#asa aberration

[trench-surfer]

Into The Chasm

[nylusion]

Taming a basilisk on Aberration in ARK: Survival Ascended can be dangerous due to their poison gas! Tune in as TriZon & Xycor attempt to tame one in live episode 93 of our playthrough!

[stackslip]

if i have to hear another commentary about chainsaw man being about "toxic" motherhood. the whole point is that the family structure itself is corrupt to the core. good parents are the exception not the rule and even when they try to be good parents, children remain property of parents and are nothing but tools to be used and discarded and propped as rhetorical devices and manipulated and made into fuel. stop saying fujimoto is interested in toxic motherhood, the whole point is that the good parent gets eaten alive while the child is abused and used up. a child has little legal or social rights and isn't even seen as a person by the vast vast majority of adult society, by the state, by capital. the awful parents in chainsaw man aren't an aberration, they're exceedingly normal. if anything asa's mother was the abnormal one and when she died her daughter lost all advocates and protection. that's the entire point. that's the whole fucking point

[lune-fox]

I also have my atomic son asa WAW class aberration of funeral. has a radioactive coffin and was born from the Trinity test. will give pieces of trinitite to those he trusts. He is also the reason a lot of trinitite has gone missing from the test site

oohhh,,, u have so many interesting OCs,,

[thetoxicgamer]

Ark remaster delayed, now early access, but cheaper

The popular dino survival game's Unreal Engine 5 Ark remaster will now be released in early access, according to developer Studio Wildcard, who has also announced that the release of Ark Survival Ascended will be postponed until October. The Island will be released initially, followed by Scorched Earth in December, and the remaining maps in 2024. Ark Survival Ascended will likewise be released in sections. “With what we’ve learned about remastering The Island from the ground-up, it wouldn’t be feasible to complete Scorched Earth to a standard we’re happy with,” Studio Wildcard announces on its blog. “We had initially planned to ship with more content on day one, but that won’t be happening.” As such, the team is also slightly lowering the game’s launch price point to $45 (down from $60), with an extra discount for those who pick it up at release. The remaster was initially announced as a way for the team to familiarize itself with Unreal Engine 5 development before Ark 2. It was then reframed slightly, with the team responding to negative feedback by instead bundling all the expansions into one package, which would be priced at the aforementioned $60. Now, with the delay from August to October, you’ll get the package for $45, or a discounted $40 if you buy in when the game releases in early access. However, as mentioned above, you’ll just get access to The Island initially – Studio Wildcard’s current plan is “that Scorched Earth will be coming to ASA in December this year, Ragnarok and Aberration will follow in Q1 2024, and the rest of the maps beyond then.” All of this still appears to have rankled the ire of the game’s normally dedicated playerbase, who have devolved from its initial disappointment and anger that the remaster, which was initially expected to be a free update, is instead a full-price paid product. Instead, the predominant tone right now appears to be a joking one – in particular, the Ark subreddit is currently full of memes about the latest update. In particular, fans point to the latest weapon comparison image shared as part of the update, which shows a club, bow and arrows, and tools in the original Survival Evolved’s UE4 engine alongside the new-look Survival Ascended equivalent. “They’re the same picture,” one post remarks, in reference to the popular meme of Pam from The Office US. “We know you’re excited, curious, and skeptical; we understand,” Studio Wildcard says. “Our plan is to show gameplay close to the launch of ASA, as that’ll be when it’s completely ready and will best represent the final product, so you’ll have to stay tuned until then.” It also confirms that, to match the delay, the Ark Survival Evolved official network will now be shut down on September 30, 2023 instead. In addition to this, the delay to Scorched Earth means that you won’t be able to transfer your server when Survival Ascended launches; instead, server transfers “will become enabled when Scorched Earth releases in December.” Ark Survival Ascended releases in October 2023 on PC, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X/S at an early access price of $44.99, with a launch discount bringing it to $39.99 at release. The game is planned to stay in early access until “late 2024 once all the content has finished its next-generation remastering.” For now, you can play the original Ark Survival Evolved via PC Game Pass, if you have an active subscription to Microsoft’s game library. Ark 2 is planned to join it there, but there’s currently no confirmation whether Survival Ascended will be on the service. We’ve got more of the best dinosaur games on PC if you love a bit of prehistoric frivolity, or you can check out the best Ark mods for plenty of ways to enhance your game right now. Read the full article

[something-soup-something]

Asa of almagordo

WAW class aberration of funeral and walking nuclear reactor

hi kira

wanna see a sprite i made recently.

despite my sleepytired every alwaystimes. I am always of the disposition to enjoy being showed random images at random times. Go right on ahead!

[quranreadalong]

A TALE OF TWO CITIES KINGDOMS, PT 2/4

We’re in the 900s BC, headed into the late 800s. There’s no sign of David and Solomon’s gigantic, prosperous united Kingdom of Israel, but there is a Kingdom of Israel shaping up to be a fairly major regional player. The Bible gives the northern kingdom’s backstory as the following: Solomon’s son Rehoboam callously ignored the demands of workers in the north, causing them to break away from the united kingdom (and inexplicably they took the “Kingdom of Israel” title with them). Only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained in Rehoboam’s kingdom. All of this was YHWH’s way of punishing Solomon for taking foreign wives and allowing them to influence his beliefs.

But the Judean authors of the Biblical books of Kings make it clear that the Kingdom of Israel was an aberration, ruled by sinful and idolatrous men. Immediately upon declaring independence, the first king Jeroboam commits the worst possible crime:

Jeroboam thought to himself, “The kingdom will now likely revert to the house of David. If these people go up to offer sacrifices at the temple of the Lord in Jerusalem, they will again give their allegiance to their lord, Rehoboam king of Judah. They will kill me and return to King Rehoboam.” After seeking advice, the king made two golden calves. He said to the people, “It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem. Here are your gods, Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt.” One he set up in Bethel, and the other in Dan. And this thing became a sin; the people came to worship the one at Bethel and went as far as Dan to worship the other.

The people of Israel fall into idolatry right away, worshiping golden calves representing YHWH. (The final version of the Exodus story obviously has a clear connection to this--it’s possible the the golden calf incident there was meant to demonize a real practice of the actual Israelites.) This sin remains part of their national character for generations, and it leads inevitably to the tragic destruction of the kingdom at the hands of the Assyrians. The entire saga was clearly written long after the events it describes.

Despite the Bible’s rants against their northern neighbors, the Israelites and Judeans seem to have largely had the same religious practices in this era. The Book of Kings blames this on Rehoboam again, doomed from birth because his mother was a foreign woman: “They also set up for themselves high places, sacred stones and Asherah poles on every high hill and under every spreading tree”. The “high places” were places for sacrificing animals and generally worshiping gods (including but not limited to YHWH) scattered throughout the countryside; the Biblical authors saw this as idolatry, as the only proper place for such things was the temple of Jerusalem in their mind--and YHWH was the only god worth worshiping. His unique connection to the House of David and the city of Jerusalem, the Bible tells us, saved Judah from the total obliteration that he allowed to be inflicted upon Israel.

But the archeological record shows that Israel was not doomed because of its idolatry and sinfulness. It was doomed because it became too successful. And Judah was spared for the moment because it was not important enough to destroy.

The archaeologist Israel Finkelstein writes:

Israel was well on the way to fully developed statehood within a few decades of … 900 BC. … a territory governed by bureaucratic machinery … [It had] the distribution of luxury items, large building projects, prospering economic activity, including trade … a fully developed settlement system

There were large settlements in cities like Jezreel, Samaria, and Megiddo at the time, over a century before Jerusalem was even a fully urban settlement. Samaria was the kingdom’s capital, a 5-acre territory built on a hill. Its creation was sophisticated for the time, as it required moving tons upon tons of earth to create a suitable platform for the city, and a huge wall was built around the whole complex. Other archaeological finds, like a system for delivering fresh water through tunnels, shows that Israel in this era was no longer a half-rural pastoral land. It was a full-fledged kingdom. Boosted by new trade routes and advances in technology, like the ability to cut olive presses into the bedrock of the rocky, hilly part of Israel ideal for growing olive trees, the kingdom became prosperous.

It’s probably for this reason that the kings of Israel, despite being the historical Bad Guys, get the spotlight in the books of Kings and Chronicles. The adventures of their contemporary Judean kings are far less exciting and detailed. Often, they are described in relation to Israel itself. Rehoboam's grandson Asa is described in glowing terms, and in his time YHWH saves Judah from a southern expansion by Israel by providing them with an ally in the form of Syrians; several generations later, a Judean king marries one of Ahab and Jezebel's daughters and is punished for it via the Edomites taking part of Judah's land. Even ignoring the dubious historicity of all of this, Judah was clearly the lesser Jewish kingdom prior to the fall of the north. Israel was where the action was.

While the process had been ongoing for quite some time, the Bible glosses over Israel’s economic development in favor of showing all their rulers to be fuckups. It states that Israel fell into civil war almost immediately: Jeroboam’s entire family was killed by the third king, named Baasha. Baasha’s own son was then killed, and his murder triggered a conflict that resulted in a military commander named Omri claiming the throne. Omri is notable because he is the first King of Israel mentioned in historical sources--in fact, he is the first one associated with any “Kingdom of Israel” at all--and because Israel became a large, prosperous nation under his family’s rule.

The Mesha stele was written (the brown part is the original stuff) around 850 BC to commemorate the triumphs of King Mesha of Moab, a kingdom in Jordan. Part of it describes an era during which Moab was subjugated by “Omri of Israel”, who occupied part of that kingdom’s land.

Both the Bible and historical records state that the Omride dynasty built Israel into a powerful state and expanded Israel’s territory to a very large extent. Finkelstein:

The kingdom of Israel stretched from the vicinity of Damascus throughout the central highlands and valleys of Israel, all the way to the southern territory of Moab, ruling over considerable populations of non-Israelites.

Omri built two cities in Moab, Ataroth and Jahaz. With the destruction of the Canaanite centers in the lowlands, possibly during the raid of Shishak at the end of the 10th century BC, any potential northern strongman would have been able to gain control of the fertile valleys… into the territories of southern Syria and [Jordan], the Omrides … [established] a vast and diverse territorial state controlling rich agricultural lands and bustling international trade routes. It was also, of necessity, a multi-ethnic society.

That last fact is one remarked upon by Biblical authors with great disapproval--the presence of foreigners within the kingdom is a mark of shame against it. But Israel’s pluralistic society of Arameans, Phoenicians, etc is what turned it into a powerhouse in the first place. The city of Jezreel was the center of Israel’s Canaanite population, and at the height of the Omrides’ power, there were over 300,000 people in the territory, compared to less than a third of that in Judah, making it one of the largest kingdoms in the Levant. Even worse, from the perspective of the Biblical authors, Israel was not only inhabited by foreigners, it was influenced by foreigners.

Its rise to power coincided with the revival of the eastern Mediterranean trade and the harbor cities … were once again strongly involved in maritime commerce. Israel was an active participant in this economic revival as a supplier of valuable agricultural products and a master over … trade routes of the Levant

The coastal cities that had been destroyed in the previous Egyptian-inflicted disasters were slowly coming back to life, and various city-states in that region seem to have maintained close ties to Israel. Those included states like the Phoenician territory of Tyre, home of the princess Jezebel, who was married to Omri’s son Ahab--to the great displeasure of Biblical authors.

Ahab himself is presented as a lunatic under the sway of his evil foreign wife in the Bible, but historical sources present him as a successful king. Assyrian sources state that he brought Israel into an alliance against the aggressive Assyrian empire, and his contribution was not shabby: thousands of chariots and ten thousand footsoldiers from the kingdom joined the alliance. The coalition stopped Assyria’s advances for a generation, and brought together regional foes, including Arameans and Egyptians. (Judah is not mentioned as contributing anything to this effort, again indicating it was too rural and insignificant to do so.)

The House of Omri evidently began its downfall in the time of Ahab and Jezebel’s son Jehoram. What exactly happened is unclear. The Bible claims that he (along with his entire family) was assassinated by a military captain named Jehu, fulfilling a prophecy by the prophet Elijah. Jehu then killed all priests devoted to the Phoenician god Baal, which the Biblical authors approve of--but, they note, he failed to destroy those damn golden calves, and so he wasn’t good enough. And so YHWH was still displeased, and punished Israel with an invasion by the neighboring kingdom of Aram-Damascus (Syria).

Israel lost land to the invaders; they were taken back and then lost again over the next generations. Then things get really crazy. Jehu’s great-grandson was assassinated, then his assassin was assassinated. The Assyrians showed up and wrecked shit and Israel had to pay them a huge tribute. The second assassin’s son was also assassinated, by a military officer named Pekah, and it was in Pekah’s reign that Assyria came back and wiped out Israel for good.

The idea that Israel fell into civil strife and a string of assassinations before its destruction makes a lot of sense. But there is a slight problem here. If you remember the Tel Dan stele in the previous section, it states (with reconstructed text in brackets)...:

I killed Jeho]ram son [of Ahab] king of Israel, and [I] killed [Ahaz]iahu son of [Jehoram kin]g of the House of David, and I set [their towns into ruins and turned] their land into [desolation]

...that Hazael of Aram-Damascus is the one who killed Jehoram, along with the Judean king at the time (whose father was named Jehoram--they were two different Jehorams). Aramean records show that this invasion was serious: Aram-Damascus gained control of parts of northern Israel, including the city of Jezreel, and so Israel lost some of its fertile land. The territory was reclaimed only once Aramean strength collapsed with the new rise of Assyria, which attacked Damascus; the Arameans had to pay Assyrians tribute and neglected their territories in Israel. It was in this period that the king Joash took the territories back. The kingdom itself appears to have gone on chugging in prosperity in this era, though the Biblical authors continue to whine about their idolatry.

Whatever happened to Jehoram, it seems like the kingdom recovered from the earlier Aramean invasion quickly enough. Shit only really started hitting the fan around 750 BC, beginning the string of assassinations that ended with Pekah being the king. The Bible says he joined a regional alliance against Assyria, like Ahab had once done, but this time it was too late. Assyria under its leader Tiglath-pileser III had grown into a hugely developed, intimidating state intent on dominating the entire region. People were now afraid of stepping on Assyria’s toes, and the “coalition” essentially boiled down to Israel and the kingdom of Damascus. They were easily defeated. Israel’s cities were utterly destroyed as punishment, and Assyrian records state that around 15,000 prisoners were carried off into slavery, never to be seen again.

Pekah was assassinated during the disastrous Assyrian invasion by an understandably upset officer named Hoshea, who would unfortunately prove to be just as much of a noble failure as his predecessor:

The Assyrian noose was tightening with the accession of Shalmaneser V, an aggressive new Assyrian king. Hoshea proclaimed himself to be a loyal vassal … [but] secretly sought an alliance with the king of Egypt … [Shalmaneser] took Hoshea captive and invaded what was left of the kingdom … For three years the Assyrian king laid siege to [Samaria], eventually capturing it in 720 BC, “and he carried the Israelites away to Assyria…”

An additional fifth of Israel’s population, mostly middle and upper class people, were carried away. With the kingdom’s leaders dead, its major cities destroyed, and new settlers brought in from other Assyrian provinces, Israel as an independent entity ceased to exist. It was fully absorbed into the Assyrian empire, and its prized military institutions, including a chariot division, became part of the Assyrian army.

The great misfortune of Israel was a tragedy for its people. But it is more important because of what it resulted in, which was the growth of the Kingdom of Judah from a backwater into an important regional player.

⇚ previous day | next day ⇛

[afishtrap]

Current portrayals of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) over the past 5,000 years are dominated by discussion of tbe Austronesian “farming/language dispersal,” with associated linguistic replacement, genetic clines, Neolithic “packages,” and social transformations, The alternative framework that we present improves our understanding of the nature of the Austronesian language dispersal from Taiwan and better accords with the population genetics, archaeological evidence, and crop domestication histories for ISEA. Genetic studies do not demonstrate that the dispersal of Austronesian languages through ISEA was associated with large-scale displacement, replacement, or absorption of preexisting populations. Linguistic phylogenies for Austronesian languages do not support staged movement from Taiwan through the Philippines into Indo-Malaysia; in addition, the lexical and grammatical structure of many Austronesian languages suggests significant interaction with pre-Austronesian languages and cultures of the region. Archaeological evidence, including domestication histories for major food plants, indicates that ISEA was a zone of considerable maritime interaction before the appearance of Austronesian languages. Material culture dispersed through ISEA from multiple sources along a mosaic of regional networks. The archaeological evidence helps us to shape a new interpretative framework ot the social and historical processes that more parsimoniously accounts for apparent discrepancies between genetic phylogenies and linguistic distributions and allows for more nuanced models of the dispersal of technologies and societies without reference to the farming/language dispersal hypothesis.

Donohue, Mark and Denham, Tim. “Farming and Language in Island Southeast Asia: Reframing Austronesian History.” Current Anthropology. Volume 51, Number 2, April 2010. Print.

Bellwood (1984-1985:109) states, “The question of Austronesian origins is basically a linguistic question,” and while the question is no longer exclusively a linguistic one, “Austronesian” is still essentially a linguistic construct. The Austronesian family comprises more than 1,000 languages spread over a vast area between Madagascar and Easter Island. Overwhelming linguistic evidence shows an origin for the Austronesian languages on Taiwan (Blust !995), and we do not dispute this. On the other hand, we question the nature of the linguistic “dispersal” out of Taiwan and into ISEA. We should note that the “Austronesian dispersal” might betterbe termed a “Malayo Polynesian dispersal,” since nine ofthe 10 primary subgroups of Austronesian are attested to only on Taiwan and only the Malayo-Polynesian branch has members outside Taiwan (and none on mainland Taiwan}. Therefore, we hereafter refer to “Malayo-Polynesian” rather than “Austronesian” where the former is more appropriate.

The standard version of the Austronesian linguistic phylogeny is very hierarchical, with bifurcations corresponding to inferred movements from Taiwan (the Proto Austronesian [PAN] homeland, where nine of the 10 first-order subgroups are found) through ISEA (the various languages designated as Western Malayo-Polynesian, including groups that have since moved to the Southeast Asian mainland and Madagascar) and eastern Indonesia (Central Malayo-Polynesian), across northern New Guinea (the South Halmahera-West New Guinea branch of Eastern Malayo-Polynesian), and finally into the Pacific (Oceanic, including Polynesian and Micronesian; e.g., Blust 1995; Tryon 1995; see fig. lA).

In recent years, this Austronesian phyiogeny has been shown to be flatter at multiple levels (fig. Iii). Linguistic subgrouping and the consequent construction of a layered hierarchy rely on the sharing of innovations in the inherited linguistic signal to define phylogenetic subgroups. For instance, the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup, comprising all of the Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, can be defined asa valid subgroup on the basis of a number of shared innovations, both regular and irregular (see table 1, abbreviating material in Blust 2001). However, it is recognized that the same is not true of Western Malayo-Polynesian, in which languages show the Malayo-Polynesian innovations but nothing unique relative to Malayo-Polynesian languages to the east, namely, those assigned to Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (e.g., Ross 1995). The Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian branch contains the Central Malayo-Polynesian and Eastern Malayo-Polynesian subgroups and comprises the Austronesian languages of eastern Indonesia and northwestern New Guinea, as well as those of Oceania. Problematically, the evidence for the Central Malayo-Polynesian and Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian sub-groupings is not conclusive, since many of the innovations that have been proposed for each of these subgroups (e.g., Blust 1993) are present in languages in the Western Malayo-Polynesian area and, in some cases, even as far north as in Taiwan (Donohue and Grimes 2008). As a result, while we can group the “extra-Formosan” languages together as Malayo-Polynesian against those groups that did not migrate from Taiwan, we cannot justify^ any large sub-groupings that would link the languages of the Philippines and western Indonesia together, as opposed to the languages spoken near and east of New Guinea. This fact represents a major challenge to computational models that claim success in replicating large subgroups within this nonexistent clade (e.g., Gray and Jordan 2000) and weakens their conclusion that linguistic evidence supports the so-called express-train model of a rapid Austronesian dispersal.

The linguistic evidence for Malayo-Polynesian presents us with additional methodological challenges. The lexical conservatism ofthe family is remarkable (Blust 2000/?). Outside a Melanesian area, both west and east of New Guinea, where various kinds of “aberrancy” are prominent (Pawley 2006), the languages retain a very high proportion of the reconstructed vocabulary of PMP (fig. 3). The overt similarities between languages are so striking that relationships between far-flung members of the family were recognized 300 years ago (Reland 1708), long before the Indo-European languages were seen as being related. When we compare Austronesian with other language families, it is apparent that the amount of lexical change found in Austronesian is consistent with either a much younger or a much smaller language family (Joseph and Janda 2003; Peiros 2000; Wichmann, forthcoming). Smaller language families tend to be more compact geographically and show less change because of continued contact between the different members of the family. Young language families, on the other hand, have in the main not had the time required to spread and diversify. The Austronesian family, however, is neither small nor seemingly recent, and these discrepancies must be addressed.

Wichmann (forthcoming) offers a metric for comparing internal diversity by evaluating the degree of lexical diversification in different language families, thereby removing subjective judgements from assessments of “conservatism.” The mean lexical cognacy found between modern languages in a family can be determined and then evaluated in terms of the “minimum centuries” (me) that would be expected to have elapsed to result in this level of diversification, assuming that 2% of the “basic” lexicon of a language will change per century, a value that is taken as standard (e.g., Swadesh 1950, 1952, 1955; for Austronesian, Dyen 1965, though see Blust 2000/;).’ When this metric is applied to families for which documentation is adequate (Wichmann’s results are summarized in table 2), large language families, those with more than 100 member languages, show an average me value of 93.5, implying that we expect the initial divergence to have taken place ca. 9,000 years ago (a clearly inflated date, but we are interested in relative values, not absolute ones}. The only exception in this group is Austronesian, with an me value of 35. Regardless of the faith we place in glottochronological methods, this low figure indicates that Austronesian shows the profile of a family with fewer than 50 languages, such as Iroquoian (10 languages), Na-Dene (47), Plateau Peniitian (4), Mixe-Zoquean (16), or Káriban (29), rather than that of a family with more than 1,000 languages. From the degree of retention of common vocabulary, we can state that Austronesian, at least the Malayo-Polynesian branch that has migrated beyond Taiwan, does not exhibit the characteristics expected of a large, ancient language family.

[juniperpublishersanesthesia]

Multimodal Anesthesia for Glaucoma Surgery in a Child with Mitochondrial Disease and Malignant Hyperthermia-Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Mitochondrial diseases (MD) are characterized by impairments of mitochondrial function that precipitate metabolic acidosis. An 8-year-old MD female with prior anesthesia exposure complicated by metabolic acidosis, seizures and propofol infusion syndrome, presented for glaucoma surgery. We present a multimodal balanced anesthetic technique used to successfully manage this complex case.

Introduction

Mitochondrial disorders (MD) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that impair mitochondrial integrity and result in deficient energy production. The disorder has an incidence of 1:5000 live births [1], and affects tissues with high-energy requirements such as the central nervous system, retina, heart and muscle [2]. Consequently, these patients have multiple co-morbidities that include cardiac, endocrine, and neurologic dysfunction [3-5]. Current evidence suggests that mitochondrial disease may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of glaucoma [6]. Anesthesia in  this patient population may prove hazardous because the stress of surgery and fasting can induce marked metabolic aberrations, most commonly lactic acidosis [7].

Case Presentation

Institutional Review Board approval is not required for single case reports at Jackson Memorial Hospital and University of Miami. An 8 year old, 25kg Caucasian female with infantile glaucoma, mitochondrial disease, renal tubular acidosis type II and family history of malignant hyperthermia presented for bilateral glaucoma surgery. Of note, at age 6, eye surgery under GA had been complicated by severe post-operative metabolic acidosis, propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) and prolonged two week PICU stay. At that time, genetic investigation revealed an abnormality of the 2-oxoglutarate-dehydrogenase enzyme.

A multidisciplinary group comprising physicians from genetics, neurology, cardiology, nephrology and anesthesiology was convened and recommended new studies in order to identify the gene deficit. Also, the group recommended preoperative nutritional supplementation and electrolyte correction. Her ECG demonstrated prolongation of the QT interval (426ms) and the 2-D cardiac echo was normal. Current medications included trileptal, brimonidine and lantaprost ophthalmic solutions, coenzyme Q10 and a multivitamin supplement.

Our anesthesia plan centered on a balanced technique utilizing intravenous agents for sedation and hypnosis in tandem with extraconal ophthalmic block for analgesia. A vapor-free operating room was prepared. Monitoring included standard ASA monitors and bispectral analysis (BIS) (Model 185-0151) with the target range set at 40-60. In the holding suite the child was sedated with midazolam. Then, in the OR, infusions of remifentanil (0.1mcg/kg/min) and dexmedetomidine (1mcg/kg/hr) were started. When BIS levels fell below 60 we administered cisatracurium (4mg) and performed endotracheal intubation. A left radial intra-arterial catheter was placed for blood gas and metabolic panel analysis. Prior to surgery, a periorbital block using 2% lidocaine was performed.

Serial metabolic analysis demonstrated stable acid/base status with marginal elevations in serum lactic acid (1.3 to 1.5mg/dL). Surgery was completed in 110 minutes and passed uneventfully. At this point the neuromuscular block was antagonized, infusions were discontinued and the child was extubated and transferred to PICU for overnight observation. She was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 1.

Discussion

Mitochondrial disease (MD) are a divergent group of more than 100 genetic aberrations in which defects of the organelle impair oxidative phosphorylation and the production of energy, resulting in cell injury and metabolic acidosis. It is estimated that MD afflicts 1:5000 children. Symptoms typically manifest in tissues that are wholly dependent on mitochondria as a source of energy [8].

The anesthetic management of children with MD is complex because studies indicate that volatile inhalational agents depress mitochondrial function [9,10]. Additionally, severe co morbidities such as organ failure are potential risks for lactic acidosis. Further anesthesia considerations include sensitivity to neuromuscular blocking agents, altered homeostasis and impairment of mitochondrial integrity triggered by several intravenous agents. There are no controlled clinical trials to assess the effects of anesthetic agents and their correlation with intra- and postoperative complications [3]. Currently, available data stems from case reports, expert opinion and retrospective chart reviews [10, 11].

A recent rat model study demonstrated that ketamine produces alterations in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex 1 [12]. Other investigations implicate etomidate and barbiturates as inhibitors of the same complex [13]. Moreover, evidence suggests that propofol impairs mitochondrial function, and that propofol infusions are associated with PRIS because this agent is highly lipophilic and readily diffuses across cell membranes. Therefore, propofol should only be administered as a single bolus [14,15]. On the other hand, dexmedetomidine, a selective α2 agonist, is known to have beneficial effects on the mitochondrial membrane [16]. Although the association between MD and malignant hyperthermia (MH) remains unproven, the Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States (MHAUS) continues to recommend avoidance of volatile anesthetic agents and caution in using succinylcholine [17- 19].

In this patient we were concerned about the development of lactic acidosis, malignant hyperthermia and PRIS. At the same time, we aimed to optimize intraoperative surgical conditions and avoid patient movement. In light of these considerations; we adopted a balanced intravenous anesthetic technique that eliminated the need for a volatile inhalational agent. Thus, we integrated the hypnotic effect of dexmedetomidine and the analgesic property of an ultra-short acting opioid (remifentanil) with a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent having negligible renal elimination (cisatracurium) and also performed an extraconal eye block (2% lidocaine). We selected lidocaine because bupivacaine inhibits carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase and has been reported to precipitate ventricular dysrhythmias [20]. The eye block was quintessential because it reduced anesthetic requirements and assured a smooth transition between the operating room (OR) and post anesthesia care unit (PACU).

In summary, the anesthesia care for MD children is challenging. This case report highlights two important points; [1] the value of a multidisciplinary team to optimize preoperative status, and [2] the benefit of judicious selection of anesthetic technique in order to avoid complications, such as lactic acidosis, MH or PRIS. Finally, this case underscores the benefit of regional anesthesia in reducing anesthetic requirements and facilitating an uneventful transition from the operating room to post anesthesia care unit.

For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com

For more articles in Journal of Anesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/jaicm/index.php

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[blairatkinsphotography]

Photographer's Ultimate Glossary - Complete Listings & Definitions

Educational Material For Photographer’s And Photography Enthusiasts

Weather your a Wedding Photographer, a Portrait Photographer. Your looking for a local Wedding Photographer Prices this page is for you. Provided below are a number of definitive definitions and answers that I hope will lead you in your professional development. Are you just starting out your career as a Photographer or Videographer. Or are you a seasoned Professional. There is something for everyone. Are you looking for Photography tips? We might just be able to answer your questions. Or are you a newly engaged couple who is looking to generate a Wedding Photographer checklist? Read on…. your answers are just a mouse scroll away.

So before your next possible customer Google’s Photographer Near Me or is planning to Elope and need an Elopement Photographer’s Website lets bone up on our terminology and put our best foot forward. From one Toronto Wedding Photographer to the next our Customers deserve the best!

Photographer’s Glossary From A-Z

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - A

A-D Converter

Converts an analog signal that is emitted from the image sensor into a digital signal.

Aberration

A distortion of image quality or color rendition in a photographic image caused by optical limitations of the lens used to capture the image. Commonly found on the edge of photographs, looks like"smearing."

Abstract

An image that is created apart from the standard structure of reality, recognizable by its emphasis on line, color and geometrical form.

Acquire

To import images into a software program for post-processing. Terminology usually changes depending on program

Additive Color

The result of mixing colors of light to create a new color. When Red, Green and Blue lights are mixed together they create pure white light.

AF (Auto Focus)

All digital cameras and most modern SLR lenses have the option of autofocus. The lens automatically focuses on a subject, the difference is that an SLR also has the option to focus manually.

AF Servo (Continuous Focus)

By partially pressing the camera’s shutter release button, AF servo allows the photographer to continuously maintain focus on a subject that is moving within the frame. This allows the shutter to respond faster as the subject is already in focus.

Ambient Light

The existing light in a scene provided by nature, not artificially by the photographer.

Anamorphic Lens

A lens that compresses a wider angle of view into a standard frame. This creates a widescreen image by giving a different magnification of both the horizontal and vertical plane.

Angle Of Reflectance

The angle made by a reflected light ray that is perpendicular to the reflecting surface. See"Angle of Incidence."

Anti-Aliasing

A process by which the edge of an object is smoothed out in a digital image to reduce the"stair-case" effect.

Aperture Preview

A button or switch on some cameras that permits you to look at the scene with the aperture stopped down to the proper opening intended for the photograph.

Apochromatic (APO)

A lens that causes all visible light wavelengths to focus on the sensor or film plane. Any lens without this correction will tend to maintain focus with red, green and blue wavelengths on different planes.

APS-H Sensor

APS-H format sensors (1.3x) are smaller than a full-frame but maintain a larger frame than that of an APS-C.

Archive

A collection of data in long-term storage, usually the hard drive on your PC or an external hard drive.

Artificial Light

Illumination created by the photographer or that is not naturally present within a scene.

ASA (American Standards Association)

A term used to describe the light-sensitivity levels of film and camera imaging sensors. The higher the number, the more sensitive—or faster—the film or sensor is.

ATGNI

An acronym"All the gear, no idea." A comment about amateur photographers who have no idea what they’re doing, but maintain proper gear.

Audio

Almost all digital cameras can record audio to go alongside their ability to capture video. Depending on the make and model of the camera, sound can be recorded by a variety of tools including an in-camera microphone or specialty audio capturing accessory.

Auto Bracketing

When a camera is set to automatically bracket multiple exposures for multiple images by pressing the shutter a single time.

Autofocus

The ability of the camera and lens to keep the subject in focus during the exposure. Autofocus can be Continuous, meaning focus is maintained regardless of where it moves within the frame, or Single, meaning the point of focus is locked regardless of where the subject may move.

Automatic Exposure

A camera’s ability to adjust aperture and shutter speed automatically using an internal light meter and achieve optimal exposure.

Average Metering

A process that measures all of the light values for a scene and averages them together to determine the best overal exposure. Average metering is best used for subjects facing a direct light-source surrounded by otherwise"normal" lighting conditions.

AA Filter

Anti-Aliasing Filter, found on the sensor of a digital camera. Helps eliminate issues that can occur with color aliasing and create a"moiré" effect.

Absolute Resolution

Image resolution expressed using horizontal and vertical pixels. Eg. 1600x1200 pixels.

Absorption

When light is absorbed by a surface, its energy is converted to heat through the process of absorption.

AC Power

Alternating Current, used as an alternate direct power source in lieu of the battery.

Acutance

A measure of the sharpness pertaining to the edge of an object.

Add-On Lens

Low end attachment for lenses or camera phones that normally changes the focal length of the lens. Screws on to lens via the filter thread.

Adobe RGB (Adobe RGB 1998)

A standardized color space that provides a wider range of color than the more common sRGB color space. Adobe RGB is the preferred color space when an image is intended for print.

AE (Auto Exposure)

A camera mode that automatically chooses settings for a particular scene (i.e. shutter speed, aperture and white balance).

AE Lock

Enables you to lock the current exposure reading and re-frame the shot using the same setting. A half-press of the shutter is normally required to activate this function, fully pressing only when you want to capture the image.

Afocal Projection

When a photograph is captured by attaching a camera to the eyepiece of a telescope, the image result is an afocal projection.

Aliasing

The process by which smooth curves and lines that run diagonally across the screen of a low-resolution digital file take on a jagged look as opposed to looking smooth and natural.

Angle Of Incidence

The angle at which light strikes a surface and is transformed from"incident" to"reflected" light. The angle at which the reflection occurs is equal and opposite to the angle at which the light struck the surface.

Angle Of View

The amount of space captured by a lens. The angle of view is determined by the combination of sensor size and focal length.

Aperture

The adjustable opening of a lens that determines how much light may pass through the lens."Faster" lenses have wider apertures and allow for faster shutter speeds that stop motion. The wider the aperture is set, the shallower the depth of field of the image.

Aperture Priority

A metering mode that allows the photographer to set a desired f-stop, thus allowing the camera to automatically set the appropriate shutter speed for the scene.

APS-C Sensor

Used to describe the size of the digital imaging sensors in most compact DSLRs. APS format is 50% smaller (23.6 x 15.8mm) than a standard 35mm frame (24 x 36mm) and has a 1.5x magnification factor (multiply the focal length x 1.5) for determining the 35mm equivalent focal length of lenses used on APS-C format cameras.

Artifact

Artifacts refer to distortions within the image as a result of image compression or interpolation. Artifacts can be seen as light halos around dark areas of an image or as a"blocky" quality in the highlight area of an image. Forms of artifacts include blooming, chromatic aberrations, jaggies, moiré, noise and halation.

Aspect Ratio

The height and width ratio of the image produced in camera. The aspect ratio of a 35mm image is 3:2 while a computer monitor is mostly made of images containing a 4:3 ratio.

Aspherical Lens

A type of lens that changes shape across its surface as opposed to one that is smooth and continuous. The lens will deviate a little from exactly a spherical shape, and stays predominantly abberation free.

Automatic Aperture

An automatic aperture remains fully open until the shutter is pressed, which then allows the aperture to close to a size predetermined by a light meter within the camera. All point & shoot cameras maintain an automatic aperture.

Auto ISO

A feature that allows the camera to choose optimal ISO depending on the situation. When there is enough light to use ISO 100, the camera will do so, but when there is less light the camera will adjust accordingly to to avoid unintended blur.

AVI

A file format for movie clips in Windows AVI format. Many digital cameras now come with the option to record in this file format.

AWB (Auto White Balance)

A function by which the camera senses the color temperature provided by ambient light and automatically adjusts color balance to a neutral setting.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - B

B (Bulb)

A setting on the shutter speed dial which indicates that the shutter will remain open as long as the release button is held. This is often used with a cable release so that the shutter may stay open for extended periods of time.

Backscatter

Refers to suspended particles in water that are illuminated by an underwater flash caused them to reflect light and become"circles of confusion."

Balance

The harmony of a scene. A balanced composition involves cohesive placement of shape, size and color.

Banding

When graduated colors are broken into larger blocks of a single color, the smoothness of the color gradation is reduced.

Barn Doors

A light-blocking device that attaches to studio lights and swivel on hinges to allow the photographer to control both the direction and width of the light source.

Barrel Distortion

An optical distortion in which the image bows out of square, to make the shape of a barrel. Barrel distortion is usually the product of an inexpensive wide-angle lense or fisheye lense on a digital camera. It can be seen in photographs of architecture where lines run parallel to each other on both the horizontal and vertical planes.

Batch Scan

The process of scanning more than one image at once. This is only recommended if the tonal value of all images are equal.

Bit Depth

The number of bits used to represent a single pixel in a digital image.

Bitmap

A method of storing digital information that maps out an image one bit at a time. Pixel density is used to describe how sharp the resolution of an image will be.

Blocked Shadows

The loss of shadow detail within an image. An image that has been underexposed or contains a lower resolution will often cause this result.

Blooming

A bright or colored halo seen in brighter areas of a digital image. This effect can be caused when the camera’s sensor is exposed to too much light.

Blow Up

Another term for a print or photographic enlargement, usually considered to be anything larger than 8"x10".

Blur

Denotes movement within a photograph that is either caused by the subject or by camera movement. Blur can also be added to digital files in post processing with image-editing software.

Bokeh

A japanese translation that refers to a"haze" or"blur" found within an image. Pronounced boh-keh, it is the out-of-focus area in a photograph that is created by a shallow depth of field.

Bracketing

Taking multiple images of the same scene at different exposures. Increments in exposure often range from 1/3 stop to a full stop.

Broad Lighting

When the main light illuminates the camera side of a subject’s face.

Buffer Memory

An area where image data is waiting to be processed by the camera. A camera may continue to capture new images, rather than shut down, while the image files wait in the buffer.

Burst Mode

A mode on the camera that allows for taking continuous photos with a single press of the shutter release. Many of today’s SLRs reach 14 frames per second

Back Lit

Meaning the subject is lit from behind which can cause uneven exposure. Also used for portrait photography, special effects and bringing catchlights to hair.

Background

The part of a scene that appears to be the furthest distance from the viewer, and normally behind the subject.

Backlight

The illumination behind a color LCD display on digital cameras. Can also refer to the light behind a subject within a setting.

Backlight Control

An override of the camera’s auto-exposure setting that increases the exposure by between one and two stops. Use this mode to prevent a silhouette when taking photos while the light is behind the subject.

Back-Up

A safety measure that involves copying an image, file, folder or an entire hard drive to be stored in the event that the original files or data is lost. This can also be used as a noun to refer to the hard drive where the data is stored.

Bare Bulb

A source of electronic flash that is direct and free of any reflection or diffusion.

Batch Edit

Editing a large quanity of photos at one time. This is done by applying the same edits and style to multiple photos from a single folder.

Bit (Binary Digit)

The smallest unit of digital information, eight bits is equal to one byte. An image can be described by the number of bits representing a single pixel. The more bits available, the greater range of color the image will have (i.e. 1-bit = monochrome; 8 bit= 256 colors or grayscale; 24 & 32 bit = even greater range).

Bleed

The edges of a piece of paper by which photographic print has no visible border or defined margin area.

Blown Out

An effect caused by overexposure, and results in a complete loss of the highlight details in a photograph.

BMP

The file extension for an uncompressed image file. It is mainly used in Windows-based applications.

Borderless

A photograph printed without the border or white"stroke" often found around the edge of an image.

Bounce Flash

Light that is reflected off of a surface before it reaches the subject. Reflectors, ceilings and bounce cards are often used as surfaces for reflection.

Brightness

The value of a pixel in a digital image in reference to lightness. A black pixel is represented as"0" while a white pixel is represented as"256."

Built-In Light Meter

An in-camera exposure meter that measures the light reflected in the present scene.

Burning

In the darkroom, it refers to providing extra exposure to a specific part of the print to darken that area while blocking the rest of the print from light. Digitally, this term refers to a tool in Photoshop that performs the same action by applying a brush that darkens specific parts of an image.

Burst Rate

The total number of images a digital camera can capture in Burst Mode.

Butterfly Lighting

When the main light is placed high and directly center above a subject’s face casting a butterfly-like shadow.

Byte

A collection of 8-bits of memory in a computer.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - C

C-41

The standard photochemical process for developing color negative film.

Cable Release

A cable with a push-button that sends the camera a signal to open the shutter. The shutter then stays open as long as the cable release button is depressed. This is used predominantly in night time photography allowing cameras to capture more light.

Catchlight

The reflection of light that can be seen in the eyes of a subject.

CD (Compact Disc)

A method of storing and transferring data from one place to another.

Center-Weighted

A type of metering mode in which the light reflected in the center of the frame is measured to give the most influence on the proper exposure for a photograph.

CF (Compact Flash)

Used to record images in a digital camera. Capacity can range from multiple megabytes to hundreds of gigabytes.

Chimping

Looking at pictures on the back of the camera as soon as they’ve been taken, often accompanied by oohs and aahs.

Chromatic Aberration

Referred to as color fringing, this effect occurs when all wavelengths of color fail to focus on the same focal plane. Chromatic abberation can be seen at the edges of an image with high contrast.

Clipping

A result of over/under exposing a photo so much that there is loss of information in the highlights or shadows of the histogram.

CMY

Three secondary colors that can be combined to create any other color in the spectrum. CMY is used in printing and has less dense blacks than CMYK.

CMYK Color (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black)

A color space that is used for professional or commercial printing. CMYK is the standard color space used for inkjet, laser, dye-sublimation and wax thermal printers.

Color Calibration

A process by which the image source (camera) and image output (monitor) are calibrated to ensure the same color standard. This ensures that the color of images viewed on a camera will match the colors seen on a monitor, and therefore match the colors seen on a print.

Color Depth

The amount of unique colors represented in a specific image or software. May also be referred to as bit depth.

Color Depth

The amount of unique colors represented in a specific image or software. May also be referred to as bit depth.

Color Temperature

The light spectrum specifically defined through color temperature. The spectrum is measured by degrees of Kelvin (K). The lower the color temperature the"cooler" a photo will be, and the higher it is the"warmer" it will be.

Complementary Color

When a primary or secondary color is in opposition to each other on a color wheel (ex. red and green are complementary colors). When dealing with light in terms of photography, complementary colors include blue & yellow, green & magenta and red & cyan.

Contact Sheet

A contact print made from several negatives or RAW files at one time, usually an entire roll or whatever number of frames will fit on the paper.

Cropping

Trimming the edges of an image to improve compisitional quality. The final image is a reduced size of the original composition, image editing programs have cropping as a tool.

Cyc Wall

A curved, normally seamless wall that is used as a backdrop for studio photography.

Composite Photographs

A single image made by combining pictures from different sources into one.

Compression

Reducing the size of an image file through image editing software."Lossy" images will lose detail after compression while"Lossless" images will maintain all the qualities of the image.

Continuous Autofocus

A mode set so that the auto focus system is continuously keeping the subject sharp and in focus through multiple frames.

Crop Factor

A number used to multiply a lens’ actual focal length to express how much of an apparent increase you can expect in the effective focal length of any traditional 35mm SLR lens you use on a DSLR with a crop sensor. Standard crop sensors are 1.3x, 1.5x or 1.8x the normal focal length of a lens.

CC Filter (Color Compensating Filter)

Enables the photographer to make detailed adjustments in color tone or density when practicing color photography.

Calculator Dial

The adjustable scale on an electronic flash. The dial will determine an appropriate aperture for the flash-to-subject distance once the photographer has set the film speed or chosen an ISO setting.

Candid

A photo taken without the (apparent) knowledge of the subject.

Capacity

The amount of storage space available on a hard-drive or media card.

Card Reader

A digital memory card reader is used to transfer data from a media card to a computer drive.

CCD (Charge-Coupled Device)

A device that converts an optical image into electronic signals. CCDs contain rows and columns of ultra small, light-sensitive mechanisms (pixels) that, when electronically charged and exposed to light, generate electronic pulses that work in conjunction with millions of surrounding pixels to collectively produce a photographic image. CCDs and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) sensors are the dominant technologies for digital imaging.

Channel

A single piece of color information stored with an image. True color comes in 3 channels, red, green and blue.

Chroma

The color of an image element or pixel. The hue values of the pixel, plus the saturation determines the chroma.

CIFF (Camera Image File Format)

A type of raw image format design for DSLR cameras.

Circle Of Confusion

Discs of light formed by the lens, due to points of light being within the area of bokeh when photographing a scene.

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

A type of Imaging Sensor used to capture light and convert it into electrical signals. Previously considered inferior to CCD sensors, CMOS sensors have vastly improved and are now the dominant sensor technology because they are less expensive to manufacture and consume less energy.

Codec

An application used in playback that encodes or decodes video, allowing it to play. A codec must be used or you will not be able to record or play video.

Color Balance

The manner in which film reproduces a scene under different types of lighting. Also, a tool in Photoshop used to adjust color by manipulating RGB channels.

Color Break

The meeting place of two colors in an image. Where one color"breaks" and the other begins.

Color Cast

An unwanted tint of a specific color that is"cast" across the image. It can be corrected with image editing software.

Color Correction

Altering the colors in an image in order to print or display it as intended. This is normally performed by utilizing post-processing programs programs such as Lightroom or Photoshop.

Color Management

A system for coordinating the calibration of color spaces within digital cameras, scanners, monitors and printers to ensure that the image on the screen has the same values as the image in print.

Color Space

The range of colors produced on a computer screen or in print. The most common color spaces include sRGB and the wider-gamut Adobe RGB (1998).

Colorimeter

A device designed to analyze the color characteristics of a specific swatch, or set of colors.

Composition

The specific arrangement or combination of elements within a scene.

Conflicting Shadows

Shadows that point in the direction of each other as well as main light in a studio lighting set-up.

Contrast

The range of difference between highlights and shadow areas in an image. Contrast can be natural (direct vs. diffuse light) or adjusted in a variety of image editing programs.

CRW

The RAW CCD file format used by Canon Digital Cameras. Comes from Canon RAW.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - D

Dark Current (Aka"Noise")

When a pixel does not collect enough light, it collects a signal charge in its absence. This creates the appearance of noise which is similar to"grain" on film. Mostly noticeable in the shadow areas of images captured at higher ISO ratings.

Decompression

Large data files often need to be compressed into a smaller sized files. Decompression is the act of reversing this compression.

Definition

Image sharpness as defined by clarity of detail.

Density

How opaque or purely black an area of a negative, transparency or print is. The darker or more black the image is, the less light will be allowed to travel through it.

Depth Of Field Scale

A scale on the lens barrel with the markings of f/stops and distances, which shows the distance range that is in focus for a chosen f/stop.

Diaphragm

A ring or plate with a hole in the center, this is what controls the size of the aperture. The larger the hole, the more light will be let into the sensor and vice versa.

Diffused Light

Light that is scattered and spread out as opposed to direct light. Diffused light is softer than direct light, with shadows that are less sharply-defined. A good example would be an overcast day where the sun is completely blocked by clouds.

Dithering

Creating the illusion of new colors and shades by varying the pattern of dots. Dithering can be found in newspapers and is also known as halftoning.

Doughnuts

The name given to the ring-shaped bokeh produced by a mirror lens.

Download

The transference of image data from a camera to a computer. Can be performed through USB, Firmware or wirelessly.

DPI

A term when describing the resolution quality of an image. PPI (Pixels per Inch) is used when describing monitor resolution. The higher the PPI/DPI, the higher the resolution of an image will be. For magnifying images up to life size on a computer screen, 72 DPI is required. For offset printing the image must be set to 300 DPI to print at a desired size, and for inkjet prints, DPI must be between 180 and 360 at the desired print size.

DPOF (Digital Print Order Format)

Allows for printing information to be embedded on an image file.

DRAM Buffer

The amount of capacity the buffer memory holds for a camera. DSLRs can hold up to 32MB in order to store multiple images at a time.

Dust Bunnies

Dots of sensor dust that show up on images in the exact same place. SLRs have interchangeable lenses will allow for the sensor to be exposed to air during switching, giving dust the opportunity to get in.

Dynamic Range

The range of brightness and tonality reproduced in a digital image. Wider dynamic range translates into greater tonal values (and detail) between all tones in the image.

Darkroom

A room that is completely dark, with no light allowed into the room. The purpose of this room is for light-sensitive materials such as film to be handled without fear of their exposure to light.

DC (Direct Current)

Battery power, such as a 9v DC battery.

Dedicated Flash

An electronic flash that automatically reads the camera’s exposure values allowing for full automatic use of the flash. This means that the flash will read the scene, the camera’s settings and then flash the appropriate power.

Depth Of Field

The the distance of the area of focus from the foreground of the subject to the background. The smaller the aperture is, the longer the distance will be. Conversely, a wide aperture will minimize the distance of the depth of field.

Diffraction

A redistribution of light’s energy when passing through the edge of an opague object.

Digital Asset Management (DAM)

The process of managing tasks and making conclusions regarding the import, export, annotation, cataloguing, storage, retrieval and distribution of digital assets such as image files.

Digital Film

The process of capturing motion pictures as digital video images, as opposed to the historical use of motion picture film.

Digital Negative (DNG)

An open raw image format used by image editing software. It is similar to a TIFF and allows for metadata storage.

Digital Zoom

When a digital camera zooms in on a image for cropping it on the sensor. This is the opposite of optical zoom and creates lower resolution image files.

Dioptre Adjustment

A knob used to adjust the clarity in the viewfinder of a camera. This feature adjusts for the discrpenacy in human eyesight.

Distortion

The misrepresentation of the size of proporition of the subject within a scene. This can be due to the use of a wide angle or fish eye lens.

Dodging

Lightening a portion of the image using a tool in Photoshop or by blocking the light during the exposure of a print.

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

A type of volatile memory, which is lost when the power is turned off.

DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex)

A single lens reflex camera that captures digital images.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

Method of information storage often used for large files. May be recorded on a DVD-R or DVD-RW disc.

Dye Sublimation

A printing method involving waxy ink and high temperature that give a continuous tone color to images. The word sublimation is used because the dye goes straight from being a solid to a gas and completely skips the liquid stage.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - E

E-TTL (Evaluative Through The Lens)

An exposure system that calculates exposure by briefly flashing before the image is taken.

Electronic Viewfinder (EVF)

A digital replication of the field of view captured by the lens. This can be found on the back of most modern DSLRs.

Enlarger

A light projection device used to project an enlarged image through a lens onto photographic paper. A film negative is placed between the lens and the paper allowing for only specific areas of light to reach the paper.

EV (Exposure Value)

The ability to override the auto exposure system to under or overexpose the image. This is done by using the Manual function on a digital camera to choose your own settings.

EVIL (Electronic Viewfinder Interchangeable Lens)

An acroynm used to describe the CSC (Compact System Camera).

EXIF (Exchangeable Image File)

Commonly used header format for storing metadata (e.g. camera/lens/exposure information, time/date/, etc.) within digital image files.

Exposure

Exposure occurs when light strikes the surface of film or a digital sensor. Exposure is determined by the volume of light passing through the lens. The proper exposure for a given scene can be accomplished a variety of ways.

Effective Pixels

Refers to the area of pixels that the sensor can cover, which usually equates to about 99.9% of the frame. The 0.1% left refers to the edges of the image and to providing color information for the image.

Equivalent Exposures

By choosing an ISO speed, the light meter will yield settings for both the aperture and shutter speed. Equivalant exposures can be achieved by adjusting the shutter speed and aperture in equal increments.

Export

The process of sending a file out of one application and into another. The term is also used to describe the action of saving the data to a specialized file format (i.e. JPEG or GIF).

Exposure Bracketing

The process of taking a photo, then also taking photos at both a higher and lower exposure value. This technique is used to ensure quality by having a multitude of exposures to choose from.

Exposure Indicator

A display showing the amount by which a photograph recorded at the current aperture and shutter speed will deviate from the suggested exposure selected by the camera.

Exposure Compensation

Either overexposing or underexposing from the suggested exposure from the camera’s light meter.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - F

F-Stop (Aperture)

A term used to describe the aperture. Common f-stops include 1.8, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, and 22.

Field Monitor

Highly accurate alternative to the LCDs found on the back of digital cameras. Field monitors allow for a more precise look at the field of view.

File

A collection of information like data, text or images which can be located on a CD, DVD or hard drive.

Fill In Flash

Flash that fills in a darker area with a certain amount of light. Fill flash is not intended to overpower the main light, but bring out the detail lost in shadows.

Filter Thread

Most SLR cameras have a threaded ring at the front end of the lens. The diameter of the lens’ filter thread is measured in millimeters.

FireWire

A computer connection wire used for high speed data transfer.

Fixed Focal Length Lens

A lens that does not have a zoom feature (ex. 50mm, 85mm, 100mm, etc). These are normally faster lenses because they possess the ability to have a wider aperture.

Flash

A brief, sudden burst of bright light or the unit used to create artificial light.

Flash Meter

An exposure meter designed to measure light from an electronic flash.

Flash Exposure Compensation

A feature that allows the photographer to add exposure compensation to the flash output power. Flash Exposure Compensation can be + (plus) or - (minus) in increments of 1/3 EV (Exposure values).

Focal Length Magnifier

An indication of the angle of view of a lens scene on a DSLR when it is magnified by a cropped image sensor.

Focus

A point at which converging rays of light meet after being refracted or reflected. An"in focus" image is something that is sharp and well defined.

Focus Lock

A feature on a digitalcamera that allows the photographer to stay focused on an object, allowing for all objects at the same distance to be photographed.

Follow Focus

A focus-control mechanism used in filmmaking and television production. Follow-focus units have now been applied to DSLRs that shoot video.

Foreground

The area of a scene that is closer than the subject.

Four Thirds (4/3)

A compact digital camera format designed around a 17.3 x 13mm imaging sensor, which has half the size of full-frame (35mm) imaging sensors. The sensors in Four Third and Micro Four Third are identical, but they have dissimilar lens mounts.

Frame Rate

Number of frames shown in a second of video. Live action is around 30 frames per second.

Fringing

A common problem with less expensive lenses involves the"bleeding" of color along the edges of contrasty images. Fringing often shows up blurring from cyan, yellow and magenta.

Full Frame Sensor

A full-frame DSLR digital camera that has a sensor the same size as a frame of traditional 35mm film.

Format

The shape and size of film - normally used in reference to small, medium and large format films and the photography equipment employed in handling each different film format.

Frames Per Second

Frames per second (fps) refers to the number of pictures that a camera is able to take in a second. A point-and-shoot camera typically shoots one or two pictures per second. Higher-end single lens reflex (SLR) cameras have much greater performance, as many as 14 or more frames per second.

Falloff

A decrease in the intensity of light as it spreads out from the source.

Fast Lens

A lens with an aperture that opens particularly wide, making it able to gather more light than a slower lens at its widest aperture. Examples of fast lenses include f/2.8 or wider.

File Format

The type of file an image is saved as to a digital memory card. JPEG, TIFF and RAW are the most commonly found file formats for digital cameras.

Fill Light

The light itself that produces a fill flash. See"Fill in Flash."

Filter

A clear piece of glass, plastic, or gelatin that is appened onto a lens to affect how an image looks.

Filter Size

Refers to the inner diameter of the front of the lens, more specifically the threads into which a filter is screwed to attach it to the lens.

Firmware

Software programs for digital cameras that have Read-Only Memory (ROM). This controls the interface from which the photographer operates the camera.

Fisheye

Describes an extreme wide-angle lens that has an angle of view exceeding 100 - sometimes more than 180 - and that renders a scene as highly distorted.

Fixed Aperture

Aperture that remains constant regardless of the lens’ focal length.

Flare

When light strikes the inside of the lens, a reflection can be seen in the image alongside a reduction in contrast and visible light shooting from its source.

Flash Memory

This is the equivalent of film for digital cameras, except it is a reusable memory source with an infinitely larger capacity for memory.

Flash Sync

The fastest shutter speed a camera can"sync" with its electronic flash. When the camera is at too high of a shutter, only parts of the image will receive light causing large rectangles of pure black in the photo.

Flat

A term used to indicate an image has low contrast (i.e. a"flat" image).

Flat Lighting

Illumination of a scene or subject that provides little contrast on the subject or scene. Flat light can be seen on cloudy days and in front of softboxes.

Focal Length

The distance between the focal point of a lens and the film plane. This refers to the relative size of the lens (i.e 24mm, 50mm, 85mm).

Focal Point

The center of focus in an image. The focus normally refers to the subject or primary part of the photograph.

Focus Assist

Cameras with this send out a light, either normal or infra red to light up the subject to assist with the autofocus in low light or darkness.

Focusing Screen

An element between the mirror and pentaprism in a single-lens-reflex camera. The mirror reflects the image from the lens upward onto the screen. The areas of the image that are in focus are sharply defined on the screen, while the areas that are out of focus appear blurred. The photographer views the image passing through the screen in the viewfinder window.

Frame

Refers to the boundaries or sides within which an image or the viewfinder has been contained.

Full Bleed

Otherwise known as"Borderless" printing. Infers that the ink limit extends to all 4 edges of a print.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - G

Gain

A relationship between the input and output signals of any electronic system. High levels of gain amplify the signal causing more contrast and brightness. Lower levels of gain darken the image and soften contrast. Adjusting gain affects sensitivity to light in a digital camera.

Gamut

The range of colors available in an image. Gamut usually describes printer capabilities in reproducing colors accurately and vibrantly.

Geotagging

The practice of recording GPS coordinates captured of the place where a photograph was captured.

Gigabyte (GB)

A measure of file space consisting of one billion bytes (a thousand megabytes). The actual value is 1,073,741,824 bytes (1024 megabytes).

Glass

A nickname for lenses, often used by professional photographers once they realize the quality of a lens is more important than the quality of a camera.

GIF

Graphic Interface designed for using images online. This is a 256-color or 8-bit image.

GPS (Global Positioning System)

A satellite-based navigation system used for establishing a fixed location. Useful for geotagging images to show where they were taken.

Grad

An abbreviation of ’Graduated’ that is used to describe a type of filter that fades from dark to clear.

Gradation

A smooth transition between a tonal range. Can include transition from black to white, one color to another or color to no color.

Grip And Rip / Spray And Pray

Setting the camera to its highest continuous drive mode and holding the shutter down with the hopes of catching the image stopped in action and in focus.

Gamma

The brightness curve of a color spectrum that is displayed on either a computer monitor, a printer or scanner.

Gamma

The brightness curve of a color spectrum that is displayed on either a computer monitor, a printer or scanner.

Gamma Correction

Controls the overall brightness of an image due to adjustment in its sensitivity to light. Improper gamma correction can look either too dark or bleached out.

Gels

Any colored translucent material that is used to color a light. Materials are usually made from gelatin, glass or plastic.

Glossy Print

A shiny-surfaced print of an image.

Golden Hour

The time an hour or less before the sun goes down and around fifteen minutes after the sun has set. The sun produces a beautiful effect on the skin as well as a glowing flat light.

Gray Card

A card that is uniformly gray on one side. The gray side reflects precisely 18% of the white light that strikes it. It is used to calibrate a light meter and determine a scene’s optimal exposure value.

Gray Scale

An image containing purely shades of gray. Also know as a black and white photograph.

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Pronounced"GOO-ey." A program interface that assimilates the computer’s graphics capabilities and makes the program easier to use.

Gray Level

The brightness level of a pixel determining its lightness from white to black. Represented as a value from 0 to 255, 0 equaling black, 255 equaling white.

Guide Number

A flash guide number indicates how powerful a flash is and how large the area it can illuminate.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - H

Halftone

A reproduction of an image through a special screen made up of different sized dots. Used to simulate a continuous tone image.

Hardware Calibration

Calibrating a digital camera, scanner, printer or monitor using specialized hardware.

HD (Hard Drive)

A large-capacity storage unit for memory that can be housed in an external casing or home computer.

HDR

A technique that enables a photographer to capture a wider range of normal exposure in all areas of a scene. This is done by taking the same photo at different exposures and combining them in an image editing program.

HDTV (High Definition Televeion)

Video standard that has an aspect ratio is 16:9 versus 4:3 of older TVs.

High Key

An image that is predominantly made up of lighter tones, and has relatively few mid-tones or shadows.

Histogram

A visual representation of the exposure values of a digital image. The visuals include a range in peaks that express the value of tones ranging from highlights to shadows.

Hue

The attribute of a color within the color wheel (Red, Green, Blue etc).

Halos

The glow that’s created around the edges of objects when they have too much clarity or sharpness.

Halos

The glow that’s created around the edges of objects when they have too much clarity or sharpness.

Handgrip

A part of the camera body shaped to be gripped with a hand. In some cameras, it may also provide extra space for batteries to be housed.

HDSLR

A digital single lens reflex camera (DSLR) that has the ability to capture HD video.

Headshot

Photograph of a person’s head and shoulders. Can be used promotionally for professionals as well as for government documents and identification.

Highlight

The specific bright area or range of bright areas within a photograph.

Hot Shoe

An accessory"shoe" located on the top of the camera housing that enables the photographer to mount and trigger an electronic flash or wireless transmitter. Hot shoes can also be used for a multitude of other accessories.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - I

ICC Profile (International Color Consortium Profile)

A color-management standard that specifies the color attributes of digital imaging devices in order to maintain accuracy and consistency in different mediums.

IEEE-1284

High-speed, bidirectional parallel port specification for Windows computers, used to connect printers.

IEEE-1394

See"FireWire."

Image Resolution

Number of pixels in the length of image (ie. pixels per inch, pixels per millimeter, or pixels wide, etc).

Image Stabilization (IS)

A method of reducing the effects of camera movement. It can be achieved either in the lens or the camera body.

Infinity

The beginning of the farthest distance of which the lens can focus.

Interchangeable Lens

A removable lens, typically found on SLR cameras.

Interlaced Scan

Video capture technique that entails imagery consisting of two fields of data that are captured a frame apart and played back in a way that reproduces motion naturally and flicker-free.

Intervalometer

A tool used for time-lapse photography that allows a photographer to capture images at preset intervals.

Initializing

The preparation of the contents of a memory card to enable digital image data recording. Also known as"formatting."

Image Browser

An application that enables you to view digital photos. Some browsers also allow you to rename files, convert photos from one file format to another and add text descriptions.

Image Editor

A computer program that enables you to adjust a photo to improve or change its appearance.

Image Quality (IQ)

A characteristic of an image that measures the perceived image degradation (typically, compared to an ideal or perfect image). Factors that affect quality include brightness and evenness of illumination, contrast, resolution, geometry, color fidelity and color discrimination of an observed image.

ISO (International Standards Organization)

Film speed rating expressed as a number indicating an image sensor’s (or film’s) sensitivity to light. The higher the ISO, the more sensitive the sensor is to light and the larger presence grain within the image.

Incident Light

Light falling on a surface - not the light reflected from it. Incident light rays are those that strike an object.

Image Sensor

Records the scene being photographed similar to a traditional camera. Unlike film, the image sensor sends the image to a memory card.

Incandesent

Illumination produced from typical household bulbs (tungsten bulbs). The light produced has a yellow-white balance with temperature ranging from 2500K to 3200K.

Inkjet

Printing method that involves the spraying micro-jets of ionized ink on a sheet of paper in droplet sizes.

Interlaced

This is the term used to describe an image sensor that gathers its data by first processing the odd lines, and then processing the even lines.

Interpolated

Most software programs can enlarge image resolution beyond the actual resolution by adding extra pixels. This normally decreases the quality of the image but can be enhanced by a program or plug-in.

Inverse Square Law

An equation that relates the intensity of a light source to the illumination it produces at a given distance. Light diminishes over distance in accordance with the Inverse square law, which states that doubling the flash-to-subject distance reduces the light falling on the subject to one-quarter.

IR (Infra-Red)

A beam of light that is invisible to humans. Is used to either control a device without wires as well as in camera auto focusing systems.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - J

Jaggies

Nickname for the smooth edges of lines that experience the"stair-step" effect in a low resolution photo.

JPG

The file extension for JPEG.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

The standard image file for digital cameras. JPEG is a"lossy"’ compression format and results in pixelation at low resolutions.

Juxtaposition

When two things are seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - K

Kelvin

The measurement of degrees when referring to color temperature.

Keystoning

A type of distortion that occurs when a projected image (from a projector) is not directed perpendicular to the screen.

Kicker

A side or back light often near lens height used to rim faces and model profile shots. Used to provide an additional highlight or accent to the subject.

Key Light

The principal source of light in a scene with artificial light. The key light is generally the brightest and has the most overall affect on the subject.

Kilobyte (KB)

1,024 bytes.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - L

LAB Color

A linear color space that employs luminance as a means of increasing contrast and color saturation.

Landscape

A picture of the land and its surrounding natural features from a single viewpoint. Scenery is the subject of a landscape image.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

Found on the rear of digital cameras and allows the photographer to preview or review photographers as well as control various aspects of the camera.

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

The small red, green and yellow indicator lights used on most cameras, power supplies and electronic devices.

Lens

A single piece of glass combined with one or more curved surfaces used to change the convergence of light rays. A camera lens is the vehicle by which the image sensor sees an image.

Lens Coating

A coating that reduces light reflection and increases transmitted light.

Lens Hood

An accessory that attaches like a collar to the front of a lens and prevents light from striking the surface of the lens.

Lithium-Ion

A type of rechargeable battery prevalent in digital cameras and camcorders.

Light Meter

A device used to measure available light and determine the proper exposure for a given scene. The reading tells the photographer which shutter speed and aperture settings to apply.

Lossless

A compression technique which lessens file size but allows the image to retain all of its data making them identical in appearance.

Low Key

Describes an image with mostly dark values and few highlights.

Luminance

The intensity or brightness released from a light source.

Lag Time

The delay that occurs between the time the shutter button is pressed and the image is captured. The less expensive the camera, the more prevalent the shutter lag.

Large Format

A film format that holds individual frames of film that are 4" X 5" or larger.

Latent Image

An invisible image that is recorded on film and must be made visible by development.

Leading Lines

Lines that direct the viewer’s attention to an image’s center of interest or a specific location within a photograph.

Lens Flare

The light scattered in lens systems through generally unwanted image formation mechanisms, such as internal reflection and scattering from material inhomogeneities in the lens. These mechanisms differ from the intended image formation mechanism that depends on refraction of the image rays.

Light Bucket

A nickname for a fast lens.

Light Tent

A tent-like structure made of translucent fabric that diffuses the light coming from outside the tent so that a highly reflective object placed inside the tent can be photographed without seeing any reflections.

Light Trail

A line resulting from movement of a point of light (or camera movement) during a long exposure. Star trails are one example.

Live View

The photographer can see what the lens is seeing, but on the camera’s LCD instead of the viewfinder. The term is not exactly live but gives the effect that it is.

Lossy

Data-compression that reduces the detail of a digital image file. An example would be JPEG.

Low Pass Filter

A filter used in digital imaging to suppress color ghosting alongside the effects of infrared light.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - M

Machine Gunner

A photographer who takes more shots than need to. Machine gunners shoot on continuous and have many duplicates.

Macro Lens

A lens with the ability to focus extremely close on small objects.

Manual Focus

A feature of a camera lens where the user can control the focus adjust by hand.

Marching Ants

The dotted lines that flicker around areas that have been selected in Photoshop.

Maximum Aperture

The widest opening in aperture a lens can afford, such as 1.4 or 1.2.

Medium Format

A type of film that is larger than 35mm, but smaller than 4"x5" large format. Typical medium format film would be a"120 roll" which equates to 6x6 cm when developed into negatives.

Memory

The camera’s file-storage medium. Digital cameras employ flash memory, which doesn’t need power to maintain storage once it is saved.

Memory Stick

A flash memory card type from Sony that resembles a stick of chewing gum and varies in size.

Mic (Microphone)

Digital cameras that can record audio have a built-in microphone. Some digital cameras also feature an external mic input port, which allow for the use of dedicated microphones during video recording.

Micro Lenses

Micro lenses are normally mounted on top of the light-gathering portion of pixels. They can be angled along the edges of a camera sensor in order to capture and redirect light back into the pixel. This is used to reduce falloff on the edge of photographs.

MMC (MultiMedia Card)

A memory card used in some digital cameras that is similar in size and shape to a SD card.

Moiré

A confusion between the photographic scene and the pattern of which the pixels are made up on the sensor.Moiré can often be eliminated either by increasing or decreasing the distance from the subject.

Monopod

A one-legged support for a camera, designed similarly to a tripod. Often used as support when shooting events that require a large lens to"stop action" such as sporting events or concerts.

MPEG

Motion JPEG movie file.

Multi-Zone Focusing

The camera automatically determines which zone or area within the scene (center, left, right, upper or lower) is appropriate for performing auto focus.

Multiple Exposure

When more than one exposure is exposed on the same frame. Called a"Double-exposure" when two exposures appear together in a single frame.

Macrophotography

Close-up photography where the subject is captured at the same or larger than actual size.

MAh

A term of measurement in reference to power of an electronic device such as an LCD.

Manual Mode

A camera mode that allows the photographer to over-ride automatic exposure settings and determine shutter speed and aperture themselves.

Mask

When using image editing software, a mask is a way of protecting specific areas of the image, just as you would use masking tape when painting your house. This is used to adjust specific parts of the image while keeping the rest of the photo unaffected.

Matrix Metering

Takes the total image area and breaks it into sections, then analyzes light in each section and determines proper exposure for the lighting situation.

MB (Megabyte)

1,024 Kilobytes.

MD (Minidisk)

Digital memory storage similar to a small floppy disc.

Megapixel

When the CCD (or CMOS) resolution is equal to one million pixels.

Memory Card

A removable storage device used in digital cameras to store captured images. There are several different types of memory cards available including Compact Flash, SmartMedia, SD/SDHC/SDXC, XD and Memory Stick.

Metering

Metering is used to calculate the exposure from the existing light conditions. Includes Matrix Metering, Spot metering and Center-weighted metering.

Micro Drive

One of the original types of digital memory cards for digital cameras. Essentially a small hard drive, it lost popularity to more reliable flash memory.

Midtone

The area of an image or a scene that displays average or"middle" tonal values.

Minimum Aperture

The smallest opening a lens affords. An extremely sharp image with a small aperture would be f/64.

Modeling Light

A tungsten light built into a studio flash that remains on when the flash is in standby mode, allowing the photographer to attain focus prior to the flash going off.

Monochrome

A single-color image. A black and white or sepia-toned image is considered to be monochrome.

Motion JPEG

A video clip composed of a sequence of JPEG compressed images.

MOV

Apple QuickTime Movie file format.

Movie Clip

A motion sequence captured in AVI, MOV or MPEG formats. Many digital cameras have the ability capture short movie clips and can also record sound.

Movie Mode

Camera mode that captures movies or video.

Multi-Pattern Metering

Measures many different zones in the frame to give an optimum exposure evaluation.

Multi-Point Focusing

An autofocus system that uses several different points of the image to determine the correct focus.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - N

Narrow Lighting

Occurs when the main light completely illuminates only the side of the subject’s face that is turned away from the camera. This can also be called"short lighting."

NiMH ( Nickel-Metal Hydride)

A commonly used rechargeable battery for digital cameras. A NiMH battery can have two to three times the capacity of an equivalent size nickel-cadmium battery.

Noise

See"Dark Current."

Normal Lens

Lens with a focal length approximately equal to the diagonal of the film format or of a digital camera’s image sensor. A scene viewed through a normal lens appears to have the same perspective as the way your eye sees it. Most 35mm cameras normal lenses have a focal length of approximately 50 mm.

NTSC

The 60 field video output (television) standard used in the U.S. and Japan.

Natural Light

See"Ambient Light."

Neutral Density Filter

A filter used in front of the lens that absorbs all visible wavelengths and significantly reduces the amount of light that reaches the sensor.

NiCad ( Nickel Cadmium )

A type of rechargeable battery, the NiCad battery was one of the first successful rechargeable batteries used in digital cameras.

Nifty Fifty

A 50mm lens with a maximum aperture of f/1.8 or faster. Lenses in this range are fast, lightweight. The"nifty" feature is the price. The f/1.8 and f/1.4 50mm lenses are often the best value for glass you can buy.

Nodal Point

The optical center of the lens.

Noise Reduction

A process within a digital camera’s image processor that suppresses or eliminates grain within an image.

Non-Volatile Memory

Typically used for the task of secondary storage, or long-term persistent storage. The most widely used form of primary storage today is a volatile form of random access memory (RAM), meaning that when the system is shut down, anything contained in RAM is lost.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - O

Objective

An optical system containing a combination of lenses that converge light rays from an object and form an image on the focal plane. A photographic lens is an objective.

Opacity

The state or quality of being opaque. This term is used in the darkroom when describing the density of a negative. Digitally, it can refer to the density of a layer when working in Photoshop.

Optical Zoom

A lens that enables you to change the magnification ratio by either pushing, pulling or rotating the lens barrel. Optical zoom lenses’ focus remains undisturbed when changing focal lengths.

Overexposure

The result of recording too much light when taking a picture, resulting in a light image.

Orientation Sensor

A sensor in a digital camera that can tell when the photographer turns the camera to portrait orientation to take a vertical shot. This is registered for auto-rotation when viewing images in playback.

OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)

An advanced form of LED that does not require backlighting, the OLED displays more dense blacks and higher contrast compared to standard LEDs.

OOF (Out Of Focus)

An acronym that refers to a soft photo.

Open Up

To increase aperture size or reduction in shutter speed and permit more light to reach the film or image sensor.

Optical Resolution

The physical resolution at which a device can capture an image. The term is used most frequently in reference to optical scanners and digital cameras.

Optical Viewfinder

A viewfinder that is used to compose the photograph.

ORF (Olympus RAW Format)

The un-processed image format created by Olympus.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - P

Painting With Light

Occurs when a photographer takes a normally dark scene and incrementally lights it using a handheld light source such as a flashlight. The result is usually created over a long exposure and creates the effect that the photographer used a"paintbrush of light."

Panning

Taking a picture with a relatively slow shutter speed and then tracking the motion of a subject such as horse so that the background is blurry but the horse is still sharp and in focus.

Paparazzi

Photographer who shoots candid, surreptitious or surprise shots, but not posed pictures, of celebrities and their families, often for publication in tabloids and magazines.

Parallax

The difference between the image seen by a viewing system and the image recorded by the imaging sensor. In point-and-shoot cameras, as subjects move closer to the lens, the variance increases. Only through-the-lens (TTL) viewing systems avoid parallax error.

PC

Denotes a type of flash synch connector, popular on most film and high-end digital cameras.

PC Sync

A standardized connector to connect and synchronize external electronic flash units (strobes) to cameras.

 for"light," used to describe a single image.

Photo Slave

A flash unit that will fire simultaneously with another flash unit when the light sensitive feature is triggered.

Photobomb

A photograph that has been spoiled by the unexpected appearance of an unintended subject in the camera’s field of view as the picture was taken.

Photoshop

A software program created by Adobe to digitally edit photographic images.

PICT

File format designed to support RGB color spaces with a dominant single alpha channel. It is especially effective when compressing images of a single color.

PIM (Print Image Matching)

A standard for embedded color and printing information for digital cameras, developed by Epson. Camera manufacturers embed PIM information in the Exif header of JPEGs.

Pixel Peeper

Someone who spends too much time looking at images files fully zoomed in on their computer and reads noise and resolution ’at the pixel level’ rather than looking at the picture as a whole.

Pixelization

The breakup of a low-resolution digital image caused by having too few pixels. The pixels within a photograph become more noticeable and can no longer blend together to form a smooth image.

Plug-N-Play

An installation process used to connect to Microsoft Windows. New devices that are plugged into the computer are automatically recognized and the user is prompted with a variety of options.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics)

A patent-free alternative to GIF, this format is normally used for displaying images on the web and is considered to be lossless.

Polarized Light

Light that is reflected or transmitted through certain media so that all vibrations are restricted to a single plane.

Polarizing Filter

An adjustable filter, with two rings that change the filter’s effectiveness. The outer ring absorbs glare and darkens blue skies when rotated appropriately.

Portrait

A picture of a person that captures their likeness.

PPI (Pixels Per Inch)

A measure of resolution in relation to an image. See"DPI."

Print

A photographic image printed on paper either from a digital file or a negative.

Proof

A sample image intended for the purpose of ensuring that the monitor and printer are calibrated correctly. If a digital image includes a watermark it may be also considered to be a proof.

Palette

See"Color Palette."

Pancake Lens

A thin, flat lens with a very short lens barrel often used for traveling because it is so compact.

Panorama

Capturing a series of images to create a picture wider than what you could capture in a single image, by"stitching" the photographs together. Stitching is performed in a variety of image-editing software such as Photoshop.

PC Card

PCMCIA cards are about the size of a credit card and a less common way to transfer files from a camera to a computer.

Perspective

Perspective is an element of photography determined by the angle of view from which the image is captured.

PictBridge

Involves direct USB printing from digital cameras to printers and does not require the use of a computer.

Pin-Cushioning

Common in less expensive lenses, when parallel lines on the horizontal or vertical plane bow inward. The opposite of barrel distortion.

Pixel

Stands for picture element, and refers to the smallest component within a digital image. Pixels are also the individual components that collectively recreate the image captured with your digital camera on a computer monitor. The more pixels there are, the higher the screen or image resolution will be.

Point And Shoot

Automatic cameras that simplify taking pictures by only requiring the user to press the shutter button.

Pose

The assumed position of the subject in relation to the camera. Pose includes variations in posture and placement of head, hands, feet, etc.

A low power flash that emits light before the main flash to automatically set the exposure and white balance.

Preview Button

A preview button that brings the lens down to the aperture selected by the photographer, allowing them to see which areas of the foreground or background are in focus.

Prime

A fixed focal length lens that remains constant with no ability to zoom. Prime lenses are often of higher optical quality because they have a wider minimum aperture.

Programmed AE

A mode in which the camera chooses the best shutter speed and aperture automatically.

PSD (Photoshop Document)

An image file type created in Adobe PhotoShop. A PSD file lets the user save a picture they are working on with all of the image-editing data intact.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - Q

QVGA

Quarter VGA resolution (320 x 240) for motion video.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - R

Racking Focus

Used to direct the attention of a viewer by rotating the focus of the lens from the foreground to the background or vice versa.

RAW

Unedited version of an image specific to the photographer’s camera settings. RAW files have a much more robust editing ability and hold more information than many of the other standard file formats.

Red-Eye Reduction

A method of reducing or eliminating red-eye from flash photographs by using a pre-flash prior to taking the picture.

Reflex Camera

A camera that utilizes a mirror system to reflect light into a visible screen. The scene in the camera’s viewfinder is the same image that is being seen through the lens.

Resampling

Occurs when an image editing program is used to change an image’s size. Increasing an image’s size requires the addition of new pixels and decreasing size removes pixels.

Model Release

A contract in which a model consents to the use of his or her images by the photographer or a third party.

Remote Capture

The ability to signal the camera shutter to fire from a distance using a cable release or wireless transmitter.

Resize

To take an image and adjust the size specifications, often when preparing it for print. Most editing programs offer a resize option labeled as"cropping."

Retouching

To improve an image’s appearance by physically or digitally altering a print or image file.

RGB Color (Red Green Blue)

A color space comprised of 256 variations of color that is used in digital cameras and image editing software.

Rig

A support system to maintain focus and avoid camera shake while in motion. Often worn to get a smooth look when using a digital camera for video recording purposes.

Rim Lighting

When the key light is behind the subject so that the subject’s face is located completely in shadow. The subject also has a rim of light emphasizing the contour of their head.

Ring Flash

A circular-shaped electronic flash fitted around a lens that is used in close-up photography because the subject is often shadowless and maintains uniform frontal lighting.

Rangefinder

The viewfinder on most small cameras that is a separate viewing device and independent of the lens. It can be found on Diana cameras and Polaroids and is often above the lens or to the left or right.

Red-Eye

An image in which a subjects has red irises. This happens when the interior back of the eye is illuminated from a flash and has light travel through it.

Reflector

A specific type of shiny or white material used to reflect light in a specific direction.

Resin Coated Paper

Paper that has a water repellent base and is used for making photographic prints.

Rembrandt Lighting

A lighting technique used in studio portrait photography that requires minimal use of lighting equipment but gives a natural and compelling look to the subject.

Render

The final step of an image transformation when a new image has been refreshed on a computer screen.

Resolution

The number of pixels used to capture or display an image. The higher the resolution is the more detail an image will have.

RGB Color (Red Green Blue)

A color space comprised of 256 variations of color that is used in digital cameras and image editing software.

Rule Of Thirds

A design principle made up of a grid that breaks up the composition of an image into 9 separate squares suggesting that the photographer place the subject at one of intersecting lines.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - S

Safelight

A lamp is used in a darkroom to view light-sensitive material in dim conditions without ruining the exposure of the print.

Scale

Describes the size of a subject relative to its surroundings or immediate environment.

Scene Modes

An exposure mode that allows the photographer to select a pre-programmed scene from a list of options given in the menu of a digital camera. This mode is very prevalent in point and shoot cameras.

Selective Focus

A tool employed using shallow depth of field, so that the subject is isolated from its surroundings because the surroundings are not in focus.

Self Timer

A preset time delay (ie. 2 or 10 seconds) before the shutter fires automatically. Photographers use this technique to avoid camera shake as well as put themselves in a photograph when using a tripod.

Sharpness

An image’s degree of clarity in terms of focus and contrast.

Shift Lens

A lens that allows the photographer to control the appearance of perspective by adjusting the lens’ relationship to the image sensor. This type of lens gives effects similar to a view camera.

Shutter Lag

The time between when the shutter is pressed and when the image is captured. Point and Shoot cameras have a longer shutter lag time because it must calculate exposure before taking the picture.

Shutter Speed

The length of time the shutter remains open after the shutter release has been pressed, usually measured in fractions of second.

Skylight Filter

A filter that absorbs UV Light and reduces the abundance of blue in an image.

SLR (Single Lens Reflex)

A camera utilizing a prism and mirror system to project the image seen by the lens onto a focusing screen. The image is then seen through the viewfinder exactly as it is seen through the lens.

Snapshot

An informal photograph taken quickly by a hand-held camera.

Soft Focus

A soft look achieved bending light and dispersing highlights so that the image still remains in focus but gives the subject a soft look.

Spot Metering

A type of metering that involves reading the reflected light off the subject of the photograph, rather than pointing the light meter directly at the light source. This measures only a very small part of the scene.

SRGB

The standard color space for the internet. It provides a smaller range of colors than the RGB color space.

Stitching

Combining a series of images to form a larger image or a panoramic photo. This requires the use of image editing software.

Stop

A form of measurement when referring to aperture. Stops in order - 1.8, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, 64.

Stopping Down

Stopping down indicates that the photographer is increasing the f-stop number, therefore decreasing the size of the aperture and making the image sharper.

Studio

A room specially equipped for photography, often with a blank backdrop and a variety of lighting equipment.

Synch Cord

An electrical cord connecting a camera to an electronic flash that is used to permit synchronized flash.

Saturation

The depth of the color within an image. The deeper the level of color the more saturated a photo is, while less saturation gives a more muted look to the color palette.

Scanner

Scans and converts photographs from a tangible image into a digital file that can be manipulated and saved on a computer.

SD Card (Secure Digital)

A reduced size of the compact flash memory card that is often found in cell phones and modern digital cameras.

Selfie

A photographic self portrait usually taken at arm’s length, or one’s own reflection photographed in a mirror. This style of photography is amateur and is very prevalent in contemporary society due to the technology associated with camera phones.

Sepia

A brownish effect seen in photos from the 19th century that is now an option in image editing software.

Shadow

The darkest part of the scene within an image, predominantly a range of black tonal values.

Shadow Detail

The detail that is visible within the darkest parts of an image.

Sheet Film

A piece of film sized for one exposure in a view camera.

Shutter

A mechanism in the camera that controls the amount of light that reaches the film or sensor.

Shutter Count

The number of pictures or"actuations" a camera has taken. Professional cameras are rated for 200,000 actuations with a single shutter.

Shutter Priority

A metering mode where shutter speed is chosen and fixed allowing the camera to choose the appropriate aperture setting. Usually denoted with an S.

Silhouette

A dark image outlined against a lighter background. This occurs when the photographer is capturing an image with the light source facing them.

Slow Sync

A flash mode in some digital cameras that opens the shutter for a longer period of time than normal. This technique is used for proper illumination of both the background and foreground.

SmartMedia

A flash memory card that consists of a thin piece of plastic with laminated memory on the surface and a gold contact strip to connect to the camera. SmartMedia cards are available in various sizes.

Softbox

A type of photographic lighting device that creates soft or"flat" lighting. All the various soft light types create even and diffused light by directing light through some diffusing material.

Stock Photography

Photographs that are supplied through licensing and intended for specific use. Stock photos can be found in mass amounts on various websites such as Getty Images.

Storage Card (Memory Card)

A memory storage device for digital cameras.

Street Photography

A form of photography that features humans within public places.

SVGA (Super VGA)

Refers to an image resolution size of 800 x 600 pixels.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - T

T (Time)

A shutter speed mode used for extended time exposures. The shutter opens when the release is pressed and closes when it is pressed again.

A lens with a long focal length and narrow angle of view that exhibits shallow depth of field through its magnification of focal length.

Thumbnail

Small images that appear in an image browser or on the LCD of a digital camera.

Time Lapse

Photographs captured over time intervals such as seconds, minutes, days, weeks or years.

Tone

The degree of lightness, darkness, or color variation in an image. Can also be known as"value."

Tran Reflective

A type of LCD display that uses both ambient light and a backlight to illuminate the pixels of the screen which makes it easier to see in brighter conditions.

Tripod

A pole that has a base of three legs that provides support to a camera when filming or taking photos in low light. This prevents camera shake and allows photographers to take long exposures, eg: night photography.

True Color

Color in a digital image that has a depth of 24-bits per pixel and a total of 16.7 million colors.

TTL (Through The Lens)

A metering system that determines the proper exposure based on a reading through the lens and onto the image sensor. These are the most accurate of exposure readings and normally filter out any peculiarities.

Tungsten Light

Refers to artificial room lighting, normally at a color temperature of 3200 K.

Tele-Converter

A lens mounted between a camera body and a lens that is used to increase the focal length of the lens. A 100mm lens becomes 140mm when a 1.4x extender is placed between it and the camera body.

Tele-Converter

A lens mounted between a camera body and a lens that is used to increase the focal length of the lens. A 100mm lens becomes 140mm when a 1.4x extender is placed between it and the camera body.

Test Shots

A series of images photographed at the beginning of a shoot, often with a stand-in rather than the actual model. These images are taken to allow the photographer to determine proper exposure, depth of field and lighting for a photo shoot.

Texture

The visual quality of the surface of an object revealed through variances in shape, tone and color depth. Lighting has the most influence over how texture will look in an image.

TFT

A high resolution color LCD screen used in digital cameras.

TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format)

A bitmap image file supported by virtually all image software applications. This is a"lossless" file and maintains detail and resolution of a photo even during compression.

Tonal Range

The quality of color and tone within an image ranging from the darkest to brightest area and everything in between.

Tone Curve

A graph used in image editing software to display the value within the photo. The tone curve is adjustable in terms of both light and color.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - U

Umbrella

A lighting accessory that resembles a rain umbrella, used to soften illumination by bouncing or diffusing the light.

UXGA

Refers to an image resolution size of 1600 x 1200 pixels.

Underexposure

When too little light is recorded while taking a picture, which can result in a dark image. Underexposure can be corrected digitally, but noise may be present when attempting to bring detail out of the darker areas of the image.

USB

The data I/O port on most digital cameras that is also found on most modern computers.

Upload

To transfer information from one device to another. Photographers often upload their images from camera to computer, and then subsequently upload the images from the computer to a hard drive for storage.

Uncle Bob

The name that wedding photographers give to a wedding guest who comes armed with a big DSLR and accessories. Uncle Bob can often be found in the photographer’s way or in the photograph unnecessarily.

Unsharp Masking

When detail and sharpness of an image is increased via image editing software.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - V

VGA

Refers to an image resolution size of 640 x 480 pixels.

Video Mode

The ability of a digital camera to capture video by keeping the shutter open rather than opening and closing when capturing an image.

Viewfinder

The area used for composing and focusing the subject being photographed and viewing the entire frame of the image. Viewfinders can be glass (Rangefinder) or an LCD screen that views the live image.

View Camera

A large format camera that produces an individual image size of 5" X 4" or larger.

Video Out

Some digital cameras have the ability to output images on television screens and computer monitors by connecting them with a cord and using either NTSC or PAL format.

Vignetting

Darkening of the edges of a photographic image evenly to direct the view towards the center of an image.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - W

Watermark

The information that is embedded in the image data to protect the copyrights of the image.

Wide-Angle Lens

A lens with an angle of view that is wider than that of a normal lens, or that of the human eye. A wide-angle lens has a focal length shorter than the focal length of a normal lens and sometimes has distoration at the end of the image. Standard-wide angle lenses are 28-35mm while super-wide is anything wider than 28mm.

White Balance

The camera’s ability to correct color in any given situation given the source of ambient or artificial light.

Photographer’s Glossary Letter - X, Y, Z

XGA

Refers to an image resolution size of 1024 x 768 pixels.

Zoom

The action of varying the focal length of a zoom lens to enlarge (zoom in) or reduce (zoom out) the image.

Yellow Filter

The most-popular colored filter used with black and white film. Because a yellow filter absorbs blue, it provides significantly greater contrast between blue and yellow or white subjects.

Zoom Creep

A lens’ tendency to extend or shorten the focal length without the photographer’s intent. This is due to an upward or downward tilt of the lens.

[trench-surfer]

[nylusion]

Building a barn for kibble dinos on Aberration in ARK: Survival Ascended is just a bit harder due to the animals available! Watch as TriZon & Xycor build one to organize the base in live episode 92 of our playthrough!

[healthtimetaylor]

Ascorbic acid and CoQ10 ameliorate the reproductive ability of SOD1-deficient female mice.

PMID:  Biol Reprod. 2019 Aug 2. Epub 2019 Aug 2. PMID: 31373359 Abstract Title:  Ascorbic acid and CoQ10 ameliorate the reproductive ability of SOD1-deficient female mice. Abstract:  Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) suppresses oxidative stress within cells by decreasing the levels of superoxide anions. A dysfunction of the ovary and/or an aberrant production of sex hormones are suspected causes for infertility in SOD1-knockout (KO) mice. We report on attempts to rescue the infertility in female KO mice by providing two antioxidants, ascorbic acid (AsA) and/or coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), as supplements in the drinking water of the KO mice after weaning and on an investigation of their reproductive ability. On the first parturition, 80% of the untreated KO mice produced smaller litter sizes compared to wild-type mice (average 2.8 vs 7.3 pups/mouse), and supplementing with these antioxidants failed to improve these litter sizes. However, in the second parturition of the KO mice, the parturition rate was increased from 18% to 44-75% as the result of the administration of antioxidants. While plasma levels of progesterone at 7.5 days of pregnancy were essentially the same between the WT and KO mice and were not changed by supplementation of these antioxidants, sizes of corpus luteum cells, which were smaller in the KO mouse ovaries after the first parturition, were significantly ameliorated in the KO mouse with the administration of the antioxidants. Moreover, the impaired vasculogenesis in uterus/placenta was also improved by AsA supplementation. We thus conclude that AsA and/or CoQ10 are involved in maintaining ovarian and uterus/placenta homeostasis against insults that are augmented during pregnancy and that their use might have positive effects in terms of improving female fertility.

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