#bacterial population density

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Research Manuscripts of S. Sunkavally, p 717.

[script-a-world]

Submitted via Google Form:

My world's main agriculture is farming but I'm wondering if that's truly viable in terrain that's not ideal for growing stuff. Though I am certainly having the world be advanced enough to have greenhouses and so on but nothing too fancy other than some rudimentary GMO. With greenhouses, I assume the majority of land could possibly be used - including desert/polar regions. Just as long as they can transport all their needed supplies.

Ebonwing: If so much of your terrain is unsuited to farming that they’d have to build greenhouses everywhere, why would the main agriculture be farming? In areas where farming crops isn’t feasible, people have traditionally found other ways of feeding themselves, often by having animal herds and maintaining diets based on meat and dairy.

Tex: Arable land depends on soil fertility. While it’s true that this is climate-dependent, there are, for example, plants that grow in both the Arctic and the desert. There is currently an interest in some farmers adopting no-till farming due to more research being conducted on soil microbiology (Nature portfolio).

Successful agriculture is heavily dependent upon the health of the soil and the greater biome. Greenhouses are a popular concept for alleviated perceived issues with the production of crops, but also have issues with decreased microbial diversity, something that plants need in order to be healthy (Legein et al.). Accordingly, this microbial diversity has a perceptible impact on human health (PDF Samiran &  van der Heijden).

Genetic engineering is a new field and has only recently been involved in agriculture, with selective breeding of animals and plants the predominant method of cultivating desired characteristics the typical preference of farmers, when they have not opted for domestication.

What are your world’s main goals for agricultural production? How many people are they feeding, how many animals are they feeding, and what is the general density of these populations? What does an ideal diet look like? Is the food mostly equivalent in quality and accessibility across all social strata, or are there visible disparities? What are their major obstacles in reaching these goals? Agriculture does have a side effect on the environment, particularly with the use of tilling and chemical applications - the natural biome is altered, and sometimes permanently. When over-used and improperly maintained, it can create inhospitable environments (Wikipedia).

Further Reading

Lee, Sang-Moo, et al. "Disruption of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria abundance in tomato rhizosphere causes the incidence of bacterial wilt disease." The ISME journal 15.1 (2021): 330-347.

PDF Chen, Tao, et al. "A plant genetic network for preventing dysbiosis in the phyllosphere." Nature 580.7805 (2020): 653-657.

PDF Gu, Shaohua, et al. "Competition for iron drives phytopathogen control by natural rhizosphere microbiomes." Nature Microbiology 5.8 (2020): 1002-1010.

PDF Wolinska, Katarzyna W., et al. "Tryptophan metabolism and bacterial commensals prevent fungal dysbiosis in Arabidopsis roots." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118.49 (2021): e2111521118.

PDF Wei, Zhong, et al. "Initial soil microbiome composition and functioning predetermine future plant health." Science advances 5.9 (2019): eaaw0759.

Licorice: “Agriculture” derives from the Latin for “cultivation of fields”; “ager” is a field, and an ”agricola” is a farmer. So agriculture = farming. Agriculture is defined as “the practice or work of farming” by the Cambridge Online Dictionary; other dictionaries give a similar definition. 

The first time I read your query, I thought you meant your world was one where little or none of the terrain was suitable for growing stuff. However, on a second reading, it seems your question is more along the lines of “how do the inhabitants of marginal land produce their food”? If that’s the case, then it sounds to me as if your world is a lot like Earth. 

Human beings have settled in just about every environment on earth, adapting their lifestyles and diets to the local conditions. Some regions of earth have traditionally produced an abundance of food and been well suited to farming; others have not, and in those cases the indigenous people have generally relied on hunting and gathering for their food. Some places, like the Welsh Hills or the slopes of the Alps, are more suited to animal husbandry than to the cultivation of crops. And, of course, there was a time when the different regions and human societies of Earth each had their own unique food crops. 

There’s been a lot of interest in greenhouse farming in the Arctic, but as far as I know it remains small-scale and somewhat experimental. That could change.

https://www.arcticwwf.org/the-circle/stories/bringing-leafy-greens-to-northern-sweden/

And of course the inhabitants of your world will be trading with each other. Regions that produce a lot of fish will salt it and trade it with regions that produce a lot of wine or spices. Tea can be exchanged for gold. Maybe potatoes are abundant but wheat is a luxury? And so on; it’s up to you to decide what your world’s most precious food commodities are.. 

[head-post]

4.4 billion people can’t get safe drink

About 4.4 billion people around the world lack access to safe drinking water, according to a new study released on Thursday.

The figure is nearly double previous estimates by the World Health Organisation, according to the study published in the scientific journal Science.

Swiss scientists used computer modelling to estimate the level of access to water in different regions. The study analysed water access data collected from 64,723 households from 27 low- and middle-income countries between 2016 and 2020. The surveys investigated the conditions of the water supply, including its protection from chemical and faecal contamination.

The collected data was applied in machine learning algorithms, which were then augmented with global geospatial data such as climatic conditions, topography, hydrology and population density. Using this model, the researchers drew conclusions about water access in other countries with similar characteristics.

The analysis showed that sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and East Asia have the greatest problems with access to safe water. In these regions, bacterial and chemical contamination and lack of infrastructure remain major problems. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, about 650 million people do not have access to drinking water directly in or near their homes.

Although the study did not focus on high-income countries, the researchers recognise that there may be populations with limited access to clean water in these regions as well.

Read more HERE

[jayanthitbrc]

Global Amoxicillin Market Analysis 2024: Size Forecast and Growth Prospects

The amoxicillin global market report 2024 from The Business Research Company provides comprehensive market statistics, including global market size, regional shares, competitor market share, detailed segments, trends, and opportunities. This report offers an in-depth analysis of current and future industry scenarios, delivering a complete perspective for thriving in the industrial automation software market.

Amoxicillin Market, 2024 report by The Business Research Company offers comprehensive insights into the current state of the market and highlights future growth opportunities.

Market Size - The amoxicillin market size has grown steadily in recent years. It will grow from $4.58 billion in 2023 to $4.74 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.4%. The growth in the historic period can be attributed to an increased understanding of antibiotics, a higher pace of research activities and developments, increased cases of cardiovascular diseases, increased demand for amoxicillin in the treatment of urinary tract infections, rise in the aging population.

The amoxicillin market size is expected to see steady growth in the next few years. It will grow to $5.44 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.5%. The growth in the forecast period can be attributed to growing impaired renal function, prevalence of lower respiratory infections, increasing skin infections, growing cases of lower respiratory tract infections, and rising prevalence of bacterial infections. Major trends in the forecast period include demand for generic amoxicillin, focus on combination therapies, interest in probiotics and immunotherapy, demand for antibiotics, and advanced healthcare facilities.

Order your report now for swift delivery @ https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/amoxicillin-global-market-report

Scope Of Amoxicillin Market The Business Research Company's reports encompass a wide range of information, including:

1. Market Size (Historic and Forecast): Analysis of the market's historical performance and projections for future growth.

2. Drivers: Examination of the key factors propelling market growth.

3. Trends: Identification of emerging trends and patterns shaping the market landscape.

4. Key Segments: Breakdown of the market into its primary segments and their respective performance.

5. Focus Regions and Geographies: Insight into the most critical regions and geographical areas influencing the market.

6. Macro Economic Factors: Assessment of broader economic elements impacting the market.

Amoxicillin Market Overview

Market Drivers - The increasing prevalence of infectious diseases is expected to propel the growth of the amoxicillin market going forward. Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Cases of infectious diseases are rising due to factors such as global travel, antimicrobial resistance, climate change affecting disease vectors, and population density. Amoxicillin helps treat infectious diseases by targeting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial cell death. Its broad-spectrum activity, rapid absorption, and ability to work synergistically with other antibiotics make it a versatile and effective treatment for various bacterial infections. For instance, in January 2023, according to the National Institute of Health, a US-based public health research agency, urinary tract infections ranked seventh among the leading reasons for emergency department visits in the US, accounting for over 1 million visits annually. Of these, 22% (220,000) were classified as complicated UTIs, with approximately 100,000 cases resulting in hospital admissions each year. Therefore, the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases is driving the growth of the amoxicillin market.

Market Trends - Major companies operating in the amoxicillin market are developing innovative drugs, such as reformulated versions of vonoprazan tablets, to enhance the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections and improve patient outcomes. Vonoprazan is a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB), which is a new class of acid suppressant medication that is reformulated. For instance, in May 2022, Phathom Pharmaceuticals, a US-based pharmaceutical company, received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of VOQUEZNA TRIPLE PAK (vonoprazan, amoxicillin, clarithromycin) and VOQUEZNA DUAL PAK (vonoprazan, amoxicillin) for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in adults. These treatment regimens contain antibiotics conveniently packaged with vonoprazan, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) and the first innovative acid suppressant from a new drug class approved in the U.S. in over 30 years.

The amoxicillin market covered in this report is segmented –

1) By Drug Class: Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Tetracycline, Macrolides, Sulfonamides 2) By Therapy Type: Monotherapy, Combinational Therapy 3) By Form: Tablets, Capsule, Suspensions, Syrup, Powder 4) By Infection Type: Skin Infections, Ear, Nose And Throat Infections, Stomach Infections, Lungs Infections, Urinary tract infections (UTI), Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Gonorrhea 5) By End User: Hospitals , Homecare, Specialty Clinics, Other End Users

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Regional Insights - North America was the largest region in the amoxicillin market in 2023. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in the amoxicillin market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.

Key Companies - Major companies operating in the amoxicillin market are <b>Pfizer Inc., Sanofi S.A., AstraZeneca Plc, Novartis AG, GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Merck KGaA , Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. , Alkem Laboratories Ltd., Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited, Torrent Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC, Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Lupin Limited, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Centrient Pharmaceuticals, Wockhardt Limited, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., Atman Pharmaceuticals, Sinopharm Weiqida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Cipla Inc., Zydus Cadila</b>

Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Amoxicillin Market Report Structure 3. Amoxicillin Market Trends And Strategies 4. Amoxicillin Market – Macro Economic Scenario 5. Amoxicillin Market Size And Growth ….. 27. Amoxicillin Market Competitor Landscape And Company Profiles 28. Key Mergers And Acquisitions 29. Future Outlook and Potential Analysis 30. Appendix

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[heathcareforallworld]

Tetracycline Antibiotics Market Size and Growth Projections

Introduction

The tetracycline antibiotics market is a significant segment of the global pharmaceutical industry, known for its effectiveness in treating a wide range of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines, including drugs like doxycycline and minocycline, have been widely used for decades to treat infections such as acne, respiratory tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. Despite the advent of newer antibiotics, tetracyclines remain crucial in combating resistant strains of bacteria and are often preferred due to their broad-spectrum activity. This article explores the size, share, and trends within the tetracycline antibiotics market while offering a forecast through 2032.

Market Size and Share

Tetracycline antibiotics Market Size was estimated at 11.54 (USD Billion) in 2023. The Tetracycline Antibiotics Market Industry is expected to grow from 11.87 (USD Billion) in 2024 to 14.87 (USD Billion) by 2032. The tetracycline antibiotics Market CAGR (growth rate) is expected to be around 2.86% during the forecast period (2024 - 2032). The market's expansion is driven by the persistent demand for effective antibiotic treatments, particularly in regions where bacterial infections are prevalent. Additionally, the relatively low cost of tetracyclines compared to newer antibiotics contributes to their sustained market presence, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

North America holds a significant share of the market, attributed to advanced healthcare infrastructure, high antibiotic prescription rates, and strong awareness among healthcare providers. Europe follows closely, with the Asia-Pacific region emerging as a key growth market. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases, rising healthcare expenditure, and growing awareness about the benefits of tetracycline antibiotics.

Industry Trends

Several key trends are shaping the tetracycline antibiotics market, reflecting both the challenges and opportunities within the industry. One of the most notable trends is the growing concern over antibiotic resistance. As bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to rise globally, there is an increasing focus on the responsible use of existing antibiotics like tetracyclines. This has led to more stringent guidelines for antibiotic prescriptions and an emphasis on stewardship programs to mitigate the risk of resistance.

In parallel, there is a renewed interest in the research and development (R&D) of tetracycline derivatives. Pharmaceutical companies are exploring modifications to the tetracycline structure to create more potent and less resistance-prone variants. For instance, newer tetracycline derivatives with improved pharmacokinetic profiles and broader activity spectrums are being developed, which could drive market growth in the coming years.

The rise of telemedicine and online pharmacies is also influencing the market. With more patients seeking convenient access to healthcare, the availability of antibiotics through digital platforms has increased. This trend is particularly evident in the treatment of conditions like acne, where long-term antibiotic use is common. However, this also raises concerns about the potential for overuse and misuse of antibiotics, which could exacerbate resistance issues.

Market Drivers

Several factors are driving the growth of the tetracycline antibiotics market. The rising prevalence of bacterial infections is a primary driver, particularly in regions with high population densities and limited access to clean water and sanitation. Tetracyclines are often the first line of defense in treating these infections due to their broad-spectrum activity and affordability.

The increasing burden of chronic conditions like acne, rosacea, and Lyme disease, which often require long-term antibiotic treatment, is also contributing to market growth. Tetracyclines are frequently prescribed for these conditions, given their effectiveness and relatively low incidence of severe side effects.

Another significant driver is the ongoing development of new tetracycline formulations. Pharmaceutical companies are investing in the creation of extended-release versions, combination therapies, and other innovative formulations to enhance patient compliance and treatment outcomes. These advancements are expected to open new avenues for market growth.

Regional Analysis

North America currently dominates the tetracycline antibiotics market, with the United States being the largest contributor. The region's advanced healthcare infrastructure, high prevalence of bacterial infections, and strong focus on R&D activities are key factors supporting this dominance. The presence of major pharmaceutical companies and well-established distribution networks further strengthens the market in North America.

Europe is another significant market for tetracycline antibiotics, particularly in countries like Germany, France, and the UK. The region's stringent regulatory framework and focus on antibiotic stewardship are influencing market dynamics, with a growing emphasis on the responsible use of antibiotics.

The Asia-Pacific region is expected to experience the highest growth during the forecast period. Factors such as increasing healthcare expenditure, rising awareness about antibiotic treatments, and the growing prevalence of infectious diseases are driving this growth. Countries like China and India, with their large populations and rapidly developing healthcare systems, are key markets within the region.

Forecast Through 2032

The market's expansion will be driven by the persistent demand for effective and affordable antibiotic treatments, particularly in emerging markets. Additionally, ongoing R&D efforts to develop new tetracycline derivatives and formulations are expected to fuel growth.

However, the market also faces challenges, particularly the threat of antibiotic resistance. As resistance to tetracyclines and other antibiotics continues to rise, the market may see increased regulatory scrutiny and shifts in prescribing practices. Companies that can innovate and address these challenges will be well-positioned to succeed in the evolving market landscape.

In conclusion, the tetracycline antibiotics market remains a vital component of the global pharmaceutical industry, with strong growth prospects driven by ongoing demand, innovation, and regional market expansion. As the industry continues to navigate the challenges of antibiotic resistance, the development of new formulations and responsible use practices will be crucial in shaping the future of this market.

[mountaintree1]

Achieve Crystal Clear Water with Lotus Root Bacteria House

Maintaining a crystal-clear water environment in your pond or aquarium can be challenging. Fish waste, uneaten food, and decaying plant matter can quickly turn your beautiful aquatic haven into a murky, unhealthy mess. This is where the Lotus Root Bacteria House comes to the rescue. In this post, we'll dive into the benefits of using a Lotus Root Bacteria House and how it can help you achieve and maintain pristine water quality in your aquatic ecosystem.

What is a Lotus Root Bacteria House?

The Lotus Root Bacteria House is an innovative filtration medium designed to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, which play a crucial role in maintaining water quality. Shaped like the roots of a lotus plant, these bacteria houses are made from a high-density ceramic material that provides an ideal surface area for beneficial bacteria to colonize.

These beneficial bacteria, also known as nitrifying bacteria, are essential for the nitrogen cycle in your pond or aquarium. They convert harmful ammonia and nitrites, produced by fish waste and decaying organic matter, into less harmful nitrates. This process helps keep your water clean and safe for your aquatic inhabitants.

Benefits of Using a Lotus Root Bacteria House

1. Enhanced Biological Filtration

One of the primary benefits of the Lotus Root Bacteria House is its ability to enhance biological filtration. The porous structure of the ceramic material provides ample surface area for beneficial bacteria to thrive. This increased bacterial population leads to more efficient breakdown of harmful substances, resulting in cleaner and clearer water.

2. Improved Water Clarity

By promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, the Lotus Root Bacteria House helps to reduce the levels of organic waste and other pollutants in your water. This reduction in waste leads to improved water clarity, allowing you to enjoy a clear view of your aquatic environment.

3. Healthier Fish and Plants

Clean water is essential for the health and well-being of your fish and plants. High levels of ammonia and nitrites can be toxic to fish, leading to stress, illness, and even death. By maintaining a healthy population of beneficial bacteria, the lotus root bacteria house helps to keep these harmful substances in check, creating a safer environment for your aquatic inhabitants.

4. Easy to Use and Maintain

The Lotus Root Bacteria House is incredibly easy to use. Simply place it in your pond or aquarium filter system, and it will start working immediately to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. Additionally, it requires minimal maintenance, making it a convenient and hassle-free solution for maintaining water quality.

5. Long-Lasting and Durable

Made from high-quality ceramic materials, the Lotus Root Bacteria House is built to last. Unlike some other filtration media that may need to be replaced frequently, the durable construction of the Lotus Root Bacteria House ensures that it will continue to provide effective filtration for years to come.

How to Use a Lotus Root Bacteria House in Your Aquarium or Pond

Using a Lotus Root Bacteria House in your aquarium or pond is straightforward. Here are some simple steps to help you get started:

Step 1: Rinse the Bacteria House

Before placing the Lotus Root Bacteria House in your aquarium or pond, it's important to rinse it thoroughly with clean water. This will remove any dust or debris that may have accumulated during manufacturing and shipping.

Step 2: Place the Bacteria House in Your Filter System

The Lotus Root Bacteria House can be placed directly in your filter system or within the filtration chamber of your pond or aquarium. Ensure that it is positioned in a location where water flow is consistent, as this will help to maximize the colonization of beneficial bacteria.

Step 3: Monitor Water Quality

After placing the Lotus Root Bacteria House in your filter system, monitor your water quality regularly. You should notice an improvement in water clarity and a reduction in ammonia and nitrite levels over time. Regular testing will help you ensure that your aquatic environment remains healthy and balanced.

Step 4: Perform Routine Maintenance

While the Lotus Root Bacteria House requires minimal maintenance, it's still important to perform routine checks and cleaning as needed. Rinse the bacteria house occasionally with clean water to remove any accumulated debris, but avoid using soap or chemicals, as these can harm the beneficial bacteria.

Tips for Maximizing the Effectiveness of Your Lotus Root Bacteria House

To get the most out of your Lotus Root Bacteria House, consider the following tips:

1. Combine with Other Filtration Methods

While the Lotus Root Bacteria House is highly effective on its own, combining it with other filtration methods, such as mechanical and chemical filtration, can further enhance water quality. Mechanical filters help to remove larger particles, while chemical filters can absorb dissolved pollutants.

2. Avoid Overfeeding

Overfeeding your fish can lead to excess waste and uneaten food, which can negatively impact water quality. Feed your fish only what they can consume within a few minutes, and remove any uneaten food promptly.

3. Regular Water Changes

Performing regular water changes is essential for maintaining optimal water quality. Even with the best filtration systems, pollutants can still accumulate over time. Regular water changes help to dilute these pollutants and keep your water fresh and clean.

4. Monitor Fish and Plant Health

Keep an eye on the health of your fish and plants. Healthy fish and plants are a good indicator of good water quality. If you notice any signs of stress or illness, it may be a sign that your water quality needs attention.

Conclusion

Achieving crystal-clear water in your pond or aquarium is within reach with the Lotus Root Bacteria House. Its ability to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria enhances biological filtration, improves water clarity, and creates a healthier environment for your aquatic inhabitants. Easy to use and maintain, the Lotus Root Bacteria House is a durable and long-lasting solution for any aquatic enthusiast.

By following the tips and steps outlined in this post, you can enjoy a pristine aquatic environment that is both beautiful and healthy. Invest in a Lotus Root Bacteria House today and experience the difference it can make in your pond or aquarium. Your fish, plants, and overall aquatic ecosystem will thank you.

[rnomics]

SynBio, Vol. 2, Pages 190-205: Density and Composition of Cohabiting Bacteria in Chlorella vulgaris CCAP 211/21A is Influenced by Changes in Nutrient Supply

Microalgae have considerable potential as a renewable feedstock for biochemical and bioethanol production that can be employed in processes associated with carbon capture. Large-scale microalgae cultivations are often non-axenic and are often cohabited by bacteria. A better understanding of the influence of cohabiting bacteria on microalgae productivity is required to develop sustainable synthetic co-culture processes at scale. Nutrient limitation is a frequently employed strategy in algal cultivations to accumulate energy reserves, such as lipids and carbohydrates. Here, a non-axenic culture of an estuarine green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris CCAP 211/21A, was studied under nutrient replete and deplete conditions to assess how changes in nutrient supply influenced the cohabiting bacterial population and its association with intracellular carbohydrate accumulations in the alga. Nutrient limitation resulted in a maximum carbohydrate yield of 47%, which was 74% higher than that in nutrient replete conditions. However, the latter condition elicited a 2-fold higher carbohydrate productivity. Three cohabiting bacterial isolates were cultivable from the three culture conditions tested. These isolates were identified using the 16S #rRNA gene sequence to belong to Halomonas sp. and Muricauda sp. The composition of the bacterial population varied significantly between the growth conditions and time points. In all cases and at all time points, the dominant species was Halomonas isolates. Nutrient depletion resulted in an apparent loss of Muricauda sp. This finding demonstrates that nutrient supply can be used to control cohabiting bacterial populations in algal cultures, which will enable the development of synthetic co-culture strategies for improving algae productivity. https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0583/2/2/11?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr

[mission-to-dietitian]

STATE OF SHOCK AND INJURY: A release of the catecholamine epinephrine suppresses response to insulin.

Basal metabolic rate increases 7% for every degree rise in fever.

OBESITY: Obesity starts at a BMI of 30kg/m^2 (3 classes of obesity. BMI of 40kg/m^2 or > is Class III obesity). There are 3,500 calories per pound of body fat, so start with a deficit of 500cal/day for weight loss of 1 pound per week.

Initial rapid weight loss is water weight, due to glycogen stores pulled out from the liver (for every gram of carbohydrate stored, 3g of H2O are stored w/it)

You cannot spot lose fat. Plateau (can't continue to lose weight) occurs because BMR has dropped in order to match loss of weight.

DEFICIENCIES: stomatitis due to riboflavin (B2) deficiency

PREGNANCY: Pregnancy-induced hypertension begins at 20th week. But sodium restriction NOT recommended as the intervention.

TUBE FEEDS: Deadly to feed into an ileus. Elemental formulas = more expensive.

4-hour hang time for open systems (concern for pathogenic activity/growth). 24-48 hours for closed systems.

Nasogastric tube for short-term enteral access (for those with NORMAL GI function who require nutrition support for 3-4 weeks). Bolus, intermittent, or continuous infusions.

Naso-duodenal OR naso-jejunal feeds for those unable to tolerate gastric tube feed (recall it is best to do gastric if possible to mimic body's natural eating functions).

Give 1cc of H2O per calorie ingested. Formulas that are 1 calorie per cc are 80-86% water.

Peripheral parenteral nutrition (AKA total parenteral nutrition/TPN -- LAST resort due to the fact that it is like foie gras to the body, with implications of liver issues developing) is via small surface veins, which is short-term nutrition support. Includes protein and fat (a 10% solution of intravenous fat provides 1.1 calories per cc. A 20% solution provides 2.0 calories per cc. Think about propofol, delivered in a fat medium).

Solutions have dextrose, which provides 3.4 cal/g.

# of calories from a volume of dextrose = mL provided × % dextrose × 3.4

PPN/TPN is used to achieve anabolism when patients cannot eat by mouth and you cannot do an enteral tube feed.

Long-term central access occurs via cephalic, subclavian, or internal jugular vein and feed ls into superior vena cava.

PPN/TPN concerns: Bacterial translocation because you are bypassing the gut, which would normally kill bacteria that is ingested per os. Bacteria can travel through bloodstream and lead to SEPSIS.

In TPN, protein is provided for anabolism at 1g of nitrogen for every 150 calories ingested. The percent concentration tells you # of grams of protein per in 100mL of TPN solution (a 3% solution provides 3g of protein in 100mL of TPN solution).

Glucose infusion rate for dextrose in TPN should not exceed 4-5mg/kg/min for hyperglycemia prevention.

Fat is added to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency.

Begin tapering TPN for EN slowly, when enteral feeds provide 1/3 to 1/2 of nutrient requirements. When 60% of needs can be tolerated enterally, discontinue TPN.

BEWARE OF REFEEDING SYNDROME (starved cells take up nutrients, shifting K+, phos, and magnesium into the cell, causing HYPOKALEMIA, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and HYPOMAGNESEMIA).

Overfeeding dextrose can lead to hyperglycemia

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) reflects current population needs.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is goals for healthy individuals.

Estimated Average Requiremenr (EAR) assesses group nutritional adequacy.

Upper Limit (UL) offers guidance on safe upper limits for nutrients such as vitamins.

Dietary Guidelines made to prevent chronic disease. DG written by USDA and HHS. Community nutrition programs use Dietary Guidelines to develop their plans (variety in eating, nutrient density, serving sizes, limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars, reduce sodium intake.

Healthy Eating Index (by USDA) is a measure of overall diet quality. Measures how well we follow the recommendations.

My Plate (USDA) shows essential food groups. Recommendations: balancing calories, foods to increase in the diet, foods to reduce.

Healthy People Program (HHS) identifies broad goals and specific objectives for improving health of the public. Focuses on disease prevention by changing behaviours.

The three steps in planning programs:

1) Mission Statement - describes the philosophy of the program. Need/Problem Statement describes the current situation, who says it's a problem, and what will occur if nothing is done.

2) Goals - goals are statements of broad direction and general purpose. Determine which health problems have nutritional implications. Determine what the high risk groups are. Determine what the most critical needs are.

3) Objectives - must be measurable. Objectives are more specific and defined than goals. Include specific target dates for completing specific projects. Evaluate alternative strategies available using cost effectiveness analysis.

Budget controls and coordinates activities. Indicates how and at what rate money should be expended.

Public health departments derive a portion of their income from general revenue taxes. Federal, local, and foundation grants are other sources of income.

Intervention via community nutrition programs relates to the 3 domains of learning: Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor.

Enabling makes it easier for people to act. Use the 4 Ps of marketing: Product, Price, Place, Promotion.

A strategy which involves psychomotor learning is helping people develop the skills needed to make and sustain new habits (e.g. how to budget, how to find the services they need.

Monitoring and Evaluation = the 4th step in the Nutrition Care Process (NCP)

Nutrition care outcomes represent results that the practitioner and nutrition care impacted individually. They can be linked to nutrition intervention goals. They're measurable and occur in a reasonable time period. They are attributed to the nutrition care provided. They're logical stepping stones to other health care outcomes.

Nutrition care outcomes are distinct from other health care outcomes b/c they represent the nutrition practitioner's specific contribution to care. They are grouped into 4 categories:

1) Food and Nutrition Related History

2) Lab Data and Medical Tests

3) Anthropometrics

4) Nutrition-Focused Physical Findings

[cmr-insights]

GAS Pharyngitis Diagnostics Market to Witness Robust Growth in 2022-2030

One variety of pharyngitis, which is an inflammation of the pharynx, the back of the throat, is gas pharyngitis. Group A streptococcus (GAS), the bacteria that causes gas pharyngitis, can have serious consequences if left untreated.

Make The Smart Decision. Download A Free Sample Of Our Report @ https://cognizancemarketresearch.com/request/gas-pharyngitis-diagnostics-market/

The Global GAS Pharyngitis Diagnostics Market was valued at US$ 178.3 Million in 2022 and is anticipated to reach US$ 214.6 Million by the end of 2030 with a CAGR of 2.3% from 2023 to 2030. (forecast period).

A bacterial infection called Group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis, sometimes referred to as strep throat, affects the tonsils and the back of the throat. It primarily occurs towards the end of the winter season and is common among young newborns and the adult elderly population. Fever, sore throat, stomachache, nausea, vomiting, red eyes, and diarrhea are typical signs of infection. A person can contract strep throat by coming into contact with an infected person. As a result, busy areas like schools and military academies are expected to see the most transmission. Traditional diagnostic methods include fast strep testing and throat cultures, the latter of which has better sensitivity.

Physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests are used to diagnose gas pharyngitis.

Increasing Prevalence of GAS Pharyngitis to Boost GAS Pharyngitis Diagnostics Market

Gas pharyngitis, attributable to the Group A Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria, is witnessing an uptick in occurrence, precipitating a surge in demand for proficient diagnostic solutions. These diagnostic tools encompass a range of techniques, including rapid antigen detection tests, molecular diagnostic assays, and culture-based examinations. With an escalating number of patients seeking medical attention for symptoms associated with pharyngitis, the need for these diagnostic methods is projected to experience a notable upswing. Various factors contribute to the proliferation of GAS infections, among which suboptimal hygiene practices and overcrowded living conditions feature prominently.

A significant apprehension surrounding GAS infections pertains to antibiotic resistance, particularly within certain GAS strains. This accentuates the criticality of precise diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic interventions to effectively combat the infection. The pivotal role of diagnostic tools comes into focus as they facilitate the identification of GAS presence in patients, empowering healthcare practitioners to implement targeted treatments while mitigating the risks associated with antibiotic resistance.

Considering the mounting incidence of GAS pharyngitis and the conceivable complications stemming from untreated infections or unwarranted antibiotic usage, medical professionals are expected to increasingly depend on these diagnostic tools. Timely and accurate diagnosis holds the potential to facilitate optimal management and curtail the infection’s propagation within communities. Consequently, the market catering to GAS pharyngitis diagnostics is poised to expand, given healthcare providers’ earnest endeavors to accurately identify and effectively treat this pervasive ailment.

North America to Spearhead the GAS pharyngitis diagnostics Market

North America is the fastest-growing segment in the GAS pharyngitis diagnostics market due to several factors, including:

Gas pharyngitis, a result of the Group A Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria, has indeed emerged as a contagious infection that is on the rise in North America. A multitude of factors, encompassing aspects like population density, suboptimal hygiene practices, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, collectively contribute to the propagation of this infection.

Prompt diagnosis of gas pharyngitis holds utmost significance for efficacious treatment and the prevention of potential complications, including conditions like rheumatic fever or kidney inflammation. The recognition of the significance of early detection is shared both by patients and healthcare practitioners, as it plays a pivotal role in managing the ailment and averting its further dissemination.

Recent strides in diagnostic testing technologies have yielded remarkable improvements in the accuracy and expediency of diagnosing gas pharyngitis. Molecular diagnostic tests and rapid strep tests are prominent instances of these advancements, equipping healthcare providers with the means to swiftly detect the presence of GAS bacteria in affected individuals.

The augmentation in healthcare expenditures, coupled with the upsurge in telemedicine services, particularly in the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, has fostered a burgeoning demand for at-home diagnostic tests. This trend has extended to the diagnosis of gas pharyngitis, driving the expansion of the diagnostics market in North America. At-home diagnostic tests present the advantages of convenience and accessibility, empowering individuals to conduct tests for the infection without needing to visit a healthcare facility.

To summarize, the confluence of escalating prevalence, heightened awareness regarding early diagnosis, breakthroughs in diagnostic testing technologies, and the clamor for at-home testing has collectively propelled the expansion of the gas pharyngitis diagnostics market within the North American landscape.

Make The Smart Decision. Download A Free Sample Of Our Report @ https://cognizancemarketresearch.com/request/gas-pharyngitis-diagnostics-market/

Competitive Insights

Companies operating in the GAS pharyngitis diagnostics market have adopted several growth strategies to expand their market share and increase their revenue. Some of the prominent players operating in the market include Quidel Corporation, BD, Abbott Laboratories, bioMrieux SA, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Beckman Coulter, Inc. (Danaher), Meridian Bioscience, Inc., DiaSorin S.p.A., Sekisui Diagnostics, Luminex Corporation, bioMrieux SA, etc.

[captainmdhridoyhossain-blog]

[ad_1] The phrase 'honeydew' sounds benign, however the sugary waste manufactured from aphids can advertise expansion of micro organism which might be extremely virulent to the pests, in keeping with a brand new Cornell College find out about. The analysis takes a step in opposition to working out how some traces of the micro organism Pseudomonas syringae that survive leaves and are pathogenic to aphids may sooner or later be used to regulate the pests. Aphids transmit plant viruses after they feed on sap, costing billions of greenbacks in annual crop harm world wide. The paper, "Context Dependent Advantages of Aphids for Micro organism within the Phyllosphere," revealed Jan. 12 in The American Naturalist, assessed the virulence of various traces of P. syringae to aphids. The researchers additionally investigated how smartly the micro organism continue to exist on leaf surfaces with out aphids, and whether or not micro organism benefited from the presence of aphids. "For one of the vital experiments, we if truth be told took the aphids out of the image completely," stated Melanie Smee, the paper's first writer and a postdoctoral researcher within the lab of co-author Tory Hendry, assistant professor of microbiology within the Faculty of Agriculture and Lifestyles Sciences. "We actually simply sprayed faux honeydew directly to leaves, and we nonetheless noticed the similar build up for the micro organism [as when aphids were present], so it is in point of fact simply the honeydew that is serving to the micro organism," Smee stated. Within the find out about, Smee and Hendry recognized 21 traces of various virulence to aphids. They then selected 8 of the ones traces. For every pressure, they sprayed micro organism onto vegetation with aphids and different vegetation with out aphids, to look if the micro organism benefited from the aphids presence. They measured bacterial expansion on leaves and located that part of the traces benefited considerably. Your next step used to be to check out to know the supply of that receive advantages. They knew the micro organism are fed on after which develop inside of aphids after which are excreted out, so that they sought after to look if passage throughout the aphids helped bacterial populations thrive. They arrange a brand new experiment, with the aphids suspended above leaves that were sprayed with micro organism. They fed one set of aphids a man-made nutrition with micro organism, and any other set with out micro organism, and the aphids then excreted honeydew onto the leaves under. They discovered it did not subject whether or not aphids have been fed micro organism; the entire micro organism at the leaves did higher within the presence of aphids. It grew to become out that the honeydew used to be the one issue that boosted bacterial populations. Additionally they discovered that advantages from honeydew to micro organism weren't correlated to pressure characteristics, however they have been suffering from the preliminary inhabitants densities, such that smaller populations greater extra with honeydew, in comparison with massive populations, which greater much less. Extra paintings is had to decide which P. syringae traces are pathogenic to vegetation, the most important attention if micro organism are used for pest regulate. The researchers also are concerned about investigating the function of the interplay of bacterial communities. The find out about used to be funded through the U.S. Division of Agriculture's Nationwide Institute of Meals and Agriculture and through Cornell. Tale Supply: Materials equipped through Cornell University. Authentic written through Krishna Ramanujan, courtesy of the Cornell Chronicle. Be aware: Content material is also edited for taste and duration. [ad_2] #Aphid #honeydew #advertise #micro organism #kill #ScienceDaily

[industrialroplant]

Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology: The Future of Wastewater Treatment.

The wastewater treatment sector has recently developed new strategies aimed at reducing pollutants and nutrient removal techniques, improved efficiency, and reduced costs thanks to technological innovation. A potential and cutting-edge approach to achieving wastewater treatment goals is quickly developing as aerobic granular sludge technology. One of the most widely utilised techniques for the biological wastewater treatment process for a very long time has been the traditional.

Aerobic Granular Sludge:

In order to find more environmentally friendly choices for wastewater treatment, research of aerobic granular sludge was initially published in the early 1990s and has been intensively carried out in the last 20 years. This research has shown that aerobic and anaerobic microbial metabolic activity coexist in the granules, enabling simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes. Due to its increased effectiveness and ability to lessen the environmental impact of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities, this technology has also caught the interest of scientists.

Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology Vs Activated Sludge Process:

When compared to the activated sludge process, aerobic granular sludge has different physical, chemical, and microbiological properties. The adoption of this technique can be successful for both primary and secondary wastewater treatment, according to experts. It is a three-phase batch process which is completed in a single tank. As with biofilms, the bacterial cells in granular sludge congregate in order to create a solid and thick association.

As with the activated sludge method, it comprises of bio-granules utilised as biomass to treat wastewater biologically. However, it accomplishes this function similarly to aerobic wastewater treatment in a controlled setting without mechanical mixing and with oxygen present.

The granules produced by this method are microbial aggregates that settle more quickly than activated sludge flocs because there is less hydrodynamic shear present. Additionally, granules in Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology are stacked, as opposed to the loosely dispersed microbial population in ASP. The aerobic granule’s density enables better and quick settling qualities, high biomass retention, and the capacity to withstand significant shock loads. Aerobic, anaerobic, and anoxic zones are all present in each granule. As a result, each granule functions as a little treatment facility.

The AGS process enables the removal of toxic pollutants nitrogen carbon, phosphorus, and biodegradation. It is an economical way to get rid of pollutants in reduced and oxidised wastewater.

Additional benefits of aerobic granular sludge technology:

Treatment plant surface area needs to be 20% less, and power (energy) requirements need to be 30% less.

As all treatment stages are finished in a single tank, there is little operation.

Reductions in both capital and operating costs

less solids to dewater and discard

Does not call for costly medium to maintain bacteria or membranes to separate solids

Potential for retrofitting wastewater treatment facilities

According to studies, the BOD and TSS effluent characteristics are 10 mg/L.

Disadvantages:

Technology is relatively young, and the vast bulk of research is done in labs.

The effects of sudden changes in influent composition or hazardous shocks or spills are still unknown.

Industrial wastewater treatment does not yet have complete real-world data accessible.

As you can see, the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater is thought to be headed in the direction of aerobic granular sludge technology. The results will provide a greater grasp of the technology’s potential when more study and advancement are conducted and more companies use it.

Conclusion:

For a variety of sectors, Netsol Water Solutions is a pioneer in creating sophisticated, environmentally friendly, and sustainable solutions. After several years of devoted research in the area, the wastewater treatment vertical has created effective biological treatment solutions for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. A microbial formulation found in the line of products breaks down organic waste and enhances the efficiency of wastewater treatment facilities. Utilize the Netsol’s line of products to adhere to local effluent regulations and safeguard the environment.

If you are curious to know more about the treatment processes, feel free to  contact us an at +91-9650608473 or enquiry@netsolwater.com

[melitaafterfeather]

I am in a cute stress an acute infection viral bacteria I should only have a vaccine. Operation can wait.

It happens viruses are more dangerous than bacteria.

Sign of viral infections like flu unidentified viruses because viruses mutate they socialise just like every microb then form more dangerous virus system.

Bacteria causes cancer not the virus. Virus can leave you either sterile especially mumps also with brain injuries like meningitis you could end up with defect genetics children. Heart failure liver failure after hepatitis after jaudince. High body temperature generally could inflict many permanent disabilities.

During viral infection it is not recommended to have antibiotics as it reduces faster healing process especially in chicken pox. Antibiotics could prevent bacterial infection sepsis. I normally take all possible antibacterial vaccines so I can reduce chances of cancer. Anticancer vaccines are available to teenagers against ovarian cancer. Breast tumors are more frequent which means attention should be paid to research on developing a vaccine against breast cancer.

I am in openion traffic causes spread of virus. Stress by density population causes low body immune system to host viruses.

Temperature of the body should be 36°. The living environment temperature should optimum 16° to 20°.

Body temperature 🌡️ at 37° is the most dangerous.

Virus multiplies at hostile temperatures.

Because I am sick physically from viruses bacteria I am not happy with none of the offers. I need to regain my personal space like all exfamily exfriends did while stealing from me.

I am not shit immigrant in Britain, I am educated British citizen with my own entitlement. I adhere to English language culture church.

Traveling has impact on spreading and creating new viruses. If I do not hold it do not use I did not receive it. It must be given.

If you remember from the past diseases accounted to dangerous viruses bacteria have had local area incubation and was spread to other continents by the crusaders sailing on a ⛵ boat.

What actually happens is considering blood types and genetic state of certain community they develop a type of antigen from birth onwards because they only have contact between eachother.

Imagine separate communities develop separate antigens resistance to virus.

Once communities from separate lands mix by race by genetics on the same land it doesn't have to be physiological mix, they could increase the risk of lowering immune system as the bodies act as pathogens. Because of separate blood type and physiological biology. When the virus transmit from one type of community to another the viruses form new virus type not known to any community. If you have noticed when travelling to anther continent another type of climate than home, the body needs time to adjust to the weather conditions and is going through immunisation process from consuming water air food from the climate. Normally a GP could prescribe vaccines before traveling to develop immunity.

I recommend obligatory vaccines to each continent prior to travel compatable to the land of arrival. Also those who travel from another continent to have vaccine required from the land of departure.

Children in particular are less adaptive to climate changes even if they have been fully vaccinated children are not entitled to adult vaccines type.

Virus affection by severity of the symptoms like high temperature shiver cold sore weakness floppiness skin red spots lymph glands swelling varies in person affected by the virus depending on the immune system.

The severity of areas affected by a virus could be statistically analysed.

It isn't the same type severity.

My children suffer from severe allergic reaction life threatenining. They were given food at the age of 2 Brazil nuts in a chocolate they couldn't digest as the immune system has not the same climate origin capacity as Brazil children.

It wasn't me it was their father not educated enough on food intolerance from other continents.

Up to the age of 5 children should eat local food only and not oil based food nuts in particular can be toxic.

#Conceptorganicorigin advice on food intake at what age stage and the origin of food. Food grows by climate predisposition.

I discuss the schooling perspective health food developing healthy featuses, I argue few aspects affecting growth of the children. Who has interest to read they can read I can't discuss in person as I have no energy nor physical space to accommodate myself even. Britain is full people from the other continents unvaccinated who travel frequently. I am not sure why British Royals nor English people tolerate International abuse economic health system which increases the risk of extinction.

It's not a joke. If you think it's a joke keep joking.

Why foreign politicians business people corrupt foreign personnel employees at British NHS at Council at Courts?

I do not want contacts during service. Book separate appointment. I hate the royals because they're criminals bigger criminals than foreigners who do not care about England. I am restraining from Nigers from Hindus from easterners permanent restraining. My health is endangered while you still want help from me. I could write you instructions.

#stopcrime

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇬🇧

[gum-recessiongrowback-blog]

Gum Recession Grow Back

Despite the fact that dental care was certainly not a concentrated branch of Ayurveda, it is actually consisted of in its own Shalakya Tantra (body of surgical operation). Problems including impairments of the oral cavity, oral plaque buildups and diseases were actually taken care of in ancient India. Standard medicine may manage various contagious as well as chronic problems.  For more about Grow Back Receding Gums

Research has presented that all sort of eating sticks illustrated in old Ayurveda content possess therapeutic as well as anti-cariogenic buildings. Its oil taking (Kaval, Gandush) practice is actually asserted to cure about 30 systemic ailments. 

Gum Regrowth Treatment

Amla (Emblic myrobalan), is actually a basic rebuilder of oral health. Bilberry fruit (Vaccinium myrtillus) and hawthorn berry (Crateagus oxycanthus) support bovine collagen, reinforcing the gum tissue. Liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabral) markets anti-cavity action, minimizes cavity enducing plaque, and has an antibacterial impact. Use risk-free, quality items as well as techniques need to be actually made sure based upon readily available proof if standard medicine is to become acknowledged as part of main health care. Scientific verifications of the Ayurveda dental health strategies can justify their consolidation right into modern dental care. Promotion of these methods using ideal media would certainly benefit the basic populace by offering additional assurance in the old techniques, thus protecting against dental caries and also loss. Keyword phrases: Ayurveda, kaval, oral health, oil taking, traditional medication Go to: INTRO

Ayurveda is actually an all natural system of medication which grew in India some 3000-5000 years ago, a body of standard medicine belonging to the Indian subcontinent, now performed in various other component of the world as a form of corresponding medicine. [1] The earliest literary works on Indian medical technique appeared throughout the Vedic duration in India. The Susruta Samhita as well as the Charaka Samhita are its earliest authoritative messages. [2] Over the centuries, Ayurvedic practitioners built great deals of medical preparations and surgical procedures for the treatment of several health problems as well as diseases. [3] Although dentistry was actually not a specialized branch of Ayurveda, it was actually featured in its own device of surgery. In ancient India, concerns like impairments of the mouth, oral plaque buildups and also diseases might be handled and also also treated.

Gum Regrowth Treatment At Home

Conventional medication is actually the sum total of knowledge, capabilities and strategies based on the ideas, opinions as well as knowledge indigenous to various cultures that are actually used to preserve health, and also to prevent, identify, boost or deal with physical and mental illnesses. Standard medication that has been actually embraced by other populaces (outside its own indigenous culture) is commonly labelled complementary or even holistic medicine. Natural medicines consist of herbs, organic materials, plant based prep work, and finished herbal products which contain portion of plants or even various other plant products as energetic components.

In some Asian and African nations, 80% of the population depends upon typical medication for main medical. In a lot of established nations, 70% to 80% of the populace has actually made use of some type of substitute or corresponding medicine. Organic treatments are actually the most preferred form of standard medicine, and also are extremely beneficial in the global market place. Yearly incomes in Western Europe got to US$ 5 billion in 2003-2004. In China sales of items headed to US$ 14 billion in 2005. Organic medicine profits in Brazil was US$ 160 thousand in 2007. [4] Ayurveda and also oral health

In Ayurveda, dental health (danta swasthya in Sanskrit) is upheld be actually really individual, varying with each person's nature (prakriti), and also weather modifications resulting from sunlight, lunar and planetary effects (kala-parinama). The body system constitution is actually classified based upon the preponderance of several of the 3 doshas, vata, pitta as well as kapha. The domination dosha in both the personal and also attribute finds out medical in Ayurveda, featuring dental health. 

Natural Gum Regrowth

[5] Most likely to: EATING STICKS

Ayurveda suggests chewing embed the morning along with after every meal to stop ailments. Ayurveda insists on making use of herbal combs, around 9 inches long as well as the density of one's little finger. These natural herb sticks ought to be either 'kashaya' (astringent), 'katu (acrid), or 'tikta' (harsh) in flavor. The approach of making use of is to crush one point, chew it, and consume it little by little. [6] Toothbrushing is actually a task executed with a 'tooth brush' which is an exclusive little brush designed for make use of on teeth. Nibbling a therapeutic stick equivalent advised by a Vaidya, or other typical practitioner, might validly be actually upheld be equivalent to the western-pioneered activity of 'brushing the teeth ', however it is actually not adequately similar to become given the exact same name, especially given that sticks that are munched are made use of totally in different ways coming from combs.

It is actually advised that chewing sticks be acquired from new controls of details plants. The neem (margosa or even the Azadiraxhta indica) is a famous organic chewing stick. The stems need to be actually well-balanced, soft, without leaves or knots and also drawn from a healthy tree. Nibbling on these stems is strongly believed to result in attrition and levelling of attacking areas, help with salivary secretion and, possibly, assistance in oral plaque buildup control, while some stems have an anti-bacterial action. With reference to the individual's constitution and also dominant dosha, it is actually specified that folks with the vata dosha dominance might establish atrophic and also receding gums, as well as are encouraged to utilize chewing stick to bitter-sweet or even astringent preferences, including liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and black catechu or even the cutch plant (Acacia Catechu Linn.), specifically. 

Natural Gum Regrowth Treatment

[7] Pitta dosha leading individuals are highly recommended to use chewing stick to an unsweetened flavor like the branches coming from the margosa plant (Azadirachta indica or even natures neem) as well as the arjuna plant (Terminalia arjuna). Those with the kapha dosha prevalent are probably to have light as well as hypertrophic gums and are actually asked to utilize chewing sticks with a poignant taste, presenting the fever nut (Caesalipinia bonduc) and the typical milkweed vegetation (Calotropis procera). Present-day research has actually revealed that all the chewing sticks defined in historical Ayurveda content (circa 200 BC) possess therapeutic and also anti-cariogenic properties. [8] Saimbi et al (1994) assessed the anti plaque effectiveness of Neem remove, Ayurvedic tooth grains and also commercial tooth pastes. Neem extract prevailed as well as commercial tooth pastes were actually the last. [9] In one more research study Venugopal et al (1998) assessed a total amount of 2000 children (1-14 year age group) in Mumbai for cavities incidence. Those children who were actually utilizing natures neem datun were located to be less impacted along with cavities. [10] In southern India, mango fallen leave is actually largely used for cleaning teeth. A clean mango leaf is actually washed and the midrib is cleared away. Fallen leave is actually then folded up lengthwise with shiny surfaces encountering each other. It is rolled into a round pack. One point of the pack is bitten off 2-3mm to develop a raw surface area which is rubbed on the teeth - pack is actually held in between the thumb as well as the forefinger. In the end, the midrib, which was first removed, is actually made use of as a tongue cleaner. Sumant et alia (1992) assessed the efficiency of mango fallen leave as an oral health help and also acquired interesting results. [11] Much higher soft down payment ratings were stated in team that made use of mango leaf. Cavities knowledge in this group utilizing mango leaf was similar to the group that utilized tooth comb. Mangiferin a substance found in mango leaves had considerable antibacterial property against particular strains of Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, as well as Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Gum Regrowth At Home

The miswak (miswaak, siwak, sewak) is actually a teeth washing branch created from a branch of the Salvadora persica tree, additionally called the arak plant or even the peelu plant and also functions in Islamic health jurisprudence. The miswak is predominant in Muslim locations yet its make use of precedes the inception of Islam. Almas and also Atassi (2002) carried out research to analyze the effect of miswak and also tooth brush filaments end-surface structure on enamel. Twenty-one specimens were actually prepared; they were actually divided right into Aquafresh toothbrush team, Miswak group as well as command team. End results revealed that filaments end-surface texture play major duty in abrasive energetic activity as well as enamel tooth area loss. Miswak revealed smaller result on enamel as compared to Aquafresh toothbrush. [12] Almas and Zeid (2004) in a research to determine antimicrobial activity of miswak chewing embed vivo, particularly on streptococcus mutans and also lactobacilli confirmed that miswak had a prompt antimicrobial result reviewed to toothbrush. Streptococcus mutans were more at risk to miswak than lactobacilli. [Thirteen]

[bestwaytotreatrecedinggums-blog]

Best Way To Treat Receding Gums

Although dental care was not a focused division of Ayurveda, it is actually consisted of in its Shalakya Tantra (body of surgical treatment). Issues such as impairments of the mouth, oral plaque buildups and also infections were managed in historical India. Read more about Natural Ways To Treat Receding Gums

Traditional medicine can easily treat a variety of transmittable and chronic ailments. Investigation has actually shown that all sort of eating sticks illustrated in historical Ayurveda texts possess medical and anti-cariogenic residential or commercial properties. Its own oil drawing (Kaval, Gandush) practice is professed to cure about 30 systemic ailments. Amla (Emblic myrobalan), is a general rebuilder of oral health. 

How To Treat Receding Gum?

Bilberry fruit product (Vaccinium myrtillus) as well as hawthorn berry (Crateagus oxycanthus) maintain collagen, boosting the gum cells. Liquorice origin (Glycyrrhiza glabral) markets anti-cavity activity, reduces plaque, and possesses an antibacterial impact. Use of safe, quality products and also techniques must be made certain based on accessible proof if typical medication is actually to become recognized as aspect of primary healthcare. Scientific recognitions of the Ayurveda dental health practices could possibly warrant their unification right into modern dental treatment. Promotion of these procedures making use of necessary media would certainly gain the overall population by offering even more confidence in the early techniques, hence avoiding dental caries and reduction. Key phrases: Ayurveda, kaval, oral health, oil drawing, traditional medication Most likely to: INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is actually a comprehensive device of medication which grew in India some 3000-5000 years back, an unit of conventional medicine native to the Indian subcontinent, right now exercised in other portion of the world as a type of complementary medication. [1] The earliest literary works on Indian clinical practice appeared during the Vedic period in India. The Susruta Samhita and also the Charaka Samhita are its earliest authoritative content. [2] Over the centuries, Ayurvedic professionals created large numbers of therapeutic preparations and surgeries for the treatment of numerous ailments and also illness. [3] Even though dental care was not a specialized branch of Ayurveda, it was included in its body of surgical treatment. In old India, concerns including defects of the oral cavity, plaques and contaminations can be managed as well as also cured.

Ways To Treat Receding Gums

Typical medication is the result of know-how, capabilities as well as practices based on the theories, views and also knowledge aboriginal to various societies that are actually utilized to maintain health, along with to avoid, identify, enhance or manage bodily and mental illnesses. Standard medication that has actually been actually used by other populations (outside its own indigenous lifestyle) is frequently called complementary or holistic medicine. Plant based medicines consist of weeds, herbal products, plant based preparations, as well as ended up organic products which contain parts of vegetations or even other vegetation components as active elements.

In some Asian and also African nations, 80% of the populace depends upon traditional medication for key health care. In several industrialized countries, 70% to 80% of the population has actually utilized some kind of alternative or even corresponding medication. Herbal procedures are actually the best popular type of standard medication, and are strongly rewarding in the global industry. Annual revenues in Western Europe reached US$ 5 billion in 2003-2004. In China purchases of items mosted likely to US$ 14 billion in 2005. Herbal medication profits in Brazil was actually US$ 160 million in 2007. [4] Ayurveda as well as oral health

In Ayurveda, dental health (danta swasthya in Sanskrit) is upheld be really individualistic, varying with everyone's constitution (prakriti), as well as weather adjustments arising from photo voltaic, lunar as well as wandering influences (kala-parinama). 

Easiest Way To Treat Receding Gums

The physical body nature is categorized based upon the predominance of several of the 3 doshas, vata, pitta as well as kapha. The prominence dosha in both the private as well as attribute identifies healthcare in Ayurveda, featuring dental health. [5] Go to: CHEWING STICKS

Ayurveda advises chewing embed the early morning along with after every meal to avoid ailments. Ayurveda demands the use of natural combs, approximately 9 ins long and also the density of one's little bit of finger. These herb adheres must be either 'kashaya' (astringent), 'katu (acrid), or even 'tikta' (bitter) in taste. The technique of use is actually to crush one end, eat it, and consume it little by little. [6] Toothbrushing is an activity performed along with a 'toothbrush' which is actually an exclusive little bit of comb developed for use on teeth. Eating a therapeutic stick of a kind suggested by a Vaidya, or various other conventional practitioner, might validly be upheld be equivalent to the western-pioneered activity of 'brushing the teeth ', yet it is not completely identical to be provided the same label, particularly because sticks that are munched are actually used completely in different ways from combs.

It is actually highly recommended that nibbling sticks be actually obtained from new controls of specific vegetations. The neem (margosa or the Azadiraxhta indica) is actually a well-known plant based chewing stick. The contains must be healthy and balanced, smooth, without leaves or even knots as well as extracted from a healthy and balanced tree. 

Best Way To Treat Receding Gums

Munching on these stems is felt to induce attrition and also levelling of biting areas, facilitate salivary secretion and also, possibly, assistance in plaque management, while some arises have an anti-bacterial activity. With reference to the individual's constitution and also dominant dosha, it is stated that folks with the vata dosha supremacy might cultivate atrophic and receding gums, and also are actually suggested to utilize chewing stick to bitter-sweet or even astringent flavors, like liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and dark catechu or the cutch plant (Acacia Catechu Linn.), respectively. [7] Pitta dosha leading people are advised to utilize chewing stick to a bitter flavor such as the branches coming from the margosa plant (Azadirachta indica or neem) and also the arjuna plant (Terminalia arjuna). Those with the kapha dosha leading are actually probably to have light as well as hypertrophic gums and are inquired to utilize chewing stick to a stimulating preference, pointing out the high temperature almond (Caesalipinia bonduc) as well as the typical milkweed vegetation (Calotropis procera). Current research has actually presented that all the chewing sticks defined in old Ayurveda texts (circa 200 BC) have medical and anti-cariogenic features. [8] Saimbi et al (1994) examined the antiplaque effectiveness of Neem extract, Ayurvedic tooth particles and also business tooth inserts. Natures neem extract prevailed and also commercial tooth mixes were the last. [9] In one more study Venugopal et alia (1998) evaluated a total amount of 2000 little ones (1-14 year generation) in Mumbai for caries prevalence. Those children who were utilizing neem datun were located to be less impacted along with dental caries. [10] In southern India, mango fallen leave is actually largely used for cleaning up teeth. A fresh mango leaf is actually washed and also the midrib is actually gotten rid of. Fallen leave is then folded lengthwise along with glossy areas facing one another. It is spun right into a cylindrical pack. 

Natural Way To Treat Receding Gums

One point of this particular pack is bitten off 2-3mm to produce a raw area which is massaged on the teeth - pack is kept in between the thumb as well as the index finger. At the end, the midrib, which was first cleared away, is actually utilized as a tongue cleaner. Sumant et al (1992) reviewed the efficiency of mango fallen leave as an oral health help and secured fascinating findings. [11] Greater soft down payment scores were disclosed in group that used mango leaf. Decays experience within this team making use of mango fallen leave was similar to the team that made use of tooth brush. Mangiferin a material found in mango leaves had notable antibacterial attribute versus certain pressures of Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, and also Lactobacillus acidophilus.

The miswak (miswaak, siwak, sewak) is actually a teeth cleansing branch produced from a twig of the Salvadora persica plant, likewise called the arak tree or even the peelu tree and components in Islamic care law. The miswak is predominant in Muslim places however its own make use of predates the beginning of Islam. Almas and Atassi (2002) conducted research to determine the effect of miswak as well as tooth comb filaments end-surface appearance on enamel. Twenty-one specimens were prepared; they were actually divided right into Aquafresh toothbrush team, Miswak group as well as management team. End results showed that filaments end-surface structure action primary part in rough energetic task and also enamel tooth surface reduction.

How Treat Receding Gums?

 Miswak presented minimal impact on enamel as matched up to Aquafresh tooth brush. [12] Almas and also Zeid (2004) in a research study to assess antimicrobial activity of miswak eating embed vivo, specifically on streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli determined that miswak had a prompt antimicrobial result matched up to toothbrush. Streptococcus mutans were actually a lot more prone to miswak than lactobacilli. [Thirteen]

[iheartvmt]

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

• Other names: FIP

• Cause: Feline coronavirus.

- Most cats are infected with feline coronavirus (up to 50% of cats in single cat households will test positive for coronavirus antibodies; that percentage jumps to 80-90% in multi-cat environments)

- Most feline coronavirus infections cause no or minor symptoms (some people call the virus at this point "feline enteric coronavirus"), and the cat is able to clear the infection. However, cats can be re-infected if exposed again.

- In <5-10% of infected cats, the infection progresses to clinical FIP. This occurs due to a mutation of the virus (at this point some people refer to the virus as "feline infectious peritonitis virus," or FIPV) combined with an aberrant immune response that results in the white blood cells transporting the virus throughout the cat's body, and a subsequent intense inflammatory reaction around vessels in the tissues where these infected cells locate, often in the abdomen, kidney, or brain.

• Species: Domestic cats, and most members of the Felidae family (cheetahs in captivity are especially susceptible)

• Transmission: FIP is not contagious from cat to cat, but when one cat in a household develops FIP, it's likely that all in-contact cats will have already been exposed to the same initial feline coronavirus. However, as a precaution it's not recommended to allow a naïve cat to have contact with a cat that has FIP.

- Transmission of feline coronavirus is via direct contact, fecal-nasal/oral route, and fomites (coronavirus can remain viable in an average household or shelter/cattery environment for days to weeks, or even months if the conditions are cool and dry). Rarely spread can also occur by aerosized droplets from sneezing, or transplacentally.

- Most cats cease shedding the virus after a few months, but about 13% of cats will continue to shed the coronavirus for life.

- In large multi-cat environments, about 40-60% of cats will be shedding the virus in their feces at any given time, and cats will continue to pass the infection back and forth.

- Most cats contract coronavirus either from their infected mothers when they are kittens or through sharing litter boxes with infected cats.

• Signs:

- Any cat that carries coronavirus is potentially at risk for developing FIP. Most cats show no symptoms during the initial infection, but some develop mild signs such as sneezing, watery eyes, nasal discharge, vomiting, or diarrhea.

- Weeks, months, or even years after the initial exposure, a small percentage of cats will develop FIP

- Cats with weak immune systems are most likely to develop FIP (kittens, especially if weaned eay, cats infected with feline leukemia virus or feline immunodeficieny virus, stressed cats, geriatric cats).

- Most cats that develop FIP are under two years of age or over 12 years, but any age cat can be affected.

- FIP is more common in intact cats, especially males

- FIP is relatively uncommon in the general cat population. However, the disease rate is much higher in multiple-cat populations, such as shelters, pet stores, and catteries due to increased viral exposure, likelihood of concurrent diseases, and stress

- Persians, Australian mist, Abyssinian, Bengal, Birman, British shorthair, Himalayan, Ragdoll, Scottish folds, and Rex breeds are more likely to develop FIP

- Littermates of cats with FIP have a higher likelihood of developing FIP than other cats in the same environment

- Once FIP symptoms develop, severity generally increases over the course of several weeks, ending in death. 

- First signs are usually vague and nonspecific: hyporexia/anorexia (however some cats may have normal or increased appetite), weight loss, depression, lethargy, rough hair coat, and fever.

- May be icteric

- Two major forms: effusive ("wet") and noneffusive ("dry")

- Noneffusive form: usually progresses slower than effusive; chronic weight loss, depression, anemia, and a persistent fever that does not respond to antibiotic therapy. Often involves severe inflammation and granulomatous changes in one or more organs, such as the eyes, brain, liver, intestine; signs will vary based on which organ(s) affected. If the lungs are involved, thoracic radiographs may show patchy densities in the lungs. Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, irregular kidneys, or nodular irregularities in other viscera can sometimes be palpated. CNS signs may be present (ataxia, nystagmus, seizures, intention tremors, hyperesthesia, behavioral changes, visual deficits, loss of menace reflex, lameness, progressive ataxia). Finding hydrocephalus on a CT scan is suggestive of neurologic FIP (75% of cats with neurological FIP have hydrocephalus on necropsy). Ocular lesions include retinal lesions, (granulomatous changes on the retina, retinal hemorrhage or detachment), uveitis, change in color of the iris, hemorrhage into the anterior chamber of the eye, buildup of inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of the eye, leading to keratic precipitates. Intestinal lesions or pyogranulomas may occur, leading to omental/visceral adhesions, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, vomiting, and/or obstruction.

- Effusive form: Most common, and usually progresses rapidly. Symptoms similar to dry form early on, then patient also develops ascites, resulting in a pot-bellied appearance. A fluid wave may be present in severe cases. Fluid may also accumulate in the chest (less common; causes muffled heart sounds, EKG changes, and increased respiratory signs). Eventually the fluid accumulation makes it difficult for the cat to breathe normally, and if pericardial effusion is present, cardiac tamponade can occur.

• Diagnosis: Difficult due to wide variance in clinical signs, which often overlap with many other diseases

- Generally presumptive based on history, clinical signs, cytology of effusion fluid (if present), and ruling out other diseases

- CBC and blood chemistry changes: WBC may be decreased or increased (Lymphopenia + neutrophilia common), nonregenerative anemia, increase in total serum protein, increased globulins, low albumin, low albumin:globulin ratio, hyperbilirubinemia (in absence of hemolysis), icterus, increased liver enzymes, increased serum AGP, increased serum amyloid A (SAA), other laboratory parameters can be variably increased depending on the degree and localization of organ damage 

- Ultrasound may be normal or may show lymphadenopathy, peritoneal or retroperitoneal effusion, renomegaly, irregular renal contour, hypoechoic subcapsular echogenicity, and diffuse changes within the intestines.

- Abdomenocentesis -- fluid typically clear, straw yellow with a sticky consistency; protein content is very high, cellular content is low (cytology often consists predominantly of macrophages and nondegenerate neutrophils in much lower numbers than with bacterial infection). If the albumin to globulin ratio of the fluid is >0.81, FIP can be ruled out.

- Rivalta's test: "To perform the test, a transparent reagent tube (10 mL) is filled with ~8 mL distilled water, to which 1 drop of acetic acid (highly concentrated vinegar, 98%) is added and mixed thoroughly. On the surface of this solution, 1 drop of the effusion fluid is carefully layered. If the drop disappears and the solution remains clear, the Rivalta’s test is defined as negative.If the drop retains its shape, stays attached to the surface, or slowly floats down to the bottom of the tube (drop- or jelly-fish-like), the test is defined as positive. Rivalta’s test has a high PPV (86%) and a very high NPV (96%) for FIP. Positive results can sometimes be seen in cats with bacterial peritonitis or lymphoma." (Merck Veterinary Manual) If the test is negative, it's likely safe to rule-out FIP

- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from cats with neurologic signs may be normal or may have increased protein and pleocytosis (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages)

- ELISA, IFA, and virus-neutralization tests detect the presence of coronavirus antibodies, but cannot differentiate between the various strains of feline coronavirus. A positive result means only that the cat has had a prior exposure to coronavirus, not that the coronavirus has mutated into FIPV.

- In advanced disease, there is also the risk of false negative results due to antibodies being bound into complexes that aren't detectable by laboratory tests.

- PCR to detect viral genetic material in tissue or body fluid (presently only capable of detecting coronaviruses in general, not necessarily those that cause FIP)

- Only way to definitively diagnose FIP is by biopsy or examination of tissues at necropsy: "H&E-stained samples typically contain localized perivascular mixed inflammation with macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. FCoV can be identified by immunohistochemistry in the macrophages within the lesions. Pyogranulomas may be large and consolidated, sometimes with focal tissue necrosis, or numerous and small. Lymphoid tissues in cats with FIP often show lymphoid depletion caused by apoptosis." (Merck Veterinary Manual)

• Treatment: Once a cat develops clinical FIP, the disease is progressive and always fatal. Some treatments may induce short-term remissions in a small percentage of cats, but eventually the disease will result in death.

- Euthanasia [most humane option in my professional opinion]

- Palliative options if owner is unwilling to euthanize: supportive care (nursing care, nutritional support, fluid therapy, blood transfusions, draining accumulated fluids), corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, antibiotics

- Currently further research is being done to explore new, effective treatment options, but unlikely that anything will be available to clinical practitioners any time soon.

• Prevention:

- Keeping cats as healthy as possible and minimizing exposure to infectious diseases can help decrease the risk of FIP in multiple-cat environments: locate litter boxes away from food and water dishes, remove feces from litter boxes daily, thoroughly clean and disinfect litter boxes regularly; quarantine new cats and any cats suspected of infectious disease; prevent overcrowding; ensure cats are well-vaccinated, and provide proper nutrition, environmental enrichment, and treatment for any illnesses that occur.

- Some sources recommend avoiding bringing kittens (who have greatest risk of developing FIP) into an environment with a recent history of FIP if possible

- Some sources recommend waiting at least 2-3 months after the death of an FIP cat before bringing new, naive cats into the environment if possible

- In shelters and in multicat environments with >10 cats, feline coronavirus is endemic and FIP is almost inevitable. "Households of <5 cats may spontaneously and naturally become FCoV-free, but in households of >10 cats per group, this is almost impossible because the virus passes from one cat to another, maintaining the infection. In these FCoV-endemic environments, such as breeding catteries, shelters, foster homes, and other multicat homes, there is virtually nothing to prevent FIP." (Merck Veterinary Manual)

- To decrease the risk of FIP, some breeding catteries practice an early (<5-6 weeks old) weaning protocol. To be successful, this depends on strict isolation procedures including separate caretakers and air space, low numbers of cats, and intense socialization of kittens to prevent subsequent behavioral problems from being removed from their mother at such a young age [Also deliberately taking kittens away from their mothers that young may be legally considered animal cruelty depending on local animal welfare laws!]

- Some breeding catteries focus on increasing genetic resistance to FIP in their lines by removing cats from their breeding program if 2 or more litters they sired or birthed contain kittens that developed FIP.

- Some breeding catteries test for feline coronavirus and remove all positive cats; others remove only cats that prove through sequential testing to be chronic viral shedders. Once the cattery is free of feline coronavirus, care must be taken to test and quarantine all incoming cats to ensure the virus is not reintroduced to the cattery.

- FIP vaccine available but ineffective. Efficacy is questionable to start with, plus most cats have already been infected by the time the vaccine can be administered (16 weeks). Additionally, the vaccine causes a positive antibody titer, further complicating diagnosis or testing to maintain a coronavirus-free environment.

Sources:

• Feline Infectious Peritonitis

https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis

• Feline Infectious Peritonitis

https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/feline-infectious-peritonitis

• Overview of Feline Infectious Peritonitis

https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/feline-infectious-peritonitis/overview-of-feline-infectious-peritonitis

• FIP kitten https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FIP_kitten.jpg#mw-jump-to-license (image source)

• Feline Infectious Peritonitis https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=4951549

• Feline infectious peritonitis: Strategies for diagnosing and treating this deadly disease in young cats http://veterinarymedicine.dvm360.com/feline-infectious-peritonitis-strategies-diagnosing-and-treating-deadly-disease-young-cats

•Feline Infectious Peritonitis/Feline Coronavirus (FIP/FCoV) https://www.sheltermedicine.com/library/resources/?utf8=%E2%9C%93&site=sheltermedicine&search%5Bslug%5D=feline-infectious-peritonitis-feline-coronavirus-fip-fcov

• Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

http://muncity.blogspot.com/2013/08/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip.html?m=1 (image source only)

[This disease is especially heartwrenching for me every time we see a case in my clinic... When I was about 7 or 8 years old, my family lost our kitten, Cuddles, to effusive FIP. While she wasn't the first pet I had who passed away, she was the first one we had to euthanize, and I still remember that appointment every time we put an FIP kitty to sleep. I definitely hugged my guys a bit tighter while doing this write-up 😢 Doc and I hope that by the time we retire, the new research into FIP will have yielded a clinical treatment affordable for our clients!]

[bpod-bpod]

Bad Neighbours

In bacterial communities, competition for resources can be fierce. Legionella pneumophila, the bacterium responsible for Legionnaire’s disease, a severe condition resembling pneumonia, shares contaminated plumbing systems with many potential rivals. While it produces no antibiotics or toxins to fight them off, it can still inhibit the growth of other Legionella species, using a molecule named HGA. On the plate shown here, HGA secreted from the line of L. pneumophila in the centre prevents the growth of other Legionella nearby. L. pneumophila is also sensitive to HGA, but a sophisticated mechanism protects it from self-harming: the bacteria become resistant to HGA when their population density is high, and only secrete it under those conditions, allowing them to safely eliminate competitors as needed. For its human hosts, removing Legionella from water supplies is an enduring challenge, but understanding how these bacteria interact with others could suggest new ways of tackling the problem.

Written by Emmanuelle Briolat

Image from work by Tera C Levin, Brian P Goldspiel and Harmit S Malik

Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA

Image originally published under a Creative Commons Licence (BY 4.0)

Research published in eLife, May 2019

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