#camellia sinensis: the scientific name of the tea plant

[sanddusted-wisteria]

A Builder, a Researcher, and a Rooftop, Ch. 11: Camellia sinensis

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Eyes tired from having to read under the dim moonlight, Qi scanned the diagram again, double-checking for errors. Then he triple-checked. The builder would be here soon, and he needed to get this one right. Out of every diagram he’d made in recent memory, this was one of the most important ones. For some reason, his usual, near-absolute confidence in his designs was absent today. Why was that?

A shadow fell over the page. “Hey, what’s that?”

The builder was standing over Qi, peeking curiously at the diagram.

“A new diagram.” He handed it over to them. “It’s a sort of beverage container. A very interesting design. It uses a vacuum chamber to reduce the amount of heat convection and conduction on the liquid from the outside. The contents can therefore maintain a significantly different temperature to the ambient environment for much longer than it would in a standard container.”

“S-so…basically, hot drinks stay hot longer, and cool drinks stay cool longer.”

“Basically, yes. Does it seem feasible to build? I have a vacuum pump, so I can assist you with that part of the process.”

They hummed and scanned over the blueprint and the materials list. Qi still felt a little uncertain. It was reasonable, right?

“Oh yeah, this is absolutely doable.” Qi felt a small ripple of relief. “Already have all the materials. I can get it done in a few days.”

“Wonderful,” Qi replied, trying not to sound too excited.

The builder rolled up the diagram. “I guess this is for tea?”

“It is. When you brought hot food last week, it reminded me of a device that I found mentioned in several data disk records. Apparently working people in the Old World used these so-called ‘thermos’ things to keep their coffee or tea hot on their commutes. I managed to recreate the design, and I’m curious to see if it works.” That was definitely the only reason. It most certainly wasn’t also because Qi felt obliged to repay the builder for their kindness from last week.

“A ‘thur-mis’…huh? Fun word to say.”

“Yes. Based on the root ‘thermo-’, meaning ‘heat’. A fitting and memorable name for a product.”

“I’ll definitely remember it.”

“In any case, I figure we can test it next week, if possible. I can brew my afternoon tea, put it in this container, and we can see how it fares when you stop by that night.”

“Sounds cool. I’ll get it to you as soon as I can. Shouldn’t take too long.”

“Good,” said Qi. “Hopefully it works as intended.” The builder nodded, not knowing the full weight of his words.

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Qi idly turned the thermos over in his hands as he waited for the builder, feeling the hopefully-still-warm tea sloshing around inside. He perked up at the sound of their steps, grabbing the cups out of his lap.

“Oh…”

He looked up to see the builder on the landing with two boxes of food in their hand. They pursed their lips. “Maybe the food was a bad idea. Forgot that we’re on a slope.”

Qi looked down at his hands, thermos in one and cups in the other, with nowhere to set anything down to pour it. “It…appears I neglected to consider that as well.”

The builder let out a snort. “Well, I guess we can at least sit down here,” they said, tapping their foot against the flat deck at the bottom of the slope. “View’s not gonna be as good, though.”

“Best not to let this go to waste,” Qi said as he stood up and carefully made his way down.

They sat down across from each other. The builder passed a box over to Qi’s side while Qi set a cup down by the builder. He twisted the thermos’s lid off carefully, and flinched when a puff of steam immediately rose up and fogged his glasses. The builder laughed.

“I see that it works,” Qi said, blinking as the fog gradually dissipated from his lenses.

“Good job us,” the builder said as they held out their cup for Qi to pour. They nodded in thanks as he topped it off, and brought it up to their nose to breathe in its warm, grassy aroma. “Do you drink the same tea all the time?”

“Depends,” Qi said, pouring his own cup. “Usually I just use the local stuff. Minimally withered fresh tea leaves. More efficient time- and money-wise. But if I’m in the middle of a big project, sometimes I order black teas from Highwind. More expensive, but more caffeinated.”

“Better taste, too?”

“Taste is not my priority. Caffeination comes first.”

The builder let out a chuckle that sounded more concerned than amused. “It’s 10:30 at night, Qi. We don’t need to be getting caffeine-d up at this hour.”

Qi shrugged. “One cup probably won’t affect our sleep too much.” He took a sip, pleased to find it as good as a fresh cup. “Hm. That does remind me, though. I do have a bag of mint tea sitting around in my pantry. I never drink it, since it’s not caffeinated, but perhaps it would be good for occasions like these.”

A cheeky grin rose on the builder’s face. “Did…?”

“Yes, yes, Mint was the one who gave it to me,” Qi sighed. “He thought it was funny, but he forgot that herbal teas don’t have any caffeine and are next to useless for me. Luckily, I reminded him of that, and he has yet to repeat the same mistake.”

The builder’s grin wavered a little at the corners. “Uh—harsh, but okay.”

“It was a present, so I didn’t throw it out,” he backpedaled. “I’m sure it’s fine, it’s just not the tea I need. If we’re opting to avoid caffeine this late at night, we might get some use out of it after all.”

They took a sip from their cup. “Sounds good. I’ve only really had the tea you give me sometimes when I pop in. A different kind sounds interesting. Plus, I’m sure Mint will be happy to know you’re finally using his gift.”

“Perhaps I’ll inform him of the joyous occasion in my next letter,” he intoned, drawing a snort out of the builder.

“Oh right!” they suddenly exclaimed. “Food. Hope it’s still warm…” They lifted the lid off their wooden box.

Qi reached down and did the same with his own box, revealing two freshly steamed buns. The sweetish smell of the bread blended seamlessly with the smell of the tea. He took a bite out of the soft bread and the sweet and tangy meat filling, washing it down with the grassy flavor of tea. The pleasant warmth from both was more than enough to stave off the chill of the desert night.

The builder raised an eyebrow. “Good?” they mumbled through a mouthful of bread.

Sublime, Qi thought. But he just nodded with a hum of assent. The same subdued smile from several weeks prior crossed the builder’s face again. The warmth in his body only seemed to grow at the sight.

“The tea’s really good with it, too. Thanks for that, by the way.”

Qi shrugged. “It’s nothing, really.”

The builder raised an eyebrow. “Is it? It’s not precious minutes shaved off the workday to brew some extra tea?”

Brewing an extra cup for the builder whenever they came over (day or night) added another 3-5 minutes per brew. It also cut into his water supply by a small, but noticeable amount. Regularly giving them tea forced him to order a few extra units of water every time he needed a refill. But despite that…

“I don’t particularly mind.”

The builder stared back at him blankly—wait, no. That was a look of surprise. A subtle one, but surprise all the same. “Huh.” The mild disbelief on their face slowly faded into a more thoughtful look. “Well, still. Thanks. It…feels nice to know that you’re thinking of me.”

That got his mind humming. Hopefully his face didn’t show it. By some instinct, Qi was able to clamp his tongue down before it made him say anything silly out loud. All that left his throat was a noncommittal hum.

“Shame about the view, though, gotta say,” they said, tapping the railing next to them. The empty street’s not as interesting.” They leaned their head out to get a better look below. “Feels like someone’ll pop up to yell at us from down there.”

“Indeed,” Qi said, looking up. “Our view of the sky is limited down here. If we want to keep bringing food and drink up here, we might be stuck with this, unfortunately.”

“Hmm…” The builder looked towards the rooftop, pondering. “Do you know the angle of this roof?”

“No…?” Qi frowned. “Why?”

“It’s fine. I can take a protractor to it later.” They took another sip with a smile. “Bring some tea again next week. Think I might have a solution.”

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One week passed, and Qi was once again seated on the roof with the thermos full of mint tea in his hands, wondering what the builder had in store.

“Hey!” He heard the builder call up the stairs. The first thing he saw when they emerged was the energetic grin on their face.

“Tiny table!” They brandished an odd-looking stool triumphantly over their head.

Qi squinted. “What?”

They brought it over next to him and smacked it down, hitting the metal with a clack. “Tiny table!” The top board was perfectly level, the legs cut slanted to match the exact angle of the roof and fitted with rubber feet to keep it from sliding down. “Now we can put tea and stuff down so we don’t need to move. Isn’t it cute?!”

“I’m…not sure if a furniture item can reasonably be described as ‘cute’…”

“Aw come on,” the builder pouted. “It’s tiny!”

“I’m sure its utility far outweighs the…cuteness.”

“Okay, well, why don’t you put that thermos down and we’ll put that to the test?” they said with a roll of their eyes, though he could hear the levity in their voice.

The table was big enough to comfortably hold the thermos and the two cups Qi had brought. Solidly constructed, too. Not a single wobble or slip.

“I still think it looks cute…” the builder mumbled.

“And I still think that its utility is its defining feature,” said Qi as he opened the thermos and poured their cups.

“Agree to disagree,” the builder hummed, taking their cup.

Qi lifted his own cup to his lips. The warmth of the tea was offset by a mild chilly sensation–the menthol in the mint. It felt incredibly pleasant running down his throat. He let out a hum. “I have to say, despite the lack of caffeine, I actually quite like it.”

“Yeah, it’s pretty good,” the builder said. “Mint got it from…where?”

“He bought it in Atara, but it’s an import from Seesai. Well known for their herbs.”

They nodded. “He’s got good taste.”

“He mostly bought it for the sake of a joke, so that’s questionable,” Qi snorted. “Though I suppose I have to retract my previous evaluation of uselessness. Next time I write to him, I’ll have to thank him properly.”

“And admit that there’s more to tea than caffeine.”

“Indeed. What a miscalculation on my part. Perhaps it would do me some good to try some other kinds of tea sometimes… When I’m not in need of a significant caffeine dose, of course.”

The builder smiled. “Save me a cup if you find any good ones.”

“Well, with this thermos, I suppose that makes it easy.”

“And the tiny table.”

“Yes, of course, and the tiny table,” Qi sighed.

The builder let out a short laugh. “You can keep it, by the way.”

“Oh? Why me? You made this.”

“I made it for you. You’ve got the tea. Best leave it with you so you can just bring it out whenever you feel like having some.”

“Ah. That is logical. Thank you, then.”

“‘Course.” The builder took one last sip and set their empty cup back down on the table. “Well, I gotta go to bed now,” they said, stretching their arms over their head. “Thanks again. This was nice.”

Qi felt a light upwards tug on his lips. Normally, he would have suppressed it, but just this once, he let it go. “I agree. I’ll be sure to bring more tea every so often.” The builder smiled and nodded.

Qi gathered up the thermos, cups, and table, and the two of them left the roof, waving goodnight as they reached the bottom and headed their separate ways.

Qi headed inside, blinking rapidly to adjust to the fluorescent lights of the lab. He rinsed the dishes off in the kitchen sink and put them away.

He knelt down to set the tiny table down on the floor near his dining table, leaning it against the cabinet holding all his tea-related things. He stared at it for a moment instead of getting up and ready for bed, his mind wandering.

First the food, then the thermos, and now this. All things of relatively negligible physical value, but still requiring a significant investment of time to make. All things the builder was willing to do for him without hesitation or even much reward.

What was it that they told him last week?

It feels nice to know that you’re thinking of me.

“…I could say the same to you,” Qi murmured to the walls of his empty home.

He stood up before his mind could catch up with what he said, and headed to his room to get ready for bed.

Even after he brushed his teeth and buried himself under his blankets, Qi swore that he could still feel the warm and tingly sensation of the mint tea running down his throat.

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A/N: Herbal teas aren't technically tea in the strictest sense, since they don't actually use tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). It's more a catch-all term for any non-caffeinated drink made by soaking anything plant-based (herbs, spices, fruit, etc) in water. I thought about writing a segment where the builder and Qi argue about the semantics of tea (the drink) vs. tea (the plant), but couldn't really figure out a way to make it work. Maybe a future silli oneshot.

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[bi-turtle-enthusiast]

All my OC outfits in one place!! let's go.

Pink one: Name: Amrita Pronouns: prefers they/them but ok with any Age: 25 Affiliation: Chatrakam Tea Farm Weapon: Catalyst Vision: Dendro Constellation: Camellia Sinensis

Story: Most people who meet Amrita see a gracious, warm, and charming tea farm owner who is as passionate about their customers as they are about cultivating tea. After all, Amrita graduated from the Amurta darshan of the Sumeru Akademiya, using their knowledge to cultivate tea plants to perfection after inheriting the Chatrakam Tea Farm from their father. Most people don't know that Amrita worked just as hard to cultivate their reputation as they did to cultivate their tea. Amrita is well-experienced in the art of playing to peoples' expectations. After all, telling people what they want to hear is something that comes naturally to skilled business owners. Amrita thought they were pretty good at reading people and gauging their desires. That is, until Viraj showed up at their doorstep.

Purple one: Name: Viraj Pronouns: he/they Age: 25 Affiliation: none Weapon: Sword Vision: none Constellation: Telescopia Story: Viraj's time at the Akademiya wasn't really remarkable. When they graduated from Ksharewar, their classmates barely knew them. However, after coming across research by one Dastur Zandik, Viraj became fascinated with Khaenri'ah and its ruins—particularly its mechanisms surrounding ley lines and abyssal energy. Viraj has always had a desire to become stronger. He trained with a sword until he perfected it. He trained his mind and emotions until he didn't need anyone anymore. He learned everything there was to know about ruin mechanisms until he could conduct explorations on his own. Their desire to become self-sufficient surpassed everything, including their family and friends. They stopped desiring pure self-sufficiency—they wanted omnipotence. He wanted to attain godhood. So, when he heard about a device that could control abyssal energy, he decided to pursue it at all costs. Even if that meant revisiting his childhood friend Amrita.

Yellow one: Name: Surya Pronouns: she/they Age: ??? Affiliation: Spantamad Weapon: none Vision: none Constellation: Firmamentum

Story: Surya is quite the enigma. No one entirely knows where she's from. Nor what she does. All most people know is that she's one of the most prolific figures of the Spantamad darshan. Her research into ley lines and the nuances of elemental energy is extremely detailed and well-documented, meticulous to the extremes. Most people are a bit afraid of her—such a respectable academic figure would surely be aloof and too busy to entertain small talk, right? Not even counting the fact that she radiates an almost godlike aura, commanding respect with even the smallest of gestures. The truth is, she's just a bit of an introvert who gets a bit shy when starting conversations. Those who know her, however, know that she's the most genuine, warm, and supportive person you'll ever meet. As for her godlike aura, well, that's because she is in fact a literal god. She doesn't try to hide it. People just never really ask. Not even her best friend Amrita.

Gray?? Green?? one: Name: Kal [pronounced KUHL] (this is not their real name but they've been going by it for decades. no one knows why) Pronouns: ok with they/them, don't really have a preference Age: 32 Affiliation: Vahumana Weapon: none Vision: none Constellation: Umbra Sectator

Story: Kal has always shied away from the spotlight. They hate taking the lead, they hate making decisions, they hate being noticed. They never lead or co-lead any sort of research during their time in the Vahumana darshan—they managed to scrape together credits to graduate by reviewing and editing a wide variety of different projects. Their dedication the the integrity of research and the scientific method is impressive—they managed to secure a decent amount of Akademiya funding and a modest house due to their dedication to reviewing older research and re-evaluating it by modern standards, bringing previously buried research back into the spotlight and reviewing research that was previously regarded as the unquestionable truth. Unfortunately, this reviewed research just happened to include the works of a particular Ksharewar researcher who happened to be really into Khaenriahn ley line mechanisms. Which led a certain Viraj to drag Kal out of their tranquil existence of all-nighters fueled by Amrita's extra-caffeinated black tea and not leaving their house for days.

[stylographic-blue-rhapsody]

you’re right that its latin name is misleading, as are a lot of scientific binomials, and that camellia japonica is native to china! but camellia sinensis is the scientific name of the tea plant and is not the same species that this beautiful cultivar comes from

camellia sinensis, chinese variety, 十八学士shi ba xue shi (eighteen scholars)

[althealthinfos]

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The scientific proof at the back of Cortexi

Cortexi is a hearing health help complement that is formulated the usage of scientifically sponsored substances.

Based on a look at posted within the National Library of Medicine has studied the outcomes of Grape Seed Extract on human health. It has been found that Grape Seed Extract(GSE) may also lessen the extent of oxidative pressure that reasons mobile harm and neutralizes the harm because of free radicals. Its neuroprotective effect allows to decorate cognitive capabilities. The National Library of Medicine has observed the function of Green tea polyphenols in reducing noise-induced listening to loss and hair mobile damage.

Several studies have found the results of Gymnema Sylvestre in improving ear fitness and overcoming listening to loss. In medical research, Panax ginseng has been demonstrated to alleviate the signs and symptoms of tinnitus and enhance hearing loss. It has been located that Chromium Picolinate enables to save you noise-precipitated hearing loss.

Another study posted within the International Journal of Audiology observed that Chromium may also assist to enhance listening to in adults who suffer from noise-induced listening to loss.

Likewise, all different Cortexi components are scientifically proven to assist wholesome hearing without causing any side consequences.

Benefits of the use of Cortexi for improving listening to fitness

Supports 360-degree hearing fitness

The Cortexi ear health formulation allows in presenting 360-degree hearing fitness help. The ingredients which includes Grape seed, Green tea, Gymnema Sylvestre, Maca root, etc are scientifically and clinically verified to guide ear health by preventing the damage induced inside the inner ear cells.

Treats tinnitus

Tinnitus may be due to internal ear harm because of repeated publicity to loud noises. The Cortexi substances assist to relieve the symptoms of tinnitus with the aid of preventing damage to tiny hairs within the inner ear. This may additionally assist to relieve tinnitus permanently.

Improves cognitive capabilities

Cortexi consists of components that assist to enhance brain fitness in addition to ear fitness. The ingredients like Green tea, Gymnema Sylvestre, Panax Ginseng, etc are high in neuroprotective houses that help to sell cognitive functioning. This consists of higher mental clarity, stepped forward recognition, and so forth.

Reduce infection

Inflammation might also impair hearing by way of unfavourable the ears or nerves that send signals to the brain. Cortexi contains components that have anti inflammatory residences. The elements consisting of Green tea, Astragalus, etc help to reduce irritation in the ear and guard the cells from damage.

Supports usual fitness

The ingredients in Cortexi are rich in antioxidants that help to inhibit the manufacturing of loose radicals and prevent the harm due to oxidative stress. Additionally, those components help to provide a high quality effect in your general health via boosting the immune machine, decreasing stress and tension, and so forth.

Safety and potential facet effects of Cortexi

Cortexi is a 360-degree hearing assist method this is typically considered to be safe. The formula is manufactured following strict lab practices in FDA-approved lab centers.

There are not any regarded facet consequences due to Cortexi as in keeping with the purchaser remarks. However, it is first-rate encouraged to consult a scientific expert before starting the dosage. Additionally, human beings with allergic conditions are restrained from the usage of Cortexi. Cortexi is also no longer endorsed for pregnant or nursing women. Altering the encouraged dosage can also cause negative consequences as nicely.

How to eat Cortexi for the best end result?

As in step with the Cortexi legitimate internet site, you're required to take a full dropper of Cortexi underneath your tongue within the morning before breakfast. You also can eat the formula via dissolving the dropper in a glass of water.

Each bottle of Cortexi contains 60 ml of the method that is meant for monthly consumption.

The formulation is easy to devour because it comes with a dropper method.

Does Cortexi Give Good Results?

The website states that the consequences may vary in individuals relying on different factors. You will word seen upgrades within the first few weeks of utilization. For first-class outcomes, It is usually recommended to take Cortexi always for three months or longer. This time body permits your body to evolve to the substances and paintings on your prefer.

You can expect quicker and more effective hearing support and an boom in power via taking Cortexi drooper each day.

What do customers say approximately Cortexi?

Based on over 16000 opinions, Cortexi has been rated four. Ninety three stars out of 5. The Cortexi purchaser evaluations given on the professional internet site of Cortexi are advantageous. Likewise, the Cortexi critiques available on evaluate websites and popular systems like Quora, Reddit, Facebook, and so forth do not record a single aspect effect of the usage of the method.

Analyzing Cortexi Price info and in which to buy it from?

Cortexi ear fitness dietary supplements can be bought at discounted fees from the professional internet site. Cortexi is to be had as a unmarried bottle and a three-bottle package deal and a 6-bottle package deal. Due to its ever-growing recognition, the replicated version of Cortexi is being sold through unauthorized sellers on e-trade platforms like Amazon, eBay, and so forth.

The pricing in step with specific packages of Cortexi is indexed under:

Get one bottle of Cortexi (30-day supply) for $69 + transport

Get 3 bottles of Cortexi (ninety-day deliver) for $177 + loose US delivery

Get six bottles of Cortexi (180-day supply) for $294 + loose US transport

Cortexi bonuses in conjunction with the supplement

The Cortexi producer gives two unfastened bonuses on every order of three bottles or 6 bottles. These bonuses can be digitally downloaded on the checkout web page.

Bonus #1 Hear Like A Pro

This ebook contains suggestions and hints to enhance your listening to at the side of the Cortexi formula.

Bonus #2 Powerful Ways To Sharpen Your Memory

This e-book includes easy thoughts-jog sports for memory improvement, enhancing awareness, and so on.

Is Cortexi backed with a money-returned assure?

Visit : https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/cortexi-reviews-avoid-scam-2023-fast-check-cortexi-tinnitus-supplement-side-effects-ingredients-is-it-really-work--news-293430

[harryj007-blog]

1. Turmeric - Turmeric is a powerful medicine, in which about 300 types of Nutrients are available such as calcium, vitamins, iron, potassium, zinc etc. Turmeric has anti-inflammatory properties which helps in boosting immunity.

2. Garlic - Garlic is a medicine which is famous all over the world, whose scientific name is Allium. Garlic is mostly used for blood and heart problems because garlic has anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral properties.

3. Citrus Fruit - Citrus fruit is a very effective way to boost immunity that helps to increase white blood cells. White blood cells protect you from common infections and diseases in your body.

4. Ginger - Ayurveda has been using ginger to make many medicines for thousands of years. It has the ability to kill bacteria. Which increases the body's resistance.

5. Green Tea - Green tea contains abundant anti-oxidants and nutritious. Green tea is made from the Camellia sinensis plant. The moths of this plant use not only green tea but many types of tea such as black tea It is also used for making but green tea has been seen to have the greatest effect on human health. Green tea is made by boiling process.

6. Broccoli - Broccoli is a vegetable belonging to a group of green leafy vegetables. It contains high amounts of Nutrients, Fiber and Vitamin A, C, E, K and Iron and Potassium.

7. Yogurt - This is a product made from milk, yogurt is made from the process of fermentation, which contains bacteria produced, which is called Lactobacillus, but this bacteria is not dangerous, it is a Probiotic bacteria that excretes harmful bacteria.

8. Nuts and Dry Fruit - Nuts and dry fruits are available in plenty of zinc, iron and vitamin B which is effective in boosting immunity. Nuts are of many types and their benefits also vary. There are vitamin E in abundance in almonds and peanuts. You can increase your immunity by using them in daily breakfast.

[imnotakangaroo-imabunny]

I first read Tolkien when I was around 7-9 years old and since then I have always wanted my fantasy worlds to have things and words for things that make inner sense and have their own history within that world or are not jarring to exist in that world. That said, I can accept 'pipeweed', if it's not called 'tobacco', and it could actually be some other 'smokable' plant from the Shire and not Nicotiana, if you get my meaning ...eg in the real world, Tea/Thei/Chai (Camellia sinensis) is a plant from China, but other nations/cultures also put different plants in hot water and drink it. There are different words for these drinks too, and it's not called tea or chai... Make up your own botany, basically or some readers will get thrown by why there is something so jarring in the middle of the story...

(My mother was a botanist, so my childhood was full of asking her scientific names of plants and their origins (Old World or New World/Americas), so I prefer my fantasy worlds to be clear on these things. We actually had a discussion on the pipeweed issue in Two Towers)

I must go find and read Uncleftish Beholding now, since that's my kind of thing. My mother had some Poul Anderson short stories, I remember!

Everytime that Tumblr post about “You can’t use the word bungalow in fantasy worlds!” or whatever and then it’s all the fucking reblogs of all the words that have “specific origins” that you “can’t use” because “those people don’t exist” or “those places” or whatever.

Do you know how many fucking basic words we use to describe the world are derived from very specific people and very specific events? Or are stolen from languages in which those words come from VERY SPECIFIC PEOPLE and events? If you get rid of one, you might as well get rid of them all! Because just because YOU don’t know the VERY SPECIFIC HISTORICAL ORIGINS of this word, doesn’t mean your AUDIENCE doesn’t and wouldn’t that break immersion??

No. No it fucking wouldn’t. Not if you, you know, make it work.

What else would you do? Write in a god damn conlang? Because all I’m hearing is “because I know the origin of this word, therefore it can’t be in fantasy” and honestly fuck off.

I’m gonna go put bungalows in my fantasy now.

[maggie-beer-keto-gummies-au]

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[leoteaworld]

Oolong Tea Vs. Black Tea: Which One Is Healthier?

Which tea is healthier? The black tea or the oolong tea? This question is frequently asked among tea lovers. However, the answer to this question is not clear-cut as there is no one answer for everyone. The reason is simple; not all teas are suitable for everyone because of various ingredients in different teas. For example, certain teas have compounds that relax and calm the mind, while others have caffeine that boosts energy. In addition, while some teas are well-researched by scientists, others are still in development.

📷 It is not straightforward distinguishing the best or healthiest tea because they are made from the same plant leaves. This article gives a brief comparison of oolong and black teas to help you decide which one is best for you. So, please read on as we unravel the differences between oolong tea and black tea. At the end of the article, you should know the healthier option between oolong tea and black tea.The Basic Information About TeaThe oolong tea and black tea are often called true teas as they come from the Camellia sinensis tea leaves. Any other tea that does not contain tea leaves is known as herbal tisanes. Among the category of teas, only 5 are classified as "true tea," namely:·White tea·Green tea·Pu-erh tea·Oolong tea·Black teaAlthough these teas come from the same tea leaves, they taste differently, largely due to the way they are made. Green and white tea undergo minimal processing during production, and the end product is a pleasing flavor. The tea leaves are immediately harvested and dried using either steaming or firing methods in the green and white tea process.In the production of Oolong tea, it undergoes an oxidation process whereby enzymes are exposed to produce a stronger flavor and darker color. Oolong teas can be oxidized from 8 to 80 percent, depending on how the tea master prefers them. Lightly oxidized teas have delicate floral flavors and mildly sweet tastes. However, heavily oxidized teas can be darker and more robust with rich and earthy notes. 📷 In terms of oxidation, the most oxidized are black tea and pu-erh tea, with the pu-erh tea undergoing an aging oxidation process. In contrast, black tea is oxidized using traditional methods. This oxidation process produces rich, earthy flavors as well as a full-bodied tea. Therefore, black teas are great alternatives to coffee because they have strong flavors.Interesting Fact About Oolong TeaThe Oolong tea originates and is commonly produced in China. The Fujian Province is the central region for oolong cultivation in China, especially in the Wuyi Mountains and Anxi County. Also, some areas in Taiwan make oolong teas.These teas were a favorite among the Qing Dynasty's elite leaders. As a tribute, a particular type of oolong tea was used — Black Dragon tea. One of the most sought-after oolong teas globally, Da Hong Pao tea is also top quality. Bai Jiguan tea is another. These teas were grown in the Wuyi Mountains.The degree of oxidation affects the caffeine content of oolong leaves. Oolongs that have been heavily oxidized tend to contain more caffeine than those that were lightly oxidized. Oolong tea generally contains between 35 and 60 mg of caffeine.Interesting Fact About Black TeaBlack tea is rich in caffeine and is often used as a substitute for coffee. This tea has strong flavors, with hints of caramel, chocolate, and woodsy flavors. Although black tea is most commonly grown in China, in the Yunnan Province and India (though many plantations worldwide grow it), most of its production takes place in China.English black teas such as Earl Grey and English Breakfast tea are trendy in Britain. However, black tea in India is grown using a specific strain. Assam and Darjeeling are two of the best varieties of masala chai.Two popular black teas in China are Lapsang Souchong and Keemun. Lapsang Souchong tea leaves can be roasted on open fires over pine woods to create a tea that evokes images of campfires and woods. It is rich in flavor and has a strong piney scent. Gunpowder tea gets its name from the shape of the tea leaves. They are tightly rolled and then unfurl after being infused with water.Apart from Matcha or Sencha powdered teas, black tea contains the most caffeine of all the true teas. A single 8-ounce cup of black tea can have 130 mg of caffeine -- about half the amount found in coffee. Black tea also contains l-theanine, an amino acid that can boost focus and avoid jitters.Which tea is healthier?Due to their chemical composition, different teas have different health benefits. Oolong and black teas are both made from the same tea plant.

This means that they have many of the same health benefits. The Camellia sinensis tea leaves contain antioxidants such as theaflavins and catechins. They also have tannins and polyphenols, which have been shown to provide numerous health benefits. Research has shown that tea drinking may reduce the risk of developing heart disease, such as high blood pressure and irregular blood sugar levels, leading to type 2 diabetes.There is not much research comparing one type of tea to another. It is therefore difficult to determine which tea is best for you. For example, benefits of Oolong tea that are similar to those of black tea. On the other hand, although green tea is more researched than any other true tea, it doesn't necessarily make it healthier than black tea or oolong tea.Your health goals will help you choose the best tea for you. Drinking tea with high levels of caffeine, such as black tea or oolong, may help you lose weight faster. Research suggests that tea antioxidants and caffeine may increase metabolism by encouraging fat to oxidation. Black tea is a better option than oolong if you want to increase your energy levels. This is because it has a higher level of caffeine.Tea is great for your overall health. Tea is an excellent way to stay hydrated. The high level of antioxidants in tea can fight off free radicals and prevent infections. We believe that the healthiest and most enjoyable teas are those you enjoy drinking.It's not worth drinking tea because you read about its healthy reputation. Rather, you should drink tea because you enjoy its flavor. Many teas have health benefits that can be backed up with scientific research and delicious flavor. To live a healthier lifestyle, find the teas you enjoy and start drinking them. This is your invitation to try oolong, black tea, or any other herbal teas you like. For the best flavor and health benefits, stick with loose leaf teas instead of teabags.

[cosmicloveoftheages]

For  this week's choice under the discussion topic, I have chosen to discuss  th

For  this week’s choice under the discussion topic, I have chosen to discuss th

For  this week’s choice under the discussion topic, I have chosen to discuss  the tea plant. I LOVE TEA!!! Tea is something that is a staple in our  family, and you can find it in our refrigerator every day and the same  goes for most of my family member’s homes as well.  The scientific name  of this plant is Camellia Sinensis. This plant produces the tea  leaves that we use to make tea out of.…

[euphoriaaesthetics]

For  this week's choice under the discussion topic, I have chosen to discuss  th

For  this week’s choice under the discussion topic, I have chosen to discuss th

For  this week’s choice under the discussion topic, I have chosen to discuss  the tea plant. I LOVE TEA!!! Tea is something that is a staple in our  family, and you can find it in our refrigerator every day and the same  goes for most of my family member’s homes as well.  The scientific name  of this plant is Camellia Sinensis. This plant produces the tea  leaves that we use to make tea out of.…

[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid | Positive Role of Green Tea as An Anti-Cancer Biomedical Source in Iran Northern

Abstract

Tea, green gold, is the second famous beverages in the world. Tea was not grown in Iran until the late 1800’s, after an Iranian diplomat, by the name of Kashef Al Saltaneh, smuggled back from India over 3,000 samplings to plant in Iran. In general, green tea contains about 30% (w/w) of catechins in the dry leaves. The major catechins are epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin (EC), and (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), which comprise more than 60% of the total catechins. Other green tea conclusion are the flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin), caffeine, phenolic acids, the green tea specific amino acid theanine, and flavour compounds such as (Z)-3 hexenols and its esters. Increased consumption of green tea had a potentially preventive effect on breast cancer in a Japanese population. combined green tea composition with other bioactive dietary components may be an appropriate way to improve its effects in cancer prevention. Several studies have shown that the fat-lowering effect of green tea and EGCG is mediated by SREBPs.in this short review around some effects of green tea on cancer prevention and positive effects on body. We hope use and focus on this herb fundamentally in Iran northern as a center of this green gold in healthcare.

Keywords: Tea; Cancer; Breast; Iran; SREBP

Introduction

Green tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) family Theaceae. Tea, beside water, is the second famous beverages in the world. Green tea is mainly consumed in Japan and China and Iran, whereas black tea is primarily consumed in Western countries, India, and other parts of the world [1,2,3,4]. Green tea was first brought to Japan, more than 1000 years ago, from China as a form of medicine. Tea was not grown in Iran until the late 1800’s, after an Iranian diplomat, by the name of Kashef Al Saltaneh, smuggled back from India over 3,000 samplings to plant in Iran. (Given that the English stole from the Chinese to grow tea in India, I guess it is fitting to have their tea stolen as well.) His story is an interesting one, as Kashef was educated in Europe and serving in India in the Iranian consulate. He decided to smuggle back the samplings to plant in his hometown of Lahijan in the northern Gilan region of Iran (on the Caspian Sea), [1,6,7,8] which had the perfect terroir for tea. He succeeded in smuggling as his diplomatic position prevented the British military from searching his suitcases and trunks. After six years of trying, he got his product to market and Iranian tea traditions have not been the same. [9,10,11]. Tea plantations are still in full production today in the regions of Gilan producing tea in the traditional orthodox fashion. Demand for tea far outstrips the supply in the country, so tea is still imported from Africa, Middle East, and India. In 1211, the Japanese Zen monk Eisai published a book entitled “Kissa Youjouki” which means “promotion of health by tea”, and described that “tea is a marvelous preventive medicine to maintain people’s health and has an extraordinary power to prolong life” [9,12,13,14]. Indeed, recent scientific evidence has shown that green tea is beneficial for health-promotion [6,13,15-18].

As the various production processes, teas can be included into three kinds: green tea [non-Fermented tea), black tea (fermented tea), and oolong tea (semi-fermented tea). The raw compound of all of these teas are the leaves of the tea plant Camellia synesis and its varieties. During fermentation, a series of complex chemical reactions takes place; the most important one representing the oxidation of polyphenols [19,20]. This results in the formation of teaflavins thearubigins, and other oxidized-polymerised compounds, which are responsible for the characteristic color and flavor of black tea [20-24]. In old years, green tea had a remarkable medical duty in medicine in several European Pharmacopoeias. Recently, some of hepatic attack after the use of hydroalcoholic extracts of green tea in complement of human dietss [3,4,6,16,25]. The conclusion of constituents of a green tea is highly dependent on the amount of used tea leaves, on the extraction time, and on the quality of water used for extraction. Therefore, the composition can be subject to a strong variance within a certain range (Table 1).

Table 1: Composition of Constituents in Green Tea Leaves (23).

The traditional supplement of green tea as an infusion includes a broad spectrum of components of the drug. In general, green tea contains about 30% (w/w) of catechins in the dry leaves [26]. The major catechins are epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) epigallocatechin (EGC), [-)-epicatechin [EC), and (-)-epicatechin-3- gallate (ECG), which comprise more than 60% of the total catechins (Figure 1) [5,6,22,25,27].

Other green tea conclusion are the flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin), caffeine, phenolic acids, the green tea specific amino acid theanine, and flavour compounds such as (Z)-3 hexenols and its esters [1,23, 26,28]. After vast description of green tea catechins are well absorbed [15,22]. Catechins are then bio transformed in the liver, and presumably already in the intestine [6,29,30], to conjugated metabolites such as glucuronidase, methylated sulfated derivatives. While EGC and EC are predominantly conjugated, EGCG is often present in the free form in human plasma [11,17,23,31]. In the colon deconjugation may happen due to tissue -glucuronidases and microflora [19,32]. After absorption the catechins are widely spread to the various tissues with concentrations presumably not exceeding the lower micromolar to nanomolar range (0.1 M) [27,31]. Other traditional indications of green tea includes: For oral use, diuresis, mild diarrhea, recovery from fatigue, and dietary supplement for weight reduction and for external use, calm for itching of skin ailment and treatment of cracks, grazes, and insect bites, etc. [1,4,6,7,15,33]. The traditional Chinese medicine has recommended this plant for headaches, body aches and pains, digestion, depression, detoxification, as an energizer and, in general, to prolong life, beneficial effects in oral diseases such as protection against dental caries, periodontal disease, and tooth loss [which may significantly affect a person’s overall health). Numerous studies have demonstrated that the aqueous extract of green tea possesses antimutagenic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemia properties [2,21,25,29].

Figure 1: Structure and Composition of The Major Catechins In Green Tea

Green tea effects as anti-breast cancer

Over the three decades ago, green tea has attracted increasing attention for its health benefits, especially anti-cancer effects. As early as 1997 there was an epidemiological study showed that increased consumption of green tea had a potentially preventive effect on breast cancer in a Japanese population, especially among females drinking more than 10 cups a day. Since then, the association between green tea consumption and breast cancer risk has been extensively investigated [3,17,31,33]. Among the two studies of breast cancer recurrence, both found a non-significant reduction in recurrence among heavy green tea drinkers [> 3 cups a day). There was no significant heterogeneity among the studies [P = 0.65, I2 = 0%). This analysis suggested a marginally significant reduction of 27% in recurrence among heavy green tea drinkers [> 3 cups a day) [summary RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56-0.96) when compared to nondrinkers [8,14,17,26]. Among the breast cancer incidence studies, two were cohort studies and five were case-control studies. Overall, there was a statistically significant reduction of 19% among women with high green tea intake (summary RR = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.75-0.88). The epidemiological studies on the association between green tea and breast cancer remain inconclusive. Remarkably, green tea may also interact with other bioactive dietary components, such as those in soy and mushroom, to affect breast cancer risk [8,14,27]. A study in Asian-American women demonstrated a statistically significant inverse association between green tea and breast cancer risk among women with low soy intake, but not among women with high soy intake [11,12,22,30]. A case-control study indicated that higher dietary intake of mushrooms decreased breast cancer risk in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese women, and an additional decreased risk of breast cancer from joint effect of mushrooms and green tea was observed. These data suggested that combined green tea composition with other bioactive dietary components may be an appropriate way to improve its effects in cancer prevention. However, additional studies are required to elucidate the potential mechanisms of action [4, 7,9,13,34]

Effects of green tea on SREBPs

SREBPs are the transcription factors which play a central role in regulation of cellular lipogenesis and lipid homeostasis [5,7,32]. Several studies have shown that the fat-lowering effect of green tea and EGCG is mediated by SREBPs [3,12, 21,29,35]. In diet-induced obese mice, dietary EGCG lowered the levels of plasma triglycerides and liver lipid [15,31]. In the epididymal white adipose tissue, EGCG decreased the mRNA levels of adipogenic genes such as SREBP- 1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and fatty acid synthase. Our animal experiment showed that oral administration of a catechin-free fraction reduced plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, with concomitant reduction in hepatic gene expression of SREBPs [2,4,36,11]. Thus, green tea contains lipidlowering components in addition to GTC. Several human studies have shown that green tea and EGCG have the lipid lowering effect [20,25,34]. For example, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on 56 obese, hypertensive subjects consuming a daily supplement of 1 capsule with 379 mg of GTE for 3 months, the GTE group was found to show reductions in the total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides as compared with the placebo group [1,7,10,20,28,37].

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume5/positive-role-of-green-tea-as-an-anti-cancer-biomedical-source-in-iran-northern.000870.php

For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid | Current Issue

[carynokey]

This Brain Improving Noobru Smart Drink Is Actually Based On Scientific Research, Not Sugar

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Noobru Smart drink

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Saffron Essence (Crocus sativus).

Saffron is a flavor stemmed from the blooms of the Crocus sativus plant. It is actually been actually used as a seasoning for at least 4,000 years as well as is actually taken into consideration the planet's most expensive flavor by body weight. A vast body of study shows a multitude of unique wellness gain from saffron beyond psychological performance. When it happens to knowledge, there is evidence that saffron supports mood, safeguards against intellectual problems, as well as markets focus and also interest.

Celastrus Paniculatus Seed Extraction.

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Coffeeberry.

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Alpinia Galanga (as EnXtrA).

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Lupine Publishers | Kinetic Isotherm Studies of Azo Dyes by Metallic Oxide Nanoparticles Adsorbent

Lupine Publishers |  An archive of organic and inorganic chemical sciences

Abstract

We reported the synthesis of Cu4O3 nanoparticles fabricated by Camellia Sinensis (green tea) leaves extract as reducing and stabilizing agent and studied the azo dyes removal efficiency. The formation of copper oxide nanoparticles was confirmed after change in solution of salt and plant extract from green to pale yellow. Subsequently, the above said nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV spectrophotometer for size and morphology. The average particle size of copper oxide nanoparticle was found to be 17.26nm by XRD shrerrer equation, average grain diameter by SEM was calculated 8.5×10-2mm with spherical and oval shaped. UV spectroscopy range was between 200-400nm. These copper oxide nanoparticles were applied as azo dyes (Congo red and malachite green) degradation. Effect of reaction parameters were studied for optimum conditions. Kinetic models like Langmuir, Freundlich and elovich models were applied. Finally, concluded that these particles are effective degradation potential of azo dyes at about 70-75% from aqueous solution.

Keywords: Green Tea; Cu4O3; Green synthesis; XRD; Congored; Malachite Green

Background

With elevating improvement in technology, the Scientific developments are approaching to new horizons [1]. Besides supplementary needs, the stipulation of industrial wastewater has increased swiftly, supervened in the huge amount of wastewater including azo dyes. Azo dyes are the foremost group of commercial pollutants [2]. Azo dyes are class of synthetic dyes with a complex aromatic structure and contain two adjacent nitrogen bond (N=N), that can accompany color to materials [3]. Furthermore, the aromatic structures of dyes form them sturdy and not- biodegrade [4]. Textile consume prodigious quantities of hazardous chemicals particularly in dyeing operations. This work is constructed on malachite green and congored azo dyes. The toxic Habit of the azo dyes can be elaborated by fact that upon decomposition it breaks up into hazardous products [5]. The MG and CR azo dyes toxic dye which has been removed from water samples through the physical, chemical and biological methods. Azo dyes are toxic, probably cause aesthetic problems and mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on human health, so must be degraded [6]. Therefore, the adsorption method by using copper oxide metal nanoparticles for wastewater treatment comprised with azo dyes. Cu4O3 nanoparticle were applied as an adsorbent for the degradation of MG and CR dyes and its kinetic and isotherm studies. Biogenic technology is regarded an emerging advancement of the current time which has been utilized to synthesize nanoparticles of a desired shape and size by using plant extract [7]. Consequently, the synthesized nanoparticles using innovative techniques which is used as cost-friendly reagent and less reactive. The work symbolizes application of conventional physical and also chemical methods for decolorization of azo dyes. physical method includes osmosis, filtration, adsorption and flocculation. the chemical method (oxidation, electrolysis) and biological method (microorganism, enzymes) are also applicable [8]. Green technology deals with the manipulation of matter at size typically b/w 1-100nm range. Nanoparticles having high surface to volume ratio responsible for enhanced properties [9]. Specific area is appropriate for adsorption property and other relevant properties such as dye removal [10].

Azo dye normally has aromatic structure and N=N bond that’s why they are hardly biodegradable [11,12]. These dyes have also mutagenic and carcinogenic effect. Normally, conventional methods have considerably less potential of degradation. Copper oxide nanoparticles have efficient power of dyes removal [12-17]. Most probably, copper oxide are low cost and novel adsorbent of azodyes. Copper oxide nanoparticle has efficiency of azo dyes removal from wastewater [12]. Malachite green dye (C23H25N2 with molar mass364.911g/mol) is organic in nature. Its lethal dose is 80mg/kg the structure of malachite green dye is in Figure 1 below. Congo red an azo dye is sodium salt of 3,3′-bis structure. Congo red dye is water soluble, its solubility is enhanced in organic solvents. Its molecular formula is C32H22N6Na2O6S2 with molar mass of 696.665 g/mol [13- 14]. The structure is given below Figure 2. The Camellia synesis is evergreen small tree. The Camellia synesis leaves act as capping and reducing agent during the synthesis of metal nanoparticle. There are certain properties of green tea extract such as antitumor, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antiviral, blood pressure and lowering activity [18-22] (Figure 3). Plant extract has some chemicals like phenols, acid, vitamins, responsible for reduction of metal [23]. Camellia synesis leaves have polyphenols, catechins (ECG), OH groups which cause copper metal reduction (Table 1). Copper oxide Cu4O3 is known as paramelaconite material in tetragonal shape. Plants contain a wide range of secondary metabolites included phenolics help a vital role in the reduction of copper metal ions yielding nanoparticles [24]. Thus, ideally be used for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Copper oxide Cu4O3 is known as paramelaconite material in tetragonal shape. Copper nanoparticles synthesis by using green tea has Nano range particle size confirmed by characterization [25-28]. This is One-step processes in which no surfactants and other capping agents used.

Aims of Study

The main aim of the study was

To extract copper nanoparticles using camellia sinensis leaves

a) To characterize the copper NPs

b) To study its potential to degrade azodyes

c) To find out the effect of different experimental parameters on %degradation.

d) Kinetic study of adsorption of congored and malachite green dye

Method

Material and Method

The material used for the preparation of copper nanoparticles Cu4O3 includes copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O from Sigma Aldrich) and camellia sinensis leaves (from botanical garden of institute) for the preparation of green tea extract. All chemicals used were of analytical grade and pure (Figure 4).

Preparation of Green Tea Extract

Green tea leaves of 30g were taken and then washed with distilled water. further, the leaves were dried and then ground. The powder of green tea was used in the formation of extract [29]. The 100ml of deionized water was used. Later, the solution was boiled for 10 minutes and subsequently kept at low temperature after filtration.

Preparation of Cu4O3 Nanoparticles

A copper sulfate soln. of 50ml was added into 5ml of green tea extract. Magnetic stirrer was used for stirring. The color changed from green to pale yellow and finally dark brown confirmed the formation of nanoparticles. After the formation of nanoparticles, solution was centrifuged at the speed of 1000rpm for 20 mins. After the removal of supernatant copper oxide nanoparticles were dried and washed with ethanol. At the end calcination was performed at 500 degree for one hour and resultantly black colored particles were collected for characterization [27-29].

Results

Characterization of Cu4O3 Nanoparticles

UV spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used in order to characterize the size, shape, chemical and structural composition of Cu4O3 nanoparticles [30]. During the study, the green color soln. transformed into dark brown which confirm the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles.

X-Ray Diffraction Studies

The X-ray diffraction pattern of copper oxide nanoparticles were examined by x-ray diffractometer. To determine the intensity of copper oxide nanoparticles, the powder was added in the XRD cubes for analysis. The resultant pattern of the copper oxide nanoparticles was matched with JCPDS card number (033-0480), the peaks at 2θ intensity 28.09, 30.61, 36.14 and 44.14 and have 112, 103, 202 and 213 patterns respectively. However, average crystal size calculated by the Scherrer equation keeping lemda at 0.154 and FWHM value calculated 0.5 found was 17.2nm. The shapes of the particles of Cu4O3 nanoparticles in XRD was tetragonal [31-33].

Name and Formula

Reference code: 00-033-0480

Mineral name: Paramelaconite

Compound name: Copper OxideEmpirical formula: Cu4O3

Chemical formula: Cu4O3

Ultraviolet Spectroscopy:

The range at which copper oxide nanoparticles appeared was 200-400nm. The maximum absorption peak was confirmed at 280nm which confirmed the copper oxide nanoparticles (Figure 6).

FTIR Analysis:

In the current study, FTIR spectrum was examined to determine the copper nanoparticles functional group peaks. The overall peak was observed in ranged from 400 to 4000cm-1. The spectrum at peak 3310.7cm and 1611.2cm revealing the (Figure 7) presence of alcoholic group. The bands at 3310.7cm- 1, and 2850cm-1 another functional group present are listed in table below (Table 2).

SEM Analysis:

The average particle size of copper nanoparticle was analyzed by SEM model (JSM-6480). The range of grain of copper oxide nanoparticle was calculated about 8.5 ×10-2mm by SEM micrograph. The prepared copper oxide nanoparticles were well dispersed. It was observed that particles were smooth with a tetragonal shape (Figure 8).

Removal of Malachite Green and Congo Red Azo Dye by Cu4o3 Nanoparticles

Preparation of Standard Solution: In 1-liter distilled water, the dye was dissolved to prepare 1000ppm solution of malachite green and Congo red. From stock solution different concentrations of dyes were prepared. After dilution from 1000ppm solution to 100ppm solution was prepared. From that 150, 200, 250-ppm solution were prepared. Efficiency of Color removal was calculated by percentage degradation formula

% decolorization of dye= A-B /A×100.

Where A and B are absorbance of dye solution without nanoparticles and with particles respectively.

Mechanism of Azodye Degradation

50 microliter of the hydrogen peroxide H2O2 was added as the oxidizing agent to yield hydroxyl radical. Catalytic activity process mainly depends on the formation of superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical. The concentration of CR and MG dyes in aqueous solutions were measured by UV–vis spectrophotometer. A reducing agent H2O2 was added with adsorbent to check the adsorption capacity.

Effect of Experimental Parameters On % Degradation of Dye Removal

Time effect: Effect of time on percentage degradation of azo dyes was also studied by UV spectrophotometer. The samples of copper oxide NPs synthesized by green tea C-1, C-2(GT) were calculated. The time required for removal of above said dye was between (40-45min) and percentage removal was observed for all samples between 70-75%. The result of graphs clearly shows the time effect on color degradation of azo dye malachite green-MG and acid red 28-CR by using adsorbent copper oxides nanoparticles. The experimental conditions during experiment were kept constant just like temperature 308 kelvin and initial concentration of adsorbent was within ranges from 20- 250mg/l. Samples C-1, C-2 are samples codes synthesized by camellia sinensis leaves extract at different temperatures. In figure below C-1 sample is dye+ adsorbent +H202 and C-2 sample without reducing agent. It was concluded from graphs %degradation enhanced in presence of reducing agents. Figure 9 Effect of time by copper oxide nanoparticles samples C-1, C-2(Green tea mediated) on malachite green dye and Congo red dye calculated by ultraviolet spectrophotometer DB-20.

Adsorption Kinetics Studies: The kinetics of azo dye adsorption was carried under selecting optimum operating conditions. The kinetic parameters are helpful for the estimation of adsorption rate. A solution prepared by dissolving 20mg of adsorbent in 50ml of 10ppm dyes and continuously stirred.

Adsorption Kinetic Studies of Copper Oxide NPs: The pseudo-second-order model was found to explain the adsorption kinetics most effectively. The results indicated a significant potential of nanoparticles as an adsorbent for azo dye removal. The straight line shows that nanoparticles follow pseudo-second-order kinetics rather than first orde

Adsorption Reaction Isotherm Models

Langmuir Isotherm Model: The Langmuir isotherm is applicable for adsorption of a solute as monolayer adsorption on a surface having few numbers of identical sites. Langmuir isotherm model provide energies of adsorption onto the plain. That’s why, the Langmuir isotherm model is selected for adsorption capacity relating to monolayer surface of adsorbent. Adsorption process fits the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models. Langmuir isotherm or single crystal surfaces describes well adsorption at low medium coverage, adsorption into multilayer is ruled out. Parameters of different models studied in this research are listed below in Table 3.

Freundlich Isotherm Model: The Freundlich isotherm model is suitable for the adsorption of dye on the adsorbent. Freundlich equation is stated below

In qe = Kf qm+ 1/n InCe

qe is the amount used of azo dye in unit of mg/g, Ce is the equilibrium concentration of the azo dye and Kf and n are constants factors affecting the capacity of adsorption and adsorption speed. The graph between lnqe versus ln Ce shows linearity. The adsorption reaction isotherms are fitted to models by linear square method. The result shows in this study that Langmuir model fit better than the Freundlich model. The adsorption activity of copper oxide nanoparticle samples prepared by green source were observed against the degradation of malachite green and congored azodyes (Figure15).

Discussion

In present we reported an eco-friendly and cost-efficient preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles by leaf extract of camellia sinensis. the characterization of particles were performed by SEM, UV, XRD, FTIR analysis. UV spectroscopy peak was observed at 280nm and a broadband observed which confirmed nanoparticles existence. The particle size was calculated by Scherrer equation was 17.26nm. The SEM results confirmed tetragonal shape of cu403 particles with grain average diameter 8.5×10-2nm, and FTIR spectra indicated the peaks of OH, C=C, C-H functional groups, which is due to thin coating of extract on nanoparticles. The calculated surface area of nanoparticles was 65m2/g. The %degradation of azo dyes malachite green and congored range were b/w70-75% at maximum 0.2g/l and 20mg/l dosage of adsorbent and dye. The optimum time was b/w 30-40mint, PH 3-4, temperature 70-80 Co for maximum degradation. The effect of different experimental parameters was studied on percentage degradation of dyes. The azo dyes congored and malachite green dyes adsorption isotherm models were studied. The reaction kinetics followed pseudo second order for both dyes rather than first order. The Langmuir model fit better with linearity rather than Freundlich, which confirmed by graph having r2 0.98,0.99and0.95 values for models. The elovich model also linear fit. In conclusion, copper oxide nanoparticles keep excellent azo dyes degradation potential.

Conclusion

In present we reported an eco-friendly and cost-efficient preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles by leaf extract of camellia Sinensis. According to kinetic study it proved that Cu4O3 NPs keep excellent adsorption capability for MG and CR azo dyes.

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Yellow Tea – The New Green

Origin: Yellow tea comes from the tea plant, Camellia sinensis. It originates in the Human, Sichuan and Zhejiang regions of China, East Asia. It was introduced in the west as a gift to the Danes. It is also known as Huan Cha in china. Fun fact: It derives its name from Chinese emperors. During that time, the drink was especially reserved only for the emperors. The color yellow was associated with the emperors, and because the tea had a yellow tinge to it, it was only given to be given to them, nobody else was allowed. Process: The process is similar to that of green tea, oolong or black tea. But the fermentation requires an extra step that essentially makes the whole process a little time consuming. The Sealing yellow step helps to retain the color of the tea. Tea leaves are put through wet piling and smelting (unique), where they are kept moist in cloth wrap and then steamed. This cycle is repeated two to three times. Benefits:

Scientifically proven to ameliorate the symptoms associated with diabetes, especially type-2. High polyphenol components, especially epigallocatechin gallate, helps to combat and reduce blood sugar levels. 6 cups daily can reduce the risk of diabetes by 33%.

Known as diet tea, helps in weight maintenance while increasing metabolic rate and fat burn. It doesn’t drastically reduce weight, rather maintains a healthy balance for good growth and development.

Helps in the cure of hepatitis and related illnesses. Research conducted on animals showed that yellow tea can help act as a catalyst to cure liver-related issues.

Rich in nutritious compounds, antioxidants (3 times more than green tea) and polyphenol, aids in healthy bacteria flow that fights with free radicals of your body, thus curing issues like indigestion, detoxification and controlling cholesterol levels. It reduces low-density lipoprotein and magically, prevents the absorption of cholesterol from fat-based foods.

High percentage of fluorides in Yellow Tea helps in prevention of tooth decay and other bone diseases like joint pains, in elders.

Due to a slow fermentation, it produces higher digestive enzymes that helps in higher food metabolism, thereby aiding healthy digestion.

Enhances blood circulation and keeps skin moisturized. Its collagen production, catechins and Gallic acid, keeps the skin tight and firm, preventing photo aging, reduces oxidative stress which is a major proponent of skin aging. Its antioxidants help to erase pimples, spots and scars as well.

Antioxidants and polyphenol compounds help in treating diarrhea, peptic ulcer, inflammation in gastrointestinal tract.

Helps to build mental alertness, aid mental activity and life longevity.

Cancer rate in places where its consumption is high, is quite low as compared to other places. It has bioactive compounds which fight cancer cells, polyphenol percentage influences cellular processes that fights oxidation, inflammation and gives protection against growth of cancer cells.