loose overlordship of Athens.

In the course of time the feeling of unity in Attica became so strong that all the smaller lordships, which formed parts of the large state, but still retained their separate political organisations,could be induced to surrender their home governments and merge themselves in a single community with a government centralised in the city of the Cephisian plain. The man of Thoricus or Aphidnae or Icaria now became a citizen of Athens and his political rights must be exercised there. The memory of this synoecism was preserved in historical times by an annual feast, and it was fitting that it should be so remembered, for it determined the whole history of Athens. From this time forward she is no longer merely the supreme city of Attica. She is neither the head of a league of partly independent states, nor yet a despotic mistress of subject-communities. She is not what Thebes is to become in Boeotia, or what Sparta is in Laconia. If she had been, and she might well have been, either of these things, her history would have been gravely altered. She is the central city of an united state; and to the people of every village in Attica belong the same political rights as to the people of Athens herself. The man of Marathon or the man of Thoricus is no longer an Attic, he is an Athenian. It is generally supposed that the synoecism was the work of one of the kings. It was undoubtedly the work of one man; but it is possible that it belongs to the period immediately succeeding the abolition of the royal power.

In after-times the Athenians thought that the hero Theseus,whom they had enrolled in the list of their early kings," was the author of the union of their country. But at the period when that union was brought about Theseus was not a national hero. He was a local god, worshipped in the Marathonian district and in the east coastlands of Attica; he had not yet won the importance which was to possess hereafter in Athenian myth and history.

SECT. 2. FOUNDATION OF THE ATHENIAN COMMONWEALTH

The early history of the Athenian constitution resembles that of most other Greek states, in the general fact that a royalty, subjected to various restrictions, passes into an aristocracy. But the details of the transition are peculiar, and the beginning of the republic seems to have been exceptionally early, The traditional names of the Attic kings who came after the hero Theseus are certainly in some cases, and, it may be, in most cases, fictitious, themost famous of them being the Neleid Codrus, who was said to

have sacrificed himself to save his country on the occasion of an attack of invaders from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians said that they had abolished royalty, on the death of Codrus, because he was too good to have a successor ––a curious reversal of the usual causes of such a revolution. But this story is a late invention. The first limitation of the royal power effected by the aristocracy was the institution of a polemarch or military commander. The supreme command of the army, which had belonged to the king, was transferred to him and he was elected from and by the nobles. The nextstep seems to have been the overthrow of the royal house by the powerful family of the Medontids. The Medontids did not themselves assume the royal title, nor did they abolish it. They instituted the office of archon or regent, and this office usurped the most important functions of the king. Acastus, the Medontid, was the first regent. We know that he was an historical person; the archons of later days always swore that they would be true to their oath even as Acastus. He held the post for life, and his successors after him; and thus the Medontids resembled kings, though they did not bear the kingly name. But they fell short of royalty in another way too; for each regent was elected by the community; the community was only bound to elect a member of the Medontid family. The next step in weakening the power of this kingly magistrate was the change of the regency from a life office to an office of ten years. This reform is said to have been effected about the middle of the eighth century. It is uncertain at what time the Medontids were deprived of their prerogative and the regency was thrown open to all the nobles. With the next step we reach firmer ground. The regency became a yearly office, and from this time onward an officiallist of the archons seems to have been preserved.

FIG. 43.-Codrus, going forth to his last battle, bids a friend farewell (Bolognacylix).

But meanwhile there were still kings at Athens. The Medontids had robbed the kings of their royal power, but they had not done away with the kings; there was to be a king at Athens till the latest days of the Athenian democracy. It seems probable that, as some historical analogies might suggest, the Medontids allowed the shadow of royalty to remain in the possession of the old royal house,so that for some time there would have been life-kings existing by the side of the life-regents; it is not likely that from the very first the kingship was degraded to be a yearly office, filled by electiton. This, however, was what it ultimately became.

The whole course of the constitutional development is uncertain; for it rests upon traditions, of which it is extremely hard to judge the value. But, whatever the details of the growth may have been, two important facts are to be grasped, One is that the fall royalty, which does not imply the abolition of the royal name, happened in Athens at an earlier period than in Greece generally. The other is that the Medontids were not kings, but archons ––the chiefs of an aristocracy. The great work of the Medontids wns the foundation of the Athenian commonwealth; and perhaps one of their house is to be remembered for another achievement, not less great, which has been already described, the union of Attiea.

That union need not be older than the ninth century, and it is possible that the same republican movement which led to the downfall of the old royal house of the Acropolis, led to the synoecism of Attica. The political union of a country demands a system of organisation; and the statesmen who united Attica sought their method of organisation from one of those cities of Ionia, which Athens came to look upon as her own daughters. All the inhabitants were distributed into four tribes, which were borrowed from Miletus. The curious names of these tribes––Geleontes, Argadeis, Aigicoreis, and Hoplētes––seem to have been derived from the worship of special deities; for instance, Geleontes from Zeus Geleon. But the original meanings of the names had entirely passed away, and the tribes were affiliated to Apollo Patrōos, the paternal Apollo, from whom all Athenians claimed descent. The Brotherhoods seem to have been reorganised and arranged under the tribes––three to each tribe; so that there were twelve brotherhoods in the Attic state. At the head of each tribe was a "tribe-king."

We can see the clan organisation at Athens better than elsewhere. The families of each clan derived themselves from a common ancestor, and most of the clan names are patronymics. The worship of this ancestor was the chief end of the society. All the clans alike worshipped Zeus Herkeios and Apollo Patrōos; many of them had a special connexion with other public cults. Each had a regular administration and officers, at the head of whom was an"archon." To these clans only members of the noble families belonged; but the other classes, the peasants and the craftsmen, formed similar organisations founded on the worship not of a common ancestor, for they could point to none, but some deity whom they chose. The members of these were called orgeōnes. This innovation heralds the advance of the lower classes to political importance.

The brotherhoods, composed of families whose lands adjoined, united their members in the cult of Zeus Phratrios and Athena Phratria. In early times only clansmen belonged to the brotherhoods, but here again a change takes place in the seventh century,and orgeones are admitted. The organisation was then used for the purposes of census. Every child whose parents were citizens must be admitted into a brotherhood; and, if this rite is neglected, he is regarded as illegitimate. It should be observed that illegitimacy at Athens did not deprive a man of political rights, but he could not lay claim by right of birth to his father's inheritance.

At a much later time the constitutional historians of Athens made out that the clans were artificial subdivisions of the brotherhoods. They said that each tribe was divided into three brotherhoods, each brotherhood into thirty clans, and it was even added that each clan comprised thirty men. This artificial scheme is true, so far as the relation of the tribe to the brotherhood is concerned; but it is not true in regard to the clan, and is refuted by the circumstance that the tribes consisted of others than clansmen.

SECT. 3. THE ARISTOCRACY IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY

Early in the seventh century, then, the Athenian republic was an aristocracy, and the executive was in the hands of three annually elected officers, the archon, the king, and the polemarch. The archon was the supreme judge in all civil suits. When he entered on office, he published a declaration that he would, throughout the term of his archonship, preserve the property of every citizen intact, At a later time this sphere of judicial power was limited and he judged mainly cases in which injured parents, orphans, heiresses were involved, He held the chief place among the magistrates, having his official residence in the Prytaneum where was the public hearth, and his name appeared at the head of official lists, whence he was called epōnymus; though the archonship was a later institution than that of polemarch, as is shown by the fact that no old religious ceremonies were performed by the archon, such as devolved upon the polemarch as well as upon the king. But the conduct of festivals instituted at later times was enlisted to him. Such was the Thargelia, the late-May feast of the first-fruits, the chief Athenian feast of Apollo, introduced from Delos probably in the seventh century; such was the great Dyonisia, which, as we shall see, were founded in the sixth. The polemarch had judicial duties, besides being commander-in-chief of the army. He held a court in the Epilykeion on the banks of the Ilisus, and  judged there all cases in which non-citizens were involved. Thus what the archon was for citizens, the polemarch was for class of foreign settlers who were called "metics." The king had his residence in the royal Stoa in the Agora. His functions were confined to the management of the state-religion, and the conduct of certain judicial cases connected with religion. He was president of the Council, and thus had considerable power and responsability in the conduct of the judicial functions of that body.

The Bulê or Council was the political organisation through which the nobles carried out, at Athens as elsewhere, the gradual abolition of monarchy. This Council of Elders––a part as we saw of the Aryan inheritance of the Greeks––came afterwards to be called at Athens the Council of the Areopagus, to distinguish it from other councils of later growth. This name was derived from one of the Council's most important functions. According to early custom, which we find reflected in Homer, murder and man-slaughter were not regarded as crimes against the state, but concerned exclusively the family of the slain man, which might either slay the slayer or accept a compensation. But gradually, as the worship of the souls of the dead and the deities of the underworld developed, the belief gained ground that he who shed blood was impure and needed cleansing. Accordingly when a murderer satisfied the kinsfolk of the murdered by paying a fine, he had also to submit to a process of purification, and satisfy the Chthonian gods and the Erinyes or Furies, who were, in the original conception, the souls of the dead clamouring for vengeance. This notion of manslaughter as a religious offence necessarily led to the interference of the state. For when the member of a community was impure, the stain drew down the anger of the gods upon the whole community, if the unclean were not driven out. Hence it came about that the state undertook the conduct of criminal justice. The Council itself formed the court, and the proceedings were closely associated with the worship of the Semnai. These Chthonian goddesses had a sanctuary, which served as a refuge for him whose hand was stained with bloodshed, on the north-east side of the Areopagus, outside the city wall. It is possible the the association of this hill with the god Ares is merely due to a popular etimology, for he had no shrine here; but the correct explanation of the name Areiospagos is not known. On this rugged spot, apart from but within sight of the dwellings of men, the Council held its sittings for cases of murder, violence with murderous intent, poisoning, and incendiarism, The accuser stood on the stone of Insolence, the accused on the stone of Recklessness, each a huge unhewn block.This function of the Council, which continued to belong to it after it had lost its other powers, procured it the name of Areopagus.

A sketch of what the Court of the Aeropagus is believed to have looked like.

During the period of the aristocracy, the Council was the governing body of Athens. We may be certain that the magistrates were always members; but otherwise we do not know how it was composed, and therefore can form no clear idea how the constitution worked. The Council doubtless exercised direct control over the election of the chief magistrates; but we need have small doubt that the king, the archon, and the polemarch were either elected by the Ecclesia consisting of the whole body of citizens entitled to vote, or at all events were chosen by the Council out of a limited number nominated by the Assembly.

As an achievement of the aristocracy we may regard the annexation of Eleusis. The Eleusinian kingdom bound in by Athens on one side and Megara on the other––its little bay locked by Megarian Salamis––did not play any part in any portion of Greek history of which we have the faintest record. But of its independent existence we have a clear echo in a hymn which tells the Eleusinian story of Demeter. That goddess, wandering in quest of her lost daughter Persephone, came to Eleusis, where she was hospitably entertained by the king, and would have made his infant son immortal but for the queen's want of faith. This poem is thought to have been composed in the seventh century, and, if so, the days when Eleusis was independent had not yet passed out of men's memories then.

The middle of the seventh century is marked by a further constitutional change, which is the result of various social changes.The aristocracy of birth is forced to widen into an aristocracy of wealth, The general causes of this change are to be found in the new economical conditions which have been already pointed out as affecting the whole Greek world in the seventh century. But to understand their operation and political consequences at Athens,we must look more closely into the classes of the Attic population and the social structure.

Under the rule of the kings and the aristocracies, the free population fell into three classes: the Eupatridae or nobles; " the Georgi or peasants who cultivated their own farms; and the Demiurgi (public workers), those who lived by trade or commerce. The Eupatrids originally lived in the country, and many Attic places were called from their families, such as Paeonidae or Butadae. After the synoecism, many of them came to live in the city. The Demiurgi had their settlements in the neighbourhood of the city––for example, there was the quarter of the "potters" north of the Areopagus––and also villages in the country, such as Pelekes or Daedalidae. But besides these classes of citizens, who had the right of attending the Assembly, there was a mass of freemen who were not citizens. Among these we can distinguish the agricultural labourers, who, having no land of their own, cultivated the estates of the nobles. In return for their labour they retained one-sixth of the produce and were hence called "Sixth-parters" (Hektemoroi).There were also the craftsmen who were employed and paid by the Demiurgi, and doubtless small retail dealers and others.

Although Attica seems to have taken no part in the colonising movements of the eighth and seventh centuries, the Athenians shared in the trading activities of the period and were profoundly affected by the economical revolution in the Greek world. The cultivation of the olive was becoming a feature of Attica, and its oil a profitable article of exportation. At the same time Attic potters were actively developing their industry on lines of their own, and Attic pottery was in the course of another century to become disseminated throughout the Mediterranean countries from Tuscany to Cyprus. Jars of this age have been found in tombs near the Dipylon gate on the north-west side of Athens, and these Dipylon vases, as they are called, give us a glimpse of the Attic civilisation of the period. We not only see a new style of vase-painting,with geometrical ornament and a symmetrical arrangement of the space at the painter's disposal; but in the pictures of funeral processions we can observe with what pomp and cost the Attic nobles buried their dead. In the graves where these vases were found, offerings were laid beside the dead, pottery and sometimes gold ornaments; and the sepulchral pit was surmounted not by a mound but by a tall clay jar with an opening below, through which drink offerings could be poured. But it must be noticed that soon after this epoch, the influence of Ionia made itself felt in Attica, and the custom was introduced of burning the dead; burial, however, was not discontinued; the two customs subsisted side by side. Ionia also influenced Athenian dress. The woollen peplos fastened with a pin was given up and the Ionian sleeved tunic or chiton, of linen, took its place.

Dipylon Vase, with ship (British museum)

It would be interesting if we might see in the rude representations of ships on some of the Dipylon vases an illustration of the beginnings of Attic seamanship. The sea traffic of Athens must have been rapidly growing in the first half of the seventh century. It is easy to see how the active participation of Athens in trade began to undermine the foundations of the aristocracy of birth, by introducing a new standard of social distinction. The nobles engaged in mercantile ventures with various success, some becoming richer, and others poorer; and the industrial folk increased in wealth and importance. The result would ultimately be that wealth would assert itself as well as birth, both socially and politically; and in the second half of the seventh century we find that, though the aristocracy has not been fully replaced by a timocracy, or constitution, in which political rights depend entirely on wealth, all the conditions are present for such a transformation, For we find the people divided into three classes according to their wealth. The principle of division was the annual yield of landed property, in corn, oil, or wine. The highest class was the Pentacosiomedimni. Before this name had any official meaning it was perhaps in popular use to designate those large proprietors whose income reached five hundred medimni of corn, at a time when oil and wine had not been much cultivated. When it acquired an official sense, it was defined to include those whose land produced at least so many measures (medimni) of corn and so many measures (metrētae) of oil or wine as together amounted to five hundred measures. The second class included those whose property produced more than three hundred but less than five hundred such measures. These were called Knights, and so represented roughly those who could maintain a horse and take their part in war as mounted soldiers. The minimum income of the third class was two hundred measures, and their name, Teamsters, shows that they were well-to-do peasants who could till their land with a pair of oxen. The chief magistracies of archon, king, and polemarch were confined to the first class, but the principle was admitted that a successful man, although not a Eupatrid, was eligible for the highest offices if his income amounted to 500 midemni, It was natural that the rating should be expressed in terms of wealth derived from land; but it is not a necessary inference that the handicraftsmen were entirely excluded, or that in order to win political rights they were forced to purchase estates.

At first this concession of the Eupatrids to their fellow-citizens did not practically amount to much. Most of the richest men in the state still belonged to the old clans; but the recognition of wealth as a political test could not fail to undermine ultimately the privileges of birth. The organisation of the lower classes into bodies resembling the Clans of the nobles, and their admission into the Brotherhoods, have been mentioned. It is probable that the institution of the Thesmothetae also marks a step in the self-assertion of these classes. The Thesmothetae were a college of six judges, who managed the whole judicial system of Athens. It was their duty to examine, and call attention to defects in, the laws, and to keep a record of judicial decisions; and they seem to have taken cognisance of all cases which belonged to the scope of the Council of Areopagus, except trials for murder. In fact, it looks as if they were practically a committee of that Council. They were elected annually, and it has been plausibly supposed that the number of six was determined by the fact that they originated in a compromise between the orders, three being Eupatrids, two Georgi, and one a Demiurgos. They were soon associated with the three chief magistrates, the archon, basileus, and polemarch; and the nine came to form a sort of college and were called the Nine Archons, Each of the Nine when he entered on his office took an oath that he would act in accordance with the laws, and vowed that if he committed any injustice he would dedicate in gold a man's statue of life-size. It was a penalty which no archon could have discharged.

Outside these classes were the smaller peasants who had land of their own, of which, however, the produce did not amount to two hundred measures of corn or oil, and the humbler handicraftsmen.These were called Thêtes, the name being perverted from its proper meaning of "labourers." The Thêtes were citizens, but had no political rights. Yet they were beginning to win a certain public importance. The conditions of a growing maritime trade led to the development of a navy. As the sea power grew, a new organisation was found necessary, and there can be little doubt that the duty of serving as marines in the penteconters mainly devolved upon the Thêtes, This gave them a new significance in the state, a significance which would strengthen their claim to political rights when the time for pressing that claim should come. We shall see hereafter how closely connected was the democracy of Athens with her sea power; and we can hardly be wrong in surmising the faint foreshadowings of that connexion at the very beginning of her naval history. Each of the four tribes was divided, for this purpose, into twelve districts called Naucrariae; each naucraria was probably bound to supply a ship. Thus the fleet consisted of forty-eight ships. The administration was directed by a body of naucrari, at the head of which were presidents; and the organisation might be found convenient for other than naval purposes. Thus the naucrari formed an important administrative council.

We see then that, in the middle of the seventh century, society in Attica is undergoing the change which is transforming the face of all the progressive parts of Hellas; wealth is competing with descent as a political test; and the aristocracy of birth seems to be passing into a timocracy. The power is in the hands of the three chief archons, who always belong to the class of wealthy nobles, and the Council of Areopagus, which is certainly composed of Eupatridae. But the classes outside the noble Clans, the smaller proprietors and the merchants, are beginning to assert themselves and make their weight felt; possibly the institution of the thesmothetae is due to their pressure. They also obtain admission into the Brotherhoods, which had been hitherto exclusive, Attic trade is rapidly growing. The commercial development promotes these democratic tendencies, and has also led to the creation of a fleet, which, since the poorest class of citizens are required to man it, renders that class important and prepares the way for its political recognition.

As yet, however, the naval establishment of Athens was but small compared with her neighbours Chalcis and Corinth, or her daughter cities of Ionia. And Aegina, which had come for a while under the influence of Argos, outstripped her. It is interesting to find these two cities, Athens and Aegina, which were in later times to be bitter rivals for the supremacy in their gulf, in the seventh century taking part in an association for maintaining the worship of Poseidon in the little island of Calauria, over against Troezen. Other coast towns of the Saronic and Argolic bays––Epidaurus, Troezen, Hermione, Nauplia, Prasiae––belonged to this sacred union; and the Boeotian Orchomenus, by virtue of the authority which she still possessed over the sailors of Anthedon, was also a member. There was no political significance in the joint Calaurian worship of these maritime towns; their seamen propitiated Poseidon at Calauria, just as they sacrificed to Panhellenic Zeus on the far-seen Mountain of Aegina. And they were not grudging votaries.They built a house for the sea-god in his island; its foundations have been recently uncovered, and it is one of the earliest stone temples whose ruins have been found in Greece.

Restos del templo de Poseidón de Calauria.

Attica, like the rest of the Greek world, was disturbed in her economic development by the invention of money. She had naturally been brought into close commercial relations with her neighbour Aegina, which at this time began to take a leading part in maritime enterprise. Accordingly we find Athens adopting the Aeginetan coinage, and using a system of weights and measures which was almost, if not quite, identical with the Aeginetan. The introduction of money, which was at first very scarce, and led to the accumulation of capital in the chests of successful speculators, was followed by a period of transition between the old system of the direct exchange of commodities and the new system of a metallic medium; and this transitional period was trying to all men of small means. But the inevitable economic crisis did not come at once, though all conditions of social distress were present, and a conflict between the rich and the poor was drawing steadily near. An event happened about thirty years before the end of the century which shows that the peasants were still loyal to the existing constitution.

The example of tyranny was infectious, and, as it flourished at the very door of Athens––in Megara and Corinth,––it was unlikely that some attempt should not be made at Athens too. A certain Cylon, of noble family, married the daughter of Theagenes, tyrant of Megara; and, under Megarian influence and with Megarian help, he tried to make himself master of the city. Consulting the Delphic oracle, he was advised to seize the Acropolis on the greatest festival of Zeus. Cylon, an Olympic victor himself, had no doubt that the feast of Olympia was meant; but when his plot failed, it was explained that the oracle referred to the Athenian feast of the Diasia in March, which was celebrated outside the city. Cylon enlisted in his enterprise a number of noble youths, and a band of Megarian soldiers were sent by Theagenes; he had no support among the people. He succeeded in seizing the Acropolis, but the sight of foreign soldiers effectually quenched any lurking sympathy that any of the Athenians might have felt for an effort to overthrow the government. The Council of the naucraries summoned the husbandmen from the country, and the summons was readily obeyed. Cylon was blockaded in the citadel, and, after a long siege when food and water began to fail, he escaped with his brother from the fortress. The rest were soon constrained to capitulate. They sought refuge in the temple of Athena Polias, and left it when the archons promised to spare their lives. But Megacles, of the Alcmaeonid family, was archon this year; and at his instigation the pledge was disregarded, and the conspirators were put to death. Some feud among the clans may have been at work here. The city was saved from a tyrant, but it had incurred a grave pollution. Such a violation of a solemn pledge to the suppliants who had trusted in the protection of the gods was an insult to the gods themselves; and the city was under a curse till the pollution should be removed. This view was urged by the secret friends of Cylon and those who hated the Alcmaeonids. And so it came to pass that while Cylon, his brother, and their descendants were condemned to disfranchisement and perpetual banishment, the Alcmaeonids and those who had acted with them were also tried on the charge of sacrilege and condemned to a perpetual exile, with confiscation of their property.And the bodies of those of the clan who had died between the deed of sacrilege and the passing of this sentence were exhumed and cast beyond the boundary of Attica. The banishment of the Alcmaeonids had consequences in the distant future, and we shall see how it comes into the practical politics of Athens two hundred years later. The tale is also told that the city required a further purification, and that a priest named Epimenides came from Crete and cleansed it. But it has been thought doubtful whether Epimenides is more than a mythical name like Orpheus, since another story brings him to Athens again, for similar purposes of atonement, more than a century afterwards; and then both tales are conciliated by ascribing to the seer a miraculous sleep of a hundred years.

Epimenides of Cnossos

In the course of the next ten years, the state of the peasants seems to have changed considerably for the worse. The outbreak of a war with Megara, in consequence of the plot of Cylon, aggravated the distress of the rural population; for the Attic coasts suffered from the depredations of the enemy, and the Megarian market was closed to the oil-trade. Whether the peasants, who groaned under the existing system, found leaders and extorted concessions from the government, or whether the ruling classes themselves saw the danger, and tried to prevent it by a timely concession, it was at all events decided that a code of law should be drawn up and written down. Probably men had been clamouring long to obtain this security for life and property; and what the thesmothetae may have already done by recording judicial decisions in writing was not enough. Dracon was appointed an extraordinary legislator (Thesmothetes), and empowered to codify and rectify the existing law. We know only the provisions of that part of his criminal law which dealt with the shedding of blood; for these provisions were not altered by subsequent legislation. In later times it was thought that Dracon revealed to the Athenians how harsh their laws were, and his name became proverbial for a severe lawgiver. An Athenian orator won credit for his epigram that Dracon's laws were written not in ink but in blood. This idea arose from the fact that certain small offences, such as stealing cabbage,were punished by death. A broader view, however, of Dracon's code will modify this view. He drew careful distinctions between murder and various kinds of accidental or justifiable manslaughter. In Dracon's laws we meet a body of fifty-one judges, called the Ephetae. They were chosen from the Eupatrids, but it is not clear whether they formed a part of the Council of the Areopagus or were a wholly distinct body. Those cases of bloodshed which did not come before the court of the Areopagus were tried by the Ephetae, in case the shedder of blood was known. According to the nature of the deed the Ephetae held their court in different places: in the temple of the Delphinian Apollo, in the Palladion at Phaleron, or at Phreatto, a tongue of land on the Munychian peninsula. This last court was used in the case of those who were tried for manslaughter committed abroad, and as they might not set foot on the soil of their country, they had to answer the charge standing in a boat drawn up near the shore. When the shedder of blood was not known, the case came before the King in the Prytaneum.

It is unfortunate that we are not informed of Dracon's other legislation. We know that the laws relating to debtors were stringent; the creditor could claim the person of the insolvent debtor. In general, he was bound to provide for the interests of the rich power-holding class; but it was at all events an enormous gain for the poor that those interests should be defined in writing.

SECT. 4. THE LEGISLATION OF SOLON AND THE FOUNDATIONOr DEMOCRACY

Dracon's code was something, but it did not touch the root of the evil. Every year the oppressiveness of the rich few and the impoverishment of the small farmer were increasing. Without capital, and obliged to borrow money, the small proprietors mortgaged their lands, which fell into the hands of capitalists, who lent money at ruinous interest. It must be remembered that money was still very scarce, and that the peasants had now to purchase all their needs in coin. Even in Attica the small peasant could not cope with the larger proprietor. Thus the little farms of Attica were covered with stones, on which the mortgage bonds were written; the large estates grew apace; the black earth, as Solon said, was enslaved.

The condition of the free labourers was even more deplorable. The sixth part of the produce, which was their wage, no longer suficed, under the new economical conditions, to support life, and they were forced into borrowing from their masters. The interest was high, the laws of debt were ruthless, and the person of the borrower was the pledge of repayment and forfeited to the lender in case of inability to pay. The result was that the class of free labourers was being gradually transformed into a class of slaves, whom their lords could sell when they chose.

Thus while the wealthy few were becoming wealthier and greedier, the small proprietors were becoming landless, and the landless freemen were becoming slaves. And the evil was aggravated by unjust judgments, and the perversion of law in favour of the rich and powerful. The social disease seemed likely to culminate in a political revolution. The people were bitter against their remorseless oppressors, and only wanted a leader to rebel. To any student of contemporary politics, observing the development in other states, a tyranny would have seemed the most probable solution. A tyranny had already, once at least, and probably more than once, been averted; and now, as it happened, the masses obtained a mediator, not a demagogue, a reform, not a revolution. The tyranny, though it was ultimately to come, was postponed for more than thirty years. The mediator in the civil strife was Solon, the son of Execestides, a noble connected with the house of the Medontids, He was a merchant, and belonged to the wealthiest class in the state. But he was very different from the Attic Eupatrids, rustic squires, of old fashions and narrow vision. We may guess that he had not been a home-keeping youth, but had visited the eastern coasts of the Aegean, whither mercantile concerns might have taken him. At all events, he had learned much from progressive Ionia. He had imbued himself with Ionic literature, and had mastered the art of writing verse in the Ionic idiom; so that he could himself take part in the intellectual movement of the day and become one of the sages of Greece. He was a poet, not because he was poetically inspired, like the Parian Archilochus of an earlier, or the Lesbian Sappho of his own, generation; but because at that time every man of letters was a poet; there was no prose literature. A hundred years later Solon would have used prose as the vehicle of his thoughts. His moderate temper made him generally popular; his knowledge gave him authority; and his countrymen called upon him, at last, to set their house in order, We are fortunate enough to possess portions of poems––political pamphlets––which he published for the purpose of guiding public opinion; and thus we have his view of the situation in his own words. He did not scruple to speak plainly.The social abuses and the sad state of the masses were clear to everybody, but Solon saw another side of the question; and he had no sympathy with the extreme revolutionary agitators who demanded a redistribution of lands. The more moderate of the nobles seem to have seen the danger and the urgent need of a new order of things; and thus it came to pass that Solon was solicited to undertake the work of reform. He definitely undertook the task and was elected archon, with extraordinary legislative powers, for the purpose of healing the evils of the state, and conciliating the classes.

Bust of Solon, copy from a Greek original (c. 110 BC) from the Farnese Collection, now at the National Archaeological Museum, Naples

Instead of making the usual declaration of the chief magistrate,that he would protect the property of all men undiminished, he made proclamation that all mortgages and debts by which the debtor's person was pledged were annulled, and that all those who had become slaves for debt were free. By this proclamation in that summer, memorable for the rescue of hundreds of poor wretches into liberty and hope, the Athenians "shook off their burdens," and this first act of Solon's social reform was called the Seisachtheia. The great deliverance was celebrated by a public feast.

The character of the remedial measures of Solon is imperfectly known. After the cancelling of old debts he passed a law which forbade debtors to be enslaved. He fixed a limit for the measure of land which could be owned by a single person, so as to prevent the growth of dangerously large estates. And he forbade the exportation of Attic products, except oil. For it had been found that so much corn was carried to foreign markets, where the prices were higher, that an insufficient supply remained for the population of Attica. It is to be observed that at this time the Athenians had not yet begun to import Pontic corn.

All these measures hit the rich hard, and created discontent with the reformer; while, on the other hand, he was far from satisfying the desires and hopes of the masses. He would not confiscate and redistribute the estates of the wealthy, as many wished. And, though he rescued the tree labourer from bondage, he made no change in the Sixth-part system, so that the condition of these landless freemen was improved only in so far as they could not be enslaved, and in so far as the law limiting exportation affected prices. And Solon was too discreet to attempt to interfere seriously with the conditions of the money market by artificial restrictions. He fixed no maximum rate of interest, and his monetary reforms must be kept strictly apart from his social reforms. Hitherto the Athenians did not coin money of their own. They used the Aeginetan currency. Solon inaugurated a native coinage, but he adopted the Euboic, not the Aeginetan, standard. Thus I00 of the new Attic drachmae were equivalent in value to about 70 Aeginetan drachmae. The Attic coinage introduced by Solon is to be brought into connexion, not with the domestic reform, but with the foreign policy of Athens, to which new prospects were opening. The old coinage attached her to Aegina, with which her relations were strained, and to her foe Megara; the new system seemed to invite her into the distant fields beyond the sea, where Chalcis and Corinth had led the way in opening up a new world. A generation later, a new monetary reform introduced a distinct Attic standard, slightly higher than the Euboic.

What Solon did to heal the social sores of his country entitled him to the most fervent gratitude, but it was no more than might have been done by any able and honest statesman who possessed men's confidence. His title to fame as one of the great statesmen of Europe rests upon his reform of the constitution. He discovered a secret of democracy, and he used his discovery to build up the constitution on democratic foundations. The Athenian common-wealth did not actually become a democracy till many years later; but Solon not only laid the foundations, he shaped the framework. At first sight, indeed, the state as he reformed it might seem little more than an aristocracy of wealth––a timocracy––with certain democratic tendencies. He retained the old graduation of the people in classes according to property. But he added the Thêtes as a fourth class, and gave it certain political rights. On the three higher classes devolved the public burdens, and they served as cavalry or as hoplites. The Thetes were employed as light-armed troops or as marines. It is probable that Solon made little or no change in regard to the offices which were open to each class. Pentacosio-medimni were alone eligible to the archonship, and for them alone was reserved the financial office of Treasurer of Athena. Other offices were open to the Hippês and the Zeugitae, but the distinction in privilege between them is unknown. The Thetes were not eligible to any of the offices of state, but they were admitted to take part in the meetings of the Ecclesia, and this gave them a voice in the election of the magistrates.

The opening of the Assembly to the lowest class was indeed an important step in the democratic direction; but it may have been only the end of a gradual process of widening, which had been going on under the aristocracy. The radical measure of Solon, which was the very corner-stone of the Athenian democracy, was his constitution of the courts of justice. He constituted a court out of all the citizens, including the Thetes; and as the panels of judges were enrolled by lot, the poorest burgher might have his turn. Any magistrate on laying down his office could be accused before the people in these courts; and thus the institution of popular courts invested the people with a supreme control over the administration. The people, sitting in sections as sworn judges,were called the Heliaea, ––as distinguished from the Ecclesia, in which they gathered to pass laws or choose magistrates, but were required to take no oath. Having in its hands both the appointment of the magistrates and the control possessed theoretically the sovereignty of the state; and the meting out of more privileges to the less wealthy classes could be merely a matter of time. At first the archons were not deprived of their judicial powers, and the heliaea acted as a court of appeal; but by degrees the competence of the archons was reduced to the conduct of the proceedings preliminary to a trial, and the heliaea became both the first and the final court.

The constitution of the judicial courts out of the whole people was the secret of democracy which Solon discovered. It is his title to fame in the history of the growth of popular government in Europe. Without ignoring the tendencies to a democratic development which existed before him, and without, on the other hand, disguising the privileges which he reserved to the upper classes, we can hardly hesitate to regard Solon as the founder of the Athenian democracy. It must indeed be confessed that there is much in the scope and intention of his constitution which it is difficult to appreciate, because we know so little of the older constitution which he reformed. Thus we have no definite record touching the composition of the Council of the Areopagus, touching its functions as a deliberative body and its relations to the Assembly, or touching the composition of the Assembly itself. We can, however, have little doubt that under the older commonwealth the Council of Elders exerted a preponderant influence over the Assembly, and that the business submitted to the Assembly, whether by the magistrates or in whatever way introduced, was previously discussed and settled by the Council. The founder of popular government could not leave this hinge of the aristocratic republic as it was. He must either totally change the character of the Council and transform it into a popular body, or he must deprive it of its deliberative functions in regard to the Assembly. Solon deprived the Council of Elders of these deliberative functions, so that it could no longer take any direct part in administration and legislation. But on the other hand he assigned to it a new and lofty rôle. He constituted it the protector of the constitution, and the guardian of the laws, giving it wide and undefined powers of control over the magistrates, and a censorial authority over the citizens. Its judicial and religious functions it retained. In order to bring it into harmony with the rest of his constitution, Solon seems to have altered the composition of the Council. Henceforward, at least, the nine archons at the end of their year of office became life-members of the Council of the Areopagus; and this was the manner in which the Council was recruited. Thus the Areopagites were virtually appointed by the people in the Assembly.

Having removed the Council of the Areopagus to this place of dignity, above and almost outside the constitution, Solon was obliged to create a new body to prepare the business for the Assembly. Such a body was indispensable, as the Greeks always recognised; and it is clear that in its absence enormous powers would have been placed in the hands of the magistrates, on whom the manipulation of the Assembly would have entirely devolved. The "probuleutic"Council which Solon instituted consisted of four hundred members; a hundred being taken from each of the four tribes, either chosen by the tribe itself or, more probably, picked by lot. All citizens of the three higher classes were eligible; the Thetes alone were excluded. In later days this Council––or rather a new Council which took its place––gained a large number of important powers, which made it to all intents an independent body in the state, but at first its functions seem to have been purely "probuleutic," and it has therefor rather the aspect of being merely a part of the organisation of the Assembly. It must always be remembered that it does not represent the Council of Elders of the Aryan foreworld; it does not correspond to the Gerusia of Sparta or the Senate of Rome. But it takes over certain functions which had before formed part of the duty of the Council of elders; it discusses beforehand the public matters which are to be submitted to the Assembly.

The use of lot for the purpose of appointing public officers was a feature of Solon's reforms, According to men's ideas in those days, lot committed the decision to the gods, and was thus a serious method of precedure––not a sign of political levity, as we should regard it now. But a device which superstition suggested was approved by the reflexions of philosophical statesmen; and lot was recognised as a valuable political engine for security against undue influence and for the protection of minorities. It was doubtless as a security against the undue influence of clans and parties that Solon used it. He applied it to the appointment of the chief magistrates themselves. But, religious though he was, he could not be blind to the danger of taking no human precautions against the falling of the lot upon an incompetent candidate. He therefore mixed the two devices of lot and election. Forty candidates were elected, ten from each tribe, by the voice of their tribesmen; and out of these the nine archons were picked by lot. It is probable that a similar mixed method was employed in the choice of the Four Hundred Councillors.

Solon sought to keep the political balance steady by securing that each of the four tribes should have an equal share in the government. He could hardly have done otherwise, and yet here we touch on the weak point in the fabric of his constitution. The gravest danger ahead was in truth not the strife of poor and rich, of noble lord and man of the people, but the deep-rooted and bitter jealousies which existed between many of the clans, While the clan had the tribe behind it and the tribe possessed political weight, such feuds might at any moment cause a civil war or a revolution. But it was reserved for a future lawgiver to grapple with this problem. Solon assuredly saw it, but he had no solution ready to hand; and the evil was closely connected with another evil, the local parties which divided Attica. For these dangers Solon offered no remedy, and therefore his work, though abiding in the highest sense, did not supply a final or even a brief pacification of the warring elements in the state. He is said to have passed a law––so clumsy, so difficult to render effective, that it is hard to believe that such an enactment was ever made––that in the case of a party struggle every burgher must take a side under pain of losing his civic rights. Solon, if he was indeed the author of such a measure, sought to avert the possible issues of political strife by forcing the best citizens to intervene; it was a safeguard, a clumsy safeguard, against the danger of a tyranny.

It is interesting to observe that in some directions Solon extended and in others restricted the freedom of the individual. He restricted it by sumptuary laws and severe penalties for idleness; he extended it by an enactment allowing a man who had no heirs of his body to will his property as he liked, instead of its going to the next of kin.12 One of Solon's first acts was to repeal all the legislation of Dracon, except the laws relating to manslaughter. His own laws were inscribed on wooden tables set in revolving frames called axǒnes, which were numbered, and the laws were quoted by the number of the axon. These tablets were kept in the Public hall, But copies were made on stone pillars, called in the old Attic tongue kyrbeis, and kept in the Portico of the King. Every citizen was required to take an oath that he would obey these laws; and it was ordered that the laws were to remain in force for a hundred years.

Solon had done his work boldly, but he had done it constitutionally. He had not made himself a tyrant, as he might easily have done, and as many expected him to do. On the contrary, one purpose of his reform was to forestall the necessity, and prevent the possibility, of a tyranny. He had not even become an aesymnetes––a legislator (like Pittacus) who for a number of years supersedes the constitution in order to reform it, and rules for that time with the absolute power of a tyrant. He had simply held the office of archon, invested, indeed, with extraordinary powers. To a superficial observer caution seemed the note of his reforms, and men were surprised, and many disgusted, by his cautiousness. His caution consisted in reserving the highest offices for men of property, and the truth probably is that in his time no others would have been fitted to perform the duties. But Solon has stated his own principle that the privileges of each class should be proportional to the public burdens which it can bear. This was the conservative feature of his legislation; and, seizing on it, democrats could make out a plausible case for regarding his constitution as simply a timocracy. When he laid down his office he was assailed by complaints, and he wrote elegies in which he explains his middle course and professes that he performed the things which he undertook without favour or fear. "I threw my stout shield," he says, "over both parties." He refused to entertain the idea of any modifications in his measures, and thinking that the reforms would work better in the absence of the reformer, he left Athens soon after his archonship and travelled for ten years, partly for mercantile ends, but perhaps chiefly from curiosity, to see strange places and strange men.

Though the remnants of his poems are fragmentary, though the recorded events of his life are meagre, and though the details of his legislation are dimly known and variously interpreted, the personality of Solon leaves a distinct impression on our minds. We know enough to see in him an embodiment of the ideal of intellectual and moral excellence of the early Greeks, and the greatest of their wise men. For him the first of the virtues was moderation, and his motto was "Avoid excess." He was in no vulgar sense a man of the world, for he was many-sided––poet and legislator, traveller and trader, noble and friend of the people. He had the insight to discern some of the yet undeveloped tendencies of the age, and could sympathise with other than the power-holding classes. He had meditated too deeply on the circumstances of humanity to find power a temptation; he never forgot that he was a traveller between life and death. It was a promising and characteristic act for a Greek state to commit the task of its reformation to such a man, and empower him to translate into definite legislative measures the views which he expressed in his poems.

Solon's social reforms inaugurated a permanent improvement. But his political measures, which he intended as a compromise, displeased many. Party strife broke out again bitterly soon after his archonship, and only to end, after thirty years, in the tyranny which It had been his dearest object to prevent. Of this strife we know little. It took the form of a struggle for the archonship, and two years are noted in which, in consequence of this struggle, no archons were elected, hence called years of anarchy, Then a certain archon, Damasias, attempted to convert his office into a permanent tyranny and actually held it for over two years. This attempt frightened the political parties into making a compromise of some sort. It was agreed that ten archons should be chosen, five Eupatrids, three Georgi, and two Demiurgi, all of course possessing the requisite minimum of wealth. It is unknown whether this arrangement was repeated after the year of its first trial, but it certainly did not lead to a permanent reconciliation.

The two great parties were those who were in the main satisfied with the new constitution of Solon, and those who disliked its democratic side and desired to return to the aristocratic government which he had subverted. The latter consisted chiefly of Eupatrids and were known as the men of the Plain. They were led by Lycurgus, and numbered among them the clan of the Philaidae––distinguished as the clan of Hippoclides, the wooer of Agarista, and destined to become more distinguished still as that of more than one Cimon and Miltiades. The opposite party of the Coast included not only the population of the coast, but the bulk of the middle classes, the peasants as well as the demiurgi, who were bettered by the changes of Solon. They were led by Megacles, son of Alcmaeon, the same Megacles who married Agarista. For one of Solon's measures was an act of amnesty which was couched in such terms that, while it did not benefit the descendants of Cylon, it permitted the return of the Alcmaeonidae. Their position severed them from the rest of the Eupatrids and associated them with the party which represented Solon's views.

— John Bagnell Bury

Obtenido de “A History of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great“. pps. 155-181

[quillfulwriter]

This song has married Ferdibert energy, come at me. It’s that supporting each other no matter what thing and the light/dark imagery that gets me.

[culturallyobessed]

Cimo Frankel Talks New Album with EODM's Jesse Hughes

Cimo Frankel Talks New Album with EODM’s Jesse Hughes

Multi-platinum songwriter, producer, and recording artist, Cimo Frankel just released his self-titled album via Universal Music. The album features 14 tracks and encompasses Cimo’s journey through heartbreak, loss, and happier times. The album comes to us fresh off the heels of the recently dropped single “World is Waking Up”, which was delivered to us during a time of fear and uncertainty in the…

[goodsouldept]

If this is not the end of a story.

https://www.facebook.com/officialgillchang https://www.facebook.com/cimofrankelofficial

(Gill Chang)

[cloudninefm]

Chill, Electronic | Gill Chang - Story (feat. Cimo Fränkel)

Happy Monday folks.. Here’s a little easy listening track for your transition into the week. Gill Chang returns with a different feel from what what we’re used to. Catchy vocals lead into a sexxxxyyy saxophone drop in this airy, atmospheric jam. Hit the stream and grab the FREE DL below.  

Free Download: Gill Chang - Story (feat. Cimo Fränkel)

Follow Cloudninefm on Soundcloud.

Follow Gill Chang on Soundcloud.

[lovemcdanno]

Strong Ones

[itsthebreakdown]

Group: NCT 127  

Song: Heartbreaker 

Album: Limitless 

Release Date: January 6, 2017  

Lyrics: Hwang Ji-Won 

Composers: Coach & Sendo, Jantine Annika Heij, Cimo Frankel, Rik Annema 

Label: SM Entertainment - KT Music 

Average Age of Members: 20.6

Numbers 

Total Number of Words: 272

 Average words per Member: 23

248 (91.2%) in Korean vs. 24 (8.8%) in English 

61 (22.4%) Sung by All vs. 253 (93%) by Individual 

Member with the Highest Number of Words: Taeil - 62 (22.8%)

Member with the Lowest Number of Words: Taeyong - 10 (3.7%)

Taeil - 62 Words

Haechan - 58 Words

Jaehyun - 32 Words

Doyoung - 31 Words

Yuta - 23 Words

Mark - 13 Words

Johnny & Winwin - 12 Words

Taeyong - 10 Words 

My Favorite Lyrics

Haechan & Mark 

어려워도 난 괜찮은데 천천히 네게 날 맞춰갈게 eoryeowodo nan gwaenchanheunde cheoncheonhi nege nal matchwogalge Though it’s hard, I’m alright I wanna slowly adjust myself to you

Doyoung & Johnny

Step by step 내게 너를 알려줘 A to Z 너면 뭐든 괜찮아 Step by step naege neoreul allyeojwo A to Z neomyeon mwodeun gwaenchanha Step by step, tell me about yourself A to Z, if it’s you, I like anything

Jaehyun

왜 알면 알수록 더 이해 할 수 없는 너 wae almyeon alsurok deo ihae hal su eopneun neo Why is it that the more I get to know you The more I don’t understand

Notes 

**If the lyrics are marked as Member & All, it simply goes to all.  Everyone is singing, but one person’s voice is just a little bit more noticeable than the others.  **

*When two singers sang together, I added it twice for each - but for the percentage and Number of words overall I took it out for the final count.  So It goes towards the personal members records and not the overall for the song.** 

IF YOU WOULD LIKE A SONG PLEASE LET ME KNOW (CURRENTLY JUST DOING SONGS I LIKE OR WANT TO KNOW MORE ABOUT) 

Links 

Lyrics: https://colorcodedlyrics.com/2017/01/nct-127-heartbreaker-lolleokoseuteo 

Info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitless_(NCT_127_EP) 

Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9raTi0OFt5A 

Masterlist

[93generation]

TEN SONGS

List 10 songs you're listening to a lot right now

Thank you @justagirlinafandomworld for tagging me, how did you know music and dance are my passions!! No doubt this is the most special and meaningful "tumblr game" to me because in my job I need to edit and mix a lot of music, so this is my playlist to not to suffer 😂 I'll be very glad if it helps someone to cheer up a little bit! BTW, send me your reviews if you listen to it! 😘💗

1. Jungle - X Ambassadors & Jamie N Commons 2. Legendary - Welshly Arms 3. Born Ready - Zayde Wølf 4. Happy Alone (feat. V. Bozeman) - Matrix & Futurebound 5. Bring It Back (feat. Stylo G) - Friction 6. En Llamas - Pol Granch & Natalia Lacunza 7. Sweet Goodbye (feat. Cimo Frankel) - Krono 8. Up and Running - Tristan Clopet 9. Me Gusta - Mikolas Josef 10. Body Language (feat. Miranda Glory & Haris) - Tujamo BONUS 11. Lose Control - Meduza, Becky Hill & Goodboys 12. Turn Me On (feat. Vula) - Riton & Oliver Heldens 13. Love & Affection - The green 14. Take Me Higher - Styline 15. Mind Blown - Syn Cole OK I’ll leave it here or else I´ll end up posting all of my playlists 😂

TAGS: @stachestachestachesebstan @seb-bill-and-tom-oh-my @capbuckyrogers @musette22 @marvelgirl7 @t4t4ttt444 @jhangelface0523 @reasonablespeculation AND anyone who’s interested!! 

[grumblesandmumbles]

Playlist Ask Meme

The rules of the game: you can usually tell a lot about a person by the type of music they listen to! Put your favorite playlist on shuffle and list the first 10 songs, then tag 10 people. No skipping! 

I used the dance playlist I have that I listen to when I work on How Deep Is Your Love aka my DJ MIckey/Dancer Ian AU.

Pierce Fulton - Kuaga

Above & Beyond - Making Plans

Armin van Buuren - Another You

JYYE - Stop and Listen (ft. Jex)

Markus Schulz - Destiny

ARTY - Daydreams (ft. Cimo Frankel)

Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight)

Lewis Capaldi - Hold Me While You Wait (Steve Void Remix)

Above & Beyond - Cold Feet

Sonny Fodera - Into You

Thanks for the tag @thevioletjones

I’ll tag @technotrousers @jellovich @damnnmilkovich @beckyharvey29 @wehangout @southernfriedblondebitch @fiona-fififi @biblionerd07 @the-rat-wins and @bisexualcaravaggio

[chrancecriber]

Radio NET Bulgaria (December 18, 2022)

23:56 WAYMAN TISDALE - Front Runna 23:51 CHRISTMAS CAROLS - Happy Christmas 23:47 PATRICK YANDALL - I See You 23:43 DANNY LERMAN - You Take My Breath Away 23:39 JACKIEM JOYNER - Journey of Passion 23:34 EVERETT B WALTERS - Mom's Biscuits 23:30 DAVE KOZ - This Christmas (feat. Eric Benet) 23:25 REI NARITA - Monsoon in Crimson 23:21 NORMAN BROWN - Heart To Heart 23:17 NILS - Step Into the Beat 23:13 PETER WHITE - Bright 23:09 RONNY SMITH - Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas 23:04 KIM WATERS - Reaching Out 23:00 KONSTANTIN KLASHTORNI - I Need You 22:59 MO'JARDO - Sonador 22:55 SUPER8 & TAB, JAN BURTON - Free Love 22:50 GARY B - Easier (Marga Sol Sunset Remix) 22:45 SAGI REI - Fall Again 22:41 ELLES DE GRAAF, MOONNIGHT - Sunset Kindness (Chill Out Mix) 22:38 IDENLINE - At Sunset (Original Mix) 22:31 DEEP SECTOR - Rainbows (Original Mix) 22:28 LOST FREQUENCIES, FLYNN - Recognise (Acoustic Version) 22:24 VELVET DREAMER - Summer Breeze 22:18 DENIS SERGEEV, 4ONE - Merging Of Two Destiny 22:12 R.I.B - I Look At Sea Horizon 22:07 THOMAS LEMMER - Through My Father's Eyes 22:02 VIVIAN LACOSTE - Ibiza Magica 21:58 PRIME CIRCLE - As Long As I Am Here (Cafe D'Afrique Mix) 21:53 ABOVE & BEYOND, OCEANLAB - I Am What I Am (Original Mix) 21:48 MATT DAREY, KATE LOUISE SMITH - See The Sun (Original Mix) 21:43 BISCAINE - Sunrise At Paradise Beach (Original Mix) 21:38 LUSTRAL - Raven (Album Mix) 21:32 SYNTHETICSAX - Beach (DJ Rostej Remix) 21:28 ARMIN VAN BUUREN, FIORA - Waiting For The Night (Zetandel Chill Out Mix) 21:21 MENZI - Aufbruch 21:14 FLAER SMIN - Alone In The Dark 21:11 SCUBBA, IVETTE MORAES, RONAN - The Sweetest Taboo (Remix) 21:06 ADELE - Skyfall (Skerdi M & Angelo DownTempo) 21:02 MODJO - Lady (Acoustic Version) 20:59 SENSPROOF - Starflight (Alex Atmospheric Chillout Remix) 20:56 AUDIO BULLYS - Take You There 20:50 NO HORIZONS, SHEEMA - Summer Son 20:46 DARK MATTERS, ANA CRIADO - The Quest Of A Dream (Original Mix) 20:42 MARIUS NEDELCU, RED HEAD - Rain (Acoustic Version) 20:39 GORDON GECO - Fade In Away 20:33 DINKA - Hotel Summerville (Original Mix) 20:28 HESS IS MORE - Yes Boss 20:24 DT8 PROJECT - Hold Me Till The End (Unplugged Mix Lounge Edit) 20:17 LERRY MULLER, ANETTA GRANT - Dreaming (Original) 20:14 KYLIE MINOGUE - Wonderful Life (Acoustic Version) 20:11 ASSMONKEYS, LYCK - Embrace My Heart (Bassmonkeys & Jenna Donnelly Moonlight Mix) 20:07 EL SEGUNDO - Blue Marlin (Juan Padilla Serve Chilled Remix) 20:03 NURKO, AUTREY - So Far Gone 20:00 LEMON ICE - Hello 19:56 TYDI, AUDREY GALLAGHER - World's Apart (Album Mix) 19:53 TYDI, TANIA ZYGAR - The Moment It Breaks (Original Mix) 19:47 ATB - Let U Go (Schiller Remix) 19:43 LEO ROJAS - Flying Heart 19:38 D-PULSE - Velocity Of Love (Original) 19:35 RUTH ANN - Beautiful 19:31 KRONO, CIMO FRANKEL - Sweet Goodbye 19:27 SWEET EUPHONY - After We Close Our Eyes (Chillout Version) 19:22 BLANK & JONES, CATHY BATTISTESSA - Miracle Man (Afterlife Remix) 19:18 PIANOCHOCOLATE - Les Souvenirs (Original Mix) 19:14 ZETANDEL, TIFF LACEY - Cosmos (Original Mix) 19:09 IT'S DIFFERENT - Tell Me 19:06 AREA CODE 51 - Chillout In Paris 19:01 MARIE THERESE - Gin And Tonic (Pier-o Bossa Chill Mix) 18:55 SIMON LE GREC, DENISE GUTTENBACH - Touch Me (Original Mix) 18:51 LIZ KAY - Castles In The Sky (Kenny Hayes Nitelite Mix) 18:47 AHY O - Shine On 18:43 SYLVERING - Strangelove 18:40 LOWLAND - Seven Cities 18:36 EMMA HEWITT - These Days Are Ours (Zetandel Chill Out Mix) 18:31 THE PROJECT PARADISE - We Love You Moscow (D.A.W. Remix) 18:27 DAN BALAN - Chica Bomb (DJ Dan Karim Chill Mix) 18:22 GOLD LOUNGE - She's Arriving 18:17 TRIANGLE SUN - White Song 18:13 ANDAIN - Much Too Much (Zetandel Chill Remix) 18:07 SHERRIE LEA - No Ordinary Love (Arnold T Chill Mix) 18:03 ZAZA, JORGE NAVA - Broken (Chill Mix) 17:59 SOLID SESSIONS - Janeiro (Chiller Twist Blue Line Remix) 17:56 ZARA, SNATT & VIX - No Angel (Zetandel Chill Out Mix) 17:52 PELARI, COLLIN WEX, DOMINIQUE FRICOT - Oasis (CollinWex Chill Mix) 17:48 ALY & FILA, JWAYDAN - We Control The Sunlight (Chill Out Mix) 17:39 EUPHONIC TRAVELLER - Crescent Bay (Original Mix) 17:35 THOMAS ANDERS - You're My Heart, You're My Soul (Acoustic Version) 17:29 YIRUMA - River Flows In You (N-Drew Fate Remix) 17:26 DJ PAULBASS, DJ GORODNEV & P.KOLVINKOVSKY - Call Me (Lounge Mix) 17:22 DJ SHAH, ADRINA THORPE - Who Will Find Me (Acoustic Version) 17:17 MATT DAREY FEAT. TIFF LACEY - Always 17:13 DJ A - Let Me Love You (Andreas Agiannitopoulos Remix) 17:08 LEMONGRASS - Pacific 17:04 LEO ROJAS - The last ot the Mohicans 17:00 METAHARMONIKS - Star 16:56 BK JACKSON - Wait For You 16:52 DREW DAVIDSEN - Sweet Spot (feat. Eric Marienthal) 16:47 DEAN JAMES - When I See You Smile 16:43 JEANETTE HARRIS - Angels We Have Heard On High 16:39 DEE BROWN - Tie The Knot (feat. Lin Rountree) 16:35 STEVE OLIVER - Up Front 16:29 BRIAN LENAIR - What Child Is This 16:25 MARION MEADOWS - Pandora 16:20 EUGE GROOVE - Faithful Central 16:16 VINCENT INGALA - What Does It Take (Vinnie's Take) 16:12 DARREN MOTAMEDY - Ascension 16:08 JUSTIN YOUNG - Silent Night 16:04 ZOLBERT - One 16:00 ROCCO VENTRELLA - Swagger 15:56 GREGG KARUKAS - My Favorite Season 15:51 ROBERTO RESTUCCIA - With Every Turn 15:46 ELAN TROTMAN - Brighter Days Ahead (feat. Adam Hawley) 15:43 DAVE KOZ - Eight Candles 15:39 PAOLO RUSTICHELLI - Romamor (Smooth mix) 15:35 MARCUS ANDERSON - Let's Groove 15:30 DR. SAXLOVE - Greensleeves 15:25 TERRENCE RICHBURG - Treasures 15:21 NICK COLIONNE - Still Connected 15:17 U-NAM - Groove Paradise 15:12 PETER WHITE - Bullseye 15:07 BRADLEY LEIGHTON - Little Drummer Boy 15:03 JAMES LLOYD - Here We Go 15:00 JAZMIN GHENT - Amends 14:56 BRAD ALEXANDER - It's About Time (feat. Dee Lucas) 14:51 KIM WATERS - Stay Together 14:47 KONSTANTIN KLASHTORNI - Just Feels Right 14:44 MICHAEL MCDONALD - This Christmas 14:39 RYAN LA VALETTE - No Limits 14:36 ED CALLE - What You Won't Do for Love 14:31 AARON BING - Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas 14:27 ERIC DARIUS - That's My Jam 14:23 DAN ALAN LEVINE - Our Kind Of Love (feat. Kim Scott & Jeanette Harris) 14:19 TONY SAUNDERS - Best Part 14:13 TOM BRAXTON - How Do I Live 14:09 TONY CRADDOCK JR. - God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen 14:04 CINDY BRADLEY - Wind Chill Factor 14:00 SHAWN RAIFORD - I Like It 13:56 VINCENT INGALA - Nasty 13:52 DONALD HAYES - Front Ground 13:48 RONNY SMITH - Smooth 13:44 LARRY CARLTON, PAUL BROWN - Soul Searchin' 13:41 HERB ALPERT - Let It Snow - Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer 13:36 DARREN MOTAMEDY - All About Love 13:28 RONNY JORDAN - Silent Night 13:24 WAKANA - Saxcess Story (feat. Greg Manning) 13:19 AL DEGREGORIS - The Other Night 13:15 ALEXANDER ZONJIC - Rolling in the Deep 13:11 KAYLA WATERS - Apogee 13:08 SHARMOND SMITH - Hark The Herald Angels Sing 13:05 SAM BASSMAN JENKINS - After Hours 13:00 GREGG KARUKAS - Barracude Bob 12:56 AL DEGREGORIS - JD's Groove 12:52 NICK COLIONNE - Nico's Ride 12:47 MARION MEADOWS - Mother Earth 12:43 NILS - Above the Clouds 12:40 SHIN GIWON CHRISTMAS CAROL COLLECTION - Winter Wonderland 12:36 MARCUS ANDERSON - Vanilla Mocha 12:32 ROD TATE - Dinner and a Movie 12:28 JOYCE COOLING - Christmas, Christmas 12:24 NORMAN BROWN - Just Groovin' 12:20 ROCCO VENTRELLA - Love 12:16 BRAD ALEXANDER - Because of Who You Are 12:11 KIM WATERS - This Is It 12:08 ART MORRIS - White Christmas 12:04 KONSTANTIN KLASHTORNI - Lovely Day 12:00 VANN BURCHFIELD - That's the Way Love Goes 11:56 ED CALLE - River of Dreams 11:53 JAREZ - Lil Jazzy 11:48 ERIC DARIUS - Nu Trane Of Thought 11:42 SAM LEVINE - Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas 11:38 ANDY SNITZER - Only With You 11:33 NELSON RANGELL - Like No Tomorrow 11:29 FANTASIA - This Christmas 11:25 ROB TARDIK - Bounce 11:21 DR. DAVE, THE HOUSECALL BAND - Cecil's Groove 11:16 LOWELL HOPPER - You've Got to Get It (feat. G. Vernon Burrell, Jr.) 11:11 TERENCE YOUNG - Island Love 11:07 SHAKATAK - Jingle Bells 11:04 NICHOLAS COLE - Whodat 11:00 DEMETRIUS NABORS - Shine (feat. Randy Scott) 10:56 DARREN RAHN - Sonic Boom (feat. Jonathan Fritzen) 10:52 RICK HABANA - Smooth It Out (feat. Paul Brown) 10:47 PAUL BROWN - Let Me Love You 10:43 DAVE KOZ - It's Beginning To Look A Lot Like Christmas (Feat. Jonathan Butler) 10:39 GINO ROSARIA - Pool Party 10:35 DANNY LERMAN - Gotcha! 10:31 DR. SAXLOVE - Silent Night 10:27 PATRICK BRADLEY - Sip' n the Breeze 10:22 MARCIN NOWAKOWSKI - Wake up! 10:18 3RD FORCE - Compassion Passion 10:13 MARCUS ANDERSON - For Your Glory 10:07 MARION MEADOWS - God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen 10:04 NILS - Tangie 10:00 NICK COLIONNE - Just Being Me 09:56 JODY MAYFIELD - Epiphany 09:52 PETER WHITE - Pedro Blanco 09:48 NORMAN BROWN - I Miss Your Groove 09:43 REZA KHAN - December 09:39 AL GOMEZ - Paragon 09:35 KIM WATERS - Morning Star 09:31 HERB ALPERT - White Christmas 09:26 KONSTANTIN KLASHTORNI - One Call Away 09:22 NATE HARASIM - Iridescence (feat. Cindy Bradley) 09:17 GERALD ALBRIGHT - Split Decision 09:13 TONY SAUNDERS - All About Love 09:08 DANIEL D. - Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas 09:03 NOTEWORTHY BAND - Surf to Smooth 09:00 PAUL TUVMAN - Here Comes the Sun 08:56 JEFF RYAN - Versace on the Floor 08:52 PETER HEROLD - Better One 08:48 JACKIEM JOYNER - Kineen 08:43 LOWELL HOPPER - Unconditional 08:40 SYLVIA BENNETT - Winter Wonderland 08:36 ZOLBERT - Ocean Breeze 08:31 NICHOLAS COLE - Let's Play 08:28 DAMIEN ESCOBAR - Do You Hear What I Hear 08:25 PATRICK YANDALL - The Beat Generation 08:21 NAJEE - Bottom To The Top 08:16 KEN NAVARRO - Wake Up Call 08:13 CHRIS BIG DOG DAVIS - It's All Love 08:09 MARIEA ANTOINETTE - My Favorite Things 08:04 HIROSHIMA - Daydreamer 08:00 ROB SABADO - Spice Of Life 07:56 PAUL BROWN, EUGE GROOVE - From the Ground Up 07:51 JEREMY HECTOR - Spray Bay 07:47 BONEY JAMES - Drumline 07:44 DR. SAXLOVE - O Come All Ye Faithful 07:40 PETER WHITE - In The Rain 07:36 MARCUS ANDERSON - 2.0 07:32 CASTELLA - Sleigh Ride 07:27 NILS - Georgy Porgy 07:22 CHIELI MINUCCI - Come As You Are 07:18 ROB MALETICK - In My Arms 07:14 MICHAEL SILVERMAN, ERIC MARIENTHAL - Clearwater 07:09 STEVE OLIVER - The Christmas Song 07:05 ERIC MARIENTHAL - I Believe In You 07:00 CRAIG SHARMAT - Nite Moves 06:57 ACOUSTIC ALCHEMY - Stealing Hearts 06:53 JOHN NOVELLO - Give You My World 06:48 KONSTANTIN KLASHTORNI - Drive Me Home 06:43 LISA ADDEO - Touch Me In The Night 06:40 THE JT PROJECT - This Christmas 06:36 JEFF RYAN - Dusk To Dawn 06:32 JEFF LORBER FUSION - Curiosity 06:28 K.VIO, TIM TONIC - The First Noel 06:25 TOM BRAXTON - The J Factor 06:20 KENNEY POLSON - Innocence 06:16 MARCUS JOHNSON - Holding Back The Years 06:12 DEE BROWN - Surrender 06:09 VINCENT INGALA - Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas 06:04 DIRK K - It's On 06:00 DARREN RAHN - D-Luxe 05:55 DOMINIC CAMARDELLA - Shine 05:51 JIM ADKINS - Thinking out Loud 05:47 TIM BOWMAN - Tan Hermosa (So Beautiful) 05:43 SHAKATAK - Christmas Eve 05:39 ALTHEA RENE - Seven Years of Good Luck 05:35 RICHARD ELLIOT - Slam 05:30 BRIAN LENAIR - My Favorite Things 05:26 JODY MAYFIELD - Summer Rain (feat. Michael Tarpley) 05:21 JOYCE COOLING - Little Five Points 05:16 DARREN MOTAMEDY - Candleglow 05:12 ANDRE CAVOR - Without a Doubt 05:09 DAVE KOZ - Last Christmas 05:04 JULIAN VAUGHN - A Feeling 05:00 HIROSHIMA - Always Tomorrow 04:56 MARCUS JOHNSON - The Journey 04:52 BRIAN SIMPSON - Daybreak 04:48 MICHAEL BROENING - Summer In Blue 04:44 MICHAEL SILVERMAN, ERIC MARIENTHAL - Clearwater 04:39 DRIVETIME - Christmas Time Is Here 04:35 PETER WHITE - Play Your Guitar For Me 04:32 STEVE OLIVER - Watching the World 04:28 BEN TANKARD - Christmas Love 04:24 RAGAN WHITESIDE - In Love 04:20 KIM WATERS - Secret Romance 04:16 JOHN NOVELLO - I Can't Stop My Heart 04:12 KONSTANTIN KLASHTORNI - You Look Good 04:08 GERALD ALBRIGHT - O Little Town Of Bethlehem 04:04 LISA ADDEO - She Closed Her Eyes In Paris 04:00 ERIC MARIENTHAL - Just Around The Corner 03:56 JEFF LORBER FUSION - Day One 03:53 KEITH ANDREW - Little Sierra 03:49 ROD TATE - Kool 03:45 MARQUEAL JORDAN - What Key 03:40 SMOOTH SOUL HOLIDAY - Angel's Serenade 03:36 MARC ANTOINE - Groovy Sunday 03:33 JACKIEM JOYNER - This Time Around 03:29 ANDRE DELANO - O Come All Ye Faithful 03:25 JAREZ - Its Over 03:21 VINCENT INGALA - Love On Hold 03:17 NICHOLAS COLE - Please Don't Say No (feat. Tim Bowman) 03:13 DARRIUS JAMAR - Heaven 03:09 AARON BING - Silver Bells 03:05 NORTH 2UNES WOODALL - I Want Her 03:00 JAZZ FUNK SOUL - You'll Know When You Know 02:56 RICHARD ELLIOT - Secrets 02:52 DOMINIC CAMARDELLA - Life Goes On 02:48 JODY MAYFIELD - Manhattan Cafe 02:44 MARCIN NOWAKOWSKI - Give And Take 02:42 ART MORRIS - Let It Snow 02:37 GREGG KARUKAS - Isabella 02:33 NICK COLIONNE - Circles 02:30 JOYCE COOLING - It's Feeling Like Christmas 02:25 JULIAN VAUGHN - All to Myself 02:21 ZOLBERT - Free 02:17 MARCUS ANDERSON - He Lives 02:12 QUINTIN GERARD W. - He Loves to Play for Yahweh (Bonus Track) 02:09 DAVE KOZ - Beneath The Moonlit Sky 02:05 BLAKE AARON - Sunday Strut (feat. Najee) 02:00 OLI SILK - Take Me Away 01:56 STEVE OLIVER - Global Kiss 01:52 JEFF GOLUB - Here Comes Santa Claus 01:48 ZOLBERT - On My Way 01:43 KIM WATERS - Bring It 01:39 KONSTANTIN KLASHTORNI - Forever In Love 01:34 RJC (Rhythm & Jazz Coalition) - Best Part 01:29 GERALD ALBRIGHT - O Holy Night 01:24 SPECIAL EFX - Another Day, Another Smile 01:19 JOE MCBRIDE, THE TEXAS RHYTHM CLUB - Lakewood 01:15 J. WHITE - Reborn 01:11 ROBERTO VALLY - Just Say Yes 01:08 SYLVIA BENNETT - Wrap You Up For Christmas 01:04 MARCIA MIGET - Moonbeams 01:00 MARION MEADOWS - Magic Men 00:55 SERGIO SALVATORE - (There's No Place Like) Home For The Holidays 00:51 TONY SAUNDERS - Theme for Ellen 00:47 JACKIEM JOYNER - That Good Thing 00:43 ADAM HAWLEY - I Don't Mind (Feat. Euge Groove) 00:38 JEFF KASHIWA - Free Flyer 00:34 ROBERT HARRIS - Standing by a Friend 00:29 AARON BING - The Christmas Song 00:25 KENNY PORE - The Road Chosen 00:20 KOOL&KLEAN - Begin Again 00:17 NICHOLAS COLE - Secrets of the Heart 00:12 JODY MAYFIELD - Doing The Do (feat. Jacques Lesure) 00:08 ANDRE DELANO - It Came Upon a Midnight Clear 00:04 DOCTOR X - Magneto 00:00 BLAIR BRYANT - Footsteps in the Dark

[calderamusic]

TRANCE IN HEART #223 - CalDerA - Progres. Vocal trance - For AVIV Media (14 Tracks 127/132 Bpm)

1 All Comes Down (Extended Mix) Armin Van Buuren Ft. Cimo Frankel 2 Us (Extended Mix) Steve Brian feat. Christian Carcamo 3 Can You (Extended Mix) ilan Bluestone & Maor Levi feat. Gid Sedgwick 4 Coming On Strong (Extended Mix) Gabriel & Dresden feat. Sub Teal 5 Hold of You (Denis Kenzo Extended Mix) Kaimo K 6 Forever Young (Extended Mix) Feenixpawl & Marcus Santoro 7 Alone Tonight (Above & Beyond’s Gorge Update) Above & Beyond 8 Alice's Door (DRYM Extended Remix) Sleepthief & Zoe Johnston 9 Deception (Extended Mix) Maor Levi 10 Long Way Home (Extended Mix) Tritonal, HALIENE, SCHALA & Jorza 11 Song I Sing (Extended Mix) Armin Van Buuren Ft. Haliene 12 Agrippas (Extended Mix) Yoel Lewis 13 Stay (Extended Mix) Alex Sonata & TheRio With. Linnea Schossow 14 Another Day in L.A. (Extended Mix) Giuseppe Ottaviani

[romanceboys]

tracklist — the first album face 01. 센 척 안 해 (one of those nights) (feat. crush) lyrics by kenzie composed by noah conrad / jake torrey / riley thomas donnell / daniel doron henig / adrian mckinnon arranged by noah conrad / jake torrey 02. good good lyrics by jo yoon kyung composed by diederik van elsas / justin jesso / scotty grand / tom docherty / ryan s. jhun arranged by diederik van elsas / tom docherty / ryan s. jhun 03. honest lyrics by zaya (153/joombas) composed by jon asher / dylan bernard / michael (r!ot) wyckoff arranged by jon asher / michael (r!ot) wyckoff 04. forever yours (feat. soyou) lyrics by jo yoon kyung composed & arranged by ldn noise / daecolm diego holland 05. imagine lyrics by adrian mckinnon composed by adrian mckinnon / 탁 (tak) arranged by 탁 (tak) 06. chemicals lyrics by kang eun jung composed by imlay / skrillex / valentino khan / cimo frankel / rik annema / jantine annika heji arranged by imlay 07. i will fight (feat. 빈첸 (vinxen)) lyrics by key / 빈첸 (vinxen) composed by bhavik pattani / chelcee grimes arranged by bhavik pattani 08. easy to love lyrics by key / jq / moon hee yeon composed by mike woods / kevin white / andrew bazzi / mzmc arranged by rice n’ peas 09. 미워 (the duty of love) lyrics by key composed by chris meyer / chris wahle arranged by chris wahle 10. this life lyrics by key composed by choi jeon seok / nermin harambasic / alexander magnus karlsson / anne judith stokke wik / ronny svendsen arranged by choi jeon seok

[cruelrhythm]

don’t let them see.

[culturallyobessed]

RECORDING ARTIST CIMO FRÄNKEL RELEASES SELF-TITLED ALBUM

Cimo Fränkel, a multi-platinum songwriter, producer, and recording artist just released his first self-titled album via Universal Music. The album features 14 tracks and encompasses Cimo’s journey through heartbreak, loss, and happier times. Click [here] to listen.

“This album is special to me because it wasn’t written and produced in one place. I traveled the world during that time which…

[ilovetechnodisco]

ARTY (feat Cimo Fränkel) - Daydreams (RetroVision remix)