#antifungal treatment size

[mariacallous]

In February, a dermatologist in New York City contacted the state’s health department about two female patients, ages 28 and 47, who were not related but suffered from the same troubling problem. They had ringworm, a scaly, crusty, disfiguring rash covering large portions of their bodies. Ringworm sounds like a parasite, but it is caused by a fungus—and in both cases, the fungus was a species that had never been recorded in the US. It was also severely drug-resistant, requiring treatment with several types of antifungals for weeks. There was no indication where the patients might have acquired the infections; the older woman had visited Bangladesh the previous summer, but the younger one, who was pregnant and hadn’t traveled, must have picked it up in the city.

That seemed alarming—but in one of the largest and most mobile cities on the planet, weird medical things happen. The state reported the cases to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the New York doctors and some CDC staff wrote up an account for the CDC’s weekly journal.

Then, in March, some of those same CDC investigators reported that a fungus they had been tracking—Candida auris, an extremely drug-resistant yeast that invades health care facilities and kills two-thirds of the people infected with it—had risen to more than 10,000 cases since it was identified in the US in 2016, tripling in just two years. In April, the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services rushed to investigate cases of a fungal infection called blastomycosis centered on a paper mill, an outbreak that would grow to 118 people, the largest ever recorded. And in May, US and Mexican health authorities jointly rang an alarm over cases of meningitis, caused by the fungus Fusarium solani, which seemed to have spread to more than 150 clinic patients via contaminated anesthesia products. By mid-August, 12 people had died.

All of those outbreaks are different: in size, in pathogen, in location, and the people they affected. But what links them is that they were all caused by fungi—and to the small cadre of researchers who keep track of such things, that is worrisome. The experts share a sense, supported by incomplete data but also backed by hunch, that serious fungal infections are occurring more frequently, affecting more people, and also are becoming harder to treat.

“We don’t have good surveillance for fungal infections,” admits Tom Chiller, an infectious disease physician and chief of the CDC’s mycotic diseases branch. “So it’s hard to give a fully data-driven answer. But the feeling is definitely that there is an increase.”

The question is: Why? There may be multiple answers. More people are living longer with chronic illnesses, and their impaired immune systems make them vulnerable. But the problem isn’t only that fungal illnesses are more frequent; it is also that new pathogens are emerging and existing ones are claiming new territory. When experts try to imagine what could exert such widespread influence, they land on the possibility that the problem is climate change.

Fungi live in the environment; they affect us when they encounter us, but for many, their original homes are vegetation, decaying plant matter, and dirt. “Speculative as it is, it's entirely possible that if you have an environmental organism with a very specific ecological niche, out there in the world, you only need a very small change in the surface temperature or the air temperature to alter its niche and allow it to proliferate,” says Neil Stone, a physician and fungal infections lead at University College London Hospitals. “And it's that plausibility, and the lack of any alternative explanation, which makes it believable as a hypothesis.”

For this argument, C. auris is the leading piece of evidence. The rogue yeast was first identified in 2009 in a single patient in Japan, but within just a few years, it bloomed on several continents. Genetic analyses showed the organism had not spread from one continent to others, but emerged simultaneously on each. It also behaved strikingly differently from most yeasts, gaining the abilities to pass from person to person and to thrive on cool inorganic surfaces such as plastic and metal—while collecting an array of resistance factors that protect it from almost all antifungal drugs.

Arturo Casadevall, a physician and chair of molecular microbiology and immunology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, proposed more than a decade ago that the rise of mammals over dinosaurs was propelled by an inherent protection: Internally, we’re too hot. Most fungi flourish at 30 degrees Celsius or less, while our body temperature hovers between 36 and 37 degrees Celsius. (That’s from 96.8 to the familiar 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.) So when an asteroid smashed into the Earth 65 million years ago, throwing up a cloud of pulverized vegetation and soil and the fungi those would have contained, the Earth’s dominant reptiles were vulnerable, but early mammals were not.

But Casadevall warned of a corollary possibility: If fungi increased their thermotolerance, learning to live at higher temperatures as the climate warms, mammals could lose that built-in protection—and he proposed that the weird success of C. auris might indicate it is the first fungal pathogen whose adaptation to warmth allowed it to find a new niche.

In the 14 years since it was first spotted, C. auris has invaded health care in dozens of countries. But in that time, other fungal infections have also surged. At the height of the Covid pandemic, India experienced tens of thousands of cases of mucormycosis, commonly called “black fungus,” which ate away at the faces and airways of people made vulnerable by having diabetes or taking steroids. In California, diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis (also called Valley fever) rose 800 percent between 2000 and 2018. And new species are affecting humans for the first time. In 2018, a team of researchers from the US and Canada identified four people, two from each country, who had been infected by a newly identified genus, Emergomyces. Two of the four died. (The fungus got its name because it is “emerging” into the human world.) Subsequently, a multinational team identified five species in that newly-named genus that are causing infections all over the world, most severely in Africa.

Fungi are on the move. Last April, a research group from the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis examined the expected geographic range in the US of what are usually called the “endemic fungi,” ones that flourish only within specific areas. Those are Valley fever in the dry Southwestern US; histoplasmosis in the damp Ohio River valley; and blastomycosis, with a range that stretched from the Great Lakes down the Mississippi to New Orleans, and as far east as the Virginia coast. Using Medicare data from more than 45 million seniors who sought health care between 2007 and 2016, the group discovered that the historically documented range of these fungi is wildly out of step with where they are actually causing infections now. Histoplasmosis, they found, had been diagnosed in at least one county in 94 percent of US states; blastomycosis, in 78 percent; and Valley fever in 69 percent.

That represents an extension of range so vast that it challenges the meaning of endemic—to the point that Patrick Mazi, an assistant professor of medicine and first author on the paper, urges clinicians to cease thinking of fungal infections as geographically determined, and focus on symptoms instead. “Let’s acknowledge that everything is dynamic and changing,” he says. “We should recognize that for the sake of our patients.”

Without taking detailed histories from those millions of patients, it can’t be proven where their infections originated. They could have been exposed within the fungi’s historic home ranges and then traveled; one analysis has correlated the occurrence of Valley fever in the upper Midwest with “snowbird” winter migration to the Southwest. But there is plenty of evidence for fungal pathogens moving to new areas, via animals and bats, and on winds and wildfire smoke as well.

However fungi are relocating, they appear to be adapting to their new homes, and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns may be part of that. Ten years ago, CDC and state investigators found people in eastern Washington state infected with Valley fever, and proved they had acquired it not while traveling, but locally—in a place long considered too cold and dry for that fungus to survive. A group based primarily at UC Berkeley has demonstrated that transmission of Valley fever in California is intimately linked to weather there—and that the growing pattern of extreme drought interrupted by erratic precipitation is increasing the disease’s spread. And other researchers have identified cases of a novel blastomycosis in Saskatchewan and Alberta, pushing the map of where that infection occurs further north and west.

The impact of climate change on complex phenomena is notoriously hard to prove—but researchers can now add some evidence to back up their intuition that fungi are adapting. In January, researchers at Duke University reported that when they raised the lab temperatures in which they were growing the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus deneoformans—the cause of a quarter-million cases of meningitis each year—the fungus’s rate of mutation revved into overdrive. That activated mobile elements in the fungus’s genome, known as transposons, allowing them to move around within its DNA and affect how its genes are regulated. The rate of mutation was five times higher in fungi raised at human body temperature than at an incubator temperature of 30 degrees Celsius—and when the investigators infected mice with the transformed fungi, the rate of mutation sped up even more.

Researchers who are paying attention to rising fungal problems make a final point about them: We’re not seeing more cases because we’ve gotten better at finding them. Tests and devices to detect fungi, especially within patients, haven’t undergone a sudden improvement. In fact, achieving better diagnostics was top of a list published by the World Health Organization last fall when it drew up its first ranking of “priority fungal pathogens” in hopes of guiding research.

Multiple studies have shown that patients can wait two to seven weeks to get an accurate diagnosis, even when they are infected with fungi endemic to where they live, which ought to be familiar to local physicians. So understanding that fungi are changing their behavior is really an opportunity to identify how many more people might be in danger than previously thought—and to get out in front of that risk. “Patients are being diagnosed out of traditional areas, and we are missing them,” Mazi says. “All of these are opportunities to achieve better outcomes.”

[sarajcsmicasereports]

Bilateral Aspergillosis endogenous endophthalmitis in post COVID-19 recovered patient; A clinical case report by Zahra Zia, MD in Journal of 

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Ocular manifestations have a thousand faces and yet each ocular presentation has a unique course, treatment and prognosis. We present a rare case of post-COVID-19 bilateral Aspergillosis endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) with aggressive manifestation at first but an appropriate treatment response. A 54-year-old man presented with bilateral decreased vision four weeks after post-COVID-19 hospitalization. Initially, he was diagnosed with noninfectious uveitis and treated with topical and systemic prednisolone for one week. Subsequently, he was treated with systemic voriconazole after a positive vitreous sample polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result for Aspergillus fumigatus. This case demonstrated the effectiveness of systemic antifungal treatment without surgical intervention in post-COVID-19 bilateral Aspergillosis EE.

Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus, COVID-19, Fungal endogenous endophthalmitis

Introduction

The coronavirus pandemic has recently challenged the medical system. Various ocular manifestations of coronavirus infection have been reported.[1] One of the disastrous ocular manifestations detected in these patients is endophthalmitis.[2] There have been previous case series of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia having bacterial endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) originating from the throat, kidneys, and teeth as a source of infection, and even the COVID-19 virus had been isolated from the vitreous sample.[3] Regarding fungal EE, Candida species are reported as the most common pathogen, although there are two reports with a specific diagnosis of Aspergillus.[4,5] The present case report on bilateral Aspergillosis EE is novel in disease course and recovery.

Case report presentation

A 54-year-old man presented with both eyes blurred vision two days before visiting an ophthalmologist. He had a history of COVID-19-related pneumonia with approximately 30% lung involvement, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which led to eight days of hospitalization. He received intravenous dexamethasone (8 mg/day) and Ceftriaxone 1gr every 12 hours for seven days during admission. There was no airway intubation or intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The patient had a history of first dose COVID-vaccination with COVIran Barekat (Barkat Pharmaceutical Group) vaccine [6] three weeks before hospitalization. He could not receive the next dose of his vaccine due to subsequent health problems. He did not have any other previous systemic disease.

His ocular symptoms developed four weeks after post-COVID-19 hospitalization. At presentation, the Snellen best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCVA) of the right and left eyes was 20/200 and finger counts (FC) 4 m, respectively. He was diagnosed with noninfectious uveitis by his primary ophthalmologist and received systemic prednisolone (25mgr /day) with topical steroids and cycloplegic drops. Due to a lack of recovery, he was referred to our clinic after one week. On examination, the BCVA of the right and left eyes were CF 6m and CF 1 m, respectively. Anterior segment slit lamp exam was unremarkable; however, vitreous cell (+2 in both eyes) was detected. Fundoscopy in the right eye showed extensive confluent yellowish intraretinal and subretinal collections in the inferior arcade involving the macula. In the left eye, the same lesion with surrounding sub-retinal cream-coloured fluid was seen in the post pole, which involved the fovea [Figure 1A]. Lesions appeared to expand in size [Figure 1B] five days later. Both eyes' macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed intraretinal and subretinal hyper-reflective materials with mild intraretinal and subretinal fluid (SRF), which disrupted macular structure [Figure 2A-B]. Fundus fluorescein angiography of the right eye [Figure 3A] and left eye [Figure 3B] displayed early hyper fluorescence due to vascular leakage around the lesions.

Clinically suspicious of EE, systemic workup was performed, including obtaining blood and urine culture, vasculitis laboratory tests, purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, trans-esophageal echocardiography, and repeating spiral chest CT, and no systemic source of infection was detected. Because of highly suspicious fungal chorioretinitis, vitreous sampling for smear, culture and PCR for herpes viruses, Mycobacterium, Candida, and Aspergillus species was obtained, then oral voriconazole (200 mg/bid) and systemic antibiotic (ciprofloxacin 500mgr/bid) was started. Although the culture from vitreous aspiration failed to yield any organism, Real-time PCR analysis detected the Aspergillus Fumigatus while negative for Candida, HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, VZV, and Mycobacterium genome. By diagnosis of confirmed Aspergillus EE, oral voriconazole was continued. After three weeks, vitreous inflammation, the subretinal lesions' size, and SRF reduced significantly. The patient's vision gradually enhanced in both eyes. After eight weeks, in the follow-up, BCVA was 20/32 in the right and 20/40 in the left eye. Fundus photography and OCT showed improved lesions [figure 4A-B]. Informed consent was obtained from the patient to report this case.

Discussion

The presented case is the first bilateral confirmed Aspergillus EE in a COVID-19-recovered patient who responded to the antifungal treatment without surgical intervention. There are various treatment protocols for Aspergillus EE, and systemic voriconazole is a critical drug.[7] It is suggested to begin systemic antifungal drugs in clinically presumed cases until the results of PCR or vitreous aspiration culture reveal the definitive diagnosis.[8] Surgical procedures such as multiple intravitreal injections of antifungal drugs and pars plana vitrectomy with or without silicone injection have been reported as valuable ways to manage fungal EE. [2,3]

it is necessary to consider the positive history of COVID-19 recent infection, corticosteroid use and the existence of posterior pole necrotizing chorioretinal lesion for considering the clinical suspicion of fungal EE. Most of the Aspergillus EE patients are initially misdiagnosed as noninfectious uveitis by their primary ophthalmologists and treated Inadvertent with local or systemic steroids or immunomodulators. This scenario was happening for our patient and recently reported cases.[4,5]  Also, all recent reports regarding post-COVID-19 recovery Fungal EE indicate no systemic focus of infection and negative blood and urine culture in these patients; therefore, misdiagnosis of noninfectious uveitis is expected.[3,5]  A majority of vitrectomies in all fungal species EE had initial negative tap because the vitreous involvement with filamentous fungi is rare, and initial positive smear is uncommon.[9] Sowmya p et al. showed that the PCR reported for fungal genomes verified a 100% microbial detection rate and can be regarded as a gold standard.[10]

The following chart briefly reviews the recent report of the five patients with confirmed Aspergillus-associated EE in COVID-19-related pneumonia and their characteristic retinal signs. [Table 1] Once comparing clinical details and characteristics of the present case with previous reports, there are some crucial differences. This patient only received systemic voriconazole and did not require a pars plana vitrectomy or intravitreal antifungal injection for treatment; However, baseline BCVA was better than in other cases; therefore, the poor presenting vision may be related to poor visual outcome.[11] The visual outcome and healing process were significantly restored compared to other previous fungal EE cases.[4,5]  The lower percentage of lung involvement and milder Covid-19 disease course compared to the previous case reports may play the role in this difference. In this case, since the vaccine course was not completed, the effect of a single dose could not be accurately determined.

Conclusion

The purpose of presenting this case is to draw attention to considering fungal pathogens cause EE in patients following COVID-19. In addition to demonstrating differences in the course of illness, progression, and even treatment compared to previously reported cases. This article highlights the need for an in-depth examination of the fundus of patients who have ocular symptoms after COVID-19 and takes fungal pathogens into account.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The patient consented to publish his data and pictures without mentioning his name.

Availability of data and material Data is available as needed

Conflict of Interest: None of the authors has a conflict of interest.

Author contribution: All authors fulfil the ICJME authorship criteria 

[thescrumblingmidwife]

hi! obligatory ‘I’m sorry if this sounds weird’ since it Feels weird at all to ask these questions, but. I’m AFAB and have an E cup size. For I think around half a year now I’ve been getting a really weird red area right under my breasts sometimes. It’s slimy and smells weird (weird as in something wrong weird, not as in Normal Body Odor And I Haven’t Showered In A While weird) and is extremely sensitive to touch. Not itchy though. It usually dies down or goes away after I shower, or if it persists, I’ve literally just gone to putting a heaping of baby powder under my breasts before I sleep. I don’t know if it actually helps at all but it at least makes it more bearable to put a bra on since it’s not slimy. It looks a lot like a yeast infection, but I’m not sure since I only get it under my breasts. and don’t have any other symptoms. I just don’t know if it’s a hygiene thing or if it’s something I should actually be worried about?

I’m also on a few medications (including contraceptives) if it sounds like a common side effect to something! I just have no idea ;o;

Hi Anon,

Obligatory "not weird at all!"

A rash under the breasts (or between any skin folds!) is called intertrigo, and is very common, especially with larger breasts and with more body fat. There are a variety of potential causes ("differential diagnoses"), including irritation of the tissues, allergic reaction, psoriasis, and bacterial and yeast infections. The most common culprit is just irritation of the tissues rubbing together.

Whatever the cause, the first step is making sure the area is being cared for properly. This includes:

regular cleaning with mild soap

ensuring the area is dry before putting on a bra (pat dry or cool setting on blow-drying)

use a cotton bra with good support (separates bottom of breast from chest wall, if possible)

try using an antiperspirant containing 20% aluminum chloride (often called "Clinical strength") on the area

If these steps don't work on their own within a couple of weeks, then you are more likely to have a bacterial or yeast infection. A health provider will be able to tell you which and prescribe proper treatment, as these require different things. You could also try a topical (cream) antifungal (Lotrimin or Monistat) on the area for 2 weeks. If that also doesn't work, definitely make an appointment with a provider because it's more likely to be a bacterial infection at that point, which may require antibiotics (either oral or topical), or a topical steroid.

Hope this helps, Anon!

PS I generally advise against baby powder. You can use cornstarch instead, if the antiperspirant is not adequate.

[theprinceofmycologia]

Could you tell me about candida aureus and alternaria solani? My friend studies them and they look so interesting

Hiii, I am so sorry for reacting so late, I have just been really busy with exams and stuff. Anyway, here is the post about Candida Aureus. I will also post about Alternaria solani, but at another time because I am still occupied with my exams.

This post will focus more on the fungus itself, rather than the effect it has on humans.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Candida aureus

Candida auris is a type of fungus that grows a yeast and can cause candidiases in humans. It is most often contracted in hospitals by patients with a reduced immunity.¹ The fungus can enter the blood causing fungemia (the presence of yeast or fungi in the blood) and cause serious infections.² These infections affect the bloodstream, central nervous system and the internal organs.¹

C. auris has attracted attention because of its drug resistance. It was discovered in 2009 and has seemed to spread globally in the past 15 years.

Identification and microscopic features

C. auris was first described and identified in 2009 after being found in the ear canal of a 70-year-old Japanese woman at the Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital in Japan. It is a species of ascomycetous fungus of the genus Candida that grows as a yeast. It forms smooth, shiny, whitish-grey, viscous colonies on growth media.¹

Microscopically, cells are ellipsoid in shape.¹ The cells are approximately 2.5–5.0 micrometres in size and are arranged singly, in pairs or even in groups. C. auris does not form hyphae or pseudohyphae. Although, if it is grown under high-salt stress and depletion of heat-shock proteins, it can result in production of pseudohyphae like forms.³

Candida auris-fungus. Picture by Christopher Paul

Origins and emergence of the species

DNA analysis of four distinct but drug-resistant strains of Candida auris indicate an evolutionary divergence taking place at least 4,000 years ago. The common leap among the four strains into drug-resistance might be linked to to widespread azole-type antifungal use in agriculture. However, explanations for its emergence remain speculative.¹

Proposed scheme for the emergence of C. auris

Another possible explanation for its origins and spread is suggested to revolve around seawater. Molecular biologist Auke de Jong explains the correlation: ‘Because this fungus has a very high tolerance for salt, which is a substance many fungi cannot cope with. The sea could be a plausible route for the global spread of Candida auris; it may have been spread across the globe by the currents.’ ⁴

Vaccine development and treatment

As of June 2024 there is no human vaccine against Candida auris, however experiments involving the NDV-3A vaccine have successfully immunized mice against the fungus. This vaccine also improved the protective efficacy of the antifungal drug micafungin against C. auris infection in the mouse bloodstream.¹

Treatment can be complicated because of its multiple drug resistance and it easily being misidentified as various other Candida species.¹

Highly adaptable

Molecular biologist Auke de Jong also talks about how C. auris is a highly adaptable fungus. Besides its high tolerance for salt, it can also survive relatively high temperatures and commonly used disinfectants. The actions of mankind have accelerated the fungus’ adaptive capacity. Through the large-scale use of fungicides in agriculture, we have accelerated the adaptation process in this fungus. This contributes to the development of an fungus that is rapidly building an increasingly stronger resistance to the substances with which we fight it.⁴

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

References

1.

2.

3.

4.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Mutuals:

@squidsandthings

@fungus-gnats

@fairy-tales-of-yesterday

@flamingears

@lameotello

@lovelyalicorn

[dr-smita-goel-homeopathy-clinic]

Pitted keratolysis is a bacterial infection of the skin. It can affect the palms of the hands and, more commonly, the soles of the feet, particularly the weight-bearing areas.

This infection causes small depressions, or pits, in the top layer of the skin. It can also lead to a bad smell.

Pitted keratolysis usually affects people who wear enclosed warm footwear for long periods, including soldiers, sailors, and athletes. It also tends to be common in tropical areas where people usually go barefoot.

The bacteria species Kytococcus sedentarius, Dermatophilus congolensis, Corynebacterium, or Actinomyces usually cause the infection.

These bacteria thrive in moist environments. According to the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology, pitted keratolysis has an association with excessive sweating, but this is not its only cause.

Perspiration, along with tight fitting socks or shoes, creates the perfect conditions for the bacteria to multiply.

Other risk factors for pitted keratolysis include:

• not drying the feet thoroughly after bathing

• not wearing absorbent socks

• sharing towels with others

People whose occupation may increase their risk of pitted keratolysis include:

• athletes

• farmers

• sailors and fishing workers

• industrial workers

• people who work in the military

Other risk factors that can make someone more likely to develop pitted keratolysis include:

• hot, humid weather

• sweating a lot on the hands or feet

• having thickened skin on the palms or soles

• having diabetes

• being older

• having a compromised immune system

The main symptom of the infection is clusters of small pits in the top layer of the skin on the soles of the feet. Each pit is usually 1–3 millimeters in size. The skin may also look white or wrinkly.

The pits usually cluster around the balls of the feet, the heels, or both. They tend to appear more pronounced when the feet are wet. Without treatment, the pits can join together to form a large crater-like lesion.

Pitted keratolysis can also cause an unpleasant smell, but people do not usually experience any redness or swelling because this condition is not an inflammatory skin condition.

Less commonly, the infection can affect the hands. When this happens, the characteristic pits usually occur on the palms.

Rarely, the doctor may also recommend oral antibiotics, such as erythromycin or clindamycin. Effective treatment will usually clear the lesions and the smell in 3–4 weeks.

The doctor may also treat excessive sweating if it is contributing to the disorder. Aluminum chloride 20% solution or the off-label use of botulinum toxin injections are options that can decrease sweating.

People need prescription medications to treat pitted keratolysis. However, they can take some preventive measures to help stop the infection from coming back. These include:

• wearing boots for as short a time as possible

• wearing absorbent cotton or wool socks

• washing the feet with soap or antiseptic cleanser twice a day

• applying antiperspirant to the feet

• avoiding wearing the same shoes 2 days in a row

• avoiding sharing footwear or towels with other people

• keeping the feet as dry as possible

People who experience foot odor often try to treat the problem with over-the-counter products. Doing this can make the infection worse because these treatments tend to contain antifungal and antiperspirant ingredients that moisten, rather than dry, the foot.

Pitted keratolysis can affect anyone, but people who wear warm, closed footwear for long periods are particularly at risk.

Prescription antibacterial and antiseptic medicines can treat the infection. With the right treatment, the infection and the smell will usually clear up within a few weeks.

It is important to note that the infection can come back. People can help prevent this by ensuring that they keep their feet dry and by avoiding wearing enclosed footwear whenever possible.

www.thehomeopathyclinic.co.in

[ajaiagrawalskin]

Is It Time for a Check-Up? Key Indicators You Need a Skin Specialist in Jaipur

When it comes to maintaining our health, we often prioritize regular check-ups with general practitioners. However, skin health is an essential component of overall well-being that often gets overlooked. The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as the first line of defense against environmental hazards, making it crucial to take care of it. If you’re in Jaipur and have been experiencing skin-related issues, it might be time to consult a skin specialist in Jaipur. Here are some key indicators that suggest you should seek professional help.

Persistent Skin Issues

If you are dealing with chronic skin problems such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, or dermatitis that do not respond to over-the-counter treatments, it’s a clear sign that you need the expertise of a skin specialist. Skin conditions can have various underlying causes, including hormonal changes, allergens, or even stress. A specialist can help identify the root cause of your skin issues and provide a targeted treatment plan that may include prescription medications or advanced therapies.

Changes in Moles or Skin Lesions

Any changes in the appearance of moles or skin lesions should not be taken lightly. This includes changes in size, color, shape, or texture. If a mole becomes itchy, bleeds, or appears asymmetrical, it’s crucial to have it examined by a skin specialist. Skin cancers can often be detected early with the help of a specialist, and early detection significantly increases the chances of successful treatment. Regular skin checks can also help in monitoring existing moles for any changes.

Unexplained Rashes or Itching

If you develop unexplained rashes or persistent itching, it may indicate an allergic reaction or another underlying skin condition. A skin specialist in Jaipur can conduct allergy tests to determine what might be causing your symptoms. Whether it’s contact dermatitis due to a new skincare product or a food allergy, identifying the trigger is essential for effective treatment and prevention of future outbreaks.

Skin Infections

Skin infections can manifest in various ways, including redness, swelling, pus, or pain. Conditions like impetigo, cellulitis, or fungal infections require specialized treatment to prevent complications and promote healing. If you notice signs of infection on your skin, it’s important to consult a skin specialist promptly. They can prescribe the appropriate antibiotics or antifungal medications to address the infection effectively.

Acne Scarring or Hyperpigmentation

Acne can leave lasting marks on your skin, including scars and areas of hyperpigmentation. If you find that your acne scars or discoloration persist long after your acne has cleared, it might be time to see a specialist. They can recommend treatments such as chemical peels, laser therapy, or microdermabrasion to help reduce the appearance of scars and even out skin tone.

Excessive Hair Growth or Hair Loss

Changes in hair growth, whether it’s excessive hair growth in unwanted areas (hirsutism) or noticeable hair loss (alopecia), can signal hormonal imbalances or other underlying conditions. A skin specialist can assess your condition and recommend appropriate tests to identify hormonal issues or other health concerns. Treatment options may include medications, hormonal therapies, or lifestyle changes to manage the condition effectively.

Sun Damage or Ageing Skin

Living in a sunny city like Jaipur increases the risk of sun damage, which can lead to premature ageing, sunspots, and an increased risk of skin cancer. If you notice signs of sun damage, such as wrinkles, dark spots, or rough texture, it’s advisable to consult a skin specialist. They can provide personalized skincare regimens and treatments to help reverse damage and protect your skin from further harm.

Need for Specialized Skin Treatments

Certain skin conditions require specialized treatments that go beyond standard skincare routines. If you are considering treatments such as laser hair removal, chemical peels, or injectables like Botox or fillers, it’s essential to consult a qualified skin specialist. They possess the expertise to ensure these treatments are performed safely and effectively, minimizing risks and maximizing results.

General Skin Health Maintenance

Even if you are not currently experiencing any specific issues, regular check-ups with a skin specialist can help maintain your skin’s health. They can provide guidance on the best skincare practices, recommend products suitable for your skin type, and suggest lifestyle changes to enhance your skin’s appearance and health. Preventative care is key to avoiding future problems and keeping your skin looking its best.

Conclusion

Your skin is a reflection of your overall health, and addressing any concerns with a skin specialist in Jaipur can lead to significant improvements in both your appearance and well-being. Don’t hesitate to seek help if you notice persistent issues, changes in your skin, or if you simply want to maintain healthy skin. A skin specialist can provide tailored advice and treatments that cater to your unique needs, ensuring that your skin remains vibrant and healthy for years to come. Remember, investing in your skin is investing in your health, so make the time for a check-up today!

[insightreportsunivdatos]

Antibiotic Resistance Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2024-2032

Antimicrobials relate to antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasities which are classifications of drugs administered in controlling diseases caused by microorganisms in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) defines any activity of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites to known antimicrobial medicines. Drug resistance means that even antibiotics and other antimicrobial treatments are rendered ineffective and infections can become hard or even impossible to handle, leading to increased danger of disease transmission, severe disease, disability, and death. As a naturally occurring process, AMR occurs through gradual pathogen evolution over a period through mutations. It has been promoted and spread by human endeavors especially the irrational and excessive use of antimicrobials for prevention, treatment, or control of infections in man, animals, and crops.

According to the Univdatos Market Insights analysis, increasing cases of antibiotic-resistant infections and increasing investment in antibiotic research & development activities across the globe will drive the scenario of the antibiotic resistance market. As per their “Antibiotic Resistance Market” report, the global market was valued at ~USD 8.3 billion in 2023, growing at a CAGR of about 5.4% during the forecast period from 2024-2032.

Request Free Sample Pages with Graphs and Figures Here - https://univdatos.com/get-a-free-sample-form-php/?product_id=66996

A GLOBAL CONCERN:

Antimicrobial medicines are the cornerstone of modern medicine. The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens threaten our ability to treat common infections and to perform life-saving procedures including cancer chemotherapy and cesarean section, hip replacements, organ transplantation, and other surgeries. In addition, drug-resistant infections impact the health of animals and plants, reduce productivity in farms, and threaten food security. AMR has significant costs for both health systems and national economies overall. AMR is a concern for every country irrespective of income level. It does not respect the territorial standards or boundaries of countries. They include adequate availability and utilization of clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for humans and animals; inadequate prevention, infection, and disease control in human and animal households, health care, and farming sectors; Inadequate access to proper, affordable, and effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, and medicines; poor knowledge or health literacy; and all implementing regulations. Both the driving force as well as the effect of AMR bear more influence on individuals dwelling in developing nations and at-risk communities.

Ø Drug resistance in bacteria-

The worldwide spread of antibiotic resistance remains a major concern while the effectiveness of widespread bacterial infections is reduced due to the ineffectiveness of most used antibiotics. According to the 2022 Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) report, some of the bacteria pathogens have high resistance rates and this is a big worry. The crude resistance rate of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli is 42 % and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is 35% in 76 countries which is reportedly high. Klebsiella pneumoniae, which is a bacterial isolate from human intestines, has also raised its resistance to several important antibiotics. Higher levels of resistance may translate to greater adoption of the last resort drugs such as carbapenems which in turn have their resistance levels which are presently being noted across the world. As the effectiveness of the last-resort drugs diminishes, the danger of infections that can no longer be treated rises. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development projections, there is a predicted twofold increase in resistance to last-line antibiotics by 2035 as compared to the year 2005 implying the need to invest in effective antimicrobial stewardship and improve surveillance across the world.

KEY FACTS:

Ø AMR has been reported to threaten many advancements in modern medicine. They also prove more difficult to eliminate and increase complications attached to other medical operations and therapies including surgery, cesarean section, and cancer chemotherapy.

Ø The world faces an antibiotics pipeline and access crisis. There is an inadequate research and development pipeline in the face of rising levels of resistance, and an urgent need for additional measures to ensure equitable access to new and existing vaccines, diagnostics, and medicines.

Ø In addition to death and disability, AMR has significant economic costs. The World Bank estimates that AMR could result in USD 1 trillion in additional healthcare costs by 2050, and USD 1 trillion to USD 3.4 trillion in gross domestic product (GDP) losses per year by 2030.

For more information about this report visit- https://univdatos.com/report/antibiotic-resistance-market/

Conclusion

The gradual development of the extensive and imaginative healthcare research business is showing a new day. All these measures are changing the manner of managing the industry at the moment offering numerous varieties to the population on the international level. 

[insightfulblogz]

Anti-Fungal Treatment Market Size, Latest Trends, Share, Growth Analysis, and Forecast 2032

Anti-fungal treatments play a critical role in combating infections caused by fungi, which can range from superficial skin infections to life-threatening systemic conditions. Common fungal infections include athlete’s foot, ringworm, and candidiasis. These infections are often treated with topical or oral antifungal medications, depending on their severity. Recent advancements have focused on overcoming the growing issue of antifungal resistance, as many fungi have developed resistance to traditional treatments like azoles and echinocandins.

The Anti-Fungal Treatment Market Size was valued at USD 16.83 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 23.70 billion by 2032 and grow at a CAGR of 3.88% over the forecast period 2024-2032.

Future Scope

The future of anti-fungal treatment is centered on developing more effective drugs with novel mechanisms of action to combat resistant strains. Research is exploring new classes of antifungal agents that target different fungal pathways, reducing the risk of resistance. Additionally, scientists are investigating the potential of nanotechnology to enhance drug delivery and increase the efficacy of antifungal medications. With an increased understanding of fungal biology, personalized antifungal therapies could become a reality, offering more targeted treatment options for patients with chronic or recurrent infections.

Trends

One major trend in anti-fungal treatment is the shift towards combination therapies, where multiple antifungal agents are used together to prevent resistance and improve treatment outcomes. Another significant trend is the focus on developing antifungal vaccines to prevent the occurrence of serious fungal infections in high-risk populations, such as immunocompromised individuals. Additionally, natural and plant-based antifungal treatments are gaining attention as safer alternatives, especially for long-term use.

Applications

Anti-fungal treatments are used across various medical conditions, including skin infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm, and jock itch, as well as systemic infections such as invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis. In immunocompromised patients, antifungal medications are essential in preventing life-threatening fungal infections. In hospital settings, antifungal drugs are critical for managing infections in patients undergoing organ transplants, chemotherapy, or HIV treatment.

Get Sample Copy of the Report: https://www.snsinsider.com/sample-request/2651 

Key Points

Anti-fungal treatments address both superficial and systemic fungal infections.

Research is focusing on overcoming antifungal resistance.

Combination therapies and novel drug delivery systems are emerging trends.

Natural and plant-based antifungal treatments are gaining popularity.

Key applications include athlete’s foot, candidiasis, and aspergillosis.

Conclusion

The battle against fungal infections is entering a new phase with the development of more advanced anti-fungal treatments. As resistance to existing medications rises, the focus is on innovative drugs, combination therapies, and novel drug delivery methods. With these advancements, the future of antifungal treatment looks promising, offering hope for better outcomes, particularly for patients with severe or resistant infections.

[credenceresearchdotblog]

The Respiratory Tract Infection Treatment Market is projected to grow from USD 43,128.93 million in 2023 to an estimated USD 62,998.10 million by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.30% from 2024 to 2032.The global respiratory tract infection treatment market is experiencing significant growth due to the rising prevalence of respiratory diseases, changing environmental conditions, and increasing awareness about early diagnosis and treatment. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) include a range of illnesses that affect the respiratory system, such as colds, bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. With the rising incidence of these infections and the global spread of pandemics like COVID-19, the need for effective treatments and medications has surged, propelling the market forward.

Browse the full report at https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/respiratory-tract-infection-treatment-market

Market Drivers

1. Increasing Prevalence of Respiratory Infections: Respiratory infections are among the most common diseases worldwide, affecting millions each year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia and bronchitis, are the fourth leading cause of death globally. These infections pose a particular threat to children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The global burden of these infections continues to drive the demand for improved diagnostics and treatment options.

2. Rising Awareness and Improved Diagnostics: Increased public awareness about respiratory diseases, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, has driven demand for early diagnosis and preventive measures. This, coupled with advancements in diagnostic technologies such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, chest imaging, and point-of-care testing, has expanded the market for respiratory infection treatments. Early detection and intervention improve patient outcomes, further boosting market growth.

3. Aging Population and Chronic Conditions: The aging population is particularly susceptible to respiratory infections, with age-related weakening of the immune system increasing the risk. Moreover, the rise in chronic conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diabetes further predisposes individuals to respiratory infections. This demographic trend is fueling the demand for effective treatments, both for acute infections and long-term respiratory health management.

4. Environmental Factors: Increasing air pollution and exposure to harmful pollutants have significantly contributed to the rising prevalence of respiratory infections. Airborne irritants, industrial emissions, and environmental allergens exacerbate respiratory conditions, leading to more frequent infections. Urbanization and changes in climate conditions are further intensifying the spread of airborne diseases, which is likely to keep driving the market.

Market Segmentation

The respiratory tract infection treatment market can be segmented into the following categories:

1. By Drug Class: The treatment options for respiratory infections include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and cough suppressants. Antibiotics are the most widely prescribed treatment for bacterial respiratory infections, though their overuse has led to growing concerns about antibiotic resistance. Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir and remdesivir have gained attention for treating viral infections like influenza and COVID-19.

2. By Infection Type: Respiratory infections can be categorized into upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold and sinusitis, are typically mild and self-limiting, while lower respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and pneumonia, can be more severe and require intensive treatment. The lower respiratory infection treatment segment dominates the market due to the higher severity and associated mortality rates.

3. By Distribution Channel: The distribution of respiratory infection treatments is primarily through hospital pharmacies, retail pharmacies, and online pharmacies. Hospital pharmacies account for a significant share of the market, as severe cases often require hospitalization and specialized care. However, the rise of e-commerce and online pharmacies has made medications more accessible, especially for patients managing chronic conditions.

4. By Region: The market is geographically segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. North America holds the largest share of the market, driven by a well-established healthcare infrastructure, high disease awareness, and significant research and development investments. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to grow at the fastest rate due to the large patient population, increasing healthcare access, and rising air pollution levels.

Key Players and Competitive Landscape

Several pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology firms play a crucial role in the respiratory tract infection treatment market. Key players include GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, and Merck & Co. These companies invest heavily in research and development to create innovative therapies and combat antimicrobial resistance. In recent years, mergers, acquisitions, and strategic collaborations have become common, as companies seek to expand their market presence and improve product portfolios.

The emergence of biotechnology firms developing novel biologics and immunotherapies for respiratory infections also adds competitive pressure. Furthermore, with the ongoing global focus on addressing pandemics, many companies have pivoted to produce treatments and vaccines aimed at combating viral respiratory infections, adding another layer of competition.

Future Outlook

The respiratory tract infection treatment market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. The increasing incidence of respiratory diseases, advancements in diagnostic technologies, and the development of new therapies, including biologics and personalized medicine, will continue to drive market expansion. However, challenges such as antibiotic resistance and stringent regulatory requirements may pose obstacles to market growth.

Key players

GlaxoSmithKline Plc

Merck & Co., Inc.

AstraZeneca

Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH

Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd

Sanofi

Cipla, Inc.

Chiesi Farmaceutici S.P.A

Orion Corporation

Segments

Based on drug

Antibiotics

Non- steroidal Anti-Inflammatory

Cough Suppressants

Nasal Decongestants

Others

Based on infection type

Respiratory Syntel Virus Infection

Influenzas Virus Infection

Parainfluenza Virus Infection

Adeno Virus Infection

Others

Based on route of administration

Oral

Parenteral

 Based on mode of purchase

Prescription based

Over-the-counter

 Based on distribution channel

Hospital Pharmacies

Drug Stores

Retail Pharmacies

Clinic

Others

 Based on region

North America

U.S.

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

U.K.

Italy

Spain

Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific

China

Japan

India

South Korea

South-east Asia

Rest of Asia Pacific

Latin America

Brazil

Argentina

Rest of Latin America

Middle East & Africa

GCC Countries

South Africa

Rest of the Middle East and Africa

Browse the full report at https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/respiratory-tract-infection-treatment-market

About Us:

Credence Research is committed to employee well-being and productivity. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, we have implemented a permanent work-from-home policy for all employees.

Contact:

Credence Research

Please contact us at +91 6232 49 3207

Email: sales@credenceresearch.com

Website: www.credenceresearch.com

[healthsupplementus]

DermaRX Skin Tag Remover: Effective and Painless Skin Tag Removal Solution

Introduction Skin tags can be both a cosmetic concern and a source of irritation for many people. These small, benign growths can appear on various parts of the body, such as the neck, armpits, or groin, and often become a nuisance when they catch on clothing or jewelry. DermaRX Skin Tag Remover offers a natural, painless, and non-invasive solution to eliminate skin tags without the need for surgery or harsh chemicals.

What is DermaRX Skin Tag Remover? DermaRX Skin Tag Remover is a fast-acting topical solution designed to help people safely remove skin tags from the comfort of their own homes. Formulated with natural ingredients, it targets the root of the skin tag, drying it out and allowing it to fall off naturally, leaving the skin smooth and clear. This solution is ideal for anyone looking for a non-invasive, pain-free alternative to traditional skin tag removal methods like cutting or freezing.

Key Benefits of DermaRX Skin Tag Remover

Quick and Effective Results: DermaRX is formulated to work fast, with users often noticing a reduction in the size of their skin tags within a few days of application.

Painless Application: The formula is gentle on the skin, causing no pain or discomfort during use, unlike surgical procedures or freezing methods.

Natural Ingredients: DermaRX uses a blend of natural, skin-friendly ingredients, making it safe for all skin types, including sensitive skin.

No Scarring: Unlike invasive treatments that may leave scars, DermaRX Skin Tag Remover works by drying out the skin tag, which then falls off without damaging the surrounding skin.

Convenient and Easy to Use: This at-home treatment is convenient, allowing users to remove skin tags discreetly without the need for expensive doctor visits.

How Does DermaRX Skin Tag Remover Work? DermaRX Skin Tag Remover uses a unique blend of natural ingredients to penetrate deep into the skin tag and target its core. The active components in the formula gradually dry out the tag, causing it to shrink and eventually fall off. This process is painless, ensuring that users can remove skin tags without discomfort.

Here are some of the key ingredients that make DermaRX so effective:

Thuja Occidentalis: Known for its antiviral and antifungal properties, this herbal extract is widely used in natural remedies to treat skin conditions. It helps dry out skin tags, making it easier for them to detach from the skin.

Tea Tree Oil: A powerful natural antiseptic, tea tree oil has been used for centuries to treat various skin conditions. In DermaRX, it works to break down the tissue of the skin tag, speeding up the removal process.

Castor Oil: Castor oil is known for its ability to nourish and moisturize the skin, ensuring that the area around the skin tag remains soft and healthy during and after treatment.

Cedar Leaf Oil: This essential oil is known for its astringent properties, helping to cleanse the skin and support the natural healing process as the skin tag shrinks and falls off.

Why Choose DermaRX Skin Tag Remover? With a wide range of skin tag removal methods available, it can be difficult to choose the best option. DermaRX Skin Tag Remover stands out due to its natural formulation, ease of use, and non-invasive approach. Here are a few reasons why it's an excellent choice for skin tag removal:

Non-Surgical: Unlike cutting or freezing methods, DermaRX Skin Tag Remover requires no surgery or medical procedures, making it an easy and painless option.

Affordable: Surgical procedures to remove skin tags can be expensive, but DermaRX offers a cost-effective alternative that delivers results without the need for a dermatologist.

Safe for All Skin Types: The gentle, natural ingredients in DermaRX make it safe for all skin types, including sensitive skin, ensuring that users can confidently apply it without the risk of irritation.

Discreet at-Home Treatment: There’s no need to visit a doctor or clinic—DermaRX allows users to treat skin tags in the privacy of their own homes, whenever it’s convenient for them.

How to Use DermaRX Skin Tag Remover DermaRX is designed to be simple and convenient to use. To achieve the best results, follow these steps:

Cleanse the Area: Before applying the product, ensure that the skin tag and surrounding area are clean and dry.

Apply the Solution: Use the applicator to apply a small amount of DermaRX Skin Tag Remover directly onto the skin tag. Be careful to avoid the surrounding healthy skin.

Allow to Absorb: Let the solution absorb fully into the skin. Repeat the application 2-3 times per day for optimal results.

Watch for Results: Over time, the skin tag will begin to shrink and dry out. Depending on the size of the skin tag, results may be visible within a few days to a few weeks.

Who Should Use DermaRX Skin Tag Remover? DermaRX is ideal for anyone dealing with unsightly skin tags and seeking a painless, non-invasive way to remove them. Whether you have a single skin tag or multiple, this product can be used to treat them safely at home. It’s suitable for people of all ages and skin types, making it a versatile solution for skin tag removal.

Conclusion For those looking for an effective, painless, and natural solution to remove skin tags, DermaRX Skin Tag Remover is an excellent choice. Its blend of natural ingredients works quickly to dry out skin tags, allowing them to fall off naturally without the need for invasive treatments or harsh chemicals. With DermaRX, you can enjoy smoother, clearer skin and the confidence that comes with it.

Take control of your skin health today with DermaRX Skin Tag Remover and experience a safe, natural solution for skin tag removal.