#basalt e-liquid
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PROMISING OPPORTUNITIES FOR BFRP REBAR
BFRP Rebar is the best alternative to steel rebar, it has good mechanical properties, acid-alkali resistance, excellent electrical properties, non-conductive, and excellent insulation properties.
The future of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Rebar BFRP, BFRP Rebar is the best alternative to steel rebar, it has good mechanical properties, acid-alkali resistance, excellent electrical properties, non-conductive, and excellent insulation properties.
These characteristics point to a sweet spot for BFRP Rebar in the performance window between E-glass and carbon fiber composites. With BFRP Rebar we are filling the cost and performance gap between carbon and glass fiber. That market segment has been hungry for a product to fill that space.
As a naturally occurring material, it is also inherently greener than other reinforcing fibers, a factor that automotive and other industries take into consideration.
We have been making headway in providing a standardized product along with production process improvements that resulted in greater consistency for the construction industry.
The basic manufacturing method for basalt fiber is straightforward enough: basalt fiber is extruded into filaments from the melted raw material, basalt rocks.The efficiency of basalt fiber is enhanced by the fact that no secondary materials are needed to create the fiber; one pound of rock becomes 0.8 pound of fiber.
Historically, basalt fiber production has been manually controlled, but fiber makers are advancing their product’s quality and consistency with the addition of automated controls.
If basalt fiber providers can point to one application that portends particularly well for BFRP growth, it would be rebar. Like fiberglass rebar, basalt fiber rebar is considerably lighter than steel rebar, over 70 percent lighter, in fact. One person can easily lift a 100-meter coil of 10-millimeter basalt rebar.
Advantages over glass rebar include basalt’s natural resistance to rust and corrosive liquids and chemicals. This makes it well-suited to marine applications, chemical plants and other potentially corrosive environments.
Also, moisture penetration from concrete does not spall, so it needs no special coating like fiberglass rods. Additionally, the coefficient of thermal expansion of basalt rebar matches that of concrete. The fact that it is nonconducting makes basalt rebar a great option for buildings that house MRIs or data-intensive operations.
In sum, basalt fiber are “leaner, greener and meaner” and more impact-resistant than other reinforcement choices.
Work on the regulatory front continues. BFRP Rebar is included in the national construction codes and is widely used in the construction industry of countries like UK, Europe, Russia, Ukraine and China.
Several emirates in the UAE, including Fujairah and Dubai, have now approved and licensed the BFRP Rebar in the construction industry. Major basalt rebar certification efforts are underway in other emirates.
Arab Basalt Fiber Company’s factory for BFRP Rebar has been established in Fujairah, noting that a move of this kind would help grow basalt’s market share both by avoiding tariffs and by allowing this factory to compete for projects that specify national made products.
We believe the industry is in a fantastic place today and engineers have been showing use cases that they believe it too, by their level of investment and their desire to see BFRP Rebar becomes the leader for concrete reinforcement proposes.
Using materials such as basalt, a natural occurring, sustainable, and green mineral, we envision a world where all future construction and repairs are harmless.
We will be happy to provide seminars, presentations and more information about Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Rebar to your organization , Please contact us and we will take care of this arrangement.
Click on the order button below to receive a price quote, and our team will contact you as soon as possible.
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Basalt Nikotinsalz
Mit Basalt NikotinSalz machen Sie alles richtig. Obwohl der Nikotinsalzgehalt hoch ist, sind diese Liquids sanft im Hals und gut verträglich ohne lästiges kratzen. Basalt entwickelt ihre Nicsalt Liquids mit höchster Klasse, die perfekte Verbindung von Geschmack mit Nikotinsalz bietet den Dampfern ein perfektes Dampferlebnis. Für Einsteiger mit Podsystemen oder MTL-Verdampfern perfekt.
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Lava Beds National Monument
Mostly erupted around 35,000 years ago from two vents now known as Mammoth and Modoc in northern California, the monument is a testament to the diverse joys of a volcanic landscape, consisting of semi desert terrain filled with a variety of volcanic features. The landscape is a perfect example of volcanic terrain, and popular with geology field trips for its many textbook quality formations visible in the field. The lava flows contain a high density of tubes formed in the fluid basalt as it crusted over, shielding the rivers of liquid lava below from cooling on contact with the open air. When the vent stopped feeding lava, the river ran out of the tube, leaving these wonderful caves behind. Some of these tubes have windows in them, where the roof has caved in, allowing ecosystems such as this one at Fern Cave to infiltrate and implant themselves. The ecosystem is fragile, so tours are limited, but plenty of wonderful photos exist.
The tubes are filled with very different features to the more familiar speleothems (such as stalactites, cave pearls or bacon) found in the more usual water carved limestone caves. Lava icicles remain on the ceiling, a frozen moment of deep time recording when the river of lava ran out and the remnants dripped onto the floor below. The walls look like they are flowing, since they were covered in congealed lava river features during the life of the river. There are over 25 that can be visited.
Other common features in the monument include fumaroles (old gas vents), cinder and spatter cones (formed by expelled globbets of lava that cool and solidified in a rising ring around the vent) and maars (distinctly shaped craters formed when lava meets groundwater and an underground steam explosion happens). The area lies on the Medicine Lake shield volcano, the largest in the Cascades.
Over 30 lava flows exist, ranging in age from 2 million to 1100 years ago. Most are basaltic, dark fluid lava that cools into a variety of amazing shapes, and the small area that is different is made of more silica rich andesite, the prototypical subduction lava. Scattered over the surface are chunks of rhyolitic pumice, remnants of the eruption of nearby Glass Mountain some 900 years back.
The park also hosts plenty of wildlife, such as pronhorn antelope, bobcats, bald eagles and kangaroo rats, all adapted to the ambient aridity. It also contains Petroglyph Point, one of the best examples of Native American parietal art, showing that humans have lived in the area for a long time. It also played host to the tragic Modoc wars of 1872-3, when a group of Native Americans famously held off the US cavalry for 5 months in a natural lava fortress called Captain Jack's Stronghold while resisting their forced expulsion from their traditional lands onto a reservation. The monument was established in 1925 and has been a very popular tourist destination ever since.
Loz
Image credit: David E Burnell/Nature's Best Photography competition
http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/lava-beds-national-monument http://www.npca.org/parks/lava-beds-national-monument.html http://www.molossia.org/volcanology/lavabeds.html http://www.visitcalifornia.com/Must-Sees/Go-Underground-at-Lava-Beds-National-Monument/
#cave#geology#lava tube#lava beds#national monument#travel#underground#science#the earth story#california
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Yellowstone: USGS sends ‘devastating’ warning after working volcano eruption probe Yellowstone: USGS warns of doubtless ‘devastating’ eruption The caldera inside Yellowstone Nationwide Park was fashioned over the past three massive occasions over the previous 2.1 million years. It’s consistently monitored by the USGS (United States Geological Survey) for any adjustments to the system that would recommend historical past goes to repeat itself. Scientist-in-charge of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), Dr Poland, laid naked the sobering energy of the volcano throughout the USGS’s ’Overview, Monitoring, Hazards, and Noteworthy Outcomes’ video. He mentioned: “The Yellowstone system consists of a number of magma chambers. Now we have this mantle-melting anomaly deep beneath the floor. “However there’s a few magma chambers that this melting anomaly feeds. “One is sort of deep, 15 miles or so beneath the floor, and it is filled with very low viscosity magma known as basalt. “That is the type of factor that erupts from Hawaii, low viscosity, it flows very simply. Yellowstone volcano poses a major risk (Picture: GETTY) Dr Mike Poland spoke throughout the video (Picture: USGS/YOUTUBE) “In flip, that basaltic magma physique feeds a higher-level reservoir of rhyolite – a sticky magma, susceptible to be extra explosive, and this sits about three miles beneath the floor in elements of Yellowstone.” Dr Poland defined why these chambers are usually not considered filled with molten rock. He added: “However do not consider these as gigantic magma our bodies which might be simply filled with roiling, boiling liquid materials. “In reality, most of that is strong. The higher reservoir is just 5 to fifteen % molten, and this decrease reservoir right here is just about two to 5 % molten. “It’s a mushy plastic-y zone with little bits of soften within the center. A Yellowstone eruption can be devastating (Picture: GETTY) “That is what the Yellowstone magma system appears like, and that is what drives the hazards within the area.” Regardless of this, the skilled then despatched a warning concerning the capabilities of Yellowstone within the occasion of a supereruption. He mentioned: “Everybody is aware of concerning the large world-ending explosions. “They’re very massive explosions, not end-of-the-world occasions, however there have been a couple of of those which have occurred within the final two million years. “There was one which occurred 2.1 million years in the past, a smaller 1.3 million years in the past, after which 630,000 years in the past, we had the formation of the Yellowstone caldera throughout the park. READ MORE: Yellowstone: ‘Biggest hazard’ warning after enormous 7.3 magnitude earthquake rocked park The Yellowstone caldera is monitored by the USGS (Picture: GETTY) “If that measurement of factor occurred right now, it might be very devastating to the central a part of the US. “We have carried out simulations on how ash would fall and ash would blanket a lot of the US, that is most likely what occurred when this caldera first fashioned 631,000 years in the past.” Nonetheless, the skilled detailed the type of eruption that’s extra more likely to be seen within the close to geologic future. He continued: “However the probabilities of this type of occasion are very distant, they happen a couple of times each million years. DON’T MISSYellowstone volcano: How USGS research confirmed ‘irregular’ change [REVEALED]Yellowstone: How scientists made alarming discover in lake [COMMENT]Yellowstone volcano shock: Eruption mantle runs beneath California [STUDY] The supervolcano is inside Yellowstone Nationwide Park (Picture: GETTY) “The interval between these items, there’s over 700,000 years between occasions. “What occurs extra usually are lava flows. Because the final massive Yellowstone explosion, 631,000 years in the past, there have been about two dozen lava flows, and you may see them right here in these totally different colors. “The preliminary pulse of lava circulation exercise was 500-600,000 years in the past. “We had these orange bits of lava come out, after which there was one other pulse of exercise that occurred about 170,000 years in the past to 70,000 years in the past, that gave us all of this pink [shaded] lava right here.” if(typeof utag_data.ads.fb_pixel!=="undefined"&&utag_data.ads.fb_pixel==!0)!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function()n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments);if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)(window,document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');fbq('init','568781449942811');fbq('track','PageView') Supply hyperlink #Devastating #eruption #probe #running #Sends #USGS #volcano #warning #Yellowstone
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How long has science known about CO2-induced climate change, and are we clever enough today to geo-engineer our way out of cooking ourselves to extinction? In brief: a long time, and most likely no.
Clive Thompson has written engagingly about the 19th century scientists -- Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), Eunice Newton Foote (1819-1888), John Tyndall (1820-1893), Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927), Arvid Högbom (1857-1940), and Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834-1906) -- whose work in aggregate pieced together the essential facts about CO2-induced global warming.
In 1856 Eunice Newton Foote, an American woman, suffragette and amateur scientist, conducted the first known experiment in CO2-induced climate change science, which proved carbon dioxide and water vapor were radiant-heat trapping and retaining gases, and not thermally transparent as generally believed. In the scientific paper she submitted to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (which had to be presented by a man) she prophetically observed: “An atmosphere of that gas would give to our earth a high temperature.”
Between 1859 and 1860 Irish physicist John Tyndall conducted many elaborate experiments that confirmed Eunice Newton Foote’s results with great precision (without acknowledging her, whether intentionally or out of ignorance is unknown). He found that CO2 could trap 1,000 times as much heat (infrared radiation) as dry air.
In 1896, after an arduous yearlong effort, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius created the first model of CO2-induced climate change, aided theoretically by geologist Arvid Högbom’s findings on the carbon cycle, and aided experimentally by Samuel Pierpont Langley’s thermal detector invention.
Quoting from Clive Thompson’s article: "When [Arrhenius] was done, he made a striking prediction: If you doubled the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, it would raise the world’s temperature by 5 to 6 degrees Celsius. Remarkably, that analysis holds up pretty well today, even in an age where climate analysis involves far more information and variables and are crunched by cloud supercomputers. Despite having done his work by hand, using data that even he regarded as woefully inadequate, Arrhenius reached “a conclusion that millions of dollars worth of research over the ensuing century hardly changed at all,” as Isabel Hilton wrote in 2008. The era of modern climate modeling was born. …[Arrhenius] expected it would take 3,000 years -- fully 30 centuries -- for CO2 levels in the atmosphere rise by 50%. Instead, [they] shot up by 30% in only one century."
In the century since Arrhenius (the 20th century), the scientific awareness of CO2-induced global warming skipped along to Guy Stewart Callendar in 1938, Hans Seuss in 1955, Roger Revelle in 1957, the computational three-dimensional Global Climate Model by Syukuro Manabe and Richard T Wetherald in 1975 (where doubling CO2 in the model’s atmosphere gave a roughly 2 degrees C rise in global temperature), and then to James E Hansen’s striking Congressional testimony in 1988 that changes in the atmosphere due to human pollution “represent a major threat to international security and are already having harmful consequences over many parts of the globe.”
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations was established in 1988, and since then we have all known or denied the truth of the matter, to variously fret gloomily or agitate frantically over it, and to governmentally ignore responding usefully to it.
Well, our food, wealth, comfort, entertainment and daydreams are all disgorged (or destroyed if you’re among the sacrificed) by fossil-fueled capitalism, so cook ourselves we must because we can’t bring ourselves to trim any of those economically fungible desirables. Can our clever technologists geo-engineer an atmospheric CO2 retrieval and sequestration technique? Today, many such ideas are being proposed and explored experimentally, which their promoters hope if developed successfully into patented salvations will shower them ceaselessly with torrents of gold.
One such project that has shown technical feasibility is the Carbfix Project in Iceland, where CO2 gas is mixed into and retained by a large quantity of water (salt or fresh) that is then injected under pressure deep underground (800 to 2000 meters) into formations of vesicular or porous basalt rock. Basalt is a mafic extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich lava exposed at or very near the surface of a terrestrial planet or a moon; for example at spreading centers between tectonic plates. Iceland sits athwart the Mid-Atlantic Spreading Center and is an island mountain of volcanic and geothermal activity.
The Carbfix scientists and engineers have demonstrated the petrification of aqueous CO2 into carbonate rock nodules within basalt vesicles (pores). Basalt does not wash away under pressurized aqueous injection, as softer sedimentary rocks do, and the metals in basalt are needed to react with the carbonated water (ideally the CO2-water mixture having been pushed entirely into carbonic acid) to petrify it.
The pumping of CO2 into deep basalt formations, for petrified sequestration, has been known scientifically since 1976 (first proposed by Italian physicist Cesare Marchetti). In 2012, as a satirical hypothetical example of fossil-fueled fanaticism, I proposed that the United States capture all the CO2 released by burning the expected liquid fuel to be processed out of the Athabasca Oil Sands of Alberta, Canada (to be imported to the U.S. via the proposed Keystone Pipeline), by piping that CO2 300 kilometers (186 miles) west of the Oregon coast into the Pacific Ocean and then under extreme pressure down 2,700 meters (8,900 feet) into the basalt formations of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate.
The difficulty with any carbon sequestration technique is demonstrating that it has a positive Energy Return On Energy Invested (EROEI).
Excerpted from: ‘CO2 and Climate Change, Old and New’.
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Geography Questions | Do My Homework
Igneous Rocks (38 points)
What do you call a silicate liquid existing beneath the Earth’s surface? Magma
What do you call a silicate liquid that has flowed out and along the Earth’s surface or seabed? Lava
If a silicate liquid existing beneath the Earth’s surface solidifies in place, then the resulting rock is called (Intrusive)
a) magma
b) lava
c) extrusive
d) intrusive
e) none of the above
Solidification of a silicate liquid at the Earth’s surface or sea bed produces an
_________Extrusive________ igneous rock.
The extrusive compositional equivalent of an diorite is andesite
a) rhyolite
b) dacite
c) andesite
d) basalt
e) rhyodacite
The extrusive compositional equivalent of gabbro is Basalt
a) rhyolite
b) dacite
c) andesite
d) basalt
e) rhyodacite
The extrusive compositional equivalent of granite is Rhyolite
a) dacite
b) rhyolite
c) rhyodacite
d) basalt
e) andesite
Can you see the minerals in phaneritic textured igneous rock with the naked eye? Yes or No . (YES)
Can you see individual crystals in an aphanitic textured rock? Yes or No. (NO)
The texture of an igneous rock composed of large grains visible with the naked eye
surrounded by smaller grains that can’t be seen with the naked eye is called aphanitic
a) porphyroblastic
b) porphyroclastic
c) phaneritic
d) porphyritic
e) aphanitic
There are two terms commonly used for fragmental material erupted from a volcano? Pickthese terms out of the following list Tephra and Proclasts
a) tephra
b) fragmentopyro
c) pyrolite
d) pyrofragmental
e) pyroclasts
Tephra that is larger than 64 mm is called bombs or blocks
a) ash
b) lapilli
c) tuff
d) bombs or blocks
e) none of the above
Pyroclastic rock composed mostly of material that is between 2 and 64 mm in size is called lapilli
a) tuff breccia
b) lapilli
c) tuff
d) blocks
e) lapilli tuff
Pyroclastic material that is less than 2 mm in size is called ash
a) ash
b) tuff
c) volcanic breccia
d) ash breccia
e) lapilli tuff
Pyroclasts between 2 and 64 mm in size would be called lapilli
a) ash
b) volcanic breccia
c) agglomerate
d) lapilli tuff
e) lapilli
A glassy rock derived from magma of silicic composition and containing many holes due tovisiculation is called scoria
a) scoria
b) pumice
c) rhyolite
d) andesite
e) none of the above
When a volcano erupts it throws into the atmosphere an eruptive column of particles andvery hot gas. This column will eventually collapse and the gas charged mixture will movedown the flanks of the volcano at high speeds as a pyroclastic flow
a) an air fall
b) a pyroclastic flow
c) a turbidity current
d) a lapilli tuff
e) volcanic breccia
With a loss of momentum the mixture of hot gases and particles described in question
will cease to move resulting in the deposition of a
a) a columnar jointed flow
b) ignimbrite
c) pillow lava
d) graded bed
e) debris flow
In the following list which describes a sequence going from high to low silica (SiO2)
silicic, mafic, intermediate, ultramafic
a) ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, silicic
b) silicic, mafic, intermediate, ultramafic
c) silicic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic
d) ultramafic, Intermediate, silicic, mafic
e) mafic, intermediate, ultramafic, silicic
Are dikes discordant or concordant layering in country rocks? discordant
A pluton is a body of magma or its _______________ equivalent.
The exposed surface area of a stock is less than that for a batholith. What is the criticalvalue for exposed surface area separating these two common types of igneous rock bodies? 100 km2
a) 1 km2
b) 10 km2
c) 100 km2
d) 1000 km2
e) None of the above
The diameter of a crater is less than that for a caldera. What is the critical diameter that allows a caldera to be distinguished from a crater?
a) 0.1 km
b) 1 km
c) 2 km
d) 10 km
e) None on the above
Shield volcanoes always erupt voluminous quantities of
a) rhyolite
b) andesite
c) basalt
d) dacite
e) rhyodacite
What following term describes sub-aerial lava flows erupted in the Hawaiian Islands? Notethere may be more than one answer. pahoehoe and pillow lava
a) pahoehoe
b) aa
c) pillow lava
d) tuff
e) agglomerate
Are cinder cones generally larger or smaller than shield or composite volcanoes?
Composite or stratovolcanoes are steep sided and are composed of ___hardened lava______ and
__volcanic ash________ material?
Which of the following describes a unique kind of structure that is the result of lava coolingto form six-sided columns
a) AC joints
b) extensional joints
c) pressure-release joints
d) columnar joints
e) exfoliation joints
Pillow lava is erupted beneath _________ or ________.
Pressure-release melting is a process that is thought to dominate beneath
a) transform faults
b) island arcs
c) conservative margins
d) mid-ocean ridges
e) none of the above
Dehydration reactions and the introduction of water to the mantle play an important role inthe production of ______________ beneath volcanic arcs.
Partially melting mantle rock produces a liquid with a _____________ composition.
In the following list, what mineral is not included in the Discontinuous Reaction Series?
a) biotite
b) pyroxene
c) amphibole
d) olivine
e) none of the above
When a basaltic liquid first starts to crystallize the first mineral in the Discontinuous
Reaction Series to form is
a) Ca-rich plagioclase
b) intermediate plagioclase
c) Na-rich plagioclase
d) K-feldspar
e) olivine
When a basaltic liquid first starts to crystallize the first mineral in the Continuous ReactionSeries to form is
a) olivine
b) pyroxene
c) Ca-rich plagioclase
d) Na-rich plagioclase
e) K-feldspar
The last minerals to crystallize from a basaltic liquid in which crystal settling has played arole would be
a) olivine & pyroxene
b) Ca-rich plagioclase & pyroxene
c) amphibole & intermediate plagioclase
d) biotite & Na-rich plagioclase
e) quartz & K-feldspar
Basaltic magma can produce intermediate to silicic magma and lava through a variety of processes. List below 1 such process.
Below is a tracing from an extrusive igneous rock. Note the description of the gray
material, and that the large crystals are visible with the naked eye. Please fill in the missinglabels for the names of each of these two types of materials (2 points)
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Test Bank Exploring Geology 2nd Edition
For Order This And Any Other Test
Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,
Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,
Contact us At: [email protected]
c1
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1.
Which of the following was talked about in the opening two-page spread of Chapter 1?
A.
oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve
B.
the scenery of Glacier National Park
C.
earthquakes along the San Andres fault
D.
oil beneath the Gulf Coast of the United States
2.
Which of the following is probably least at risk for geologic hazards?
A.
next to a river in low areas
B.
near an active fault
C.
on soils that gently expand when wet
D.
on gentle slopes away from mountains
E.
close to, but upwind of, an active volcano
3.
Which potential geologic hazard is NOT represented by a feature on this figure?
A.
an earthquake
B.
a volcano
C.
contaminated groundwater
D.
a landslide
E.
flood-prone areas
4.
Which of the following geologic aspects influence our lives based on the photograph showing horses and cows on a grassy field?
A.
the presence of mountains, which influence the formation of clouds and precipitation
B.
the steepness of slopes
C.
the availability of water
D.
all of these
5.
The distribution of natural resources is influenced by the:
A.
type of rocks
B.
age of the rocks
C.
way in which the rocks formed
D.
all of these
6.
Which of the following factors was most important in controlling the distribution of copper mines in the western U.S. versus iron mines in the Great Lakes region?
A.
the amount of precipitation (rain and snow)
B.
the time of year when precipitation occurs
C.
different ages and geologic histories of the rocks
D.
the latitude (distance south or north from the equator)
7.
Geology can help us learn about Earth's past by studying:
A.
why continents have different regions
B.
why a landscape looks the way it does
C.
how life in the past was different than today
D.
how global climate has changed since the ice ages
E.
all of these
8.
Which of the following is NOT a way geology informs us about Earth's past?
A.
how the first second of the universe differed from a second today
B.
why continents have different regions today
C.
why a landscape looks the way it does today
D.
how life in the past was different than today
E.
how past global climate was different than today
9.
The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down, is:
A.
upper crust, outer core, inner core, mantle
B.
outer core, inner core, upper mantle, lower crust
C.
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
D.
upper mantle, lower mantle, inner core, crust
10.
Which of the following Earth layers is the thinnest?
A.
oceanic crust
B.
upper mantle
C.
lower mantle
D.
outer core
E.
inner core
11.
Which layer on this figure is the upper mantle?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
12.
Which layer on this figure is the continental crust?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
13.
Which layer on this figure is the oceanic crust?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
14.
Which layer in the earth is similar to the composition of granite?
A.
continental crust
B.
oceanic crust
C.
upper mantle
D.
lower mantle
E.
core
15.
Which layer in the earth is similar in composition to basalt, a dark lava rock?
A.
continental crust
B.
oceanic crust
C.
upper mantle
D.
lower mantle
E.
core
16.
Which layer in the earth is similar to the green mineral olivine?
A.
continental crust
B.
oceanic crust
C.
mantle
D.
core
17.
Which layer in the earth is similar in composition to an iron-nickel meteorite?
A.
continental crust
B.
oceanic crust
C.
upper mantle
D.
lower mantle
E.
core
18.
Which of the following is NOT a possible reason for why a region is higher in elevation than adjacent regions?
A.
the lithosphere is hotter
B.
it has continental crust, but adjacent regions have oceanic crust
C.
the crust is thicker
D.
the crust is more dense
19.
What is the most likely reason why a region is higher than adjacent regions?
A.
there is a hot spot beneath it
B.
the crust is thicker
C.
it is underlain by oceanic crust
D.
the asthenosphere is hotter
E.
the crust is hotter
20.
Which of the following is the best description of what the lithosphere contains?
A.
continental and oceanic crust
B.
both types of crust and the uppermost mantle
C.
weak part of the upper mantle
D.
upper and lower mantle
E.
lower mantle and outer core
21.
Which of the following Earth layers is the thickest?
A.
continental crust
B.
oceanic crust
C.
mantle
D.
outer core
22.
The principle of isostasy refers to:
A.
the difference in the strength of the mantle versus the crust
B.
the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust
C.
how the outer core differs from the inner core
D.
how the upper mantle differs from the lower mantle
23.
Which of the following is NOT an important difference between continents and oceans?
A.
thickness of the crust
B.
composition of the crust
C.
density of the crust
D.
whether it is part of the lithosphere
E.
elevation
24.
Which of the following combinations would result in the highest regional elevations?
A.
thin, dense crust
B.
thick, dense crust
C.
thin, less dense crust
D.
thick, less dense crust
25.
Which layer on this figure is the outer core?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
26.
Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is:
A.
thinner
B.
more dense
C.
lighter in color
D.
all of these
27.
The main difference between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere is the:
A.
asthenosphere is less rigid
B.
asthenosphere flows less easily
C.
asthenosphere is cooler
D.
asthenosphere has more oceanic crust
E.
asthenosphere has more continental crust
28.
Based on this topographic profile across the central United States, which region probably has the thickest crust?
A.
Colorado Rockies
B.
Great Plains
C.
Mississippi River
D.
Appalachian Mountains
E.
East Coast
29.
Based on this topographic profile across the central United States, which region probably has neither the thinnest nor thickest crust?
A.
Colorado Rockies
B.
Mississippi River
C.
East Coast
30.
Based on this topographic profile across the central United States, which region probably has the thinnest crust?
A.
Colorado Rockies
B.
Great Plains
C.
Mississippi River
D.
Appalachian Mountains
E.
East Coast
31.
Which of the following is true about processes that affect Earth?
A.
Atmospheric pressure is less at sea level than in high mountains.
B.
Forces decrease downward within Earth.
C.
Forces are imposed on deep rocks from all directions.
D.
All heat inside Earth comes from magma.
E.
None of these.
32.
Which of the following is true about gravity?
A.
Gravity of the Sun and Moon exert a pull on Earth.
B.
The mass of the Earth causes a downward pull on objects on Earth.
C.
Gravity causes ice, water, and rocks to move downhill.
D.
All of these.
33.
Which of the following is true about forces and energy imposed on Earth from space?
A.
Internal processes within the Moon produce light during the night.
B.
Sun's electromagnetic energy is all blocked by Earth's protective atmosphere.
C.
Our massive Sun is the only object that exerts a gravitational pull on Earth.
D.
All of these.
E.
None of these.
34.
Which arrows in this figure indicates infrared energy, which has been converted from ultraviolet energy?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
35.
Which arrows in this figure indicates evaporation?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
36.
Which arrows in this figure indicates ultraviolet energy, an external energy source?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
37.
Which of the following are ways that the atmosphere interacts with Earth's surface?
A.
Liquid water on the surface can evaporate, becoming water vapor in the atmosphere.
B.
The atmosphere includes a low percentage of water vapor, most of which comes from the oceans.
C.
Earth's atmosphere blocks most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.
D.
Some energy that strikes the earth is converted into infrared energy.
E.
All of these.
38.
Which of the following locations would contain a wide variety of sediment, from large angular blocks to fine rock powder, produced from grinding of the rocks?
A.
location 1, along the margins of a glacier
B.
location 2, along a steep mountain front
C.
location 3, in sand dunes
D.
location 4, along a beach
E.
location 5, on relatively deep seafloor
39.
Which of the following locations would contain large, angular rocks that broke away from bedrock and moved downhill?
A.
location 1, along the margins of a glacier
B.
location 2, along a steep mountain front
C.
location 3, in sand dunes
D.
location 4, along a beach
E.
location 5, on relatively deep seafloor
40.
Which of the following locations would contain sand, rounded stones, and broken shells?
A.
location 1, along the margins of a glacier
B.
location 2, along a steep mountain front
C.
location 3, in sand dunes
D.
location 4, along a beach
E.
location 5, on relatively deep seafloor
41.
Which of the following locations would contain mud and the remains of small creatures?
A.
location 1, along the margins of a glacier
B.
location 2, along a steep mountain front
C.
location 3, in sand dunes
D.
location 4, along a beach
E.
location 5, on relatively deep seafloor
42.
Which of the following locations would most likely contain large, angular rocks?
A.
location 1, along the margins of a glacier
B.
location 2, along a steep mountain front
C.
location 3, in sand dunes
D.
locations 1 and 2
E.
locations 2 and 3
43.
Which of the following locations would most likely contain a high percentage of sand?
A.
location 2, along a steep mountain front
B.
location 3, in sand dunes
C.
location 4, along a beach
D.
locations 2 and 3
E.
locations 3 and 4
44.
Which of the following surface environments is the most likely site for deposits in this photograph?
A.
steep mountain front
B.
river channel
C.
sand dunes
D.
beach
E.
lake
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Test Bank Historical Geology 7th Edition
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Wicander Monroe Historical Geology 7e Chapter 1
The Dynamic and Evolving Earth
TRUE/FALSE
1. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are part of the Earth’s hydrosphere.
ANS: F PTS: 1
2. The oceans are part of the Earth’s hydrosphere.
ANS: T PTS: 1
3. The universe is presently contracting.
ANS: F PTS: 1
4. The red-shift is an example of the Doppler effect.
ANS: T PTS: 1
5. Mercury is an example of a Jovian planet.
ANS: F PTS: 1
6. The universe is presently 98% hydrogen and helium.
ANS: T PTS: 1
7. Our solar system is part of the Andromeda Galaxy.
ANS: T PTS: 1
8. The Earth probably formed by the accretion of small bodies called planetesimals.
ANS: T PTS: 1
9. The Jovian planets (e.g., Jupiter) are mostly composed of heavy elements like uranium (U) and lead (Pb).
ANS: F PTS: 1
10. The asteroids in the asteroid belt are the remnants of a very large planet that formed early in solar system history, but broke apart by impact with another large body.
ANS: F PTS: 1
11. The Moon is an example of an asteroid that was captured by the Earth’s gravitational field early in solar system history.
ANS: F PTS: 1
12. The asthenosphere is the outer layer of the Earth, which is rigid and is broken into individual plates.
ANS: F PTS: 1
13. The Earth’s mean global temperature has changed significantly over the course of our planet’s history.
ANS: T PTS: 1
14. The relative geologic time scale was largely constructed in the 20th century.
ANS: F PTS: 1
15. Radiometric dating allowed scientists to assign absolute ages to the relative geologic time scale.
ANS: T PTS: 1
16. The smallest terrestrial planet is Pluto.
ANS: F PTS: 1
17. The two types of the Earth’s crust are known as lithosphere and oceanic.
ANS: F PTS: 1
18. The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust.
ANS: F PTS: 1
19. The mantle is composed of a rock called peridotite that is rich in iron and magnesium.
ANS: T PTS: 1
20. The solar nebula theory of the formation of the solar system accounts for the differences in composition between the terrestrial and Jovian planets.
ANS: T PTS: 1
21. According to the theory of organic evolution, all living organisms are related and they are descended, with some modifications, from organisms that lived in the past.
ANS: T PTS: 1
22. The central thesis of the theory of organic evolution is that the same diversity of species on Earth today existed in the past.
ANS: F PTS: 1
23. Natural selection refers to the survival of organisms that are best adapted to their environment.
ANS: T PTS: 1
24. The most interior division of the planet Earth is the core, which is liquid at its center because of extreme pressures, but solid toward the Earth’s surface.
ANS: F PTS: 1
25. Galaxies that are moving away from us exhibit shifts in spectral lines toward the red end of the spectra.
ANS: T PTS: 1
26. Terrestrial planets in our solar system have thick atmospheres, while the outer planets are primarily atmosphere-free.
ANS: F PTS: 1
27. The differentiation of the Earth was simultaneous with its formation from the accretion of planetesimals.
ANS: F PTS: 1
28. According to the principle of uniformitarianism, processes have always occurred at the same rates throughout geologic time.
ANS: F PTS: 1
29. In the 19th century, the geologic time scale was based primarily on rock exposures and the sequence of fossils in the rock record.
ANS: T PTS: 1
30. Radiometric dating techniques allow geologists to place events in sequence without knowing their exact ages.
ANS: F PTS: 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Mars is an example of a _________ planet.
a.
terrestrial
b.
Jovian
ANS: A PTS: 1
2. Saturn is an example of a __________ planet.
a.
terrestrial
b.
Jovian
ANS: B PTS: 1
3. The oceans are part of the Earth’s
a.
biosphere.
d.
mesosphere.
b.
hydrosphere.
e.
atmosphere.
c.
lithosphere.
ANS: B PTS: 1
4. An explanation for some natural phenomenon that is testable and is supported by a large body of evidence (e.g., plate tectonics):
a.
hypothesis
d.
principle
b.
scientific law
e.
theory
c.
transgression
ANS: E PTS: 1
5. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are part of the
a.
biosphere.
d.
mesosphere.
b.
hydrosphere.
e.
atmosphere.
c.
lithosphere.
ANS: A PTS: 1
6. The outer, rigid part of the Earth consisting of the upper mantle, oceanic crust, and continental crust; this layer is divided into plates:
a.
lithosphere
d.
biosphere
b.
asthenosphere
e.
mesosphere
c.
atmosphere
ANS: A PTS: 1
7. Part of the upper mantle that behaves as a plastic and flows:
a.
lithosphere
d.
atmosphere
b.
asthenosphere
e.
core
c.
crust
ANS: B PTS: 1
8. The inner core is
a.
solid.
b.
liquid.
c.
gas.
ANS: A PTS: 1
9. The outer core is
a.
solid.
b.
liquid.
c.
gas.
ANS: B PTS: 1
10. The principle asserting that processes operating in the present world can be used to interpret events of the past; the present is the key to the past:
a.
catastrophism
d.
unconformity
b.
uniformitarianism
e.
weathering
c.
lithification
ANS: B PTS: 1
11. Proposed the concept of natural selection:
a.
Hutton
d.
Werner
b.
William Smith
e.
Wegener
c.
Darwin
ANS: C PTS: 1
12. A mechanism accounting for differential survival and reproduction among members of a species; survival of the fittest:
a.
neptunism
d.
natural selection
b.
stratigraphy
e.
orogeny
c.
formation
ANS: D PTS: 1
13. Scientific evidence suggests that Earth formed approximately ____________ ago.
a.
4.6 trillion years
d.
4600 years
b.
4.6 million years
e.
460 years
c.
4.6 billion years
ANS: C PTS: 1
14. A combination of related parts that interact in an organized manner:
a.
system
d.
uniformitarianism
b.
hypothesis
e.
scientific method
c.
theory
ANS: A PTS: 1
15. The study of the origin and evolution of Earth, its continents, oceans, atmosphere, and life:
a.
physical geology
d.
historical geology
b.
scientific method
e.
solar nebula
c.
cosmology
ANS: D PTS: 1
16. The division of the Earth that exists below the crust and above the core is the
a.
innersphere.
d.
convection center.
b.
lithosphere.
e.
molten zone.
c.
mantle.
ANS: C PTS: 1
17. Which of the following statements about the asthenosphere is not true?
a.
It lies beneath the lithosphere.
b.
It is a rigid rock layer.
c.
It behaves plastically.
d.
It acts like a lubricating layer allowing plates to move.
e.
It has the same composition as the lower mantle.
ANS: B PTS: 1
18. The ocean crust is composed mostly of
a.
granite.
d.
rhyolite.
b.
peridotite.
e.
gneiss.
c.
basalt.
ANS: C PTS: 1
19. The geologic time scale was originally based upon
a.
changes in the Earth’s biota.
b.
the theory of organic evolution.
c.
the isotopes of minerals.
d.
absolute ages of rocks based on radiometric age dates.
e.
geographic mineral locations.
ANS: A PTS: 1
20. Organic evolution is supported by a multitude of evidence. It is predictive, supported by a multitude of evidence, and offers a good explanation of observed phenomena. Organic evolution, therefore, is considered a
a.
hypothesis.
d.
unifying concept.
b.
law.
e.
working model.
c.
theory.
ANS: C PTS: 1
SHORT ANSWER
1. The science of geology is divided into two broad areas: ________ geology and ________ geology.
ANS:
physical, historical
PTS: 1
2. Solar system planets are classified as either ________ or _______ planets based upon their chemical and physical properties.
ANS:
terrestrial, Jovian
PTS: 1
3. Darwin suggested that the mechanism by which evolution proceeds is ________.
ANS:
natural selection
PTS: 1
4. The four subsystems at the surface of the Earth are ______, _______, ______, and ______.
ANS:
atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere
PTS: 1
5. A combination of related parts that interact in an organized manner is a ________.
ANS:
system
PTS: 1
6. The Earth’s age is thought by most geologists to be _________.
ANS:
4.6 billion years
PTS: 1
7. The Moon’s surface was heavily cratered through the bombardment of _________.
ANS:
meteorites
PTS: 1
8. The Doppler effect suggests that the universe is _______.
ANS:
expanding
PTS: 1
9. Our solar system is part of the ________ Galaxy.
ANS:
Milky Way
PTS: 1
10. A/an ________ is an interplanetary body that is composed of loosely bound rocky and icy material.
ANS:
comet
PTS: 1
ESSAY
1. A system is a combination of related parts that interact in an organized manner. Write an essay describing how the Earth acts as a system with subsystems. What are these subsystems and how do they interact?
ANS:
The student should describe the subsystems (spheres) of Earth: atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere (lithosphere, mantle, and core). He (she) should also include a discussion of how these subsystems interact.
PTS: 1
2. Write a brief essay discussing the scientific method. What are the important steps in this method? Provide specific examples of concepts that have been considered by this method and their results.
ANS:
The student should discuss the definitions of hypothesis, theory, and natural law. Especially important is the recognition that the scientific method is an iterative, pragmatic process. How does the layman’s concept of the term “theory” contrast with the scientific definition of the term?
PTS: 1
3. Describe and discuss the concept of the Big Bang. What scientific evidence supports this theory? What are its limitations?
ANS:
The student should first describe the concept of the Big Bang and provide a brief history of the early universe. Scientific evidence that supports the Big Bang may include evidence that the universe is expanding, including the red shift and the Doppler effect. The student may also want to mention the expansion rate and limitations to this theory.
PTS: 1
4. Write a short essay discussing the origin and development of the early solar system. What evidence do we have for events that took place during this period?
ANS:
The student should discuss solar nebula theory, the accretion of planetesimals, and the origin of the raw materials that made up the early solar nebula. Evidence is derived from mathematical modeling of the early solar system and from materials contained within various types of meteorites.
PTS: 1
5. Compare and contrast the various planetary bodies of our solar system, including their locations and physical characteristics. Provide a detailed “travelogue” moving from the Sun to the outer parts of the solar system. Why do the physical characteristics of the planets change moving away from the Sun?
ANS:
The student should provide a brief description of the planets, asteroids, moons, and comets of our solar system. There should be a discussion of the contrasting character of the terrestrial planets and the Jovian planets. How do we get our information about these bodies? Remote sensing and analysis of samples of these bodies (meteorites and samples acquired by space missions) provide our only information about other bodies.
PTS: 1
6. Provide a brief discussion of the internal structure of the Earth. What are the physical characteristics of each of the layers? What caused the “differentiation” of the Earth?
ANS:
The student should provide a description of the internal physical and chemical layers of Earth, including the crust, mantle, inner core, outer core, lithosphere, and asthenosphere. This discussion should also include information about the internal heating mechanisms of Earth, including radioactive decay and accretional energy and how these mechanisms influenced differentiation of the original “raw material” that formed Earth.
PTS: 1
7. Provide a brief description of plate tectonic theory. How do interactions of the plates influence geologic processes? Provide specific examples.
ANS:
The student should provide a brief overview of the plate tectonic theory and recognize that plates diverge, converge, and slide past each other. The student should also recognize that these plates are fragments of the lithosphere of the Earth.
PTS: 1
8. Provide a brief discussion of the theory of organic evolution. What evidence supports this theory?
ANS:
The student should explain the concepts of organic evolution and natural selection. Evidence may include changes in fossil organisms in the rock record.
PTS: 1
9. Discuss the concept of geologic time and uniformitarianism. What is the geologic time scale?
ANS:
The student should discuss the theory of uniformitarianism, based on the premise that present-day processes have operated throughout geologic time. An important part of this discussion is the recognition that geologic time is very long, extending over billions of years. The student should recognize that geologic events occur on a variety of time scales from microseconds to millions and billions of years.
PTS: 1
10. Explain the scientific method.
ANS:
The scientific method starts with a question. Tentative explanations are called hypotheses. These hypotheses are tested to see if their predictions are valid. If one of the hypotheses is found to explain the phenomenon after repeated tests, it is proposed as a theory.
PTS: 1
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Vape News In Brief: November 30th, 2017 Edition
Vape News In Brief: November 30th, 2017 Edition Hello, friends. While your time may be occupied with joyous holiday gatherings and/or near-beheadings at the local mall this time of year, we're laser-focused: find the big news stories breaking in the vaping world, condense them into bite-sized, pulverized nuggets, and pass them along in an easily digestible form. Away we go… So, apparently, local town newspapers are now getting into vape reviews. Naturally, half the copy is dedicated to describing how pretty the box containing your e-liquid is, with a couple follow-up blurbs on what it actually tastes like. At least it's not on the stadium Jumbotron - a man named Tank proposed to his girlfriend inside a vape shop last week. They streamed the event live on Facebook. The juicetender on duty reportedly cried. The death spirals continue: Big Tobacco, under court order in the state of New Hampshire is rolling out an ad campaign that, in no uncertain terms, condemns its core products. Ads will convey facts such as the daily cigarette death toll of 1200 people – more than AIDS, suicide, drugs, car crashes, and alcohol – combined. Later in the piece there's a statement from Altria (parent company of Philip Morris) that makes reference to moving toward "potentially reduced-risk products" – this is as likely to mean heat-not-burn PG-soaked cigarettes as actual vapor products. Nonetheless, the final word goes to an anti-vapor spokesperson with the American Lung Association who says vaping should be shunned despite all available evidence it's an effective harm reduction tool because even more evidence is still needed. Do you want to be mocked for your choice to avoid tobacco products? Talked down to and stereotyped as a layabout slacker millennial? Made to feel like if you're a woman who vapes there's something wrong with you? Then click this link that tells you up front what it is – a bunch of vaping GIFs with disguised links to college applications so "your son" accidentally clicks on one. Or don't click through – we kind of wish we could get our two minutes back. In this report from New Zealand on an Italian doctor, we're told that smokers with chronic respiratory illnesses like asthma stand to gain more than others by switching from tobacco products to vaping. Treat this one with a little skepticism – since vapor particles are considerably larger than smoke particles (which makes the uptake of nicotine and all other chemicals less effective), they've long been suspected to actually irritate those with sensitive respiratory systems more than smoke. If we see any scientific research on this we'll certainly give it a look. The small town of Basalt, Colorado (population 3857) wants to imitate a neighboring city (and the state of Pennsylvania) by levying a whopping 40 percent tax on vapor products. The proposal goes hand-in-hand with a spike in tobacco taxes that would eventually increase the price of a pack of cigarettes by $4, but detractors argue such a high tax would only devastate the local vaping economy (not sure how much of one there is in a town this size) and promote tobacco products over harm-reduction options. We find it odd that such a measure is gaining traction while Pennsylvania lawmakers are fully engaged in a back-pedal… Interesting paradox: even though most of the world's vaping hardware is produced in China, virtually no one there vapes. In a country of 1.4 billion and where smoking rates are higher than in most of the developed world, only about a million people are regular vapers – that's a tiny fraction of the US vaping population. One potential cause – state-owned tobacco monopolies that keep cigarettes cheap, while vaping gear remains comparatively expensive. We'll stop here for now, but rest assured the world keeps turning and we'll keep watching as it does. Happy vapor trails, everybody! https://breazy.com/blogs/updates/vape-news-in-brief-november-30th-2017-edition?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr #vape #vaping #breazy
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