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Dwtalhes da flor do Catasetum galeritum.🌾 Catasetum galeritum é uma orquídea epífita de pseudobulbo cônico-fusiformes, compressos dos lados, anelados e sulcados e folhas lanceolar-espatuladas, acuminadas, para a base, atenuadas em pseudopecíolo canaliculado, com 5–7 nervuras longitudinais. Sua Inflorescência é racemosa, basal, pendente, robusta. As flores não ressupinadas. As sépalas são levemente convexas atenuadas na base e de cor vinho amarronzado no interior, assim como as pétalas que são oblongo-ligulares, aguçadas, eretas, coniventes com a sépala dorsal e abraçadas pelas suas margens. O labelo, um tanto reflexo, ínfero, espesso e carnoso, rijo, mais longo do que as sépalas e de cor amarelo esverdeado a ocre. Catasetum galeritum é nativa do Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso e Amazonas. Sua avaliação quanto a ameaçada de extinção é NE (Não Avaliada).⚠️ Details of Catasetum galeritum flowers.🌱 Catasetum galeritum is an epiphytic orchid with a conical-fusiform pseudobulb, compressed on the sides, ringed and furrowed, and lanceolar-spatulate leaves, acuminate, towards the base, attenuated in canaliculate pseudopetiole, with 5–7 longitudinal veins. Its inflorescence is racemose, basal, pendant, robust. Flowers not resupinate. The sepals are slightly convex attenuated at the base and brownish wine color inside, as well as the petals that are oblong-ligular, sharp, erect, conniving with the dorsal sepal and embraced by its margins. The lip, somewhat reflexive, inferior, thick and fleshy, tough, longer than the sepals and greenish yellow to ochre. Catasetum galeritum is native to Pará, Maranhão,Tocantins, Mato Grosso and Amazonas. Its assessment for endangered is NE (Not Assessed).⚠️ 🍃🌿🌱🧠 #catasetineas #catasetinae #catasetum #catasetumgaleritum #orquidea #orchids #orquideas #orchid #flora #florabrasileira #floraamazonica (em Belém, Brazil) https://www.instagram.com/p/CpePeFDO3JL/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
#catasetineas#catasetinae#catasetum#catasetumgaleritum#orquidea#orchids#orquideas#orchid#flora#florabrasileira#floraamazonica
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This 60-year-old woman complained of swelling of the medial lower eyelid with discharge. Examination revealed inflammation of the lower canliculus with pus. The canal oculus was incised and curretaged multiple yellow concretions were expressed. The canaliculus was irrigated with antibiotic and treated with iodine application. This was a case of chronic canaliculitis caused by the bacteria Actinomyces Israeli. #canaliculitis #eyeinfection #actinomycosis #actinomycesisraelli #chuachungnen #canaliculitis #canaliculus #眼睛 #蔡钟能眼科医生 #isec @optimax @columbiahospital #penangoptimax #penang #kl #klioptimax #kualalumpur #kuchingoptimqx #isecsibu #sibuisec #miri #malaysiaeyespecialist #malaysiaeye #ophthalmology #ophthalmologist
#klioptimax#miri#actinomycosis#kuchingoptimqx#kualalumpur#eyeinfection#sibuisec#chuachungnen#isecsibu#penangoptimax#isec#蔡钟能眼科医生#penang#ophthalmology#canaliculus#actinomycesisraelli#canaliculitis#malaysiaeye#malaysiaeyespecialist#眼睛#ophthalmologist#kl
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Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery
Oculoplastic Surgery, also known as Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive, Oculofacial or Eye Plastic Surgery deals primarily with abnormalities of the eyelids and
their surrounding tissues, including their position and contour, to maintain, restore or improve function and appearance. This includes eyelid cysts and tumours,Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery
malpositions such as drooping eyelids (ptosis), staring eyes in thyroid eye disease, watering eyes and artificial (prosthetic) eyes etc.
Dr A K Grover is an Oculoplastic Surgeon of International repute. He obtained his training in both Ophthalmology and Plastic Surgery of Eye in Delhi. Vision Eye Centre
is the preferred choice of many doctors for referrals relating to Oculoplasty & Aesthetics procedure. The centre receives patients not only from India, but also from a
number of other countries. The specialty of Oculoplastics is an art that combines the meticulous detailed microsurgical techniques of ophthalmology with the aesthetic
understanding of plastic surgery. Some of the Oculoplasty Procedures done at Vision Eye Centre are given below:Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery
Eyelid disorders – Ptosis , Entropion, Ectropion : Eyelid Reconstruction Eyelid Trauma care Eyelid Cancers Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Sebaceous Cell Carcinoma Orbital Tumours Orbital Fractures Lacrimal Disorders Nasulacrimal Duct Obstruction Congenital Nasulacrimal Duct (NLD) Acquired Nasulacrimal Duct Obstruction & Common Canalicular Obstruction. Lacrimal Tumours Canaliculitis
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For further information about Best Oculoplastic Surgeon in Delhi, Orbital & Lacrimal (tear passage) Surgery, Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery please contact us at +91 11 26267611-17 (Siri Fort Road
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Juniper Publishers- JOJ Ophthalmology Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Review-JOJ Ophthalmology
Introduction
The lacrimal system comprises two components the main and accessory lacrimal glands and their secretions and the lacrimal excretory system [1]. The lacrimal excretory system is divided into the proximal and distal sections. The proximal section includes the punctum, canaliculus, and the common canaliculus [2,3]. The distal lacrimal drainage system consists of the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct that finally ends under the inferior turbinate and empties into the inferior meatus [2].
The precorneal tear film is composed of aqueous, mucinous and oily components and is necessary for the maintenance of the cornea as well as the maintenance of the ocular surface epithelium. More than 90% of the lacrimal fluid is removed by the excretory system, whereas less than 10% evaporates between blinks. Outflow is mainly regulated by the pumping effect of the orbicularis oculi muscle (Horner muscle) [3,4]. Tears are thus drawn into the lacrimal excretory system after each blink. The passage of tears down the nasolacrimal duct is influenced by gravity, evaporation in the nose, and inspiration and expiration.
Diagnosis
A detailed history of any systemic or topical medication, surgery, trauma or scarring, and infection must be obtained. It is valuable to grade the severity of epiphora using a uniform grading system such as the Munk scale [5]. Slit lamp examination starts with recognizing the papilla, presence of a membrane or fibrosis over the punctum, punctum size, tear meniscus height, eyelid margin, conjunctiva around the punctum, eyelid malposition, position of the punctum in the tear lake, and any sign of previous surgery. The Schirmer test [6], tear break up time [7], ocular surface staining, and tear meniscus height will rule out any associated ocular surface abnormalities. Abnormal dye disappearance test is a very maneuver to assess abnormal tear drainage system and is especially helpful in pediatric patients [7].
Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is the first cause of pediatric epiphora. Other causes include congenital punctum and canaliculus stenosis and/or atresia, nasal malformations and craneofacial abnormalities. It is frequently seen at birth due to lack of perforation of the valve of Hasner or an inferior and distal nasolacrimal duct opening failure. At birth, half of the nasolacrimal new born pathways are not permeable. A spontaneous apoptosis mechanism takes place between 3rd- 4th weeks after birth. Nevertheless, the obstruction persists in approximately 20% of the patients. Symptoms of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction consist of epiphora and dacryocystitis. The diagnosis is easily made in the office by observing epiphora and mattering of the eyelashes (Figure 1). It can be confirmed by compression over the nasolacrimal sac, which results in regurgitation of mucopurulent material in those patients who have developed chronic dacryocystitis. Instillation of 2% fluorescein dye and observation of abnormally delayed passage from de cul-de-sac is helpful in confirming the diagnosis.This is a rare entity presented at birth or within the fourth week after birth. The blockage Rosenmüller valve. An edematous, tender and red mass below the medial canthal tendon will be clinically found (Figure 2). Conservative management (medical treatment). If dacryocele is initially sterile, all patients must be treated with warm compresses, local massage and topical antibiotics [8]. Those infected will be treated with broad spectrum intravenous antibiotic therapy [9]. Local massage by pushing down the lacrimal sac is useful and accelerates the lumen duct perforation process (Figure 3). Controversy exists whether conservative management or early probing for decompression are preferable. Surgical Management of Congenital Nasolacrimal ObstructionProbing consist by introducing a thin metal probe into the lacrimal punctum trough the nasolacrimal pathway, producing a mechanical opening in the obstruction site. It is an operating room procedure under general anesthesia. The ideal time is controversial, most of the time the procedure is performed around the first year of life for those patients that did not show spontaneous improvement or despite conservative treatment [10].Close dacryointubation is performed by placement of silicone stents through the superior and inferior canaliculus and down to the nasolacrimal duct. This dilates the inferior meatus. The duration of the stent employment ranges from 6 weeks to 6 months [10]. Dacryocystorhinostomy surgical procedure involves the removal of bone adjacent to the lacrimal sac draining directly into the nasal cavity and it is performed when siliconte intubation have failed. Differential DiagnosisDermoid cyst, dongenital glaucoma, acute conjunctivitis, corneal abrasion, trichiasis, ocular foreign body sensation and meningoencephalocele must be discarded. Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct ObstructionThe primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction is caused by inflammation or fibrosis without any precipitating cause. Appears in middle age and elderly females in 3:1 ratio. The obstruction site is located in the lower nasolacrimal fossa and middle nasolacrimal duct. The secondary acquired obstruction is caused by inflammation or fibrosis with precipitating causes as infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic or mechanical factors [11,12].Clinical presentation Patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction most commonly present with a history of epiphora. A chronic dacryocystitis owing to tear stasis can show a mucopurulent discharge at the punctum, or pus can be expressed from the punctum by massage of the lacrimal sac. Two stages can be distinguished [13]. Acute DacryocystitisIs an acute inflammation of the lacrimal sac due mostly to the obstruction of nasolacrimal duct. In most cases is a clinical diagnosis. Lacrimal sac bacterial overgrowth and inflammation? occludes the superior and the natural drainage creating a true abscess. Symptoms and signs include a no compressible painful and erythematous mass below the medial canthal tendon. Medical treatment must be initiated because of the risk of extension to the periocular tissues and the orbit (Figure 4 ) including topical and systemic antibiotics, analgesics and antiinflammatory measures. Local heat and massages helps drainage and the opening of the obstruction site.
Lacrimal sac abscess requires sometimes manual percutaneous drainage, material can be collected and cultivated (Figure 5). Avoid irrigation during the acute phase because the risk of dissemination of the infectious process. Definitive treatment is a dacryocystorhinostomy procedure which can be performed as an external or internal endoscopic. It is preferable to postpone two or three weeks after the acute phase resolution.
Chronic Dacryocystitis
Symptoms and signs include recurrent epiphora, swelling and redness at medial canthus and a painless and compressible mass below the medial canthal tendon. The patient usually refers history of previous acute dacryocistitis or chronic unilateral conjunctivitis.
The lacrimal sac is filled with mucoid or purulent discharge that can be expressed frequently with local massage (Figure 6). Medical treatment includes topic and systemic antibiotics and a dacryocystorhinostomy as the surgical first choice. Differential Diagnosis: Preseptal cell ulitis, sinusitis, canaliculitis, sebaceous cyst and neoplastic tumours. Conclusion For most tearing patients a diagnosis can be arrived at after a thorough history and a few relatively simple office procedures. A small number of cases will require more sophisticated studies to confirm the site of anatomic block. With the various test available, appropriate medical or surgical management can be determined in the vast majority of patient with tear production and drainage imbalance. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common finding and the ophthalmologist must be prepared to recognize signs and symptoms to perform an accurate diagnosis and offer a correct management.
#Congenital lacrimal obstruction#Acquired lacrimal obstruction#Acute dacryocistitis#Chronic dacryocistitis
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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources
Response of Varieties to Air-Layering in Olive Cultivars
Authored by Waseem Zaman
Abstract
An experiment to investigate "The response of varieties to air-layering in Olive cultivars” was conducted at Olive Research Farm Sangbatti, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan during july 2016. Air layering was done in June Olive cultivars i-e Local variety, Leccino variety, Pendolino variety, Coratino variety and chetoui variety were compared. The experiment was laid out on a single factor RCB-Design (randomized complete block design) having three replications. Maximum root diameter (1.42 mm), number of roots plant-1 (6), Minimum days to callus formation (20days) and rooting (55 days) were recorded for Leccino. And maximum root length (5.56cm) and weight (0.67gm) were recorded for local variety. While minimum root length (1.5cmcm), root diameter (1.13mm), root weight (0.17gm) and number of roots plant-1 (1.66), Maximum days to callus formation (27days) and rooting (68days) were recorded for coratina. On the basis of these results it was concluded that Leccino variety performed best in response to days to callus formation, rooting, diameter and number of roots through air layering in different Olive cultivars.
Keywords: Olive; Air-Layering; Cultivars; Mardan
Introduction
Olive is mentioned in these Verses of the Holy Quran; "ALLAH is the light of the heavens and the earth. The parable of His light is as (if there were) a niche and within it a lamp: the lamp is in a glass, the glass as it were a brilliant star, illuminated from a blessed tree, an Olive, neither of the east (i.e. neither it gets sun-rays only in the morning) nor of the west (i.e. nor it gets sun-rays only in the afternoon, but it is exposed to the sun all day long), whose oil would almost glow forth (of itself), though no fire touched it. Light upon Light! ALLAH guides to His Light whom He wills. And ALLAH sets forth parables for mankind, and ALLAH is All-Knower of everything.” [Al-Quran, An-Noor (The Light), 24:35]. Prophetic medicine also described health benefits of Olive tree and Olive oil. Muhammad (S.A.W.W) is reported to have said: "Take oil of Olive and massage with it, it is a blessed tree [1]. Olive (Olea europaea L.) belongs to family Oleaceae and locally called as Zaitoon is an attractive evergreen tree with grey- green foliage. It is a slow and steady growing tree having a long life of about 900 to 1000 years [2]. It was under cultivation long before the time of earliest recorded history. It was originated in the Eastern Mediterranean area. Then after that the cultivation began in Italy, Spain and North Africa. In Asia, cultivation is confined to Iraq, Iran and China [2].
Olive is successfully grown in a climate having moderate cold winters and prolonged hot summers with low humidity. Temperature below 10oC is injurious as it may kill the plant. Winter rest is considered essential for fruit bud differentiation. Most cultivars require at least two months of winter chilling for floral bud initiation. It is one of the most drought resistant trees and thrives well where the annual average rainfall is around 900-1000 mm without irrigation. It grows well on many different kinds of soil, ranging from rocky shallow hillsides to deep fertile valley soils, from acid soils to fairly alkaline soils. It can also tolerate considerable salinity too. However it can’t withstand poorly drained soils and quickly dies if water stands around its roots for few weeks [3].
The Olive tree is shrubby in appearance, and evergreen. The trunk is 4-5 m high, and branches are erect, internodes are elongate reaching 20 - 60 mm. The bark is smooth, grey-brown. Leaves are lanceolate aspect, they are 3-4 to 7-8 cm long and 0.4 to 1.2- 1.3cm wide .they are slightly contracted into an acuminate reddish-brown apex and progressively contracted into medium petiole 0.2 - 0.7 cm long. Lateral veins are not visible; the median vein is partly canaliculated on the scattered with tectorous and star - like hairs above, whitish and densely covered by flattened tectorouse hairs beneath. Flowers are rather large than 4-6 mm long with 2 bracteoles-elongate of 1-2 mm ,inserted either on the pedicel or beneath the calyx is erect ,cylindrical - oval1 mm long. Fruit are borne in panicales .The fruit is a globose - ovoid drupe ; 5 - 7 mm in diameter and 9 - 11 mm long, green then red- brown when unripe, becoming purplish- black. Drupe pulp is sweet or slightly bitter taste [4].
Olive oil reduces blood pressure, lowers the risk of heart attacks, have laxative, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-oxidant benefits. Moreover, Olive products help to satisfy the nutritional needs of the population. The fruit contain around 20% oil and has very less cholesterol. Olive fruits contain 80% unsaturated fatty acid compared with 20% saturated ones. Ripe Olive fruits are pressed for rich oil which is the best oil available in the world for edible purposes. The Olive oil has twice as much energy value than sugar. Olive oil contains high percentage of oleic acid which is very essential for our body. Mature fruit are also eaten after being processed and preserved in vinegar or salt solution The Olive oil is used for cooking, salad dressing, food preparation, massage and for the manufacture of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, [5].
The Olive tree, a universal symbol of peace has been the object of conflict in the Arab-Israel conflict. The uprooting of ancient olive trees, as a by-product of war, has tremendous effects on Palestinian agriculture, economy and identity. In Palestine, the Olive tree is prized for its historical presence, its beauty, and its symbolic significance and most importantly for its economic importance. Olive trees are a major commercial crop for Palestine and many families depend on it for their livelihood [6]. Asexual or vegetative propagation methods probably the most widely used commercial method of propagation in Olive. Olive is propagated through sexual and asexual means. Propagation of Olive through sexual mean is usually not recommended, because seedlings are not true to type and take a lot of time to bear fruit. Air-layering is the effective method of asexual propagation in Olive. Air-layering is usually done in the months of June, July and August. There are six common types of layering: air, simple, tip, trench, serpentine and mound, of which air and simple layering are the most popular types [7].
Some plants which are difficult to root, air layering has been proven as an effective method in a wide range of species as a means of increasing their kind. Air layering is a method which was originated by the Chinese several centuries ago. Basically it is a method of producing plants from aerial branches which remained attached with parent plant and develops rooting. There are many commercial growing media used to raise seedlings and branches, but many are expensive and locally unavailable. There is a need to establish appropriate and low cost growing media to ensure that the tree seedlings could attain a suitable size for layering within a year. Amending growing media with fertilizer can promote seedling and branching growth, establishment and survival [8]. The moist medium for rooting is usually placed around the wounded area of the branch. It is held in position by placing a wrapping around the periphery of the ball of the medium. After the roots have grown to the outside of the ball of medium, the branch is removed and planted in a pot on its own roots. The growth, establishment and survival of branches and seedlings also depend on the quality of a growing medium.
The study of the effect of growing location, variety, and extraction conditions on Olive oil constituents is strongly encouraged. Moreover, with this product being particularly important in terms of human health effects, papers dealing with the in vivo and in vitro studies of olive oils or Olive oil compounds will be accepted (Table 1). A project for Olive promotion in Sangbhatti Olive farm [9-12], a research section of Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar, situated at Mardan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is initiated to find the suitable cultivars for the regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Plenty of work is done there on propagation, of which air-layering is the most successful and frequently used technique. Many cultivars are under trail like Koroneik, Leccino, Arbesona, Frontoea and Coratina etc.
Objectives
Keeping in view the value of Olive and air layering an experiment was designed with the following objectives;
To find out the best variety for Olive air-layering under the agro-climatic conditions of Mardan.
Materials and Methods
An experiment was conducted at Olive Research Farm Sangbatti, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) Tarnab, Peshawar, in order to evaluate the response of varieties to air layering in the agro climatic conditions of mardan during july 2016. Five varieties i.e. local variety, Coratina, Leccino, Pendolino and Chetoui were compared [13].
Experimental Layout
The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) [14,15] design having single factor. In which each treatment was repeated three times. Nine air-layers per tree were practiced. In this way a single replication had 45 air-layers (5trees x 9 layers), thus a total of 135 air-layers were made in three replications.
The experiment consisted of a single factor:
Factor: Different varieties;
Variety 1: local variety
Variety 2: Coratina
Variety 3: Leccino
Variety 4: Pendolino
Variety 5: Chetoui
Preparation of Air-Layers
In order to initiate rooting in Olive cultivars (Local variety, Coratina variety, Leccino variety, and Pendolino and Chetoui varieties) branches a circular strip of bark having 3 cm size was completely removed just below the buds from one year old shoots. The branches used for air-layering had 1.5 m length and pencil size thickness. The plants selected for the experiment were seven years old [16-20]. A heavy mass of well-prepared selected media was tightly wrapped around layered branches readily after the removal of bark to reduce moisture loss from the opened portion. The media were covered with polyethylene sheets to make sure that the media remain intact. All the air layered plants were frequently irrigated after the completion of air layering practice. Data were collected after 10-15 days. The branches which showed successful development of roots in media were cut off carefully below the layered portion from parent plants and data were recorded for different parameters [21]. All other cultural practices were kept uniform for all the treatments during this course of experiment.
Results and Discussion
Days to callus formation
The data recorded for days to callus formation is given in (Table 2) and analysis of variance is presented in (Table 2a). The analysis of variance showed that data related to days to callus formation were non-significantly different. The mean table showed that minimum days to callus formation were recorded for Leccino (20days), followed by Local variety (23.66 days), while maximum days to callus formation were in Coratina (27 days). The difference in days to callus formation for different varieties is related to the climatic condition of Mardan. Its seems that Coratina does not have more favorable climatic condition compared to the Leccino. Leccino is more favorable to the climate of Mardan then that of other varieties that why Leccino variety showed better results for callus formation. It is noticed that early callus formation occurred in Leccino. While late callus formation occurred in Coratino.
Days to rooting
LSD value at 5% of Probability =8.0214
The data recorded for days to rooting is given in (Table 3) and analysis of variance is presented in (Table 3a). The analysis of variance showed that data related to days to rooting were significantly different. The mean table showed that minimum days to rooting were recorded for Leccino (55days), followed by Local variety and Chetoui (58.66 days), while maximum days to rooting were in Coratina (68 days). The difference in days to rooting for different varieties is related to the climatic condition of Mardan. Its seems that Coratina does not have more favorable climatic condition compared to the Leccino. Leccino is more favorable to the climate of Mardan then that of other varieties that's why Leccino variety showed better results for rooting. It is noticed that early rooting occurred in Leccino. While late rooting occurred in Coratina variety.
Root diameter (mm)
The data recorded for root diameter is given in (Table 4) and analysis of variance is presented in (Table 4a). The analysis of variance showed that data related to root diameter were significantly different. The mean table showed that maximum root diameter were recorded for Leccino (1.42mm), followed by Chetoui (1.32mm), while minimum root diameter were in Coratina variety (1.13mm) . The difference in root diameter for different varieties is related to the climatic condition of Mardan. Its seems that Coratina does not have more favorable climatic condition compared to the Leccino. Leccino is more favorable to the climate of Mardan then that of other varieties that why Leccino variety showed better results for root diameter [22]. It is noticed that maximum root diameter occurred in Leccino. While minimum root diameter occurred in Coratina variety.
LSD value at 5% of Probability =0.1328
Root length (cm)
The data recorded for root length is given in (Table 5) and analysis of variance is presented in (Table 5a). The analysis of variance showed that data related to root length were significantly different. The mean table showed that maximum root length was recorded for Local variety (5.56cm), followed by Chetoui (4.33cm), while minimum root length were in Coratina (1.5cm). The difference in root length for different varieties is related to the climatic condition of Mardan. Its seems that Coratina does not have more favorable climatic condition compared to the Local variety [23]. Local variety is more favorable to the climate of Mardan then that of other varieties that's why Local variety showed better results for root length. It is noticed that maximum root length occurred in Local variety. While minimum root length occurred in Coratino variety.
LSD value at 5% of Probability =0.6626.
Number of roots per plant1
LSD value at 5% of Probability =1.3090
The data recorded for number of roots plant-1 is given in (Table 6) and analysis of variance is presented in (Table 6a). The analysis of variance showed that data related to number of roots plant-1 were significantly different. The mean table showed that maximum number of roots plant-1 were recorded for Leccino (6), followed by Chetoui (2.66 days), while minimum number of roots plant-1 were in Coratina (1.66). The difference in number of roots plant-1 for different varieties is related to the climatic condition of Mardan. Its seems that Coratina does not have more favorable climatic condition compared to the Leccino. Leccino is more favorable to the climate of Mardan then that of other varieties that's why Leccino variety showed better results for number of roots plant-1. It is noticed that maximum number roots plant-1 occurred in Leccino. While minimum number roots plant-1 occurred in Coratino variety.
Root weight (gm)
The data recorded for root weight is given in and analysis of variance is presented. The analysis of variance showed that data related to root weight were significantly different. The mean table showed that maximum root weight was recorded for Local (0.67gm), followed by Chetoui (0.40gm), while minimum root weight were in Coratina (0.17gm). The difference in root weight for different varieties is related to the climatic condition of Mardan. Its seems that Coratina does not have more favorable climatic condition compared to the Local variety. Local variety is more favorable to the climate of Mardan then that of other varieties that's why Local variety showed better results for root weight. It is noticed that maximum root weight occurred in Local variety. While minimum root weight occured in Coratino variety.
Conclusion
From the present experiment it was concluded that the cultivar Leccino responded very well to air-layering in the agro climatic conditions of Mardan for the parameters, minimum days to callus formation, days to rooting, root diameter (mm), maximum number of rootsplant-1.
Recommendation
On the basis of the present findings the following recommendation can be given:
Leccino variety should be used under the agro-climatic conditions of Mardan for air-layering in Olive cultivars.
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Ostéocytes
Les ostéocytes sont les cellules résidentes des tissus osseux, issus de la différenciation des ostéoblastes. Des prolongements cytoplasmiques relient leurs corps cellulaires entre eux et avec les ostéoblastes situés dans la matrice ostéoïde, et des gap junctions ou jonctions communicantes relient ces prolongement, de sorte que les cytoplasmes de toutes les cellules des tissus osseux sont plus ou moins reliés.
La matrice extra-cellulaire (MEC) osseuse est calcifiée et très solide. Lorsque les tissus sont fixés et inclus, les cellules se rétractent mais pas la MEC ce qui rend les logettes des ostéocytes visibles. Ces logettes sont appelées ostéoplastes autours du corps cellulaire des ostéocytes, et canalicules autours des prolongements cytoplasmiques.
La MEC des tissus osseux est avasculaire, et donc les cellules sont nourries par diffusion du dioxygène (O2) et des nutriments depuis les capillaires jusqu'aux ostéoblastes, puis diffusent via les prolongements cytoplasmiques et les jonctions communicantes. Il y a ainsi un gradient de concentration d'O2 notamment, avec des zones hypoxiques à distance des ostéoblastes.
Ces schémas ont été faits pour mes ED du Tutorat à partir des cours que j'ai retranscrit quand j'étais en première année de médecine. Ma seule source est le professeur de l'époque, et je peux avoir mal compris certaines choses, faire des approximations fausses, etc même si je fais de mon mieux. Croiser les sources permet d'avoir des informations plus fiables. N'hésitez pas à commenter pour discuter des sujets abordés ! Schémas et explications faits entre 2015 et 2016.
#histologie#tissus osseux#osteocytes#medecine#paces#ue 2#biologie#science#corps humain#studyblr#medblr#scientific illustration
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Southern University jaguars x Chris Paul 2020 shirt
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Punctal Plug Devices Market Size, Application Analysis, Regional Outlook, 2017 - 2025
Punctal plugs are small-sized medical devices used to treat dry eye. Dry eye is a disease wherein patients are not able to keep the eye comfortable and healthy, as no sufficient tears are produced. The dry eye syndrome is also known as keratitis sicca, dry eye disease, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca. It causes issues with tears and the ocular surface, which leads to tear film instability and visual disturbances resulting in potential damage of the ocular surface. The early treatment of dry eye may help an individual prevent corneal scarring and ulcers. Punctal plugs are also used in the treatment of punctal stenosis and glaucoma and for ocular drug delivery. They can modulate the effect of other forms of topical treatment by increasing the drug retention time.
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The tear drainage channel located in the inner corner of the eye is blocked by using the punctual plug device. The device is inserted in the puncta, opening of the tear duct. Tears are drained out from this channel through the back of the nose and are sent to the back of the throat. The punctal plug prevents tears from flowing out, as it acts as a dam. With the help of punctal plugs, eyes are kept moist with the patient’s own tears.
Also, artificial tears can last long with the help of punctal plugs. Punctal plug devices can be inserted for a long duration of time, permanently, or for a short duration of time. Temporary punctal plugs are made of collagen, a material that is found in the skin and bones. Temporary punctal plugs have a unique property of dissolving over time. Permanent punctal plug devices are made of silicone. Some other materials used for punctal plug devices are acrylic, polydioxanone, and hydrogel.
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Increasing advancements in designs and techniques drive the demand for punctal plug devices. The increasing prevalence of the dry eye syndrome is driving the punctal plug devices market. According to the Journal of Ophthalmology, 25% of patients visiting eye care clinics exhibit symptoms of dry eye. However, if the dry eye syndrome is not very severe, it can be treated by certain over-the-counter products such as ointments, gels, and artificial teardrops. These products act as a restraining factor for the global punctal plug devices market. Some complications associated with punctal plug devices such as chronic irritation, epiphora, migration, extrusion, biofilm formation, and canaliculitis may also restrain the market to a certain extent.
The global punctal plug devices market can be segmented based on duration of placement type, design type, end-user, and region. In terms of duration of placement type, the market can be categorized into temporary punctal plugs and permanent punctal plugs. Based on design type, the punctal plug devices market can be divided into straight shaft, stretched shaft, dual-lobe tip, slanted lip, perforated shaft, ribbed shaft, reservoired head, collapsible nose, and tapered shaft. Based on end-user, the market can be classified into hospital pharmacies, online pharmacies, eye health clinics, and retail pharmacies.
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Geographically, the global punctal plug devices market can be segmented into Asia Pacific, Latin America, Europe, North America, and Middle East & Africa. North America holds the leading market share, owing to high prevalence of the dry eye syndrome. According to Physicians’ Health Studies (PHS) and Women’s Health Studies (WHS), approximately 1.6 million men and 3.2 million women aged 50 years and above in the U.S. suffer from the dry eye syndrome of moderate to severe level.
Key players operating in the global punctal plug devices market are Oasis Medical, Lacrimedics, Inc., Beaver-Visitec International, FCI Ophthalmics, Surgical Specialties Corporation, Lacrivera (a division of Stephens Instruments), AlphaMed, and Medennium.
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Punctal Plug Devices Market Trends with Forecast up to 2025
Punctal plugs are small-sized medical devices used to treat dry eye. Dry eye is a disease wherein patients are not able to keep the eye comfortable and healthy, as no sufficient tears are produced. The dry eye syndrome is also known as keratitis sicca, dry eye disease, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca. It causes issues with tears and the ocular surface, which leads to tear film instability and visual disturbances resulting in potential damage of the ocular surface. The early treatment of dry eye may help an individual prevent corneal scarring and ulcers. Punctal plugs are also used in the treatment of punctal stenosis and glaucoma and for ocular drug delivery. They can modulate the effect of other forms of topical treatment by increasing the drug retention time.
The tear drainage channel located in the inner corner of the eye is blocked by using the punctual plug device. The device is inserted in the puncta, opening of the tear duct. Tears are drained out from this channel through the back of the nose and are sent to the back of the throat. The punctal plug prevents tears from flowing out, as it acts as a dam. With the help of punctal plugs, eyes are kept moist with the patient’s own tears. Also, artificial tears can last long with the help of punctal plugs. Punctal plug devices can be inserted for a long duration of time, permanently, or for a short duration of time. Temporary punctal plugs are made of collagen, a material that is found in the skin and bones. Temporary punctal plugs have a unique property of dissolving over time. Permanent punctal plug devices are made of silicone. Some other materials used for punctal plug devices are acrylic, polydioxanone, and hydrogel.
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https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=32195
Increasing advancements in designs and techniques drive the demand for punctal plug devices. The increasing prevalence of the dry eye syndrome is driving the Punctal Plug Devices Market. According to the Journal of Ophthalmology, 25% of patients visiting eye care clinics exhibit symptoms of dry eye. However, if the dry eye syndrome is not very severe, it can be treated by certain over-the-counter products such as ointments, gels, and artificial teardrops. These products act as a restraining factor for the global punctal plug devices market. Some complications associated with punctal plug devices such as chronic irritation, epiphora, migration, extrusion, biofilm formation, and canaliculitis may also restrain the market to a certain extent.
The global punctal plug devices market can be segmented based on duration of placement type, design type, end-user, and region. In terms of duration of placement type, the market can be categorized into temporary punctal plugs and permanent punctal plugs. Based on design type, the punctal plug devices market can be divided into straight shaft, stretched shaft, dual-lobe tip, slanted lip, perforated shaft, ribbed shaft, reservoired head, collapsible nose, and tapered shaft. Based on end-user, the market can be classified into hospital pharmacies, online pharmacies, eye health clinics, and retail pharmacies.
Geographically, the global punctal plug devices market can be segmented into Asia Pacific, Latin America, Europe, North America, and Middle East & Africa. North America holds the leading market share, owing to high prevalence of the dry eye syndrome. According to Physicians’ Health Studies (PHS) and Women’s Health Studies (WHS), approximately 1.6 million men and 3.2 million women aged 50 years and above in the U.S. suffer from the dry eye syndrome of moderate to severe level.
Key players operating in the global punctal plug devices market are Oasis Medical, Lacrimedics, Inc., Beaver-Visitec International, FCI Ophthalmics, Surgical Specialties Corporation, Lacrivera (a division of Stephens Instruments), AlphaMed, and Medennium.
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Catasetum galeritum e suas flores abertas.🌾 Catasetum galeritum é uma orquídea epífita de pseudobulbo cônico-fusiformes, compressos dos lados, anelados e sulcados e folhas lanceolar-espatuladas, acuminadas, para a base, atenuadas em pseudopecíolo canaliculado, com 5–7 nervuras longitudinais. Sua Inflorescência é racemosa, basal, pendente, robusta. As flores não ressupinadas. As sépalas são levemente convexas atenuadas na base e de cor vinho amarronzado no interior, assim como as pétalas que são oblongo-ligulares, aguçadas, eretas, coniventes com a sépala dorsal e abraçadas pelas suas margens. O labelo, um tanto reflexo, ínfero, espesso e carnoso, rijo, mais longo do que as sépalas e de cor amarelo esverdeado a ocre. Catasetum galeritum é nativa do Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso e Amazonas. Sua avaliação quanto a ameaçada de extinção é NE (Não Avaliada).⚠️ Catasetum galeritum and its opened flowers. Catasetum galeritum is an epiphytic orchid with a conical-fusiform pseudobulb, compressed on the sides, ringed and furrowed, and lanceolar-spatulate leaves, acuminate, towards the base, attenuated in canaliculate pseudopetiole, with 5–7 longitudinal veins. Its inflorescence is racemose, basal, pendant, robust. Flowers not resupinate. The sepals are slightly convex attenuated at the base and brownish wine color inside, as well as the petals that are oblong-ligular, sharp, erect, conniving with the dorsal sepal and embraced by its margins. The lip, somewhat reflexive, inferior, thick and fleshy, tough, longer than the sepals and greenish yellow to ochre. Catasetum galeritum is native to Pará, Maranhão,Tocantins, Mato Grosso and Amazonas. Its assessment for endangered is NE (Not Assessed).⚠️ 🍃🌿🌱🧠 #catasetineas #catasetinae #catasetum #catasetumgaleritum #orquidea #orchids #orquideas #orchid #flora #florabrasileira #floraamazonica (em Belém, Brazil) https://www.instagram.com/p/CpeLYDPrg9W/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
#catasetineas#catasetinae#catasetum#catasetumgaleritum#orquidea#orchids#orquideas#orchid#flora#florabrasileira#floraamazonica
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27 February to 4 March 2017
I worked 13 days in a row and was exhausted by the end of it. This week we spent Monday finishing clearing up debris from Doris. I spent a day and a half washing terracotta pots for the alpine nursery. It was a wonderfully warm job, inside a small room, radio on, and I had the place heating up like a sauna.
The plant that caught my eye this week was Abeliophyllum distichum (in addition to my plant of the week).
I cleared the sludge from the stream beds in the Asia section of the rock garden; I found a leech, a first for me. I also learnt that getting rid of the muck can be a bit messy if not done properly. We pushed the sludge about a metre from the rear gate of the skip and loaded a lot of sand at the end to soak up any runaway muck as the skip is lifted onto the vehicle to take it back to the stable yard. Evidently, a few years back, all the sludge came rushing out the back and they had to clean it up again!
Saturday I attended the Alpine Garden Society’s Early Spring Show in Harlow on Saturday and learnt a lot about the world of flower shows by shadowing the judges.
March’s ident is all about succulents:
Aizoaceae Cylindrophyllum hallii
Aizoaceae Faucaria felina
Compositae (Asteraceae) Senecio haworthii
Crassulaceae Aeonium arboreum
Crassulaceae Crassula ovata
Crassulaceae Echeveria pulvinata
Crassulaceae Sedum treleasei
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia decaryi var. cap-saintemariensis
Xanthorrhoeaceae Aloe suzannae
Xanthorrhoeceae Haworthia coarctata
Plant of the week...
Tecophilaeaceae Tecophilaea cyanocrocus
common name(s) - “Chilean blue crocus” synonym(s) - Tecophilaea cyanocrocus f. leichtlinii (Regel) Leichtlin; T. c. var. leichtlinii Regel; T. c. var. regelii Baker; T. c. f. typica Leichtlin, nom. inval.; T. c. var. violacea Leichtlin; Zephyra cyanocrocus (Leyb.) Ravenna IUCN conservation rating - none* native to - Chile location - Alpine Yard A1BULB S AC, accession 1976-3985 F leaves - there are two or three, flat or canaliculate (channelled), bright green, up to 100mm long and 10mm wide flowers - February, March, scented, cobalt blue, trumpet-shaped flowers with a white centre, grows from a corm; fruit is a small, rounded capsule containing a few small seeds habit - a cryptophyte, tuffed habitat - the Andes mountain range, on dry, stony slopes, from about 2,000m to 3,000m pests - generally pest free disease - generally disease free hardiness - to -5ºC (H3) soil - loam or sand, well-drained, acidic or neutral sun - full sun propagation - removing offsets in late summer cultivation - free-draining compost is used and the corms are re-potted each year in August, when dormant, and water should be minimal once the foliage fades after the springtime period of active growth; prefers dry, rather cool soil in summer nomenclature - Tecophilaeaceae - Tecophilaea - for Tecofila Billiotti-Colla, botanical illustrator, daughter of Professor Luigi Colla of Turin (means ‘lover of children’); cyanocrocus - blue Crocus-like, saffron and blue Herbarium - seven specimen, one a type specimen *NB - was thought for many years to be extinct in the wild, in the spring of 2001, a large population was discovered on private land south of Santiago, considered to be rare in the wild and to be vulnerable to land use changes; AGM; extremely high horticultural merit
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This 60-year-old woman complained of swelling of the medial lower eyelid with discharge. Examination revealed inflammation of the lower canliculus with pus. The canal oculus was incised and curretaged multiple yellow concretions were expressed. The canaliculus was irrigated with antibiotic and treated with iodine application. This was a case of chronic canaliculitis caused by the bacteria Actinomyces Israeli.
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Catasetum galeritum e suas flores abrindo .🌾 Catasetum galeritum é uma orquídea epífita de pseudobulbo cônico-fusiformes, compressos dos lados, anelados e sulcados e folhas lanceolar-espatuladas, acuminadas, para a base, atenuadas em pseudopecíolo canaliculado, com 5–7 nervuras longitudinais. Sua Inflorescência é racemosa, basal, pendente, robusta. As flores não ressupinadas. As sépalas são levemente convexas atenuadas na base e de cor vinho amarronzado no interior, assim como as pétalas que são oblongo-ligulares, aguçadas, eretas, coniventes com a sépala dorsal e abraçadas pelas suas margens. O labelo, um tanto reflexo, ínfero, espesso e carnoso, rijo, mais longo do que as sépalas e de cor amarelo esverdeado a ocre. Catasetum galeritum é nativa do Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso e Amazonas. Sua avaliação quanto a ameaçada de extinção é NE (Não Avaliada).⚠️ Catasetum galeritum and its opening flowers. Catasetum galeritum is an epiphytic orchid with a conical-fusiform pseudobulb, compressed on the sides, ringed and furrowed, and lanceolar-spatulate leaves, acuminate, towards the base, attenuated in canaliculate pseudopetiole, with 5–7 longitudinal veins. Its inflorescence is racemose, basal, pendant, robust. Flowers not resupinate. The sepals are slightly convex attenuated at the base and brownish wine color inside, as well as the petals that are oblong-ligular, sharp, erect, conniving with the dorsal sepal and embraced by its margins. The lip, somewhat reflexive, inferior, thick and fleshy, tough, longer than the sepals and greenish yellow to ochre. Catasetum galeritum is native to Pará, Maranhão,Tocantins, Mato Grosso and Amazonas. Its assessment for endangered is NE (Not Assessed).⚠️ 🍃🌿🌱🧠 #catasetineas #catasetinae #catasetum #catasetumgaleritum #orquidea #orchids #orquideas #orchid #flora #florabrasileira #floraamazonica (em Belém, Brazil) https://www.instagram.com/p/CpVX3tbrvH2/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
#catasetineas#catasetinae#catasetum#catasetumgaleritum#orquidea#orchids#orquideas#orchid#flora#florabrasileira#floraamazonica
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Hépatocytes
Les hépatocytes sont les cellules du foie, organe qui a plusieurs fonctions : détoxication du sang, sécrétion d'hormones, ou sécrétion de bile pour la digestion notamment. Pour cela on peut parler d'organe glandulaire, amphicrine (car exo- et endocrine à la fois). Ces cellules peuvent être mono- ou bi-nucléées, et sont entourées de capillaires veineux avec une lame basale (bleue) qui fait l'interface entre vaisseaux et hépatocytes. Du fait du caractère amphicrin de ces cellules, on distingue un pôle dit biliaire et un pôle vasculaire.
Le pôle biliaire peut s'apparenter aux pôles apicaux des autres épithéliums puisqu'il est en contact direct avec la lumière des canalicules biliaires. Ces pseudo-canaux sont des espaces entre les hépatocytes, formés par les parois cellulaires de ces derniers et limités grâce à des jonctions étanches (tight junctions) entre les cellules ce qui permet au contenu des canalicules de ne pas se disperser ailleurs. La sécrétion de bile (orange) dans ces canalicules est considérée comme exocrine puisqu'ils débouchent ensuite sur le tube digestif.
Le pôle vasculaire peut s'apparenter aux pôles basaux des autres épithéliums puisqu'il est en contact avec la lame basale et les capillaires veineux, où il déverse des hormones (violettes) : on parle donc de sécrétion endocrine.
Ces schémas ont été faits pour mes ED du Tutorat à partir des cours que j'ai retranscrit quand j'étais en première année de médecine. Ma seule source est le professeur de l'époque, et je peux avoir mal compris certaines choses, faire des approximations fausses, etc même si je fais de mon mieux. Croiser les sources permet d'avoir des informations plus fiables. N'hésitez pas à commenter pour discuter des sujets abordés ! Schémas et explications faits entre 2015 et 2016.
#histologie#tissus epitheliaux#hepatocytes#medecine#paces#ue 2#biologie#science#corps humain#studyblr#medblr#scientific illustration
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Peroxysomes
Les peroxysomes sont des vésicules sphériques qui ressemblent morphologiquement aux pré-lysosomes bien que leur contenu enzymatiques soit différent. Ils possèdent une membrane simple qui délimite un espace intérieur appelé matrice contenant ses enzymes, mais pas d'acides nucléiques contrairement aux mitochondries : ainsi toutes les protéines des peroxysomes proviennent donc du génome nucléaire. Ces vésicules sont mises en réseau par de fins canalicules.
Les vésicules mesurent entre 0,1 et 1,5 micromètres (µm) selon les cellules : elles sont donc visibles au microscope électronique (ME) mais pas au microscope optique (MO) directement. En revanche on peut utiliser des techniques spéciales pour révéler indirectement ces organites au MO, comme l'immunohistochimie qui emploit des anticorps marqués et spécifiques aux peroxysomes, ou l'enzymohistochimie qui utilise un substrat qui changera de couleur en présence des enzymes peroxysomales.
De fait de leurs rôles de détoxication, on trouve ces organites surtout dans le foie et le rein, les principaux organes d'épuration du corps où ils peuvent être jusque 1000 peroxysomes par cellule et représenter 1 % du volume du cytoplasme.
On suppose de plus que leur origine est endosymbiotique, c'est-à-dire que ces organites auraient été il y a très longtemps des bactéries qui se sont intégrées à l'intérieur des eucaryotes primitifs. Cette hypothèse est plus difficile à certifier que chez les mitochondries à cause de l'absence de génome propre aux peroxysomes : l'hypothèse serait que leur endosymbiose serait plus ancienne et que l'ADN peroxysomal aurait été intégré au génome nucléaire.
Sources illustrations : fig.1127 Vertical section of kidney - fig.1085 The superior surface of the liver - par Henry Vandyke Carter pour le Gray's Anatomy.
Ces schémas ont été faits pour mes ED du Tutorat à partir des cours que j'ai retranscrit quand j'étais en première année de médecine. Ma seule source est le professeur de l'époque, et je peux avoir mal compris certaines choses, faire des approximations fausses, etc même si je fais de mon mieux. Croiser les sources permet d'avoir des informations plus fiables. N'hésitez pas à commenter pour discuter des sujets abordés ! Schémas et explications faits entre 2015 et 2016.
#biologie cellulaire#peroxysome#peroxysomes#medecine#paces#ue 2#biologie#science#corps humain#studyblr#medblr#scientific illustration
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Official Hindsight 2020 shirt
Official Hindsight 2020 shirt T shirts Store Online
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