#archeogenetics

[arkipelagic]

Hunter-gatherers from Mongolia and the Amur River Basin have ancestry shared by individuals who speak Mongolic and Tungusic languages, but do not carry ancestry characteristic of farmers from the West Liao River region (around 3000 BC), which contradicts theories that the expansion of these farmers spread the Mongolic and Tungusic proto-languages.

Farmers from the Yellow River Basin (around 3000 BC) probably spread Sino-Tibetan languages, as their ancestry dispersed both to Tibet—where it forms approximately 84% of the gene pool in some groups—and to the Central Plain, where it has contributed around 59–84% to modern Han Chinese groups.

People from Taiwan from around 1300 BC to AD 800 derived approximately 75% of their ancestry from a lineage that is widespread in modern individuals who speak Austronesian, Tai–Kadai and Austroasiatic languages, and that we hypothesize derives from farmers of the Yangtze River Valley. Ancient people from Taiwan also derived about 25% of their ancestry from a northern lineage that is related to, but different from, farmers of the Yellow River Basin, which suggests an additional north-to-south expansion.

Ancestry from Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists arrived in western Mongolia after around 3000 BC but was displaced by previously established lineages even while it persisted in western China, as would be expected if this ancestry was associated with the spread of proto-Tocharian Indo-European languages. Two later gene flows affected western Mongolia: migrants after around 2000 BC with Yamnaya and European farmer ancestry, and episodic influences of later groups with ancestry from Turan.

Published on 22 Feb 2021

[max1461]

I want to learn genetics in a serious way. For one because I'd like to be able to understand archeogenetics articles making arguments about ancient population movements in a deeper way, and two because (as I've mentioned before) basically all the algorithms being used in computational phylogenetics in linguistics right now are ripped straight from computational phylogenetics in biology. And now that my research is maybe going to be starting in earnest I feel that I really need to understand the basis of these.

I also need to actually learn probability theory. I was supposed to do that like a year ago but things got in the way. But that's easier because I know how to learn math. Knowing genetics is way less important in the short term but feels like useful contextualizing knowledge long term, so I'd like to at least have an idea of where to start.

Biology people? Suggestions?

I really don't need to know like, the nitty-gritty chemistry, just the stuff that's relevant from a computational perspective.

[o-craven-canto]

Thanks! This is about as far as I could go with the sources I found, but Polynesians should be part of the Austronesian group, and the non-Chinese groups of SE Asia are mentioned as "Austroasiatic & Tai-Kadai", both of them in the lower left corner (Tai-Kadai languages include Thai, Austroasiatic include Khmer and Vietnamese).

(A very interesting thing I found out in the making is that these archeogenetic lineages seem to vindicate several highly controversial language classifications: the migration waves to America correspond to Greenberg's Amerindian/Na-Dene/Eskimo-Aleut classification, speakers of Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages form two coherent groups, and the Ancient Northeast Asian group seems to correspond to speakers of "Altaic languages", i.e. Mongolian, Tungusic, and Turkic.)

(Also interesting that Subsaharan Africans are no longer a massively paraphyletic group as they appear in dichotomous phylogenies that don't account for gene flows: Khoisan and "Pygmy" people still branch off earlier than anyone else, but the bulk of African genetic diversity forms a sister group to the Out-of-Africa expansion, with some Eurasian influx in North and East Africa, despite still accounting for more diversity than the rest of humankind combined.)

This post is my attempt to simplify what I learned from Who We Are And How We Got Here into a timeline I have a shot of remembering for years, with some padding from Wikipedia where I thought it would help me.

—

As a backdrop to the specifics that follow: humans and human cousins have been sort of ambling out of Africa and back in waves of migration and interbreeding and extinction, for the past two million years.

Around 650K years ago, humans split from the group that will further split 200K years later into Neanderthals and Denisovans. These are the two ‘archaic human’ populations that contributed some genetic material to modern humans, whose DNA we got our hands on. This is also maybe the divergence point of humans and another archaic population in Africa that later mixed back into humans, that we don’t have DNA evidence for.

200K years ago, zoom in on the ambling in and out of Africa, because now some of the ambling groups are what we’d call anatomically modern humans – that is, their phenotypes fit within existing human populations. At this point, the split between the San population (the most different-from-everyone-else population alive today, whose descendants currently live in South Africa) and the rest of living humanity begins.

50K years ago, a period of great interest. We see behavioral modernity starting hereish, at the beginning of a period (lasting ~40K years) we call the Upper Paleolithic. The rate of stone toolmaking innovation speeds up from ‘glacial’ to ‘every few thousand years’. (If that seem like an odd setting change, I agree.) We see the first known jewelry and representational art. Likely we’ll never have a satisfactory explanation of what exactly changed. We almost certainly had language by this point.

Human colonization of Australia and New Guinea happens, while ocean levels are low. This is part of a radiation of a hunter-gatherer lineage spreading out all over Asia. Some of them will eventually go to Siberia and the Americas. Some of them will become the Yangtze River population and some the Yellow River population, who will later mix to produce the majority of mainland East Asians.

40K years ago. After several thousands of years of contact with modern humans, Neanderthals and some other branches more closely related to modern humans go extinct. There’s an Italian supervolcano eruption nowabouts whose climate disruptions in Europe may have intensified competition.

One thing this book has taught me is that it’s misleading to talk about ‘population splits’ outside of the Americas, because lineages diverged and met again many times, but insofar as it’s meaningful to talk about when the European and East Asian lineages diverged, it’s now.

30K years ago. The archaic humans in Africa mix back with humans and contribute 2% of ancestry to some modern African populations.

Around this time, there exists a population called Ancient North Eurasians. Some of them go east, and contribute to the population that will give rise to Native Americans (who are ~1/3 Ancient North Eurasian, ~2/3 ancestors-of-East-Asians). Some of the rest will remain and contribute ancestry to various Eurasian hunter gatherers, as well half the ancestry of the Yamnaya people of the Eurasian steppe, who will later invent horse-and-wagon way of life and become massively successful in Europe.

15K years ago, there are two migrations to America over the Bering land bridge: (1) The First Americans (the Ancient North Eurasian - East Asian group) account for the majority of Native American ancestry. These newcomers quickly zoom through the Americas. They also may have had a startlingly small effective population size – like 250. (2) A mysterious population that contributes some ancestry to a handful of groups in the Amazon, a population whose closest known descendants today are, intriguingly, Australasian. We don’t know much about them.

10K years ago, agriculture arises in the Middle East. Some Anatolian farmers spread out into Europe. Some Iranian farmers spread out to India. A thousand years later, agriculture also begins in China, in the Yangtze River and Yellow River populations.

5K years ago. The horse-and-wagon Yamnaya sweep from the eastern European steppe into northern Europe and largely replace the population there, and account for 25~45% of current European ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is the strongest candidate for the source of the Proto-Indo-European language (which has an elaborate shared vocabulary for wagon-parts). A large part of their success may have been that they were relatively immune to diseases that the rest of Europe was not – they brought plague with them, heretofore unknown to Europe. With the Yamnaya, the Bronze Age; we have evidence of much more social inequality than ever seen before, evident both from archeology and genetics, which tell us that the highest-reproducing individual men starting now are more reproductively successful than ever before.

Around the same time, there’s another wave of migration from Asia to North America – the Paleo-Eskimo lineage – that leaves a ~30% imprint in some parts of North America. The Paleo-Eskimos will be displaced 4K years later by a final wave from Asia, the Neo-Eskimos, who are the ancestors of modern day Inuits.

The Yangtze and Yellow River populations are also spreading out nowish. Their collision produces much of modern East Asians. The Yellow River people are associated with the Han, and the Tibetans. The Yangtze population, where they spread south, provides much of modern Southeast Asian ancestry.

4K years ago, the Indus Valley civilization is hit by a wave of migration for Europeish, by a steppe people who bring Proto-Indo-European culture and language. These steppe people are about half Yamnaya-related, and half ‘the Iranian farmer related populations the steppe people encountered on their way south’. The natives are about three quarters local hunter-gatherers, and one quarter Iranian farmers who mingled in ~2K years earlier. The natives and Yamnaya-ish migrants mix over the next 2K years to form a modern Indian population that’s a mixture of the two, ranging from 80% Yamnaya-ish (especially in the north, and in higher-caste groups) to 20%.

Around now, the first of four great migrations and mixing events of Africa starts – most significant among them is the Bantu migration south, out of Nigeria and into west-central Africa. Most of the present-day population structure of Africa is shaped by these relatively recent expansions, making it hard to tease out ancient splits.

[anirobot]

Saamelaiset elivät 1 500 vuotta sitten Pohjanmaalla

Uusi muinais-dna:n tutkimus vahvistaa nykykäsitystä, jonka mukaan saamelaiset asuttivat laajoja alueita Suomessa ennen nykysuomalaisten esi-isiä.

Levänluhdan alueella keskellä Pohjanmaan lakeuksia oli rautakaudella käytössä erikoinen tapa. Ihmisiä haudattiin veteen.

Kun alueen peltoja ojitettiin 1800-luvulla, maasta nousi ihmisen pääkalloja ja luita. Vesikalmisto paljastui, ja alueella tehtiin jo tuolloin ensimmäiset kaivaukset.

Meni kuitenkin vielä toistasataa vuotta selvittää se, keitä soisesta lähteestä nousseet ihmiset olivat. Mitä he kertovat Suomen varhaisesta historiasta?

DNA-testi yllätti Ahervuon perheen: Mystiseen lampeen 1600 vuotta sitten upotettu nainen on heille sukua

Kukaan ei tiedä, miksi lähes sata naista ja lasta upotettiin Levänluhdan lampeen 400-luvulla Isossakyrössä. Jaana, Enni ja Mervi ovat äitilinjaisesti sukua yhdelle heistä. Uudet tutkimukset avaavat ikivanhaa mysteeriä.

[europeanorigins]

What if Neanderthals hadn't become extinct? This is a questions the curators of a Museum in Germany must have asked themselves when they created this exhibit: A Neanderthal in a suit and tie. As many of you may know, research in Archeogenetics has relatively recently revealed that all human beings north of the Sahara desert carry a few percent of Neanderthal DNA in us. So strictly speaking, Neanderthals have never gone extinct but are a part of many of us today. But what do you think modern life would be like if other human species were still around, not just as fragments in our genetic codes? Comment below! #Neanderthals #Neanderthal #Anthropology #Archeology #Human #History #Prehistory #Stoneage #Paleolithic #Mesolithic #Extinction #Museum #Exhibit #Culture #Genetics #DNA #ancestry #Ancestors #Descendant #Descendants https://www.instagram.com/p/CVDURqfNF2z/?utm_medium=tumblr

[slowlyteenagestarlight]

by Atlantean Gardens

June 23, 2016

from YouTube Website

Nestled in the mountains between France and Spain,

there is a semi-isolated population of native European people

that have long puzzled anthropologists, linguists, and historians,

because although they are Caucasoid,

they do not fit in with the rest of the European populations.

https://youtu.be/nhjVU00jqUM

Robert Sepehr is an author, producer and anthropologist

specializing in linguistics, archeology,

and paleobiology (archeogenetics).

Video Automatic Raw Transcript

0:00

nestled in the mountains between France and Spain

0:04

there's a semi isolated population of made of European people that have long

0:09

puzzled anthropologists linguists and historians because although they are

0:15

Caucasoid they do not fit in with the rest of the European population their

0:20

language for example is distinctly unique in Europe and not related to any

0:26

other indo-european language but that's not the only thing that's unique about the Basque

0:32

the Basque turned out to also be unique in terms of blood

0:39

prior to the advent of genetic research tools

0:42

investigators used the ABO blood groups to study the relationships between human

0:48

populations as well as their migration patterns each person's blood is one of

0:54

four major types a be a be or o blood types are determined by the types of

1:04

antigens on the blood cells antigens or proteins on the surface of blood cells

1:09

that can cause a response from the immune system

1:13

the Rh factor is a type of protein on the surface of red blood cells

1:18

most people r rh positive

1:22

those who do not have the Rh factor or Rh negative which compromises about

1:29

fifteen percent of the world's population but appears in much higher

1:34

percentage among the Basque which has a population campaign among the highest

1:40

levels of Rh negative blood in the world

1:44

the Basque people currently inhabit the area surrounding the Pyrenees Mountains

1:49

where Cro-Magnon man left behind some of his and her

1:53

our most famous artwork over 30,000 years ago. But exactly who are the Basque

2:01

and where did they come from

2:02

I decided that a great place to find out is the university of Nevada since it

2:09

houses the center for Basque studies

2:12

this organization is primarily a research center that conducts and

2:18

publishes on Basque's related topics such as anthropology history cultural studies

2:24

etc

2:25

here's what they had to say about the Basque people and their origins and this

2:30

comes from their websites frequently asked questions question whether the

2:37

bass come from

2:38

no one knows exactly where the bass come from some say they have lived in the

2:43

area since Cro-Magnon man first from Europe

2:46

some say they are descended from the original Liberians more fanciful

2:51

theories exist as well

2:52

one is that the Basques are the descendants of the survivors of Atlantis

3:00

question whether the Basque language come from

3:05

just as no one is sure about the origins of the bass themselves

3:09

linguists are not in agreement over the origins of this Cara the basque language

3:14

either

3:16

when asked I found that the majority of the best people themselves maintain that

3:23

they came from Atlantica a powerful maritime nation that sank into the

3:30

Atlantic Ocean

3:31

after a terrible Cataclysm and from which a few survivors reach the Bay of

3:36

Biscay and the Pyrenees Mountains this they say is not just mythology but

3:42

they're true

3:43

pre European ancestry there's another ancient people who claim racial lineage

3:51

from the mythical Atlanteans the Berbers are currently located geographically

3:57

around Mount doubtless but inhabit much of North Africa long before the Arabs

4:02

arrived

4:03

the Berbers are considered the aboriginals of the area and their

4:08

origins

4:09

beyond that are not officially known here we have a population many of whom

4:15

have blue eyes and light hair living in northwest Africa of all places and among

4:21

some of the blonde tribes still living near that list Mountains of Morocco the

4:26

percentage of orange negative blood can reach forty percent now keep in mind

4:30

that's not the general national average but restricted to certain local tribe

4:37

anthropologists for the most part the system for many years because they

4:42

didn't fit well with Out of Africa paradigm

4:45

so it was presumed that they had migrated from somewhere in Europe

4:50

however that theory has been abandoned with the current understanding of

4:54

genetics

4:56

scientists now except the genetic evidence that concludes Berbers are an

5:01

indigenous indigenous people which they believe are descended from native Upper

5:07

Paleolithic Cro-Magnon types going straight back into the play still seem

5:11

or ice age

5:13

this should make it easier to understand why the oldest remains found in Egypt

5:18

nickname ginger and currently on display in the British Museum has naturally red

5:24

hair

5:25

this is pre-dynastic which means before the Pharaohs and before the accepted

5:31

dating of the pyramid

5:32

I can go on for quite some time about blonde and red headed mummies

5:39

and blue eyed statues but I'll save that for a future video on ancient Egypt for

5:47

now let us turn to another population native to an island off of the African

5:52

coast who also left mummies and parents

5:56

the launches were very tall powerfully-built blonde and red haired

6:02

indigenous natives of the Canary Islands

6:06

specifically the island of Tenerife to date

6:11

there's still no evidence that the Guanche is had any knowledge of maritime

6:14

technology which begs the question how did they get there

6:18

this isolation allowed the Guanche it's for maintain a racial exclusivity until

6:25

the time of the Spanish conquest

6:26

according to the Encyclopedia Britannica 11th edition concerning the ethnic

6:32

origins and racial identity of the canary island watches and I quote the

6:37

Guanche azure thoughts have been of Cro-Magnon origin with blue or gray eyes

6:42

and blond hair

6:44

Madame Blavatsky founder s of the theosophical society points out that the

6:50

genetic relations between these three populations

6:54

well over a hundred years before modern understanding of DNA

6:59

and i quote she says if then the Basque and Cro-Magnon cavemen are of the same

7:05

races the Canaries watches it balls at the former are also allied to the

7:10

Aborigines of America the Atlanta affinities of the three types becomes

7:15

patent

7:16

my name is Robert separate I'm a formally educated anthropologist and now

7:21

author

7:23

and I'd like to invite you to explore some fascinating mysteries with me which

7:28

for the most part have eluded any serious consideration in mainstream

7:33

acting species with amnesia our forgotten history and gods with amnesia

7:41

subterranean world of integral

7:44

I'd like to thank those of you who share my passion of ancient history

7:48

archaeology and continue to support me in my work so I appreciate it and all

7:54

the encouragement

7:55

[dynesphotography-blog]

Perspéntico by Liqen. . “This city has a cat’s body, his hair is cobalt blue color coming from the archeogenetic influence of centuries of craft wisdom on small ceramic plates that were used to cover the facades of buildings.” - Liqen stories from ”Nueva vida“, 2013. . . . #bnw_daily #bnw_inst #bnw_art #bnwmaster #blackandwhitephotograph . #blackandwhitephotographer #blacknwhitephoto #blacknwhite_uk #bnw_masters #bnw_awards . #bnwgreatshots #bnw_divine #iphonepa_gallery #raw_mobile #worldmobilephotography . #shotonmobile #mobilephotography #mobileclick #mobilephotograph #phonography . #myclicks #mobileclicks #mobile_click #shotonmobile #instaporto . #oportocool #streetartlover #streetartofficial #ilovestreetart #topportophoto (at Rua das Flores, Porto) https://www.instagram.com/p/BxAzOnNgB8T/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=qmi4goy479f0