#childhood obesity symptoms

[diabetes-health-corner]

Obese Kids, Future Diabetics

The WHO describes childhood obesity as one of the 21st Century’s most serious public health challenges. If nothing else, just the knowledge of how difficult it is to treat obesity makes prevention of childhood obesity vital. Here are some simple yet effective ways to prevent childhood obesity.

Click here to read more: https://www.freedomfromdiabetes.org/blog/post/obese-kids-future-diabetics/2718

[sasquotch]

the whole "trans men just have sexual trauma" thing absolutely infuriates me, as someone who was practically brainwashed into believing i was raped by conversion therapists as a kid.

i have been an obvious transsexual my entire life. i told everyone i was a boy. i was just told it was normal and nobody wants to be a girl. i told my mom i wanted a dick and balls and she said, "no you dont."

i was put in conversion therapy, diagnosed with autism, despite not having many of the symptoms, and put on Risperdal. an anti psychotic drug that was not meant to be used in children as young as i was, that also "just so happens" to cause out of control breast growth. (it also caused me to become obese and struggle with my weight for years even after i stopped taking it, despite never having weight problems before.)

therapists and my parents would constantly tell me that i was hiding something and try to hypnotize me into remembering it, i had no idea what it was, i was told something horrible happened to me and i had to remember it, i kept telling them i dont remember, and they told me i had memory problems. they kept telling me i had a memory locked away somewhere and i had to recover it, i had no idea what they meant by this.

i have no idea how to describe the way that i felt because of this. the feeling didnt go away when the therapy ended. it stayed with me for YEARS. my entire childhood and most of my teenage years i felt like i had a dark and evil secret that i couldnt even remember. it stuck with me, i didnt even know what it was. they marked me socially and mentally as a "rape victim" without it even happening, without me even understanding what they had done.

i didnt find out until i was a teenager that the therapists were telling my parents i had been raped. based on nothing. you know what happened in these therapy sessions? i played with animal toys and told the therapist i didnt want to go to school and that i wanted to be a boy. i told them i hated my name. and wanted to be called by a different name. they told me i had a deep dark secret i needed to remember and confess to them.

because marking me as someone who had been raped would emasculate me.

[transmutationisms]

this is probably shaped by my limited frame of reference, but im really fascinated by witnessing the real-time development of adhd as a diagnosis. people attribute so many symptoms to it now or maybe they always did? i was wondering if you have any thoughts on what is the use of adhd specifically as a category within psychiatry. I'm esl so sorry for any confusing wording

no you're right imo; diagnostic categories are always somewhat in flux ofc but ADHD is one that has seen a particularly pronounced shift in the last couple decades. obviously this is multifactorial but my observation goes something along these lines:

'hyperactivity' has been dx'd in children since about the 1950s (also when Ritalin hit the market) but the ADHD dx doesn't really take off until the 90s (also when Adderall, a 2nd-gen reformulation of the 'obesity' drug Obetrol, hit the market). so, it's not all that surprising that 20 years later you see increased patient awareness of the diagnosis, increased popular interest in it, and shifting / expanding ideas of what it means and what ADHD 'is'. it's a relatively young dx.

part of the reason it's young is because it's basically a 'biopsychiatric' dx, meaning it diagnoses certain behaviours as being a 'brain problem' rather than having social causes or context. in practice this is complicated because psychs do use pharmacological approaches in conjunction with psychodynamic ones all the time; nevertheless, the central promise of DSM ADHD and its pharmaceutical treatments has consistently been that the ADHD subject has a physiological, neurological disorder / dysfunction / aberration, and that the drug treatments on the market fix it. that none of this is actually empirically supported is conceptually inconvenient and entrenched by the research process.

the biopsychiatric narrative is worth paying attention to because the context here is one in which it has become commonly accepted that behavioural 'disorders' and affective distress of various kinds can be, basically, either of pure biological origin, or else Your Fault. in the case of childhood hyperactivity, Your Fault historically also included Your Mother's Fault; part of the reason many mothers embraced Ritalin in the 50s and 60s was because the proffered pharmaceutical narrative explicitly challenged the idea that these mothers had done something 'wrong' to result in their (mostly) sons exhibiting disruptive and hyperactive behaviour.

this dichotomy of biology vs personal failing is very overtly present in quite a bit of discourse around ADHD today. if it's my brain being 'wrong' or different, then it's not something I've done wrong but a disease with a simple chemical fix. in this context I don't think it's surprising at all that a lot of popular and patient conceptions of ADHD have seen a considerable widening over the past few decades. often people like to blame this on pharmaceutical companies, and it's true that industry benefits from these discourses and frequently invests in them (eg, via instruments like ADDitude mag). however, that's a pretty simplistic explanation on its own and doesn't really account for the ways in which patients and potential patients also find this diagnostic category personally useful, for reasons ranging from identity-formation to the desire to access prescription amphetamines. ADHD increasingly shows up as a biologised explanation for behaviours ranging from 'eating too many sweets' to 'postural sway' and so on. you can see in such examples how invoking the idea of an aberrant ADHD brain is both reassuring to people who have been made to feel ashamed of certain behaviours, and provides a sense of shared identity and community with others.

all of this is to say: I don't find it surprising at all when I see a relative broadening of notions of ADHD, almost always expressed in biological terms (the 'ADHD brain' operates differently, 'seeks dopamine', causes this or that). ADHD is in some ways a particularly blatant distillation of this general trend in popular psychiatric discourses, for reasons relating to expectations about childhood and child behaviour, and the historical and present relationship between the ADHD label and the regulation of amphetamines. but much of what's happening with ADHD in terms of popular discourses about it can also be seen with many, many other psychiatric diagnoses, to varying extents and in various ways.

my experience writing about ADHD on this website leads me to close by explicitly stating the following: I do not think any ADHD behaviours / symptoms are people's 'fault' or an individual failing; I do not think using drugs for any reason is morally bad or needs to be justified; the fact that I do not think ADHD is a 'brain disease' does not mean I think people are 'making it up' or exaggerating wrt any difficulties they experience personally, professionally, emotionally, &c.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Experts Call Long COVID in Kids a Public Health Crisis. Why Is It Being Ignored? - Published Aug 26, 2024

For years, public health experts have said that COVID-19 infections in children are “mild.” According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the most common symptoms of COVID in kids are a fever and cough. While some children with the coronavirus are admitted to the ICU and there are pediatric deaths, studies have found that underlying medical conditions including obesity, diabetes, cardiac and lung disorders, increase the risk of severe outcomes.

This research has contributed to how COVID is managed in schools. However, a new study in the Journal of the American Medical Association sheds light on the effect a coronavirus infection can have on children over a longer period. While many people recover quickly from COVID, some don’t, experiencing symptoms that can last for months or years. This condition, known as long COVID, not only affects adults but also children. The new research helps us understand the extent kids experience these debilitating conditions — and how we can treat it.

“This is one of the first large-scale national studies to do research related to long COVID across the entire lifespan, with a particular focus on children and understanding the differences in long COVID in different aged children,” Dr. Rachel Gross, an associate professor in the Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health at NYU Langone and the study’s principal investigator, told Salon.

In the study, led by the National Institutes of Health’s RECOVER Initiative, researchers asked caregivers to tell them about the symptoms that their children or teenagers had been experiencing more than four weeks after a coronavirus infection. For some children in the study, that meant their symptoms went on for three months after their COVID infection. For others, it was up to two years. Researchers looked at the symptoms in those children with persisting symptoms and compared them to children who had never been infected with the coronavirus in the past. They then identified similarities in the prolonged symptoms and found they were distinguishable based on age.

“In school-aged children, we heard commonly that children were experiencing trouble with their memory, focusing, headaches, having trouble sleeping, and stomach pain,” Gross told Salon. “And in the teenagers, we were hearing about symptoms related to fatigue and pain, having body or muscle or joint pain, being very tired or sleepy, having low energy, as well as having trouble with memory and focusing.”

A unique symptom the researchers saw in the teenage group was changes in or a loss of smell or taste. Additionally, researchers found clusters of symptoms that are unique to school-aged children and teenagers. The first were symptoms that affect every organ system in the body.

“These are the children with the highest burden of symptoms,” Gross said, adding that caregivers described these children as having a “lower quality of life and more impact on their overall health.” “The second type of long COVID we also saw across both the ages was predominantly characterized by fatigue and pain.”

Studies estimating its prevalence in pediatric populations are limited and conflicting, estimating up to 25% of children infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus could go on to develop long COVID. A study published in 2024 estimated that up to 5.8 million young people have long COVID.

“This is a public health crisis for children,” Gross said. “We know that child health is so critically important for how children grow and even as they become adults, that chronic illness during childhood and adverse experiences during childhood greatly affects the adults that they can become.”

Gross said the U.S. will see the “long-term impacts of experiencing long covid In childhood for decades to come.”

Dr. Dean Blumberg, chief of pediatric infectious diseases and associate professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of California, Davis, told Salon he agreed long COVID is a “public health crisis” for children.

“Some of these kids with long COVID, they are severely affected, they can’t do their normal activities, they fall behind school, they can’t go to school,” Blumberg said. “And then in this study, they highlighted a lot have had some neurocognitive effects, and that really interferes with with learning.”

For Blumberg, the takeaway from this study, he told Salon, is a “call to arms to increase vaccination rates,” which among children, he said are “abysmal.”

According to a recent KFF survey, while both flu and COVID vaccines are recommended for school-aged children, flu vaccination rates were over three times higher than COVID vaccination rates. While COVID-19 vaccines are recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in the pediatric immunization schedule, they aren’t required for school attendance. According to one study published in the journal Pediatrics, vaccination reduced the risk of an acute infection, but it is less clear whether it protects against long COVID. The latest COVID vaccines were approved by the Food and Drug Administration last week, which the CDC recommends for anyone six months or older.

Now, researchers will be tasked with figuring out why long COVID affects children differently based on their age. When it comes to adults, some studies have shown that subsequent COVID infections increase a person’s risk of getting long COVID. The CDC estimates that one in 13 adults in the United States currently have long COVID symptoms.

Gross told Salon she hopes this research raises awareness for both healthcare providers, as well as schools and educators, that “long COVID in children is not rare.”

“That they are likely to have children experiencing these prolonged symptoms within their healthcare systems and their schools,” Gross said. “And that many of the symptoms that I’ve described, trouble with memory and focusing, headache, trouble sleeping, these are symptoms that you know can impact a child and their schooling.”

[xtruss]

Credit: Dana Smith

Understanding The Sudden Rise of Type 2 Diabetes In Children

The Metabolic Disorder Was Long Known as a Disease of Adulthood. Now, It’s Spiking in Kids and Teens, With Worrisome Consequences.

— By Charlotte Huff | July 31, 2024

The appearance of type 2 diabetes in children and teens puzzled physicians from the start. Fida Bacha recalls working as a pediatric endocrinology fellow in Pittsburgh shortly after 2000 when young, overweight and obese patients began to arrive at the clinic, some describing increased thirst, more frequent trips to the bathroom and other symptoms of what was then called adult-onset diabetes.

“It was a new realization that we are dealing with a disease that used to be only an adult disease that is now becoming a disease of childhood,” says Bacha, who practices at Texas Children’s Hospital in Houston.

More than two decades later, physicians and researchers are still trying to unravel what’s driving the emergence and proliferation of youth-onset disease, particularly among marginalized communities including Hispanics/Latinos. The increasing prevalence of obesity among young people is clearly one contributor, but researchers are also scrutinizing the potential influence of other lifestyle and environmental factors — everything from exposure to chronic stress and air pollution to sugar-rich diets. Along with physiological factors, such as where they carry excess fat, youths from lower socioeconomic levels may be vulnerable due to aspects of daily life beyond their control, such as more limited access to healthy food and opportunities to safely exercise in less-polluted neighborhoods.

As researchers try to sort out the interplay among genetics, metabolic factors and environmental influences in Hispanic and other populations, their goal is to answer this key question: Why do some seemingly at-risk adolescents progress to diabetes while others do not?

Long-term, the challenges and health stakes are significant. When type 2 diabetes first emerged in youths, clinicians initially thought its progression would mirror that in adults and thus could be treated accordingly. That hasn’t panned out, says Barbara Linder, a pediatric endocrinologist and senior advisor for childhood diabetes research at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). For instance, researchers have determined that metformin, a commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic medication in adults, doesn’t work as well in young people.

“We know that the disease is very aggressive in youth and very difficult to treat,” Linder says. “So it’s really imperative that we develop effective approaches to prevention. And to do this we obviously need to be able to effectively identify which youth are at the highest risk.”

Even with treatment, young people develop other medical problems related to diabetes faster than adults, according to a study that followed 500 youths, more than one-third of them Hispanic. Sixty percent developed at least one complication within about 15 years after diagnosis, when just in their 20s.

“It’s really alarming,” says Luisa Rodriguez, a pediatric endocrinologist who studies type 2 diabetes and obesity in children at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. For every 10 adolescents with youth-onset diabetes, she points out, “six of them, within a decade span, are going to develop a significant comorbidity that will highly impact their lifespan and quality of life.”

Complications of diabetes appear more quickly in young people than in older adults. Researchers studied 500 overweight adolescents, aged 10 to 17, who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Within 15 years of their diagnosis, 60 percent of the participants had developed at least one medical complication of diabetes, and 28 percent had developed two or more.

Insulin Resistance

In type 2 diabetes, the body struggles to use insulin effectively. This vital hormone, made by beta cells in the pancreas, helps glucose in the bloodstream enter cells in muscle, fat and the liver, where it’s used for energy. But sometimes those cells gradually lose their ability to respond to insulin, forcing the beta cells to pump out more and more of it. If the beta cells can’t keep up, blood glucose levels will begin to rise, leading to a diagnosis of prediabetes and, eventually, diabetes.

In the past, type 2 diabetes typically didn’t arise until well into adulthood. But now, cases in US youths ages 10 to 19 are rising fast. Since 2002-2003, overall diagnoses have doubled from 9 per 100,000 youths to 17.9 per 100,000 in 2017-2018, particularly among Asians, Pacific Islanders, Blacks and Hispanics. If those rising rates persist, the number of type 2 diabetes cases in young people is projected to skyrocket from 28,000 in 2017 to 220,000 by 2060.

Various factors have been linked to insulin resistance in childhood or adolescence, including obesity, inactivity and genetics, according to a review of the causes of type 2 diabetes in youths published in the 2022 Annual Review of Medicine. The disease tends to run in families regardless of race or ethnicity, which suggests that genes matter. Among US Hispanics, adults of Mexican or Puerto Rican heritage are most likely to be diagnosed, followed by Central and South Americans and Cubans.

Obesity is also a contributing factor: Slightly more than one-fourth of Hispanic youths are obese, a higher percentage than for any other major racial or ethnic group. Children also are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if their mother has the disease or developed gestational diabetes during pregnancy. One theory is that fetal exposure to maternal diabetes while in the womb can spur metabolic changes following birth.

Puberty is also highly influential — most cases are diagnosed after its onset. During puberty, youths temporarily experience insulin resistance, due in large part to an increase in hormones, Linder says. Most youths offset that transient resistance by secreting more insulin, she says. But for reasons that are still unclear, a subpopulation of adolescents does not. “When they’re faced with this stress test of puberty, they can’t increase their insulin secretion enough to compensate,” Linder says. “And that’s probably why they develop type 2 diabetes.”

One analysis, which looked at type 2 diabetes trends from 2002 to 2018, identified the peak age for diagnosis as 16 years in boys and girls. The sole exception involved Black youths, in whom diagnoses peaked at 13 years, and possibly earlier among Black girls, which may be linked to an earlier start of menstruation.

American Diabetes Association guidelines recommend that clinicians screen overweight or obese youths for the disease starting at age 10 or once puberty starts, whichever is earlier, if they have one or more risk factors. These include a family history of the disease, signs of insulin resistance or affiliation with certain racial/ethnic groups, including Hispanic/Latino.

During checkups, clinicians can look for a visible sign of insulin resistance, an associated skin condition called acanthosis nigricans, says Paulina Cruz Bravo, a physician and diabetes researcher at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. The skin changes tend to appear in the neck area or along folds in the skin, including in the armpits and on the elbows and knees, she says. “The top layer of the skin gets thickened. It’s described as a velvety appearance of the skin — it’s darker compared to the skin in other places.”

The thickened, darker, velvety skin shown here, known as acanthosis nigricans, is a potential warning sign of developing type 2 diabetes. The condition is likely to appear on the neck, elbows, knees and other areas where the skin folds. People who notice acanthosis nigricans on themselves or their children should bring it to a doctor’s attention. Credit: S. Dulebohn/Statpearls 2024

Where an adolescent carries any excess pounds also matters, as insulin resistance has been associated with a type of fat called visceral fat, says Alaina Vidmar, a pediatric endocrinologist at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. Unlike the more common type of fat, called subcutaneous and felt by pinching around the waistline, visceral fat surrounds the liver and other vital organs, increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease and other conditions.

“You really need the liver to process glucose to be able to utilize your insulin well,” Vidmar says. “And if it is full of fat, you are unable to do that.” Fatty liver disease, which has been associated both with obesity and type 2 diabetes, is most common in Hispanic adults, followed by white adults and Black adults, according to a meta-analysis looking at 34 studies.

Imaging scans would be the ideal way to identify the extent and location of visceral fat in adolescents, Vidmar says. But given that routine scanning would be costly, clinicians can instead measure an adolescent’s waist circumference, “a great surrogate marker,” she says.

Diabetes risk depends not just on how much fat you carry, but where you carry it. People with an “apple” body shape, with much of their fat in the abdomen, are at higher risk of diabetes than those with a “pear” body shape, who carry their fat under the skin, especially on the hips.

Still, obesity accounts for only a portion of the type 2 risk profile, reflecting the complexities involved in understanding the pathophysiology of youth-onset disease. Roughly one-fourth of youths with type 2 diabetes are not obese, according to a meta-analysis published in 2022 in JAMA Network Open. Asian youths are least likely to be obese; roughly one-third don’t meet the criteria for obesity.

Moreover, while obesity and insulin resistance boost the risk of developing diabetes, those factors alone don’t predict whether an adolescent is eventually diagnosed with the disease, according to the authors of the Annual Review of Medicine overview. Instead, they point to the role of impaired beta cell function.

In one study involving 699 youths with type 2 diabetes, the standard antidiabetic drug metformin controlled blood glucose levels in only about half the participants. (The medication was least effective among Black youths, for reasons that are unclear, according to the researchers.) Another analysis of the same study population identified a 20 percent to 35 percent decline in beta function each year in diabetic youths, compared with prior studies showing about a 7 percent to 11 percent annual decline in diabetic adults.

“What we see in the youth is that beta cell function fails very rapidly,” Linder says, adding that the beta cell decline tends to correlate with the lack of response to metformin.

It’s unknown whether specific racial or ethnic groups are more vulnerable to loss of beta cell function, says Linder, who hopes that a new large-scale NIDDK study launching this summer will identify any such physiological and other differences among populations. The study, called Discovery of Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in Youth Consortium, aims to enroll 3,600 overweight or obese adolescent boys and girls, 36 percent of them Hispanic. Bacha and other investigators on the project plan to follow the youths through puberty, looking at genetic and physiological markers such as insulin resistance and beta cell function. Their goal is to track who develops type 2 diabetes and what factors precipitate the disease.

In addition, researchers will learn about the participants’ mental health, lifestyles and social determinants of health, Linder says. To that end, families will be asked to share details about nutrition, physical activity and sleep, as well as food insecurity, exposure to racism and other stressors.

“Stress induces certain hormones that antagonize insulin, so they create more insulin resistance,” Linder says. “Stress also is associated with chronic inflammation in the body, which affects the ability of the body to respond normally.”

Young people experience many of the risk factors that predispose people to type 2 diabetes, such as prenatal exposures, junk food, sedentary lifestyles and high levels of stress.

Zooming in on Risk Factors in Hispanic Kids

Already, researchers who have studied at-risk Hispanic youths and their families have begun to flesh out environmental and other influences rooted in daily life that can boost the likelihood of obesity or diabetes. Michael Goran, a child obesity researcher at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, has led a research project called the Study of Latino Adolescents at Risk (SOLAR), which tracked 328 Hispanic/Latino youths considered at highest risk of youth-onset diabetes based on their body mass index and family history of the disease. The participants, recruited in two waves between 2000 and 2015, completed health questionnaires and underwent annual exams, including imaging scans and other measurements.

One analysis found that Hispanic youths who lived in neighborhoods with higher levels of air pollution were more likely to experience a breakdown in beta cell function. “Which we weren’t necessarily expecting — we don’t know the mechanism of that,” says Goran, who coauthored a close look at pediatric insulin resistance in the 2005 Annual Review of Nutrition.

In more recent years, he’s turned his attention to studying nutrition shortly after birth, with a focus on infant formulas that contain corn syrup. Those formulas are more likely to spike blood sugar than are lactose-based formulas, he says. “If you’re spiking blood glucose with corn syrup in babies,” he says, “you can see how that would be problematic for long-term control of blood sugars.”

In one study, Goran and colleagues looked at obesity trends in 15,246 children who received formula through the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Babies who consumed any formula with corn syrup were 10 percent more likely to be obese by age 2 than babies who didn’t. Nearly 90 percent of the study’s participants were Hispanic.

In other research, epidemiologist Carmen Isasi of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York helped lead the Study of Latinos (SOL) Youth study, which delved into the extent to which a child’s family circumstances contribute to obesity and metabolic changes that may boost risk of youth-onset diabetes. Isasi and colleagues found chronic stress to be pervasive. Three-quarters of parents and caregivers reported stress and 29 percent detailed three or more stressors related to health, work or relationships. The higher the number of parental stressors, the more likely the child was to be obese.

Isasi also has looked at the relationship between food insecurity and metabolic health. Hispanic youths raised in households with the highest levels of food insecurity had significantly worse metabolic results, including elevated blood glucose and triglycerides, a type of cholesterol. Families dealing with food insecurity, Isasi says, probably have a lower-quality diet and skimp on costlier protein and fresh produce.

Preventing diabetes has proved challenging. A review paper looking at diet-related and other lifestyle initiatives targeting Hispanic youths found few studies to date that have shown improvements in body mass index or blood glucose levels.

Adolescents of lower socioeconomic status may also shoulder responsibilities that can undercut efforts to stay healthy, says Erica Soltero, a behavioral scientist at Houston’s Baylor College of Medicine, who works with Hispanic youths. For instance, older teens may struggle to attend an exercise class if they have an after-school job or must pick up younger siblings or start dinner. Technology, Soltero says, may be a better way to reach busy Hispanic teens; she’s piloting a study that will provide text-based lifestyle guidance to Hispanic teens with obesity.

Approved medication options remain limited for children and teens. If metformin doesn’t work, the alternative is insulin, and parents may resist giving injections because of the difficulties involved, Rodriguez says. She’s involved with an ongoing study in youths with type 2 diabetes to study the effectiveness of oral semaglutide, one of the newer diabetes drugs that also has achieved notable weight loss. Rodriguez estimates the results will be available by 2026.

The new NIDDK study won’t assess medication treatments, as it’s an observational study. But researchers involved are bullish that study-related insights could lead to better prevention and treatment approaches. “If someone is predisposed to beta cell dysfunction, should we be much more aggressive in treating their overweight/obesity,” Bacha says, “so that this beta cell function is preserved for a longer period of time?” Doctors could, for example, decide to start treatment earlier, she says.

Neither are researchers like Soltero deterred by the long-standing difficulties involved with revamping lifestyle habits. Soltero, who has worked with overweight and obese Hispanic adolescents to improve exercise and make dietary changes, describes them as often highly motivated given the damage they’ve seen the disease inflict on their own families.

“A lot of times they’ll have a touch point with a relative who’s on dialysis and maybe had a digit amputated,” Soltero says. Or “they’ll say, ‘I don’t want to prick myself every day like my Uncle So-and-So.’ Or ‘I don’t want to be on medicine for the rest of my life like my grandma.’ ”

[mcatmemoranda]

Doing review questions.

Hyperkalemia is a known side effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers such as olmesartan. The risk of hyperkalemia is increased with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, moderately severe to severe heart failure, NSAID use, and older adults. Chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide can cause hypokalemia.

In men who are diagnosed with hypogonadism with symptoms of testosterone deficiency and unequivocally and consistently low serum testosterone concentrations, further evaluation with FSH and LH levels is advised as the initial workup to distinguish between primary and secondary hypogonadism. If secondary hypogonadism is indicated by low or inappropriately normal FSH and LH levels, prolactin and serum iron levels and measurement of total iron binding capacity are recommended to determine secondary causes of hypogonadism, with possible further evaluation to include other pituitary hormone levels and MRI of the pituitary. If primary hypogonadism is found, karyotyping may be indicated for Klinefelter’s syndrome.

Daily use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution has been found to be more effective than lactulose, senna, or magnesium hydroxide in head-to-head studies. Evidence does not support the use of fiber supplements in the treatment of functional constipation. No adverse effects were reported with PEG therapy at any dosing regimen. Low-dose regimens of PEG are 0.3 g/kg/day and high-dose regimens are up to 1.0–1.5 g/kg/day. Ref: Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, et al: Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: Evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58(2):258-274. 2) Gordon M, MacDonald JK, Parker CE, et al: Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;(8):CD009118. 3) Lauters R, Saguil A: Laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Am Fam Physician 2017;96(7):433-434

Primary hyperaldosteronism should be suspected as a cause for hypertension if a patient has a spontaneously low potassium level or persistent hypertension despite the use of three or more antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic. This can be evaluated by checking a serum renin activity level and a serum aldosterone concentration and determining the aldosterone/renin ratio. Primary hyperaldosteronism typically presents with a very low serum renin activity level and an elevated serum aldosterone concentration. A 24-hour urine collection for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) would be used to evaluate for a neuroendocrine tumor, which can present as chronic flushing and diarrhea. Cortisol levels can be checked if Cushing syndrome is suspected. Hypertension can be present in Cushing syndrome, but it is typically associated with other signs such as obesity and an elevated blood glucose level due to insulin resistance.

Psychogenic tremor is characterized by an abrupt onset, spontaneous remission, changing characteristics, and extinction with distraction. Cerebellar tremor is an intention tremor with ipsilateral involvement on the side of the lesion. Neurologic testing will reveal past-pointing on finger-to-nose testing. CT or MRI of the head is the diagnostic test of choice. Parkinsonian tremor is noted at rest, is asymmetric, and decreases with voluntary movement. Bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability are generally noted. For atypical presentations a single-photon emission CT or positron emission tomography may help with the diagnosis. One of the treatment options is carbidopa/levodopa. Patients who have essential tremor have symmetric, fine tremors that may involve the hands, wrists, head, voice, or lower extremities. This may improve with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol. There is no specific diagnostic test but the tremor is treated with propranolol or primidone. Enhanced physiologic tremor is a postural tremor of low amplitude exacerbated by medication. There is usually a history of caffeine use or anxiety.

Ref: Crawford P, Zimmerman EE: Tremor: Sorting through the differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician 2018;97(3):180-186.

I got 100% on the first quiz! :)

[expertacademicassignmenthelp]

Diabetes

Introduction to Diabetes

Diabetes, a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, arises from abnormalities in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The condition’s prevalence has reached epidemic proportions globally, with significant health, economic, and social implications.

Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes: This autoimmune disease results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Genetics and environmental triggers play pivotal roles in its pathogenesis. Despite being less common than Type 2 diabetes, its onset during childhood or adolescence significantly impacts individuals’ lives.

Type 2 Diabetes: Predominantly a disorder of insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes accounts for the majority of diabetes cases worldwide. Lifestyle factors, genetic predisposition, and obesity contribute to its development. Its insidious onset often leads to delayed diagnosis and increased risk of complications.

Gestational Diabetes: Occurring during pregnancy, gestational diabetes poses risks to both maternal and fetal health. Hormonal changes and insulin resistance characterize its pathophysiology. Effective screening and management are crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Other Types of Diabetes: Variants like MODY, LADA, and secondary diabetes present unique challenges in diagnosis and management, requiring tailored approaches to care.

Epidemiology and Prevalence

Diabetes prevalence varies across demographics, with disparities observed in age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The escalating burden of diabetes underscores the urgent need for targeted prevention and management strategies.

Symptoms and Causes

Hyperglycemia-induced symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss serve as clinical indicators for diabetes diagnosis. Understanding the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors elucidates the condition’s etiology.

Complications

Diabetes complications encompass a spectrum of microvascular and macrovascular disorders, significantly impacting quality of life and life expectancy. From diabetic retinopathy to cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and diabetic foot complications, the ripple effects of uncontrolled diabetes are profound.

Diagnosis and Tests

Accurate diagnosis relies on comprehensive evaluation, including fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, and hemoglobin A1c measurements. Screening recommendations aim to identify at-risk individuals early, facilitating timely intervention and risk reduction.

Management and Treatment

Diabetes management strategies encompass pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modifications, patient education, and multidisciplinary care. Individualized treatment plans address glycemic control, blood pressure management, lipid optimization, and prevention of complications.

Prevention

Prevention initiatives target modifiable risk factors through health promotion, public health interventions, and community engagement. Emphasizing the role of nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral changes empowers individuals to mitigate their diabetes risk.

Outlook and Prognosis

Prognostic factors such as glycemic control, adherence to therapy, comorbidity burden, and psychosocial support influence long-term outcomes. Enhanced collaboration among healthcare providers, policymakers, and stakeholders is essential to improve diabetes prognosis globally.

Living With Diabetes

Coping with diabetes requires resilience, self-management skills, and social support networks. Empowering individuals through education, self-monitoring tools, and peer support enhances their capacity to navigate the challenges of daily diabetes management.

Impact on Individuals and Society

Diabetes exerts a profound socioeconomic burden, encompassing healthcare costs, productivity losses, and reduced quality of life. Addressing the psychosocial dimensions of diabetes care is integral to fostering holistic well-being and societal resilience.

Future Directions and Research

Advancements in diabetes research, including precision medicine, digital health technologies, and novel therapeutics, offer promising avenues for disease management and prevention. Collaborative research endeavors aim to translate scientific discoveries into tangible clinical benefits.

Conclusion

In conclusion, diabetes represents public health challenge necessitating a comprehensive, patient-centered approach. By fostering awareness, promoting early detection, and advancing evidence-based interventions, we can mitigate the impact of diabetes on individuals, families, and communities worldwide.

Medical students encounter significant academic challenges during their studies, balancing coursework, clinical rotations, research, and personal commitments. Expert Academic Assignment Help offers tailored assistance to meet their needs, providing study materials, tutoring, assignment help, and exam preparation. Beyond academics, it fosters a supportive environment for mentorship and guidance. In essence, Expert Academic Assignment Help is a valuable resource for medical students, empowering them to excel academically and develop into competent healthcare professionals. Contact at expertassignment46@gmail.com for assistance.

[lotusofhope]

Holy fuck was I the only person online that didn't know the Adverse Childhood Experience study was explicitly linked to obesity?

I don't know how many peer reviewed studies there are into the link (there exists at least one afaik) but the ACE only exists because of an obesity doctor.

He ran a program to help people lose weight, and found it odd that many people left the program despite losing weight - he tried to find a link in exit interviews and an above average amount of them were CSA survivors.

I knew obesity science to a certain extent, I knew about the ACE study before yet I didn't even know how trauma was linked to weight gain until today when my therapist mentioned it. And there still isn't enough research imo and there definitely isn't any fucking public awareness because I've been looking into these things and didn't know.

So before you pay a dietician or personal trainer, consider a trauma therapist.

and if you can't get one of those like many in the states, don't be hard on yourself. You are not alone and its another symptom of the trauma inflicted on you.

[susantaylor01]

Where can I get tested for diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by elevated blood sugar levels due to the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin, a hormone essential for glucose regulation. There are several types of diabetes, with Type 1 and Type 2 being the most common. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce insulin, often diagnosed in childhood, while Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for the majority of cases, typically develops in adults and is often linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity and inactivity. Symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. If left unmanaged, diabetes can lead to severe complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, nerve damage, and vision problems. Globally, diabetes affects approximately 537 million adults, a number projected to rise significantly in the coming years, highlighting the need for effective management strategies, including lifestyle modifications and medication.

Conducting timely tests for diabetes is crucial for several reasons, primarily related to early diagnosis, management, and prevention of complications.

 Early Diagnosis and Treatment

1. Asymptomatic Nature of Diabetes: Many individuals with diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, may not exhibit noticeable symptoms initially. This lack of symptoms can lead to undiagnosed diabetes, which increases the risk of severe health complications over time, including heart disease, kidney damage, and nerve damage.

2. Timely Intervention: Regular testing allows for the early detection of prediabetes or diabetes. Early diagnosis enables healthcare providers to recommend lifestyle changes or medications that can prevent the progression of the disease. For instance, identifying elevated blood sugar levels early can lead to interventions that may reverse prediabetes and prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes[2][4].

 Monitoring and Management

1. Regular Monitoring: For individuals diagnosed with diabetes, ongoing monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential. This helps in assessing how well the current treatment plan is working and allows for timely adjustments to medications, dietary changes, or physical activity levels. Regular blood sugar checks can prevent both hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), which can have immediate health risks.

2. Understanding Long-term Trends: Tests like the HbA1c provide insights into average blood sugar levels over the past two to three months. This long-term perspective is vital for evaluating the effectiveness of diabetes management strategies and making necessary adjustments.

 Prevention of Complications

1. Reducing Long-term Risks: Timely testing and management of diabetes can significantly reduce the risk of complications associated with uncontrolled blood sugar levels. These complications can include cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy (eye damage), neuropathy (nerve damage), and nephropathy (kidney damage).

2. Informed Decision-Making: Regular testing provides individuals with critical information about their health status, empowering them to make informed decisions regarding their lifestyle and treatment options. This proactive approach can lead to better health outcomes and improved quality of life.

Tests for diabetes

Before we delve into testing locations, let's briefly understand the common diabetes tests:

Fasting Blood Sugar Test: Measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast.  

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Involves drinking a sugary liquid and measuring blood sugar levels over time.  

A1C Test: Reflects average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.  

Places to Get Tested for Diabetes

Primary Care Physician:

Your primary care physician is often the first point of contact for diabetes screening.  

They can assess your risk factors, order appropriate tests, and provide guidance on diabetes management.

Clinics and Health Centers:

Many communities offer clinics and health centres that provide diabetes screening and testing services.

These facilities are often more affordable and accessible than private practices.

Hospitals:

Hospitals have dedicated diabetes clinics and laboratories for comprehensive testing and evaluation.

They are equipped to handle complex cases and provide specialised care.

Diagnostic Laboratories:

These labs offer a wide range of diabetes tests and can provide quick results.

You may need a referral from your doctor to get tested at a diagnostic laboratory.

Pharmacies:

Some pharmacies offer over-the-counter diabetes screening tests.  

These tests are convenient but may not provide a complete picture of your diabetes status. It's essential to follow up with a healthcare provider for further evaluation.

Community Health Fairs and Events:

Many community health fairs and events offer free or low-cost diabetes screenings.  

This is a great opportunity to learn about diabetes prevention and management while getting tested.

New Scientific Breakthrough Offers Hope For Better Diabetes Control

Online Resources and At-Home Tests:

Several online platforms and retailers offer at-home diabetes testing kits.  

While convenient, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider to interpret results and discuss next steps.

[best-ayurvedic-clinic]

Best Sugar Specialist Doctor Near Me | 8010931122

It is important to understand the causes, types, long-term effects of diabetes to control a disease like diabetes. If you are looking for the Best Doctor for Diabetes in Delhi who can give you relief from such a disease, Dr. Monga Clinic for Diabetics offers expert care and guidance.

What Causes Diabetes?

Diabetes occurs when the body cannot effectively regulate blood sugar levels. This condition can be due to various factors:

Genetics: A family history of diabetes increases the risk. Lifestyle: Unhealthy eating habits, lack of exercise, and obesity are significant contributors. Autoimmune Reactions: In Type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Insulin Resistance: In Type 2 diabetes, cells become resistant to insulin, causing elevated blood sugar levels.

Types of Diabetes You Should Understand

Understanding the different types of diabetes is essential for proper management:

Type 1 Diabetes: Often diagnosed in childhood, this type is an autoimmune condition where the body does not produce insulin. Type 2 Diabetes: This is the most common type, usually developing in adulthood. It occurs when the body does not use insulin properly. Gestational Diabetes: Occurs during pregnancy and can increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Prediabetes: A condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis. It indicates a high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.

Long-Term Effects of Diabetes

Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to severe complications:

Cardiovascular Disease: Increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and hypertension. Nerve Damage (Neuropathy): Can cause pain, tingling, or loss of sensation in the limbs. Kidney Damage (Nephropathy): High blood sugar can damage the kidneys, leading to chronic kidney disease. Eye Damage (Retinopathy): May cause vision problems or blindness. Foot Complications: Poor circulation and nerve damage increase the risk of foot infections and ulcers, potentially leading to amputations.

Signs You Should Not Ignore That Can Lead You to Diabetes

Recognizing early signs of diabetes can prevent complications:

Frequent Urination: High blood sugar levels cause excess sugar to be filtered out by the kidneys, increasing urination. Excessive Thirst: Frequent urination can lead to dehydration, causing persistent thirst. Extreme Fatigue: The body's inability to use sugar efficiently for energy can cause tiredness. Blurred Vision: High blood sugar can pull fluid from your eye lenses, affecting your vision. Slow Healing Wounds: High glucose levels can impair blood circulation and slow down the healing process.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional. At Dr. Monga Clinic, we provide comprehensive diabetes care to help you manage your condition optimally. Our team is considered the Best Doctors for Diabetes in Delhi, providing personalized treatment tailored to your needs.

If you need expert advice or treatment for diabetes, visit Dr. Monga Clinic today and consult the Best Sugar Specialist Doctor Near Me.

Original Source

[covid-safer-hotties]

Covid-19 cases in children surge 179% amid back-to-school concerns - Published Aug 14, 2024

A recent spike in Covid-19 cases among children in Korea has sparked worry among health officials and parents alike.

The Korean Children's Hospital Association (KCHA) reported a 179 percent increase in pediatric Covid-19 cases in the first week of August compared to the previous week, with some regions seeing even more dramatic rises.

The KCHA's survey of 42 hospitals nationwide revealed that child Covid-19 cases jumped from 387 in the last week of July to 1,080 in the first week of August.

The Chungcheong Province region saw a staggering 457 percent increase, while the capital area experienced a 213 percent rise.

"This surge suggests we need to learn from past pandemic experiences and take preemptive action to reduce and defend against Covid-19 cases in children," KCHA President Choi Yong-jae said.

Choi warned that many infected children are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, potentially facilitating easier spread.

“It is important for high-risk groups, such as children with heart disease, diabetes, obesity, or premature infants, should seek immediate medical attention if diagnosed,” he said.

With schools reopening in the third or fourth week of August, there are concerns about a further increase in cases.

The KCHA called on health authorities to provide clearer guidelines to avoid confusion among healthcare providers and patients.

Adding to parents' worries is the simultaneous outbreak of other childhood diseases, including mycoplasma pneumonia, whooping cough, and hand, foot, and mouth disease.

This combination of illnesses has been dubbed a "quadruple whammy" by some parents, evoking memories of the difficulties faced during the height of the pandemic.

One parent, surnamed Lee, who is an office worker working in Seoul, shared his experience of dealing with multiple infections.

"My child caught hand, foot, and mouth disease and then tested positive for Covid-19 shortly after,” he said. “It's incredibly challenging for working parents to manage these recurring illnesses and I wish the government can consider these challenges when it tries to address the country's low birth rate.”

[nurtureivfcentre]

Important fertility complication advice from top IVF doctor in Delhi

What causes fertility and steps to overcome it naturally are the main wishes of couples these days searching for answers from specialist IVF doctors? Are you a working mother facing pregnancy issues for many years with no positive sign of ovulation and sign of embryo growth cycle? The steps to motherhood need special attention and care to manage birth periods, ovulation time, day to day supplements, vitamins, minerals are the basic needs couples must intervene with specialist doctors for an affordable way to monitor early pregnancy complications.

Welcome to Nurture IVF, a reputed IVF treatment center in Delhi provides world-class medical support, state of the art medical process, talented doctors, nurses, embryologist, radiologist, neonatal support laboratory, assisted IVF hatching labs, clinical measurement such ICU, sperm freezing labs where sperms are preserved for further testing, manipulation and collection from matching donors for IUI process and other scientific test for test tube baby procedure.

Do you know! Protection of embryo health during maternity is the main challenge most couples fail to preserve in a safer environment where womb growth is the main  thing couples must follow and stay in an environment where semen healthcare is vital for safe birthing and improving genetic diseases. 

Counsel with Dr. Archana Dhawan Bajaj, best IVF doctor in Delhi for all types of serious health issues you are willing to discuss in-person with prior booking to know how does IVF treatment helps, the budget needed to solve fertility complication such as depression, stress, hormonal, vaginal, fallopian tube blockage, periodic and psychological miscarriage could the be real problem IVF patients mostly have in mind to get support and medical advice to get rid of with IVF specialist doctor in Delhi. To counter attack these challenges let’s find out these basic questions with specialist IVF doctors in Delhi NCR to take care of your health: 

Unable to have safe martial relation

A healthy marital relation is a must if you are having issues about safe sex, can’t figure out about your body weight, strength, fertility disease that didn’t have an ideal answer to pregnancy after several attempts. Counsel with professional IVF doctors for open discussion to know what matters most to keep your pregnancy gut in right order.

Have childhood genetic issues

Do you suffer from cognitive delay response or any kinds of psychological challenges that stop early pregnancy signs and symptoms? A regular doctor consultation is the most important phase patients must not forget to protect your health during crisis time and make your ovulation day happier, free from stress and improve periodic issues during maternity.

Low semen score

Are you having low sperm? Low semen could be drastic if you don't understand the root cause, heal yourself with specialized diet formula for most advanced holistic treatment from highly advanced IVF treatment and diagnosis, supplements that enhance your libido health, core muscle.

Moral disease that stops pregnancy

In the age of high-tech radiation, carbonated environment and living patterns, compared to living in a traditional space such as where there is less noise and pollution that improves your psychological process, improves mental stiffness and genetic lifestyle.

Unhealthy fertility diet 

Goodness of food, sleep and living are the three main ingredients required to keep your fertility health in right shape and boost cardiac health, increase strength.

Blocked fallopian tubes

This is a serious problem for women with these symptoms that reduces the chances of pregnancy and it's very risky to make life easier for women dreaming to have safe IVF birth. The rise of fallopian tubes happens when there is a high amount of stress, diabetes disease, obesity and cancer like diseases associated.

For more latest facts, stories and innovation in IVF medical science please visit us for fresh updates on IVF healthcare, IVF health testing and steps to safe motherhood journey with Dr, Archana Dhawan Bajaj.

[wvgsvf]

Teenage depression is a serious mental health issue that affects many adolescents, impacting their emotional, functional, and physical well-being. As an educational expert, it is crucial to provide parents and students with the necessary information to recognize and address this condition effectively. This article aims to offer a comprehensive overview of teenage depression, its symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatment options, while emphasizing the importance of early intervention and support.

What is Teenage Depression?

Teenage depression goes beyond the typical moodiness associated with adolescence. It is a persistent feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. This condition can interfere with a teenager's daily life, causing emotional, functional, and physical problems.

Symptoms of Teenage Depression

Recognizing the signs of teenage depression is the first step towards getting help. Symptoms can vary in severity and may manifest differently in teens compared to adults. Key symptoms include:

Emotional Changes

Persistent sadness, crying spells

Feelings of hopelessness or emptiness

Irritability, frustration, or anger over minor issues

Loss of interest in activities

Low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness or guilt

Extreme sensitivity to rejection or failure

Trouble concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things

Thoughts of death, dying, or suicide

Behavioral Changes

Fatigue, loss of energy

Insomnia or excessive sleeping

Changes in appetite, weight loss or gain

Use of alcohol or drugs

Agitation or restlessness

Frequent complaints of physical aches and pains

Social withdrawal, poor school performance

Neglect of personal hygiene

Risky or self-destructive behavior, such as self-harm

Causes of Teenage Depression

The exact cause of teenage depression is not known, but several factors may contribute to its development:

Biological Factors

Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters can affect mood regulation.

Hormonal Changes: Puberty and other hormonal changes can trigger depression.

Inherited Traits: Family history of depression increases the risk.

Environmental Factors

Trauma and Abuse: Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse during childhood.

Stressful Life Events: Death of a loved one, parental divorce, or other significant changes.

Bullying and Cyberbullying: Persistent bullying can lead to feelings of helplessness and depression.

Psychological Factors

Negative Thinking Patterns: Learned helplessness and negative thinking can contribute to depression.

Low Self-Esteem: Persistent negative self-perception and self-criticism.

Risk Factors for Teenage Depression

Certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing depression in teenagers:

Having issues that negatively impact self-esteem, such as obesity or academic problems

Witnessing or being a victim of violence or abuse

Having other mental health conditions like anxiety, ADHD, or eating disorders

Chronic physical illnesses such as diabetes or asthma

Personality traits such as low self-esteem or being overly self-critical

Substance abuse

Unsupportive environments, especially for LGBTQ+ teens

Complications of Untreated Depression

If left untreated, teenage depression can lead to severe complications, including:

Substance misuse

Academic problems

Family conflicts and relationship difficulties

Suicide attempts or suicide

Prevention and Treatment

While it may not be possible to prevent depression entirely, certain strategies can help reduce the risk and mitigate the effects:

Prevention Strategies

Encourage stress management and resilience-building activities.

Promote self-care, including healthy sleep routines and responsible electronics use.

Foster strong social support networks.

Treatment Options

Effective treatment for teenage depression often involves a combination of approaches:

Psychotherapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps teens recognize and change negative thought patterns.

Family Therapy: Addresses family dynamics that may contribute to depression.

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): Focuses on improving relationships and communication skills.

Medication

Antidepressants can be effective but require careful monitoring for side effects, especially in young people.

Lifestyle Changes

Encourage regular physical activity.

Promote a balanced diet rich in nutrients that support brain health.

Ensure adequate sleep and limit screen time.

Supporting a Depressed Teen

Parental support plays a critical role in the recovery process. Here are some practical tips for parents:

Communication

Open a dialogue by expressing concern and willingness to listen without judgment.

Be patient and persistent, even if your teen initially resists discussing their feelings.

Validate their emotions and avoid minimizing their experiences.

Encouraging Social Connection

Help your teen maintain relationships with friends and family.

Limit social media use and encourage face-to-face interactions.

Involve your teen in activities that align with their interests and talents.

Professional Help

Seek the guidance of a mental health professional if symptoms persist or worsen.

Involve your teen in treatment decisions to increase their engagement and motivation.

Self-Care for Parents

Take care of your own mental and physical health.

Reach out to support groups or therapists for yourself if needed.

Keep open lines of communication with other family members and ensure siblings are also supported.

Conclusion

Understanding and addressing teenage depression is crucial for the well-being of adolescents. By recognizing the symptoms, understanding the causes and risk factors, and seeking appropriate treatment, parents and educators can help teens navigate this challenging period. Early intervention and ongoing support are key to helping teenagers overcome depression and lead fulfilling lives. At Ecole Globale Schools, we are committed to providing a supportive environment where every student can thrive.

[drnishagaur123]

The Most Common Kidney Diseases: An In-Depth Overview

The kidneys are an important part of the human body, responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and maintaining fluid balance. However, they can be affected by various diseases, which can lead to serious health problems. In this blog, we will discuss the most common kidney diseases and their symptoms.

1. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Overview: Chronic Kidney Disease is a progressive loss of kidney function over months or years. CKD is categorised into five stages based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well the kidneys are filtering blood.

Causes: The primary causes of CKD are diabetes and hypertension. Other factors include autoimmune diseases (like lupus), genetic disorders (such as polycystic kidney disease), and prolonged use of certain medications.

Symptoms: Early stages may show no symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms can include fatigue, swelling in the legs and ankles, shortness of breath, confusion, and difficulty concentrating. In advanced stages, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and changes in urine output may occur.

Treatment: Managing underlying conditions, lifestyle changes (such as a kidney-friendly diet and regular exercise), medications to control blood pressure and blood sugar, and, in severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation.

2. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Overview: Acute Kidney Injury, previously known as acute renal failure, is a sudden and often temporary loss of kidney function. It can happen over a few hours or days.

Causes: Common causes include severe infections, dehydration, prolonged use of certain medications, obstruction of the urinary tract, and reduced blood flow to the kidneys due to surgery or heart failure.

Symptoms: Symptoms include decreased urine output, swelling in legs and feet, fatigue, confusion, nausea, and chest pain or pressure.

Treatment: Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as rehydrating the patient, managing infections, or removing blockages. In severe cases, dialysis may be necessary until kidney function recovers.

3. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Overview: Polycystic Kidney Disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, which can lead to enlarged kidneys and impair their function.

Causes: PKD is typically inherited. The most common form, autosomal dominant PKD, usually presents in adulthood. Autosomal recessive PKD is less common and presents in infancy or childhood.

Symptoms: Symptoms include high blood pressure, back or side pain, blood in the urine, frequent kidney infections, and an increased size of the abdomen due to enlarged kidneys.

Treatment: There is no cure for PKD, but treatments focus on managing symptoms and slowing progression. This includes controlling blood pressure, pain management, treating infections promptly, and in severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation.

4. Glomerulonephritis

Overview: Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys called glomeruli. It can be acute or chronic and can lead to kidney damage.

Causes: Causes include infections, autoimmune diseases (like lupus), vasculitis, and certain genetic conditions.

Symptoms: Symptoms include pink or cola-colored urine due to blood in the urine, foamy urine due to excess protein, high blood pressure, and swelling in the face, hands, feet, and abdomen.

Treatment: Treatment depends on the cause and severity. It may include medications to control blood pressure, reduce inflammation, treat infections, and manage autoimmune conditions. Severe cases might require dialysis or a kidney transplant.

5. Kidney Stones

Overview: Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. They can affect any part of the urinary tract and cause severe pain when passing through the urinary system.

Causes: Causes include dehydration, high-protein or high-salt diet, obesity, certain medical conditions (like gout), and genetic factors.

Symptoms: Symptoms include severe pain in the side and back, pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin, painful urination, pink, red, or brown urine, nausea, and vomiting.

Treatment: Treatment depends on the size and type of stones. Small stones may pass on their own with increased fluid intake. Larger stones may require medications, shock wave lithotripsy, or surgical procedures.

6. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Overview: Urinary Tract Infections are infections that affect the urinary system, including the kidneys. If untreated, UTIs can lead to kidney infections (pyelonephritis), which can cause kidney damage.

Causes: UTIs are commonly caused by bacteria, particularly E. coli, entering the urinary tract. Risk factors include poor hygiene, sexual activity, certain types of birth control, and blockages in the urinary tract.

Symptoms: Symptoms of kidney infection include fever, chills, back or side pain, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms of lower UTIs include frequent, painful urination, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine.

Treatment: UTIs are typically treated with antibiotics. Drinking plenty of fluids and practicing good hygiene can help prevent infections.

7. Diabetic Nephropathy

Overview: Diabetic nephropathy is kidney damage resulting from diabetes. It affects the kidney’s ability to filter waste from the blood effectively.

Causes: High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the kidneys over time, leading to nephropathy.

Symptoms: Early stages may have no symptoms. As it progresses, symptoms can include protein in the urine, swelling in the hands, feet, and eyes, high blood pressure, and increased urination.

Treatment: Managing blood sugar levels, controlling blood pressure, and following a kidney-friendly diet are crucial. Medications and, in advanced stages, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention and Management

Preventing and managing kidney diseases involves adopting a healthy lifestyle and monitoring for early signs. Key strategies include:

Maintaining a Healthy Diet: A diet low in salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats can reduce the risk of kidney disease.

Staying Hydrated: Drinking adequate water helps kidneys function properly.

Regular Exercise: Exercise can help control weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels.

Avoiding Smoking and Excessive Alcohol Consumption: These habits can exacerbate kidney damage.

Regular Medical Check-ups: Monitoring blood pressure, blood sugar, and kidney function can help detect issues early.

Conclusion

Kidney diseases encompass a range of conditions with various causes and symptoms. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent severe complications. By understanding the common kidney diseases and adopting preventive measures, individuals can protect their kidney health and overall well-being.In conclusion, it’s crucial to seek medical attention for any symptoms related to kidney function to avoid complications. By understanding common kidney diseases and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, you can protect your kidney health and reduce the risk of developing kidney disease.  If you are facing severe Most Common Kidney Diseases, then you should consult Dr. Nisha Gaur. Dr. Nisha Gaur is the most reputed Nephrologist doctor in Jaipur and has years of work experience and is the Best Nephrologist in Jaipur for Chronic Kidney Disease Care and also for treating ailments such as Kidney Transplantation, Peritoneal Dialysis, Hemodialysis, and Kidney Biopsy.