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Our immune system is our body’s defense against infections and other harmful invaders. Without it, we would constantly get sick from bacteria or viruses.

Our immune system is made up of special cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect us.

Normally, the immune system can tell the difference between foreign cells and our own cells.

In an autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakes part of our body, like our joints or skin, as foreign. It releases proteins called autoantibodies that attack healthy cells.

Some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. Type 1 diabetes damages the pancreas. Other diseases, like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), affect the whole body..

Women get autoimmune diseases rate is high compared to men. Often the disease starts during a woman’s childbearing years (15Years to 44Years).

Certain autoimmune diseases, like multiple sclerosis and lupus, run in families. Not every family member will necessarily have the same disease, but they inherit a susceptibility to an autoimmune condition.

Because the incidence of autoimmune diseases is rising, researchers suspect environmental factors like infections and exposure to chemicals or solvents might also be involved. Our modern life style, working style and foods are also huge causes.

We don’t know exactly what causes autoimmune diseases. Genetics, diet, infections, and exposure to chemicals might be involved.

The lymph or lymphatic, system is a major part of the immune system. It's a network of lymph nodes and vessels. Lymphatic vessels are thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, throughout the body. They carry a clear fluid called lymph. Lymph contains tissue fluid, waste products, and immune system cells. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped clumps of immune system cells that are connected by lymphatic vessels. They contain white blood cells that trap viruses, bacteria, and other invaders, including cancer cells.

White blood cells are the cells of the immune system. They are made in one of your lymph organs, the bone marrow. Other lymph organs include the spleen and thymus.

When our immune system doesn't work the way it should, it is called an immune system disorder.

• Primary immune deficiency – Be born with a weak immune system.

• Acquired immune deficiency – Get a disease that weakens your immune system.

• Allergic reaction – Have an immune system that is too active.

• Autoimmune disease – Have an immune system that turns against you.

There are some common examples:

• Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is an example of an immune deficiency that is present at birth. Children are in constant danger of infections from bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This disorder is sometimes called “bubble boy disease.”

• Temporary acquired immune deficiencies. Our immune system can be weakened by certain medicines, for example: This can happen to people on chemotherapy or other drugs used to treat cancer. It can also happen to people following organ transplants who take medicine to prevent organ rejection. Also, infections like the flu virus, mono (mononucleosis), and measles can weaken the immune system for a brief time. Our immune system can also be weakened by smoking, alcohol, and poor nutrition.

• AIDS. HIV, which causes AIDS, is an acquired viral infection that destroys important white blood cells and weakens the immune system. People with HIV/AIDS become seriously ill with infections that most people can fight off. These infections are called “opportunistic infections” because they take advantage of weak immune systems.

If we are born with certain genes, our immune system may react to substances in the environment that are normally harmless. These substances are called allergens. Having an allergic reaction is the most common example of an overactive immune system. Dust, mold, pollen, and foods are examples of allergens.

Some conditions caused by an overactive immune system are:

• Asthma: The response in our lungs can cause coughing, wheezing, and trouble breathing. Asthma can be triggered by common allergens like dust or pollen or by an irritant like tobacco smoke.

• Eczema: An allergen causes an itchy rash known as atopic dermatitis.

• Allergic rhinitis: Sneezing, a runny nose, sniffling, and swelling of your nasal passages from indoor allergens like dust and pets or outdoor allergens like pollens or molds.

In autoimmune diseases, the body attacks normal, healthy tissues. The causes are unknown. It is probably a combination of a person’s genes and something in the environment that triggers those genes.

There are some common autoimmune diseases are:

• Type 1 diabetes: The immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Insulin removes sugar from the blood to use as energy.

• Rheumatoid arthritis: This type of arthritis causes swelling and deformities of the joints. An auto-antibody called rheumatoid factor is in the blood of some people with rheumatoid arthritis.

• Lupus: This disease that attacks body tissues, including the lungs, kidneys, and skin. Many types of auto-antibodies are found in the blood of people with lupus.

So, we should never ignore to our care for immunity system. Homeopathy medicines are a good choice for improving our immunity system.

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शिरोधारा: आयुर्वेदिक चिकित्सा की अद्वितीय विधि

शिरोधारा एक प्राचीन आयुर्वेदिक चिकित्सा पद्धति है, जिसमें लगातार धारा की तरह एक विशेष औषधीय तेल या तरल पदार्थ को माथे पर डाला जाता है। यह उपचार न केवल शारीरिक, बल्कि मानसिक और भावनात्मक संतुलन को भी पुनः स्थापित करने में सहायक है। शिरोधारा का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है "सिर पर धार"।

शिरोधारा के लाभ

तनाव और चिंता में राहत: शिरोधारा तनाव, चिंता और अवसाद को कम करने में मदद करता है। यह मस्तिष्क को शांत करता है और मानसिक शांति प्रदान करता है।

नींद की गुणवत्ता में सुधार: यह अनिद्रा और नींद से संबंधित समस्याओं के उपचार में अत्यधिक प्रभावी है। शिरोधारा के बाद अच्छी और गहरी नींद आती है।

माइग्रेन और सिरदर्द में राहत: नियमित शिरोधारा सत्र माइग्रेन और लगातार सिरदर्द को कम करने में सहायक होते हैं।

मस्तिष्क की कार्यक्षमता में वृद्धि: शिरोधारा मानसिक स्पष्टता, स्मरण शक्ति और एकाग्रता को बढ़ावा देता है।

चमकती त्वचा: यह त्वचा को पोषण प्रदान करता है और चेहरे की चमक को बढ़ाता है।

रक्तचाप को नियंत्रित करना: यह उच्च रक्तचाप को नियंत्रित करने में मदद करता है और संपूर्ण स्वास्थ्य को बेहतर बनाता है।

नर्वस सिस्टम की उत्तेजना को शांत करना: शिरोधारा नर्वस सिस्टम की उत्तेजना को शांत करता है और पूरे शरीर में एक आरामदायक अनुभव पैदा करता है।

शिरोधारा का अनुभव

शिरोधारा का सत्र अत्यंत आरामदायक होता है, जहाँ आप एक आरामदायक स्थिति में लेटे रहते हैं। एक विशेष औषधीय तेल या तरल पदार्थ का धीमी गति से और लगातार आपके माथे के बीचोबीच डाला जाता है। यह प्रक्रिया आमतौर पर 30-60 मिनट तक चलती है और इसके बाद आप तरोताजा और पुनःजीवित महसूस करते हैं।

आइए, शिरोधारा के अद्वितीय लाभों का अनुभव करें और अपने शारीरिक, मानसिक और भावनात्मक स्वास्थ्य को पुनः संतुलित करें। शिरोधारा के लिए आज ही अपॉइंटमें��� बुक करें और आयुर्वेद की इस प्राचीन चिकित्सा विधि से अपने जीवन को नई दिशा दें।

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Epilepsy can present differently in older adults than in younger individuals. In older adults, seizures may be more subtle or difficult to recognize, and they may be mistaken for other conditions. Caregivers should take note of the detailed history of the patient. As elderly patients tend to develop cognitive impairment as a side effect of epilepsy it is important to have accurate history of the patients illness.

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Dr. Jyoti Monga -Best Piles Treatment in Delhi/Best Piles Pilonidal Sinus & Fistula Clinic & Piles Doctor Lajpat Nagar Delhi

Dr. Jyoti Arora, renowned as the best female doctor for piles in Delhi NCR, is a ray of hope for those who seek relief from the constant pain caused by fissures and fistulas. With her exceptional expertise and compassionate approach, Dr. Arora has become a trusted name in the field of women's health care. His gentle demeanor immediately puts patients at ease, creating an environment where they feel comfortable discussing their most intimate concerns. Equipped with extensive knowledge and years of experience, she uses innovative techniques to accurately diagnose and treat piles with utmost accuracy.

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Phone: 080109 31122

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Beetroot is Good for Anemia

Drinking beet juice helps regenerate red blood cells reactivates the red blood cells, and supplies fresh oxygen to the body. The iron in beetroot is easiest to absorb into the bloodstream, making it a great natural therapy for those with low blood hemoglobin and anemia, irrespective of age.

Very rich in folic acid necessary to produce red blood cells

Traditional anti-anemic remedy

Red urine from eating beets  may indicate consumption of a lot of beets or circulating iron deficit

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Safed daag or white spots treatment is possible our ayurvedic medicine increases melanin levels that reduce white spots on the skin and also prevent its effect on other parts of the body. Vitiligo ayurvedic medicine gives proven results to any age group person's healing pattern may vary from person to person.

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Best Acne Doctor in Yamunanagar

Acne, a common skin condition, affects millions of individuals worldwide. It not only impacts physical appearance but also takes a toll on self-esteem and confidence. In this post, we will discuss causes and symptoms of acne, as well as explore Ayurvedic and Homeopathic treatment options. We are proud to introduce Dr. Garg - Umeedhom (Scientific Clinic), who specializes in providing holistic solutions for managing acne.

Understanding Acne:

Acne is a skin disorder that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria. It predominantly affects areas with a high concentration of oil glands, such as the face, chest, and back. While it is most commonly associated with adolescence, acne can persist into adulthood, causing discomfort and emotional distress.

Causes of Acne:

Several factors contribute to the development of acne:

Excess Sebum Production: Overactive oil glands produce more sebum, which can clog hair follicles and lead to acne.

Clogged Pores: The combination of dead skin cells and excess oil can create blockages in hair follicles, resulting in blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples.

Bacterial Infection: The bacterium Propionibacterium acnes can thrive in clogged hair follicles, causing inflammation and breakouts.

Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormones, particularly during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause, can trigger acne.

Diet and Lifestyle: Certain diets high in dairy, refined sugars, and processed foods, as well as high-stress levels, can exacerbate acne.

Symptoms of Acne:

The symptoms of acne can vary in severity:

Blackheads: Small, dark bumps that form when hair follicles become clogged and the top remains open.

Whiteheads: Similar to blackheads, but covered by a thin layer of skin, giving them a white appearance.

Papules: Small, red, raised bumps caused by infected or inflamed hair follicles.

Pustules: Red bumps with white or yellow centers, often referred to as "pimples."

Cysts: Large, painful, pus-filled lumps that form beneath the skin's surface.

Ayurvedic Treatment for Acne:

Ayurveda, an ancient holistic healing system, offers natural approaches to managing acne:

Herbal Cleansing: Cleansing herbs like neem and turmeric help purify the blood and detoxify the body.

Dietary Changes: Avoiding excessive spicy, oily, and junk foods, and incorporating fresh fruits, vegetables, and water can promote clear skin.

Herbal Supplements: Herbal supplements like guggul, amla, and manjistha can balance hormones and promote skin health.

Homeopathic Treatment for Acne:

Homeopathy addresses acne by considering the individual's constitution and symptoms:

Sulphur: Used for acne with intense itching and burning sensations on the skin.

Pulsatilla: Prescribed for acne worsened by rich, fatty foods and hormonal fluctuations.

Hepar Sulph: Suitable for acne that is extremely painful and sensitive to touch.

Meet Dr. Garg - Umeedhom (Scientific Clinic): Best Acne Doctor in Yamunanagar

Dr. Garg is a renowned practitioner at Umeedhom (Scientific Clinic), specializing in holistic approaches to acne management. With years of experience, Dr. Garg offers personalized Ayurvedic and Homeopathic treatments to address the root causes of acne and promote clear, healthy skin.

Conclusion:

Acne is a common skin condition with various underlying causes. While it can impact self-confidence, effective treatment options are available. Dr. Garg Your Skincare Expert (Scientific Clinic) offers personalized Ayurvedic and Homeopathic solutions that address acne's root causes, providing hope for those seeking clear and radiant skin. Remember, achieving healthy skin requires patience and consistency in following the recommended treatments.

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PCOD / PCOS

PCOS, or Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, has become increasingly common among women of reproductive age in recent years. Women who have this condition may have irregular or altered menstrual cycles. The ovaries may also grow a lot of fluid-filled sacks that are incapable of releasing eggs. An endocrine disorder called PCOS/PCOD is a major contributor to infertility. Subfertility is a term used to describe a condition where a person is trying to get pregnant but is having a difficult time.

Best Ayurveda treatment for PCOD and PCOS

SYMPTOMS OF PCOS/PCOD

These are some of the typical PCOS/PCOD symptoms.

Period irregularities: Women may experience irregular menstrual cycles.

Missed Periods: Missed periods may occasionally last a long time. This may continue for several months.

Severe bleeding: This is caused by a thicker than usual uterine lining. Females can have prolonged periods of heavy bleeding.

Hair growth: The back, belly, chest, and face may all experience excessive hair growth. This ailment, also known as hirsutism, can be an annoying PCOS symptom.

Acne: Areas like the face, chest, and back are more likely to experience breakouts.

Obesity: Studies have shown that managing one’s weight can significantly lessen the symptoms of PCOS in up to 80% of females who have the condition.

Hair thinning and loss: Women with PCOS/PCOD may experience hair thinning and loss. The body’s overabundance of androgens is the cause of this.

Skin darkening: The nose, groin, under the breasts, and other places may develop dark skin pigmentation or patchy skin growth.

Headaches: A hormonal imbalance known as PCOS or PCOD can occasionally result in headaches.

Pelvic pain and fatigue: Women with PCOS may experience feelings of discomfort, such as pain in the pelvic area, along with fatigue.

REASONS BEHIND PCOS

High levels of androgen

A woman’s body contains a small amount of male hormones known as androgens. However, in PCOS, the amount of male hormones increases, which can prevent the ovaries from producing eggs during the monthly menstrual cycle. This can cause acne and excessive hair growth in women, which is one of the main symptoms of PCOS.

High levels of insulin

The insulin hormone is in charge of regulating the body’s glucose levels. PCOS is a condition in which many women have insulin resistance, which means that the glucose in the blood is not being used properly by their cells. Women are more likely than men to have a family history of Type 2 Diabetes. To avoid Type 2 Diabetes in the future, lifestyle changes are advised.Obesity and unhealthy lifestyle leads to PCOS

AYURVEDIC APPROACH TO PCOD/PCOS / Best Ayurveda treatment for PCOD and PCOS

 According to the ancient texts of Ayurveda, it is referred to as “Granthi” in some cases, which refers to the development of abnormalities such as cysts, ulcers, lumps, or tumors. According to Ayurveda, PCOS is caused by imbalance of Rasa and Rakta Dhatus, as well as an imbalance in the three Doshas of the body (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). These Rasa-Rakta Dhatus are weakened as a result of Dosha imbalance and Ama (toxins) buildup in the body. This can result in cyst formation and other PCOS symptoms.

Normally, the Vata Dosha dominates the reproductive system, and the female reproductive organs are made of “Artava Dhatu,” which nourishes the ovum. Vata Dosha is in charge of the follicle and ovum movement into the uterine fallopian tubes. The sub-dosha “Apana Vayu” is in charge of the downward flow or menstrual flow. Pitta Dosha is important for hormone production and balance in the body. The Kapha Dosha is in charge of nourishing and promoting follicle, uterine, and ovum tissue growth. As a result, a harmonious balance of the three Doshas is essential for producing healthy hormones and maintaining the health of the female reproductive system.

Best Ayurveda treatment for PCOD and PCOS

Ayurveda, as a holistic system of treatment, provides an all-encompassing treatment approach that addresses the underlying cause of this condition. This treatment can be tailored to an individual’s needs, and it is always best to consult an Ayurvedic expert before beginning any treatment or therapy.  The goal of Ayurveda Treatment for PCOD is to-

Ayurvedic detoxification of the body to remove accumulated toxins

The female reproductive system should be strengthened, revitalized, and nourished.

Maintaining the body’s hormonal balance

Weight loss and insulin resistance correction

AYURVEDA DIET FOR MANAGING PCOS/PCOD SYMPTOMS:

The goal of following this Ayurvedic diet is to nourish the Aartava Dhatu in females.

Organic fruits and vegetables, such as raisins, pears, plums, dates, and figs, should be consumed by PCOS women. Fruits and berries in season should be included in the diet.

To boost the Agni (Digestive fire), avoid spicy foods, fermented foods, dairy products, buttermilk, and so on.

Consume Ragi (nachini, Eleusine coracana) grains.

Avoid taking added sugar or sugary foods, as well as artificial sweeteners.

AYURVEDA TREATMENT FOR PCOD INVOLVES-

Herbs like Ashwagandha, Turmeric, Shatavari, Varuna, Haritaki, Pippali, Bilva, Agnimantha, Punarvana, Guduchi, Chitraka, Shunthi, Dashmool, Shatapushpa, and others are very effective for balancing the tridoshas and Dhatus.

Panchakarma, ayurvedic therapies, Yoga and breathing exercises (Pranayama)  . Dietary changes include increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while decreasing the consumption of saturated fats, salt, refined sugar, and refined carbs.

Varunadi Kashaya, Chitrakadi Vati, Triphala Guggulu, Punarvadi Kashaya, Shatavari Gulam, and other Ayurvedic formulations are effective.

PANCHAKARMA TREATMENT FOR PCOS/PCOD / Best Ayurveda treatment for PCOD and PCOS

Panchakarma Treatment is recommended to treat the underlying cause by removing toxins from the reproductive system and empowering the various organs such as the uterus, ovaries and Fallopian tubes.  This Panchakarma Treatment also aids in the maintenance of the body’s hormonal balance.

Vamana

This is a cleansing technique used primarily to expel vitiated ‘Kapha.’ In PCOS, Vamana (therapeutic emesis or therapeutic vomiting) process helps to balance the vitiated kapha dosha.

Virechana

This therapy aids in the restoration of the vitiated Pitta Dosha. It involves cleansing the small intestine and improves Dosha elimination via the rectal route. It restores the female body’s hormonal balance.

Basti (Vastu)

This panchakarma therapy, which uses various types of herbal oils, Ghruta, milk, and other decoctions, is extremely effective in balancing the vitiated Vata Dosha. When specific oils are used for Basti, it aids in the regularisation of ovulation. So, Basti can help with infertility treatment, hormone balancing, PCOS treatment, fallopian tube blockage removal, and so on.

Uttarbasti (Vasti)

Uttarbasti (Vasti) is a highly effective treatment for gynecological conditions. In the case of PCOS, Uttarbasti aids in the dissolution of ovarian cysts, the flushing of the Aartava Vaha Srotas, the pacification of the vitiated Apana Vayu, and the increase of follicular maturity.

Fertility Massage

This is a gentle massage of the lower abdomen performed in a specific pattern to improve the natural functioning of the uterus. It also improves blood circulation in the lower pelvic region.

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Ayurvedic medicine has the potential in curing white spots in the body as it works in healing the body to produce melanin in the dead cells which regain normal skin pigmentation. Medicinally tested as the best ayurvedic medicine for vitiligo treatment.

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Kabj Hari Chunra is a very effective cure for acidity, indigestion, and constipation. An unhealthy, unbalanced diet and a sedentary lifestyle often lead to digestion-related problems. It is the best ayurvedic medicine for constipation.

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*Dr. Smita Goel Homeopathy Clinic*

www.thehomeopathyclinic.co.in

A person with short stature, or restricted growth, does not grow as tall as other people of the same gender, age, and ethnicity. The person's height is below the 3rd percentile.

Short stature can be a variant of normal growth, or it may indicate a disorder or condition.

Growth rate is an important indicator of overall health. Children who do not reach the 5th percentile by the age of 5 years are said to be small for gestational age (SGA). A pediatrician will look out for signs of "failure to thrive."

Early intervention can prevent future problems in many cases.

Normally, at 8 years of age, a child's arm span is around the same as their height. If these measurements are out of proportion, this may be a sign of disproportionate short stature (DSS), sometimes known as "dwarfism."

Fast facts on short stature

Here are some key points about short stature. More detail is in the main article.

• Short stature can happen for a wide range of reasons, including having small parents, malnutrition, and genetic conditions such as achondroplasia.

• Proportionate short stature (PSS) is when the person is small, but all the parts are in the usual proportions. In disproportionate short stature (DSS), the limbs may be small compared with the trunk.

• If short stature results from a growth hormone (GH) deficiency, GH treatment can often boost growth.

• Some people may experience long-term medical complications, but intelligence is not usually affected.

Causes

Growth depends on a complex range of factors, including genetic makeup, nutrition, and hormonal influences.

The most common cause of short stature is having parents whose height is below average, but around 5 percent of children with short stature have a medical condition.

Conditions that can underlie short stature include:

• Undernutrition, due to a disease or lack of nutrients

• Hypothyroidism, leading to a lack of growth hormone

• A tumor in the pituitary gland

• Diseases of the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, or gastrointestinal tract

• Conditions that affect the production of collagen and other proteins

• Some chronic diseases, such as celiac disease and other inflammatory disorders

• Mitochondrial disease, which can affect the body in different ways, including growth

Sometimes, an injury to the head during childhood can lead to reduced growth.

A lack of growth hormone can also lead to delayed or absent sexual development.

Rheumatologic diseases, such as arthritis, are linked to short stature. This may happen because of the disease, or as a result of the glucocorticoid treatment, which can affect the release of growth hormone.

Disproportionate short stature (DSS) usually stems from a genetic mutation that affects the development of bone and cartilage and undermines physical growth.

The parents may not have short stature, but they may pass on a condition that is linked to DSS, such as achondroplasia, mucopolysaccharide disease, and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED).

Types

There are different types and causes of short stature, or restricted growth, and they will present differently. Because the range of conditions is so broad, restricted growth can be classified in various ways.

One categorization is:

• Variant restricted growth

• Proportionate short stature (PSS)

• Disproportionate short stature (DSS)

Each of these categories includes a number of types and causes of short stature.

Variant restricted growth

Sometimes a person is small but otherwise healthy. This can be referred to as variant restricted growth. It may happen for genetic or hormonal reasons.

If the parents are also small, this can be called familial short stature (FSS). If it stems from a hormonal issue, it is a constitutional delay in growth and adolescence (CDGA).

The limbs and the head develop in proportion with the spine, and the individual is otherwise healthy.

Growth happens throughout the body, so the legs, for example, are in proportion with the spine.

In most cases, the individual's parents are also small, but sometimes small stature happens because the body does not produce enough growth hormone (GH), or the body does not process growth hormone properly. This is known as GH insensitivity. Hypothyrodism can lead to low hormone production.

Growth hormone treatment during childhood may help.

Proportionate short stature (PSS)

Sometimes, overall growth is restricted, but the person's body is in proportion, and the individual has a related health problem. This is known as proportionate short stature (PSS).

If the individual is heavy for their height, this can suggest a hormone problem. The problem could be hypothyroidism, excess glucorticoid production, or too little GH.

A person who is small and their weight is low for their height may be experiencing malnutrition, or they may have a disorder that leads to malabsorption.

Whatever the underlying reason, if it affects overall growth, it may impact development in at least one body system, so treatment is needed.

During adulthood, a person with this type of restricted growth is more likely to experience:

• osteoporosis

• cardiovascular problems

• reduced muscle strength

Rarely, there may be cognitive problems, or problems with thinking. This depends on the cause of the short stature.

Disproportionate short stature (DSS)

Disproportionate short stature (DSS) is linked to a genetic mutation. The parents are usually of average height. As with other types of short stature, a range underlying causes is possible.

An individual with DSS will be small in height, and they will have other unusual physical features. These may be visible at birth, or they may develop in time as the infant develops.

Most individuals will have an average-sized trunk and short limbs, but some people may have a very short trunk and shortened, but disproportionately large limbs. Head size may be disproportionately large.

Intelligence or cognitive abilities are unlikely to be affected unless the person has hydrocephalus, or too much fluid around the brain.

Achondroplasia underlies around 70 percent of cases of DSS. It affects around 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 40,000 people.

Features include:

• an average-sized trunk

• short limbs, especially the upper arms and legs

• short fingers, possibly with a wide space between the middle and ring fingers

• limited mobility in the elbows

• a large head with a prominent forehead and flattened bridge of the nose

• bowed legs

• lordosis, a progressive development of a swayed lower back

• average adult height of 4 feet, or 122 cm

Hypochondroplasia is a mild form of achondroplasia. It may be difficult to differentiate between familial short stature and achondroplasia.

Achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia result from a genetic mutation.

Genetic conditions, such as Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, or Prader Willi syndrome, are also linked to DSS.

Diagnosis

Some types of short stature can be diagnosed at birth. In other cases, routine visits to a pediatrician should reveal any abnormal growth pattern.

The doctor will record the child's head circumference, height, and weight.

If the doctor suspects restricted growth, they will carry out a physical examination, look at the child's medical and family history, and possibly carry out some tests.

These may include:

An x-ray, to assess for problems with bone development

An insulin tolerance test, to check for a deficiency in the growth hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).

In this test, insulin is injected into a vein, causing blood glucose levels to drop. Normally, this would trigger the pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH). If GH levels are lower than normal, there may be a GH deficiency.

Other tests include:

• a thyroid-stimulating hormone test, to check for hypothyroidism

• a complete blood count, to test for anemia

• metabolic tests, to assess liver and kidney function

• erythrocyte sedimentation and C-reactive protein tests, to assess for inflammatory bowel disease

• urine tests can check for enzyme deficiency disorders

• tissue transglutinase and immunoglobulin A tests, for celiac disease

• imaging scans, such as an x-ray of the skeleton and the skull or an MRI, can detect problems with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus

• bone marrow or skin biopsies may help confirm conditions associated with short stature

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the cause of the short stature.

If there are signs of malnutrition, the child may need nutritional supplements or treatment for a bowel disorder or other condition that is preventing them from absorbing nutrients.

If growth is restricted or delayed because of a hormonal problem, GH treatment may be necessary.

Pediatric hormone treatment: In children who produce too little GH, a daily injection of hormone treatment may stimulate physical growth later in life. Medications, such as somatropin, may eventually add 4 inches, or 10 centimeters, to adult height.

Adult hormone treatment

: Treatment for adults can help protect against complications, for example, cardiovascular disease and low bone mineral density.

Somatropin, also known as recombinant GH, might be recommended for people who:

• have a severe growth hormone deficiency

• experience impaired quality of life

• are already receiving treatment for another pituitary hormone deficiency

Adult patients generally self-administer daily with an injection.

Adverse effects of somatropin include headache, muscle pain, edema, or fluid retention, problems with eyesight, joint pain, vomiting, and nausea.

The patient may receive treatment to control chronic conditions, such as heart disease, lung disease, and arthritis.

Treatment for DSS

As DSS often stems from a genetic disorder, treatment focuses mainly on the complications.

Some patients with very short legs may undergo leg lengthening. The leg bone is broken and then fixed into a special frame. The frame is adjusted daily to lengthen the bone.

This does not always work, it takes a long time, and there is a risk of complications, including:

• pain

• the bone forming badly or at an inappropriate rate

• infection

• deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot in a vein

Other possible surgical treatments include:

• use of growth plates, where metal staples are inserted into the ends of long bones where growth takes place, to help bones grow in the right direction

• inserting staples or rods to help the spine form the right shape

• increasing the size of the opening in the bones of the spine to reduce pressure on the spinal cord

Regular monitoring can reduce the risk of complications.

Complications

A person with DSS may experience a number of complications.

These include:

• arthritis later in life

• delayed mobility development

• dental problems

• bowed legs

• hearing problems and otitis media

• hydrocephalus, or too much fluid in the brain cavities

• hunching of the back

• limb problems

• swaying of the back

• narrowing of the channel in the lower spine during adulthood and other spine problem

• sleep apnea

• weight gain

• speech and language problems

Individuals with proportionate short stature (PSS) may have poorly developed organs and pregnancy complications, such as respiratory problems. Delivery will normally be by cesarean section.

Outlook

Most people with short stature will have a normal life expectancy, and 90 percent of children who are small for their age at 2 years will "catch up" by adulthood.

The 10 percent who do not catch up are likely to have a condition such as fetal alcohol, Prader-Willi, or Down syndrome.

A person with achondroplasia can also expect a normal lifespan.

However, some serious conditions that are linked to some cases of short stature can be fatal.

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