#apparently nouns have different forms depending on conjugation too??

[janebonbon]

new years resolution,,,,,,,,,,, draw more barnaby. end post

[learnjapanesebod]

Difference Between Male and Female Japanese Speech ("How-to avoid sounding too girly or boyish in Japanese?")

PREFACE:

"How do I avoid sounding too girly/boyish when speaking Japanese?" is one of the most common questions we get; and to be completely honest, it is usually asked by learners of the Japanese language who are at a fairly beginner level. Our guess is that most people asking this question have started learning Japanese by somewhat unconventional means (e.g. befriending a native Japanese speaker and starting to learn from them as opposed to beginning from a textbook). In these cases, probably the best general response to this concern is:

Inadvertently sounding too masculine or feminine in Japanese isn't a big deal at all, so there's no need to fret over it.

One, because native Japanese speakers-and even non-native Japanese speakers will surely understand if you don't have a mastery of gender-based speech when just starting out. You can stick to gender-neutral speech instead of having to worry about mastering female and male speech too when you already have so much vocabulary, grammar, kanji, etc. on your plate to learn.

Two, because a fully fleshed out answer to the question "How do I avoid sounding too girly/boyish when speaking Japanese?" involves referring to a lot of Japanese language topics, including some that are relatively intermediate level and thereby some that you might have trouble following if you're still fairly new to the language.

Nonetheless, we are still indeed going to go into said fully fleshed out answer in this lesson below; and having said that, now is perhaps the best time to provide a list of prerequisite lessons before we begin.

Prerequisite(s):

First Person Pronouns, or, Ways to Say “I” in Japanese (Post | Video)

Second-Person Pronouns, or, Ways to Say “You” in Japanese (Post | Video)

ね and よ as Final Particles (Post | Video)

Conjugations of Desu (です) (Post | Video)

Introduction to Adjectives (い-Adjectives and な-Adjectives) (Post | Video)

Conjugating い-Adjectives (Post | Video)

Conjugating な-Adjectives (Post | Video)

Japanese Word Beautifiers お and ご (Post | Video)

Prerequisite(s):

*specifically for the examples incidentally provided below, not necessarily required to understand the key concepts of this lesson

Desiderative たい-Form (Pre-ます-Form VERB + たい as “want to VERB”) (Post | Video)

Negative ない Form (Verb Conjugation) (Post | Video) 

In many languages across the world, there is a clear distinction between masculinity and femininity.

For example, the Spanish language assigns a "grammatical" gender to every single noun word, even nouns words that represent inanimate objects with no physical gender.

The Japanese language employs a difference based upon gender in a much lighter sense, in that male speakers and female speakers tend to speak in a slightly different way in certain points in their speech; but even if a male speaker chooses (inadvertently or not) to sound like-or come off as, a female speaker with more feminine speech (or vice-versa) their language will still be one-hundred percent grammatically correct.

In this sense, gender-based Japanese speech is quite stylistic, which is to say it only appears in casual Japanese speech. Due to this, beginner-level learners of the Japanese language are likely not to come across this topic if their curriculum is textbook-heavy, as textbooks use formal and written language, which is both considered the more standardized Japanese and essentially gender-neutral.

All in all, the differences between male and female speech in the Japanese language are not prominently observable until first, what is being observed is an actual conversation and not just textbook content; and two, the participants of said conversation have transitioned from polite speech to casual speech and have become comfortable enough with their addressees to convey their personality more by speaking in a more masculine or feminine manner.

We separate the differences between male and female Japanese speech into three categories, in order of most distinguishing of gender:

Usage of Pronouns (First and Second Person)

Sentence Enders (Particles)

Select Vocabulary and Phrases

We also make a general distinction between male and female Japanese speech that these categories will follow:

Female-to-male speech can also be interpreted (perhaps more reliably so, in terms of a mnemonic device) as polite-to-rough speech. As unfair as it may seem, female speech in Japan is often associated with being more polite, reserved, and respectful, while male speech is considered more forward, rough, and crude.

#01. Usage of Pronouns (First and Second Person)

Female:

あたし (atashi) - First-person pronoun derived from the gender neutral 私 (watashi), considered more cute

*The use of one's own name to address oneself (i.e. referring to oneself in the third person) is also considered more habitually done by female speakers, as it can come off as cute.

Male:

僕 (boku) - The most commonly used first person for male speakers

俺 (ore) - Considered even more masculine than 僕 (boku) and more present in especially casual conversations amongst male friends as opposed to formal situations

*Female speakers may be heard using both male pronouns above for whatever reason.

Second Person Pronouns:

While first person pronouns are more indicative of one's self identity, second person pronouns are more dependent on the addressee of the speaker and what relationship the speaker has with them. As such, second person pronouns can vary heavily even when focusing on the topic of gender. Refer to Second-Person Pronouns, or, Ways to Say “You” in Japanese (Post | Video) for more information.

#02. Sentence Enders (Particles)

Female:

Using わ (wa) in place of よ (yo) - Naturally has a softer sound. わよ (wayo) is also a possibility.

*One of the female points of speech representative of an older female generation and may become rare when transitioning from fictional Japanese media (anime, movies, drama, etc.) to real life conversation

*This should also not to be confused with the common Kansai dialect usage of わ (wa), which is not female-specific

Sentence-ending particle の (no) used for statements - While the sentence-ending particle の (no) is commonly used by both genders when asking questions, it is more habitually used by female speakers when making statements. のよ (noyo) is also a possibility.

Using かしら (kashira) in place of かな (kana) - Expresses more wonderment, more feminine

*One of the female points of speech representative of an older female generation and may become rare when transitioning from fictional Japanese media (anime, movies, drama, etc.) to real life conversation

Example(s):

これが本当かしら Kore ga hontou kashira "Could this be true?"

Male:

だ (da) - The copula with loads of grammatical context. When viewed specifically through the lens of female-male speech, だ (da) is considered to add masculinity to speech because it is emphatic and declarative. So, while in a lot of cases the presence of だ (da) is grammatically required, it can be construed as masculine when it is used in a case wherein it is optional (e.g. after a NOUN or な-Adjective word). Since だ (da) has such an integral grammatical function that transcends gender-based speech and thereby female speakers are naturally bound to use this effect as well, there are select cases wherein male speakers will use an emphatic and declarative だ (da) to avoid sounding too feminine (e.g. before the sentence-ending particles ね, な and よ).

Example(s):

素敵だね Suteki da ne "Isn't It Wonderful?" [masculine]

素敵ね Suteki ne "Isn't It Wonderful?" [feminine]

*Of course, let's take note here that the Final Fantasy X video game ballad entitled 素敵だね does in fact exist and is quite probably written from the prospective of a female character to remind us this isn't a one-hundred percent reliable indicator of gender.

素晴らしいね Subarashii ne "Wonderful, huh?" [gender neutral] *Considered gender-neutral because it is grammatically incorrect to include the copula だ (da) after an い-Adjective at all, so there's no way to deem this sentence as either more feminine or masculine.

Changing the あい sounds into えぇ - Most commonly done for the Negative-ない Form of words and い-Adjectives, e.g. のまない (nomanai) into のまねぇ (nomanee) and たかい (takai) into たけぇ (takee) into "do not drink" and "tall" respectively (notice how the definition does not change whatsoever).

*May branch out to other adjective words with slightly different sound endings as well, e.g. すごい (sugoi) into すげぇ (sugee).

Adding い to the end of certain sentence-ending particles - Most apparently done with the sentence-ending particle for marking questions, か (ka), and the copula だ (da), to form かい and だい respectively. Meaning does not change.

Example(s):

いいかい! Ii kai! "Listen, you!"

そうかい！ Sou kai! "Is that so!"

一緒に行くかい？ Issho ni ikukai? "Shall we go together?"

調子はどうだい？ Choushi wa doudai? "How are you?"

Sentence-ending particles ぞ and ぜ - Considered very masculine, commonly used in imperative statements. While heavily used in fictional Japanese media (anime, movies, drama, etc.) to emphasize boyish and masculine characters, also considerably present in real life conversations.

*ぜ is considered to be used more by children as opposed to adults-and further, is said to have greatly dwindled in usage in real life conversation.

Example(s):

やっぱ　あんた　すげぇぜ。 Yappa anta sugee ze. "You really are amazing."

修業の成果だぜ！ Shuugyou no seika da ze! "This is the fruits of my training!"

わくわくしてきたぞー！ Waku waku shite kita zo-! "I'm getting more and more fired up!"

一緒に帰るぞー！ Issho ni kaeru zo-! "Let's head back together!"

Changing the sentence-ending particle ね to な - The affirmation seeking sentence-ending particle ね is changed to な, invoking a rougher sound. The multi-faceted ね here, while commonly considered to express seeking affirmation to your statement, changes more into affirming your own statement or desire as な. The same tone of kind of throwing a thought out into the air is still present.

Example(s):

いいな Ii na "That sure sounds nice (I'm envious)!"

旅行したいな Ryokou shitai na "I sure would love to go on a trip."

#03. Select Vocabulary and Phrases

Beautifiers

Phrases

Words

Beautifiers:

Female speakers are considered to much more habitually use what are called word beautifiers (美化語), which entails adding the character お (o) or ご (go) before certain noun words in order to express a politeness.

Example(s):

お買い物 ('okaimono/shopping')

お花 ('ohana/flower')

お部屋 ('oheya/room')

お友達 ('otomodachi/friends')

お料理 ('oryouri/cooking')

*Note that you cannot simply do this for any given noun word, there are select ones in which this can apply. Also, you can not freely choose between using お (o) or ご (go); depending on the noun word being "beautified," you must use the appropriate character.

*Also note again that this method is not completely restricted to female speakers. Male speakers may apply this method when in formal situations, it is just that female speakers are more inclined to even in everyday conversations.

Phrases:

Some phrases that exist purely in the realm of spoken Japanese (utterances similar to "um," "like," "well," etc. in the English language) are also considered gender-indicative.

Example(s):

あら - "Oh my" [feminine]

Words:

Perhaps as it is with any other language, some words in the Japanese language have multiple versions-or rather, synonyms that are considered either more polite or impolite. In line with the aforementioned construct of Japanese female speech being focused upon politeness, female speakers are much more inclined to use the polite synonyms of words.

*This may apply even when said female speakers are speaking amongst close friends and family.

Example(s):

"rice, food" - 飯 ('meshi') [masculine] | ご飯 ('gohan') [feminine] "to eat" - 食う ('kuu') [masculine] | 食べる ('taberu') [feminine] "stomach, belly" - 腹 ('hara') [masculine] | お腹 ('onaka') [feminine] *common in the expressions はらへった [masculine] and おなかすいた [common, feminine] to express "I'm hungry" "butt, ass, hips" - けつ ('ketsu') [masculine] | お尻 ('oshiri') [feminine]

Example Sentence(s):

"I don't want to eat sushi."

僕寿司食いたくねぇよ Boku sushi kuitakuneeyo. "I don't want to eat sushi." [masculine]

あたしお寿司食べたくないわ Atashi osushi tabetakunaiwa. "I don't want to eat sushi." [feminine]

 ✧¸¸.•*¨*• •*¨*•.¸¸✧

Learning Japanese is a YouTube video series with the sole purpose of providing Japanese lessons online for free for anyone at any level! Find 300+ videos of various topics including grammar, vocabulary, kanji, culture, anime, and more with the link below! https://www.youtube.com/user/learnjapanesebod

Join fellow learners of Japanese on our Discord server community! You can follow the series on Facebook | Twitter for updates as well!

Support Learning Japanese on Patreon! Please consider becoming a patron to support the continuation of this video series and the development of our curriculum! https://www.patreon.com/learningjapanese

This video series is presented by becauseofdreams http://becauseofdreams.com/

[fenmere]

OK! Now, let's turn this into a language lesson (partly to see if we can remember what we were doing yesterday)!

'efuurroa is the chapter title. 'efuu is a prefix that means "first" and rroa is the root which means "impulse or jerk, change in acceleration". So, this word for the title doesn't actually literally mean "initiation", it means "first change in acceleration" or "first impulse". But in the context of what happens in the chapter, it is clear that the author (Metabang) was using it poetically to refer to the beginnings of social changes for a group of young people, and the human translators (canonically) chose to render it as "Initiation" in the English version.

'uu Mutabenga is basically a way of saying "Hey, Metabang!" 'uu is the imperative particle. It is added to any sentence to make it an imperative sentence, or a command. Mutebenga is Metabang's actual name. This is a case where the human translators decided to localize a name to something more palatable to their audience to make it seem less alien. Mutebenga comes from the root language ancient Fenekere and means "popular thoughts of revolutionary actions" in that language, but has come to mean "source of wise ideas" in Inmararräo.

Mutabenga is an AI tutor, a Network entity created long ago to raise children one at a time and act as a lifelong parent to them, getting a new assignment after each one passes on. Like with everyone else aboard the Sunspot, it chose its own name. So this gives you an idea what kind of person Mutabenga is.

'ii kwe mäofni'i she me 'eewe twekofega 'inke? is our first full sentence, and it's kind of a complex one, so we're going to break it down into it's clauses.

'ii is the interrogative particle. It's used to turn any sentence into a question, even if the sentence doesn't have a questioning word order. This helps as a disambiguation if the sentence is complex like this one, and word order isn't as immediately apparent.

Inmararräo is a V-O-S (Verb Object Subject) language. But it has two other word orders as well. If you put the verb at the end of the sentence, it makes it a command. If you put the subject at the beginning of the sentence, it makes it a question. And this is very strict! Also, it's extremely common to put the interrogative and imperative particles on the appropriate sentences on top of that. Which means that it is necessary to conjugate the nouns for whether they are objects or subjects. The verb placement, the way adjectives work, and inflection particles all work to give you what you need to know. This means that pronouns all have one form.

So kwe mäofni'i she me can stand alone as it's own sentence and means almost literally "why people are similar to us".

Kwe translates almost directly to "why". It also means "because" or "reason", but at the beginning of a question it means "why".

mäofni'i means "people", but the root words of it are good to know.

mäo is the Old Mäofrräo root for "meme, or meaning".

ni is the root for "living being".

And 'i is the root for "group" and is used in Inmararräo to make nouns plural.

she is the Inmararräo word for "like" or "similar". It is not a pronoun. It is an utterly false friend of the English feminine pronoun, and it is actually pronounced a little differently. The "e" is a short "e", not a long one. So it's more like saying "shed" but leaving the "d" off.

me is the pronoun! But it means "us". If you want a singular first person pronoun, you add an "m" to the end of it! mem means "me"! (This works for all Inmararräo pronouns.)

So the actual, fully literal translation of that sentence is "Why people similar us?" The "are" and "to" are implied. You can actually put an "are" in there, and a "to", but they are unnecessary to the language. This generally works in English, too, depending on what dialect you're speaking: "Why are people like us?" is common, and "Why people like us?" is perfectly understandable in AAVE and other similar dialects and languages.

Inmararräo uses the implied cupola. And, we've found that this also plays really well with how adjectives work, because all adjectives are actually just nouns that are in an adjective position (before the root noun).

'eewe basically means "if". So, it's a conditional, and the clause after it acts as a condition for the clause before it, just like in English. This seems a little backward to the O-S form of the most basic sentence, but so far it seems to make complex sentence construction easier (we may change this and have to revise the above text sometime in the future).

twekofega 'inke is also a complete sentence involving an implied copula. It could be rendered twekofega rirr 'inke, but that's unnecessary. twekofega basically means "genetically engineered" and 'inke means "every individual". Here's a distinction in marking plurality that is interesting. If you say ke'in, it means "everyone". While if you say 'inke, it means "every one". The latter specifying a particular attention to detail or thoroughness. 'in, by the way, is old Mäofrräo for "group of groups" and has basically come to mean "every" in Inmararräo. Oh, and because putting an "m" on the end of a pronoun makes it plural, the most inclusive form of "everyone" is kem'in. And 'inkem means "every group". Since Myra Pember (the speaker) was only talking about the populace of Children aboard the Sunspot, and not their Tutors or the Crew, xe didn't use the more inclusive "every one", there were groups xe wasn't talking about.

And, we think this post is long enough now and we're going to stop here for now. We may put the complete lesson on our website's blog (wordpress) and link to it here when it's up.

note: "xe" is not an Inmarrarräo pronoun! We were using that here to refer to Myra because that's the pronoun used in the (canonically) translated book. "Myra" isn't even xyr actual name, it's just very similar. (Well, it's our headmate's name and pronoun, in actually -- the actress who played xem.).

Our System Conlang at Work

We have rendered the first couple of paragraphs of our first book, Systems' Out!, in Inmararräo!

We can render this in the original orthography, too, and will post that with a reblog.

Anyway, we're going to be fleshing out the vocabulary and stress testing the grammar by slowly translating our first story for as far as we can stand it.

---

'efuurroa

"'uu Mutabenga. 'ii kwe mäofni'i she me 'eewe twekofega 'inke?"

Yoamoarig biyoarräo mem. Feruuyin yoarräorirr biyem 'ahäobäo Yoang'i. Hoarig furuu'iYoang mem, 'enaa rig shuguteko Menbern'in.

---

Initiation

“Metabang, if everyone is genetically engineered, then why are there people like us?”

I was expecting this question. It’s common for Students with major differences from their peers to ask it. I’ve had a lot of Students, and the Pembers were one of the rarest types.

(note: the grammar is not at all like English, so the words do NOT translate one to one, nor are they in equivalent places in the sentences.)

[smoothshift]

Some things about German cars that bother me as a German living in North America via /r/cars

Some things about German cars that bother me as a German living in North America

i've been living in canada since 1995 and there are some things that bother me, not only about how german cars are perceived or portrayed, but also about how (some) german companies market their cars. this is going to be a bit of a rant... sorry.

​

1- in germany, a VW is considered the equivalent of a toyota or a chevy. yes, there is teh GTI, but generally speaking VWs are for people who don't really care about driving. they're appliances. this is why VW makes their SEAT cars more "emotional" in terms of design, to try to market to buyers who do care about driving.

on this side of teh atlantic, VWs are considered driver's cars, or at least they're considered to be what europeans think are driver's cars... in spite being built in mexico or the US to a cost-cutting design that is actually quite different than the european original (which is already considered boring in europe in the first place). for example, the cheaper rear suspensions of the north american passat and jetta, or the cost cutting evident in the interiors. these are not "german cars engineered for your driving pleasure."

​

2- VWs pathetic marketing. in canada, we currently have an ad on the radio where a canadian talks about VW, and is interrupted by a supposed german who says things like "fantastic", but in german. only... it's not german. the speaker sounds like a frenchman who tries to imitate german, but his pronunciation is horrible, and he doesn't conjugate, so even without an accent, he wouldn't make sense. why is VW too cheap to get a native german speaker to say a few lines in a commercial?

and why is the golf wagon called the sportwagen? "sportwagen" does not mean "economy car station wagon" in german, it literally means "sports car." wagen=car, and sport=sport. a 911 is a sportwagen, a front wheel drive 4 cylinder economy wagon is pretty much the opposite. i'm guessing VW is hoping that their customers, whom they apparently believe to be idiots, won't notice, know, or care.

​

3- dieselgate has been a massive embarrassment to germany and its reputation as a country of engineers. the greed of these people, saving money so they can get bigger bonuses while ruining our reputation and putting tens of thousands of jobs at risk is staggering. i am hoping there will be more investigations, and that the responsible managers will get long jail sentences, for fraud and anything else that can be thrown at them and made to stick. they deserve it, scumbags. and this behavior from people that made massive salaries to begin with... unbelievable. as a german, i refuse to buy VW products, but their sales in the US and canada seem to not have suffered at all... i find that a bit confusing.

​

4- BMW does not mean bavarian motor works. it actually means bavarian engine factories.

​

5- names such as spectre werkes and gunther werks are gramatically incorrect and therefore make their companies look stupid. werk means factory, and the plural is werke, with an E, not with an ES or an S. but unless gunther werks actually operates multiple facilities, they shouldn't be using the plural anyway. there are instances in german where one would use werkes or werks, but that depends on the appropriate declension 9kind of a form of conjugation for nouns).

​

6- we are all deeply, deeply embarrassed about mansory. please accept our apologies.

​

​