#alpha lipid | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

helen0086 · 9 days ago

Text

Progress in the Study of the Protective Effect and Mechanism of C-phycocyanin on Liver Injury

Abstract: C-phycocyanin (C-phycocyanin) is a pigment-containing protein from marine algae that has shown promising results in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases and tumors. C-alpha-cyanobilin is a pigment-containing protein from marine algae that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases and tumors. C-alpha-cyanobilin has a protective effect on various liver diseases, such as drug-induced or toxic substance-induced liver damage, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic fibrosis, and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective effect of C-alginin on liver injury is mainly realized through the regulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), and the inhibition of oxidative stress, etc., and is not toxic to normal cells. Therefore, C-alginin has a broad application prospect as a potential natural hepatoprotective marine active substance. In recent years, the research progress of the protective effect of C-alginin on liver injury and its mechanism is summarized.

C-phycocyanin (C-phycocyanin) is a complex protein of cyanobacteria and a natural food protein pigment with pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, as well as fast-acting and low-toxicity, it can be used as a functional food [1-2]. C-Alginin can also enhance immunity and is safe, without causing acute and subacute toxic reactions [3]. Selenium-enriched PC has been shown to have stronger pharmacological effects [4]. Therefore, C-alginate has important research value both as a drug and a functional food, and has become a hot spot in the field of pharmaceutical research [5]. In this paper, we summarize the progress of research on the application and mechanism of C-alginin in liver diseases.

1 Ameliorative effect of C-phycocyanin on liver injury caused by drugs and toxic substances

The liver is the metabolic center of drugs and exogenous toxic substances, and metabolites are prone to liver injury. C-PC can inhibit the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ, and increase the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which can inhibit hepatic inflammation and alleviate hepatic injury [3]. It has been found that C-PC can significantly prevent thioacetamide-induced liver injury, significantly reduce the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aliquot aminotransferase (AST), shorten the prothrombin time and reduce the hepatic histopathological damage, and improve the survival rate of rats with fulminant hepatic failure [6]. C-alginin also has a good effect on thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy, which can be seen in the reduction of tryptophan and lipid peroxidation indexes in different regions of the brain, and the enhancement of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rats with fulminant hepatic failure [6].

Another study found that C-alginin not only attenuates the oxidative stress induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene and reduces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals, but also inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene, thus inhibiting the expression of multidrug resistance genes [7]. Osman et al. [8] also showed that C-alginin could normalize the levels of ALT, AST, catalase, urea, creatinine, SOD and glutathione-s-transferase in the livers of rats poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). This result was also verified in human liver cell line (L02) [9]. C-phycocyanin can effectively scavenge ROS and inhibit CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver [10], and C-PC can improve the antioxidant defense system and restore the structure of hepatocytes and hepatic enzymes in the liver of gibberellic acid-poisoned albino rats [11]. As a PC chromophore, phycocyanin can also significantly inhibit ROS generation and improve liver injury induced by a variety of drugs and toxic substances [10]. Liu et al. [12] found that phycocyanin showed strong anti-inflammatory effects in a CCl4-induced hepatic injury model in mice, which could significantly reduce the levels of ALT, AST, the expression of TNF-α and cytochrome C, increase the levels of albumin and SOD, and proliferate cytosolic nuclei. It can significantly reduce ALT and AST levels and the expression of TNF-α and cytochrome C, increase albumin levels and the expression of SOD and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, promote hepatocyte regeneration and improve the survival rate of mice with acute liver failure.

Gammoudi et al [13] used response surface method to optimize the extraction process of C-phycocyanin, and obtained high extraction recovery. C-phycocyanin extracted by the optimized method has the ability of scavenging hydroxyl, superoxide anion and nitric oxide radicals as well as the ability of metal chelating, and it has stronger antioxidant effect; C-PC significantly increased the activity of SOD and inhibited the increase of ALT, AST, and bilirubin in cadmium-poisoned rats. C-PC significantly increased the activity of SOD and inhibited the increase of ALT, AST and bilirubin in rats with cadmium poisoning. The above studies show that C-phycocyanin can effectively protect liver injury caused by drugs and toxic substances, and has the efficacy as the basis for drug development.

2 Preventive effect of C-alginin on hepatic fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is an inevitable process in the development of various chronic liver diseases and may be reversed with early and timely treatment. The key to liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Previous studies have found that low-dose C-alginin combined with soy isoflavones can inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation by inhibiting the activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase［14］, but it is not clear whether C-alginin alone can inhibit the activity of NADPH oxidase. Therefore, the combination of C-algin and soy isoflavones at appropriate doses may have a preventive effect on liver fibrosis in high-risk groups. C-alginin may inhibit the progression of NADPH by suppressing oxidative damage, thereby inhibiting the development of hepatic fibrosis [15].

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the key mechanisms contributing to the development of fibrotic diseases. C-alginin inhibits transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced human EMT [16]. Although the effect of C-alginin on EMT in hepatic fibrosis has not been reported, it has been found that C-alginin can reduce pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial mesenchymal transition [17]. Another study found that C-alginin could reduce the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA in human dermal fibroblasts and alleviate fibrous contracture [18]. The results of these studies also have significance for the inhibition of hepatic fibrosis, and provide a theoretical basis for the further study of C-PC as a potential antifibrotic drug.

3 Protective effect of C-alginin on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury is an important clinicopathophysiological phenomenon. It was found that the addition of two different doses (0.1 g/L and 0.2 g/L) of C-alginin to the Krebs Henseleit preservation solution significantly decreased hepatic ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase activities, and reduced the rate of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde content in an isolated perfused rat liver model, and increased the activities of hepatic glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as sulfhydryl groups in hepatic tissue. On the other hand, it can increase the activities of hepatic glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase and the content of sulfhydryl groups in liver tissues, therefore, C-alginin can significantly reduce hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury as an antioxidant [19]. In isolated perfused mouse livers, it was found that C-alginin significantly reduced the phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells), attenuated cytotoxicity and inflammation induced by highly active Kupffer cells, and dose-dependently inhibited carbon phagocytosis and carbon-induced oxygen uptake by perfused livers, and then inhibited the increase of hepatic nitric oxide synthase activity induced by gonadotropins [20]. and thus inhibit the thyroid hormone-induced elevation of hepatic nitric oxide synthase activity [20].

However, C-alginin has a very short half-life in vivo, which limits its application in vivo. It was found that the use of polyethylene glycol-b-(polyglutamic acid-g-polyethyleneimine), a macromolecular material with good drug-carrying capacity and slow-release properties, as a nanocarrier of C-alginin could solve this problem, and the release of C-alginin could be delayed by subcutaneous injection into the abdominal region of rats, which could attenuate islet damage caused by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion and enhance the function of the islets [21]. This study broadens the scope of application of C-alginin in vivo and improves the therapeutic effect of C-alginin.

4 Inhibitory effect of C-alginin on hepatocellular carcinoma

It was found that C-alginin significantly reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) mRNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 cells) [22]. C-alginin is a natural photosensitizer, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by alginin microcystin induced a large accumulation of ROS in HepG2 cells, which promoted mitochondrial damage and cytochrome C release, and led to apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells [23].

Liu et al. [24] used nanoscale C-alginate particles prepared by lactobionic acid grafting and adriamycin loading to enhance the growth inhibition of HepG2 cells when combined with chemo-PDT, and the C-alginate particles could effectively accumulate and diffuse in tumor multicellular spheres. In vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of selenium-enriched PCs on PDT in hepatocellular carcinoma showed that selenium-enriched PCs could migrate from lysosomes to mitochondria in a time-dependent manner, and that selenium-enriched PCs could induce the death of tumor cells through the generation of free radicals in vivo, increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes in vivo, induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and inhibit autophagy, thus offering a relatively safe pathway to tumor treatment and showing new development perspectives [4]. It can provide a relatively safe way to treat tumors and shows a new development prospect [4].

Lin et al. [25] combined C-phycocyanin with single-walled carbon nanohorns and prepared phycocyanin-functionalized single-walled carbon nanohorn hybrids, which enhanced the photostability of C-phycocyanin and protected the single-walled carbon nanohorns from adsorption of plasma proteins, and synergistically used with PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) to treat tumors. C-phycocyanin covalently coupled with biosilica and PDT or non-covalently coupled with indocyanine green and PTT on tumor-associated macrophages can also increase the apoptosis rate of tumor cells [26-27]. The development of PDT and PTT synergistic methods for the treatment of cancer has broadened the application of C-PC and enhanced its value in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

In addition, C-phycocyanin can inhibit the expression of multidrug-resistant genes in HepG2 cells through NF-κB and activated protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated pathways, and C-phycocyanin increases the accumulation of adriamycin in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which results in a 5-fold increase in the susceptibility of cells to adriamycin [28]. Even in adriamycin-resistant HepG2 cells, C-PC induced the activation of apoptotic pathways such as cytochrome C and caspase-3 [29], and the results of Prabakaran et al. [30] also confirmed the inhibitory effect of C-PC on the proliferation of HepG2 cells, mediated by the inactivation of BCR-ABL signaling and the downstream PI3K/Akt pathway. mediated by BCR-ABL signaling and inactivation of downstream PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, C-phycocyanin modifies the mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes apoptosis in cancer cells [30]. Currently, C-phycocyanin is a synergistic molecule with other drugs that have been widely used in the treatment of cancer [31]. The above studies demonstrate that C-phycocyanin has good therapeutic potential in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma.

5 Amelioration of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by C-phycocyanin

It has been found that C-alginin can reduce ALT and AST levels, decrease ROS production and NF-κB activation, and attenuate hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by high-fat choline-deficient diets, and thus C-alginin has a protective effect on NAFLD rats through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms [15].

Another study on the effects of aqueous extract of Spirulina (mainly C-alginin) on NAFLD induced by a high-calorie/high-fat Western diet in C57Bl/6J mice showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina significantly improved glucose tolerance, lowered plasma cholesterol, and increased ursodeoxycholic acid in bile in mice [32]. Kaspi-Chadli et al. Kasbi-Chadli et al. [33] showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina could reduce cholesterol and sphingolipid levels in the liver and aortic cholesterol levels in hamsters fed a high-fat diet by significantly decreasing the expression of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA) gene, a limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, and TGF-β1 gene, and that ursodeoxycholic acid levels in the feces of hamsters fed high-fat diets were increased in the high Spirulina aqueous extract treatment group.

A daily dose of C-alginin-enriched Spirulina can reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress induced by a diet rich in lipid peroxides [34]. Ma et al. [35] found that C-alginin promoted the phosphorylation of hepatocyte AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) in vivo and ex vivo, and increased the phosphorylation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. In the treatment of NAFLD in mice, C-alginin can improve liver inflammation by up-regulating the expression of phosphorylated AMPK and AMPK-regulated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) and its target gene, CPT1, and by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and CD36 [35]. This suggests that C-phycocyanin can also improve lipid deposition in the liver through the AMPK pathway.

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Studies in animal models of spontaneous hypertension have shown that long-term administration of C-alginin may improve systemic blood pressure in rats by increasing aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase levels, with a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure, and thus C-alginin may be useful in preventing endothelial dysfunction-related diseases in the metabolic syndrome [36]. In the offspring of ApoE-deficient mice fed C-alginate during gestation and lactation, male littermates had an elevated hepatic reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio and significantly lower hepatic SOD and glutathione peroxidase gene expression.

C-PC is effective in preventing atherosclerosis in adult hereditary hypercholesterolemic mice [37]. In vitro, C-phycocyanin also improved glucose production and expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) in high-glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells [38]. C-alginin also increases glucose uptake in high glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells through the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/PI3K/Akt and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1)/liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMPK signaling pathways, activates glycogen synthase, and increases the amount of glycogen [38]. C-phycocyanin can improve blood glucose and fasting serum insulin levels in tetracycline-induced diabetic mice [39]. Therefore, C-phycocyanin can maintain cellular glucose homeostasis by improving insulin resistance in hepatocytes.

6 Hepatoprotective role of C-phycocyanin in other liver diseases

Studies have shown that C-alginin can inhibit total serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL, ALT, AST, and malondialdehyde levels in mice modeled with alcoholic liver injury, significantly increase SOD levels in the liver, and promote the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells, which can have an ameliorative effect on alcoholic liver injury [40]. In addition, C-phycocyanin may enhance the intestinal barrier function, regulate the intestinal flora, reduce the translocation of bacteria and metabolites to the liver, and inhibit the activity of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB pathway, which may reduce the inflammation of the liver and prevent the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis in mice [41]. In mice with X-ray radiation-induced liver injury, C-phycocyanin can reduce radiation-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress injury by up-regulating the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream genes, such as HO-1, and play a hepatoprotective role by enhancing the activities of SOD and glutathione peroxidase [42].

7 Outlook

Liver fibrosis is the common final process of chronic liver diseases, and there is no effective therapeutic drug at present. Although some research progress has been made in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the reversal of liver fibrosis [43], its toxicological effects have not yet been clarified. Although the incidence of viral hepatitis has gradually decreased with the development and popularization of vaccines and antiviral drugs, the incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and liver diseases such as NAFLD has been increasing year by year with the improvement of people's living conditions [44]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find drugs or nutrients that can help maintain normal hepatocyte function and effectively inhibit liver inflammation and fibrosis. C-alginin, with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects, as well as good food coloring, has a wide range of applications in both the pharmaceutical and food industries.

References:

［ 1 ］ LIU Q, HUANG Y, ZHANG R, et al. Medical aapplication of spirulina platensis derived C-phycocyanin ［J］. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2016, 2016: 7803846. doi: 10. 1155/ 2016/7803846.

[2] BRAUNE S , KRÜGER-GENGE A , KAMMERER S , et al. Phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis as potential anti-cancer drug: review of in vitro and in vivo studies[J]. studies［J］. Life (Basel), 2021, 11 (2): 91. doi:10.3390/life11020091.

［3］ GROVER P, BHATNAGAR A, KUMARI N, et al. C-phycocyanin- a novel protein from spirulina platensis- in vivo toxicity, antioxidant and immunomodulatory studies[J]. Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021, 28(3):1853-1859. doi: 10. 1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.037.

[4] LIU Z, FU X, HUANG W, et al. Photodynamic effect and mechanism study of selenium-enriched phycocyanin from spirulina platensis against liver tumours. ［J Photochem Photobiol B] J Photochem Photobiol B, 2018, 180: 89-97. doi: 10. 1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.020.

［5］ JIANG L, WANG Y, YIN Q, et al. Phycocyanin: a potential drug for cancer treatment［J］. J Cancer, 2017, 8 (17): 3416-3429. doi: 10.7150/jca.21058.

［6］ SATHYASAIKUMAR K V, SWAPNA I, REDDY P V, et al. Co- administration of C-phycocyanin ameliorates thioacetamide- induced hepatic encephalopathy in Wistar rats[J]. J Neurol Sci, 2007, 252(1):67-75. doi: 10. 1016/j.jns.2006.10.014.

[7] ROY K R , NISHANTH R P , SREKANTH D , et al. C- phycocyanin ameliorates 2-acetylaminofluorene induced oxidative stress and MDR1 expression in the liver of albino mice [J]. of albino mice[J]. Hepatol Res, 2008, 38(5): 511-520. doi: 10.1111/j. 1872-034X. 2007. 00290.x.

［8］ OSMAN A, SALAMA A, EMAM MAHMOUD K, et al. Alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress in rats by anabaena oryzae phycocyanin[J]. J Food Biochem, 2021, 45(1):e13562. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13562.

［9］ OU Y, ZHENG S, LIN L, et al. Protective effect of C-phycocyanin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in vitro and in vivo［J］. Chem Biol Interact, 2010, 185(2): 94-100. doi: 10. 1016/j.cbi.2010.03.013.

[10] BHAT V B, MADYASTHA K M. C-phycocyanin: a potent peroxyl radical scavenger in vivo and in vitro [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2000, 275(1): 20-25. doi: 10. 1006/bbrc.2000.3270.

［ 11］ HUSSEIN M M, ALI H A, AHMED M M. Ameliorative effects of phycocyanin against gibberellic acid induced hepatotoxicity［J］. Pestic Biochem Physiol, 2015, 119: 28-32. doi: 10. 1016/j. pestbp. 2015.02.010.

［ 12］LIU J, ZHANG Q Y, YU L M, et al. Phycocyanobilin accelerates liver regeneration and reduces mortality rate in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury mice[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(18):5465-5472. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i18.5465.

[13] GAMMOUDI S, ATHMOUNI K, NASRI A, et al. Optimization, isolation, characterization and hepatoprotective effect of a novel pigment-protein complex (phycocyanin) producing microalga: phormidium versicolorNCC-466 using response surface methodology ［J］. versicolorNCC-466 using response surface methodology ［J］. Int J Biol Macromol, 2019, 137: 647-656. doi: 10. 1016/j. ijbiomac.2019.06.237.

[14] MCCARTY M F , BARROSO-ARANDA J , CONTRERAS F. Genistein and phycocyanobilin may prevent hepatic fibrosis by suppressing proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells[J]. Med Hypotheses, 2009, 72(3):330-332. doi: 10. 1016/j.mehy.2008. 07.045.

［15］PAK W, TAKAYAMA F, MINE M, et al. Anti-oxidative and anti- inflammatory effects of spirulina on rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis［J］. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 2012, 51(3):227-234. doi:10.3164/jcbn.12-18.

[16] PATTARAYAN D, RAJARAJAN D, SIVANANTHAM A, et al. C- phycocyanin suppresses transforming growth factor- β 1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in human epithelial cells [J]. Pharmacol Rep, 2017, 69(3): 426-431. doi: 10. 1016/j. pharep. 2016.12.013.

［ 17］LI C, YU Y, LI W, et al. Phycocyanin attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via the TLR2-MyD88-NF- κB signaling pathway［J］. Sci Rep, 2017, 7 (1): 5843. doi: 10. 1038/s41598-017-06021-5.

[18] AN E, PARK H, LEE A C. Inhibition of fibrotic contraction by C- phycocyanin through modulation of connective tissue growth factor and α-smooth muscle actin expression[J]. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2016, 13(4):388-395. doi: 10. 1007/s13770-015-0104-5.

[19] GDARA N B, BELGACEM A, KHEMIRI I, et al. Protective effects of phycocyanin on ischemia/reperfusion liver injuries [J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 102: 196-202. doi: 10. 1016/j. biopha. 2018. 03.025.

[20] REMIREZ D, FERNÁNDEZ V, TAPIA G, et al. Influence of C- phycocyanin on hepatocellular parameters related to liver oxidative stress and kupffer cell functioning[J]. Inflamm Res, 2002, 51(7): 351-356. doi: 10. 1007/pl00000314.

[21] TONG F, TANG X, LIU D. Phycocyanin/PEG-b-(PG-g-PEI) attenuated hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatic islet injury and enlarged islet functionality [J]. Int J Nanomedicine, 2019, 14: 339-351. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S190938.

［22］KUNTE M, DESAI K. The inhibitory effect of C-phycocyanin containing protein extract on human matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in hepatocellular cancer cell line (HepG2)［J］. and MMP-9) in hepatocellular cancer cell line (HepG2) [J]. Protein J, 2017, 36(3): 186-195. doi: 10. 1007/s10930-017-9707-0.

［23］WANG C Y, WANG X, WANG Y, et al. Photosensitization of phycocyanin extracted from microcystis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: implication of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis ［J］. J Photochem Photobiol B, 2012, 117: 70-79. doi: 10. 1016/j. jphotobiol.2012.09.001.

［24］LIU X, DU J, XIE Z, et al. Lactobionic acid-modified phycocyanin nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin for synergistic chemo- photodynamic therapy［J］. therapy[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2021, 186: 206- 217. doi: 10. 1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.047.

［25］LIN Z, JIANG B P, LIANG J, et al. Phycocyanin functionalized single-walled carbon nanohorns hybrid for near-infrared light- mediated cancer phototheranostics [J]. Carbon, 2019, 143: 814- 827. doi: 10. 1016/j.carbon.2018.12.011.

[26] PU Y, WEI M, WITKOWSKI A, et al. A hybrid biomaterial of biosilica and C-phycocyanin for enhanced photodynamic effect towards tumor cells[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 533 (3): 573-579. doi: 10. 1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.049.

[27] WAN D H, MA X Y, LIN C, et al. Noncovalent indocyanine green conjugate of C-phycocyanin: preparation and tumor-associated macrophages-targeted photothermal therapeutics[J]. Bioconjug Chem, 2020, 31(5): 1438-1448. doi: 10. 1021/acs. bioconjchem. 0c00139.

［28］NISHANTH R P, RAMAKRISHNA B S, JYOTSNA R G, et al. C- phycocyanin inhibits MDR1 through reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2 mediated pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2010, 649(1/3):74-83. doi: 10. 1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.011.

[29] ROY K R, ARUNASREE K M, REDDY N P, et al. Alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential by spirulina platensis C- phycocyanin induces apoptosis in the doxorubicinresistant human hepatocellular-carcinoma cell line HepG2[J]. Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2007, 47 (Pt 3): 159-167. doi: 10. 1042/BA20060206.

[30] PRABAKARAN G, SAMPATHKUMAR P, KAVISRI M, et al. Extraction and characterization of phycocyanin from spirulina platensis and evaluation of its anticancer , antidiabetic and antiinflammatory effect[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020, 153: 256- 263. doi: 10. 1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.009.

[31] SILVA M R O B D, M DA SILVA G, SILVA A L F D, et al. Bioactive compounds of Arthrospira spp. (spirulina) with potential anticancer activities: a systematic review[J]. ACS Chem Biol, 2021, 16 (11): 2057-2067. doi: 10. 1021/acschembio.1c00568.

[32] COUÉ M, TESSE A, FALEWÉE J, et al. Spirulina liquid extract protects against fibrosis related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and increases ursodeoxycholic acid [J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11 (1): 194. doi:10.3390/nu11010194.

[33] KASBI-CHADLI F, COUÉ M, AGUESSE A, et al. Spirulina liquid extract prevents metabolic disturbances and improves liver sphingolipids profile in hamster fed a high-fat diet[J]. Eur J Nutr, 2021, 60(8):4483-4494. doi: 10. 1007/s00394-021-02589-x.

[34] OULD AMARA-LEFFAD L, RAMDANE H, NEKHOUL K, et al. Spirulina effect on modulation of toxins provided by food, impact on hepatic and renal functions [J] . . Arch Physiol Biochem, 2019, 125 (2): 184-194. doi: 10. 1080/13813455.2018.1444059.

[35] MA P, HUANG R, JIANG J, et al. Potential use of C-phycocyanin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 526(4):906-912. doi: 10. 1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.001.

［36］ICHIMURA M, KATO S, TSUNEYAMA K, et al. Phycocyanin prevents hypertension and low serum adiponectin level in a rat model of metabolic syndrome［J］. Nutr Res, 2013, 33(5): 397-405. doi: 10. 1016/j.nutres.2013.03.006.

[37] COUÉ M, CROYAL M, HABIB M, et al. Perinatal administration of C-phycocyanin protects against atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by modulating cholesterol and trimethylamine-N-oxide metabolisms[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2021, 41(12): e512-e523. doi: 10. 1161/ATVBAHA.121.316848.

［38］REN Z, XIE Z, CAO D, et al. C-phycocyanin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen synthesis via activating Akt and AMPK in insulin resistant hepatocytes [J]. Food Funct, 2018, 9(5): 2829-2839. doi: 10. 1039/c8fo00257f.

［39］OU Y, REN Z, WANG J, et al. Phycocyanin ameliorates alloxan- induced diabetes mellitus in mice ：involved in insulin signaling pathway and GK expression [J]. Chem Biol Interact, 2016, 247: 49- 54. doi: 10. 1016/j.cbi.2016.01.018.

[40] XIA D, LIU B, XIN W, et al. Protective effects of C-phycocyanin on alcohol-induced subacute liver injury in mice [J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2015, 28(2):765-772. doi: 10. 1007/s10811- 015-0677-3.

[41] XIE Y, LI W, ZHU L, et al. Effects of phycocyanin in modulating the intestinal microbiota of mice [J]. Microbiologyopen, 2019, 8 (9): e00825. doi: 10. 1002/mbo3.825.

［42］LIU Q, LI W, QIN S. Therapeutic effect of phycocyanin on acute liver oxidative damage caused by X-ray［J］. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 130: 110553. doi: 10. 1016/j.biopha.2020.110553.

［43］SONG Y N, CHEN J, CAI F F, et al. A metabolic mechanism analysis of fuzheng-huayu formula for improving liver cirrhosis with traditional chinese medicine syndromes [J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2018, 39(6): 942-951. doi: 10. 1038/aps.2017.101.

［44］XIAO J, WANG F, WONG N K, et al. Global liver disease burdens and research trends : analysis from a chinese perspective［J］. J Hepatol, 2019, 71(1):212-221. doi: 10. 1016/j.jhep.2019.03.004.

#phycocyanin #cphycocyanin #phycocyaninspirulina

#healthy eating #health products #nutrition #veganfood

3 notes · View notes

vartrisha · 14 days ago

Text

What is Salicylic Acid

Let's have a Detailed discussion on salicylic acid

The Wonders of Salicylic Acid: A Comprehensive Guide for Clearer, Healthier Skin

Salicylic acid is a popular ingredient in skincare, especially known for its effectiveness in treating acne and exfoliating skin. But what exactly is it, and how does it work? In this blog, we’ll dive into the science behind salicylic acid, explore its many uses, and give you tips on how to incorporate it safely into your skincare routine.

What is Salicylic Acid?

Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) derived from willow bark. Unlike alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), which are water-soluble, salicylic acid is oil-soluble. This solubility allows it to penetrate the lipid layers of the skin, reaching deep into pores to dissolve sebum and dead skin cells. This ability to clear out clogged pores makes it an essential ingredient in acne treatments and exfoliating products.

How Does Salicylic Acid Work?

Salicylic acid works by :

- Exfoliating the Skin: It breaks down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to remove them from the surface and prevent clogged pores.

- Deeply Penetrating Pores : Being oil-soluble, salicylic acid can dissolve into sebum (oil), helping to clear out pores and reduce blackheads and whiteheads.

- Reducing Inflammation : Known for its anti-inflammatory properties, salicylic acid can soothe the redness and irritation associated with acne, making it a great choice for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin.

Benefits of Salicylic Acid for Skin

1. Acne Treatment : Salicylic acid is highly effective for treating mild to moderate acne. It can prevent future breakouts by keeping pores clear and helping to reduce excess oil.

2. Exfoliation : Regular use of salicylic acid promotes gentle exfoliation, which helps to even out skin tone and improve texture. It can minimize the appearance of fine lines and create a smoother, more radiant complexion.

3. Blackhead and Whitehead Removal : Salicylic acid’s ability to penetrate pores makes it excellent for treating blackheads and whiteheads, as it helps to remove blockages from within the pore.

4. Oil Control : By breaking down sebum, salicylic acid helps control excess oil production, making it ideal for those with oily or combination skin.

5. Reducing Inflammation : Its anti-inflammatory effects make it an effective ingredient for calming irritated, red, or inflamed skin.

Common Uses of Salicylic Acid in Skincare

1. Cleansers : Salicylic acid cleansers are gentle, making them suitable for daily use. They help keep pores clean without overly drying out the skin.

2. Toners : Salicylic acid toners add an extra layer of treatment after cleansing, helping to refine pores and balance oil levels.

3. Serums : Higher concentrations of salicylic acid are often found in serums for targeted acne treatment, especially effective on blackheads and whiteheads.

4. Spot Treatments : For stubborn blemishes, salicylic acid spot treatments can reduce inflammation and speed up healing.

5. Exfoliating Masks and Pads: Many brands offer masks or pads infused with salicylic acid to exfoliate and clarify the skin. These can be used weekly for a deeper treatment.

Who Can Benefit Most from Salicylic Acid?

Salicylic acid is most beneficial for people with:

- Oily and Combination Skin : Because it helps regulate sebum production.

- Acne-Prone Skin : Due to its ability to clear pores and reduce breakouts.

- Blackheads and Whiteheads : Its deep-penetrating properties make it ideal for unclogging pores.

However, those with dry or sensitive skin should use it cautiously, as it may lead to dryness or irritation if overused.

How to Use Salicylic Acid in Your Routine

1. Start Slowly : Begin with a lower concentration (0.5-2%) and gradually build up tolerance. Overuse can lead to irritation.

2. Patch Test : Before using a new salicylic acid product, test it on a small patch of skin to check for any adverse reactions.

3. Apply Once a Day : For most skin types, once-daily application is enough. Using it more frequently can lead to excessive dryness.

4. Follow Up with Moisturizer 🧴 🍦: Salicylic acid can be drying, so it’s essential to keep your skin hydrated with a non-comedogenic moisturizer.

5. Use Sunscreen ☀️ 🏖️ 🧴: Salicylic acid can increase your skin’s sensitivity to the sun, so always wear sunscreen during the day to prevent UV damage.

Potential Side Effects and Precautions

While salicylic acid is generally safe, it can cause dryness, irritation, or peeling, especially if you’re using high concentrations or applying it too frequently. Here are some precautions to take:

- Avoid Overuse : Using too much salicylic acid can damage the skin barrier and lead to redness and irritation.

- Do Not Combine with Strong Exfoliants : Avoid using salicylic acid with other strong acids (like AHAs) or retinoids, as this can increase irritation.

- Be Cautious with Sensitive Skin : If you have sensitive skin, start with products containing a lower concentration of salicylic acid or consider using it every other day.

Frequently Asked Questions About Salicylic Acid

1. How long does it take to see results with salicylic acid?

It can take 2 to 4 weeks to see noticeable results, as the acid works gradually to clear pores and reduce acne. Consistency is key, so stick with it.

2. Can I use salicylic acid with other skincare ingredients?

Yes, salicylic acid pairs well with hydrating ingredients like hyaluronic acid and soothing agents like niacinamide. However, avoid combining it with other strong exfoliants to minimize irritation.

3. Is salicylic acid safe for daily use?

Yes, salicylic acid is safe for daily use at lower concentrations (0.5-2%), though starting with a few times a week may help prevent irritation as your skin adjusts.

4. Should I use salicylic acid if I have dry skin?

Those with dry skin should use it sparingly and follow up with a hydrating moisturizer. You may also consider using it just once or twice a week to avoid excessive dryness.

Conclusion: Embrace the Power of Salicylic Acid

Salicylic acid is a fantastic ingredient for anyone looking to improve their skin’s clarity and texture, especially for those prone to acne or oily skin. By understanding its properties and using it wisely, you can achieve smoother, clearer skin with a healthy glow. Remember to introduce it gradually into your skincare routine, pair it with hydrating ingredients, and always protect your skin with sunscreen. Embrace the science behind skincare, and let salicylic acid work its magic for a clearer, more radiant complexion.

#skin #skincare #serum #salicylicacid #health #viral #viral trends

2 notes · View notes

ns-sprite-editz · 11 months ago

Text

The Chi kids have chumhandles / screen names that based off of the letters: PLCN, which refers to Macromolecules; Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids.

Contrasted to the Beta kids, Alpha kids trolls with GCAT, the nucleobases of DNA: Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine and Thymine.

#chistuck

2 notes · View notes

homeremediestube · 1 year ago

Text

Blood Sugar Control Supplements: Exploring Potential Benefits and Considerations

Maintaining optimal blood sugar control is crucial for overall health, particularly for individuals dealing with diabetes or those seeking to prevent its onset. While proper diet, exercise, and medication are cornerstones of blood sugar management, some individuals may be interested in exploring the potential benefits of supplements. It is important to note that supplements should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice or prescribed medications. However, certain supplements have been studied for their potential effects on blood sugar regulation. In this article, we will delve deeper into these supplements, highlighting their mechanisms of action and possible considerations.

1. Chromium:

Chromium is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It has been studied for its potential to enhance insulin sensitivity and improve blood sugar control. Chromium picolinate and chromium polynicotinate are the two commonly available forms of chromium supplements. Research suggests that chromium supplementation may aid in reducing fasting blood glucose levels and improving glucose tolerance in individuals with diabetes or insulin resistance. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm its overall effectiveness and recommended dosage.

2. Cinnamon:

Cinnamon, a popular spice derived from the bark of certain trees, has gained attention for its potential blood sugar-lowering effects. It contains bioactive compounds that mimic insulin's action and may improve insulin sensitivity. Research has shown that cinnamon supplementation can lead to a modest reduction in fasting blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, the optimal dosage and long-term effects of cinnamon supplementation require further investigation. It is worth noting that cinnamon supplements should be used cautiously, as excessive consumption may have adverse effects, particularly in individuals taking antidiabetic medications.

3. Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA):

Alpha-lipoic acid is a powerful antioxidant that can be obtained through diet or as a supplement. It has been studied for its potential benefits in blood sugar control and improving insulin sensitivity. ALA may help reduce oxidative stress, a common contributor to insulin resistance. Some research suggests that ALA supplementation can lead to a modest improvement in blood sugar levels and peripheral neuropathy symptoms in individuals with diabetes. However, more extensive research is needed to establish optimal dosages, long-term safety, and potential interactions with medications.

4. Magnesium:

Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in numerous physiological processes, including glucose metabolism. Low magnesium levels have been associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation. Supplementing with magnesium may improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control. However, the evidence regarding its direct effects on blood sugar levels is mixed. Magnesium-rich foods, such as leafy green vegetables, whole grains, and nuts, are recommended as the primary source of magnesium intake. If considering magnesium supplementation, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosage and monitor for potential interactions with medications.

5. Berberine:

Berberine is a bioactive compound found in several plants, including goldenseal and barberry. It has been used in traditional medicine systems for its potential antidiabetic effects. Research suggests that berberine may help lower blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose production in the liver. Studies have shown that berberine supplementation can lead to significant reductions in fasting blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels (a long-term measure of blood sugar control) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, its use should be approached with caution, especially when taken in combination with other medications, due to potential interactions and side effects.

6. Probiotics: Probiotics are live microorganisms that can have beneficial effects on gut health. Studies suggest that probiotics may help improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Probiotic supplementation has shown some promise in improving blood sugar control and reducing inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, more research is needed to determine the specific strains of probiotics and the optimal dosage for blood sugar management.

7. Fenugreek: Fenugreek is an herb with potential blood sugar-lowering effects. Studies suggest that fenugreek may help slow down the absorption of carbohydrates and improve insulin sensitivity. Fenugreek supplementation has shown some benefits in improving blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage and duration of fenugreek supplementation.

8. Gymnema sylvestre: Gymnema sylvestre is an herb used in traditional Indian medicine for diabetes management. Studies suggest that gymnema may help reduce blood sugar levels by suppressing sugar cravings and reducing glucose absorption. Gymnema sylvestre has shown some promise in improving blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage and duration of gymnema supplementation.

9. Bitter melon: Bitter melon is a tropical fruit with potential blood sugar-lowering effects. Studies suggest that bitter melon may help increase insulin production and improve insulin sensitivity. Bitter melon has shown some benefits in improving blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage and duration of bitter melon supplementation.

Conclusion: While certain supplements show promise in blood sugar control, it is crucial to approach their use with caution and in consultation with a healthcare professional. These supplements, including chromium, cinnamon, alpha-lipoic acid, magnesium, and berberine, have been studied for their potential benefits in blood sugar regulation. However, their efficacy, optimal dosages, long-term safety, and potential interactions with medications require further investigation. It is important to prioritize a well-rounded approach to blood sugar management, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, prescribed medications, and ongoing medical guidance.

2 notes · View notes

usnerveregenformula · 1 year ago

Text

What are the fundamental fixings present in Nerve Regen Formula?

Vitamine B12: Vitamin B12, otherwise called cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin, is a piece of the vitamin B complex. Albeit the two kinds are valuable

against neuropathy, methylcobalamin is a part of the Nerve Regen Formula. Its ability to fix harmed neurons and myelin sheaths legitimize its incorporation. Vitamine B1: Like vitamin B12, vitamin B1 comes in two broadly used structures: thiamine and benfotiamine. Benfotiamine is multiple times more handily

consumed than thiamine structure and decreases aggravations that influence the nerves. This structure, not the thiamine structure, is remembered for the

recipe along these lines. R-Alpha-Lipoic Corrosive: For a long time, this compound has been effectively used to treat nerve-related issues. Balanced out R-Alpha Lipoic Corrosive, as

per clinical exploration, is powerful in diminishing diabetic neuropathy distress. It likewise has cell reinforcement abilities that assist the body with

disposing of unsafe metabolites Vitamin B2: Riboflavin, a sort of vitamin B2, is significant for upgrading neuron wellbeing. Complex proteins can be separated into amino acids, carbs, and

lipids that can stop the movement of nerve injury. This is the reasoning behind the consideration of this supplement in the Nerve Regen Formula. Vitamin B6: Vitamin B6 is otherwise called pyridoxine, and it assumes a part in a few biochemical cycles in the body. Pyridoxine lack is one of the most

widely recognized reasons for fringe neuropathy. Vitamin B6 is acquainted with the prescription to settle this issue and receive its rewards. Nutrient D3: The regular wellspring of cholecalciferol, the type of vitamin D, is daylight. This part is very helpful in raising your body's safe level.

Moreover, this is powerful for facilitating different side effects and agony related with neuropathy. Given these advantages, this nutrient is joined with

extra substances in the Nerve Regen Formula.

Energy Bloom Spice Concentrate: The plant Passiflora incarnata may assist with neuropathic torment. Customary home grown cures, for example, enthusiasm

blossoms are utilized to advance rest and briefly assuage minor tension. Also, there is research that proposes benefits for easing nerve torment and

withdrawal side effects. Feverfew Concentrate: The ongoing Feverfew bloom separate goes about as areas of strength for a for neuropathic, incendiary, joint, and intense torment. It

has all the earmarks of being a characteristic strategy that could work for treating many kinds of torment. It is believed that feverfew makes desensitizing

and calming impacts. Serotonin, an incendiary substance delivered by platelets, might be decreased, and receptor, a compound transmitter, might be created

less rapidly subsequently.

Benfotiamine: Benfotiamine is known to reduce or try and opposite nerve harm, renal infection, heart weakness, endothelial, fringe blood vessel sickness, and

diabetic retinopathy, as indicated by research and controlled examinations. The movement of the vital protein in the digestion of glucose, transketolase, can

be expanded by benfotiamine. It can likewise forestall the development of neurotoxic glucose metabolites. Baical Skullcap Root Concentrate: Scullcap was generally used as a narcotic for people experiencing apprehensive pressure and a sleeping disorder, very much

like it is presently in home grown treatment. It has for some time been utilized related to valerian to treat sleep deprivation. Cultivators likewise

utilized it as a treatment for epilepsy and neuropathic torment.

https://www.facebook.com/nerveregen.official https://twitter.com/nerve_regen https://www.instagram.com/nerve_regen/ https://www.pinterest.com/nerveregen_/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/nerveregen/ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4cnbCa3RihEfwPgbFAoFqQ

#Nerveregenformula

1 note · View note

contaiinedarmageddon2 · 2 years ago

Note

Three planet sized giantesses, one a blob, another all muscle, and last one all curves, are arguing over whose the tiny's matesprite

//Wow this one got away from me. Mindlessly self indulgent, poorly written, basically not even trying to write the characters properly though I guess the Demoness is more of an OC than anything. But boy was it fun all the same. "3 paragraphs" i said. hilarious. Highly advised you don't click read more, it's terrible extreme kink content and didn't really do justice even for that niche. Meant to kind of be aping bad harem cliche garbage but ironic shitposting is still shitposting.

There was a reason Sollux rarely experimented with his Doom abilities on any but the most minute scales, usually content to coast on the peculiar passive "benefits" it bestowed. They were obtuse, over-complicated, and almost never useful for solving any kind of direct problem. And yet a persistent question nagged at his bifurcated mind until he gave in and unsurprisingly fucked himself. They're called doomed timelines! Surely manipulating them should be easily within his wheelhouse. Push a variable here or there and who's going to care? The alpha timeline or whatever the pompous thing called itself sure didn't.

Now here he floated surrounded on all sides (including above and below) by not just miles but thousands of miles of flesh. It was hard to even describe the beings around him as women, the difficulty of seeing the forest through the trees was maddening. Acquaintances of his set on paths from his hatchet-job alterations to an already doomed reality that led them each to become curvaceous in the way that was usually resolved for planets and celestial bodies, which they each had. And all of them were somehow focused on him. Or rather their conversation was, he was somewhere in neutral ground hundreds of miles between their godlike forms yet completely unable to see anything but them. One third of reality was the Demoness' dizzying landscape of gray lipids, mountainous folds and rolls. It creating an uneven looking surface even from as far out as Sollux was. In opposition, another third was almost completely smooth. A tanned landscape almost entirely unblemished but for the state-sized dark spots he came to understand were the freckles scattered across Jade Harley's pillowy, planetary, barkbeast boobs. Sollux shuddered involuntarily considering the sheer depth of that all consuming chasm that split the otherwise uniform masses of mammary. The final contender was a sharp contrast to either of the other two, a cliffscape of sharper edges and utter firmness created by the chiseled striations of muscles that could probably tow the entire system they were inhabiting. Every now and then a massive strip of white cloth broke the rigid landscape, leading up to Polypa's face.

The Demoness, or Damara (he really wasn't sure which) seemed to be the first to start loudly speaking over the others. "You're all too weak! He wants someone who can take what she wants! Every foot of it. If you're not grabbing him more than he's touching you you're not matesprit material." Each proclamation sent a fresh ripple down her corpulence, cascading down the fat in near perpetual motion.

"You're just saying that because he got trapped in your lard ass for a day!" It was true, Sollux remembered crawling for endless hours hand over hand as gray-red fat pressed around him in suffocating darkness.

"Mmm, and what a day it was... My matesprit groping me like an animal... What's the point of having a speck-size fucktoy if you're not going to pound him into a singularity? Besides, we've already shared a first kiss, that makes it official!"

Kiss was a strong word. Or perhaps far too weak of one. Sollux had just so happened to be on a planet the self-proclaimed death goddess had arrived to consume. Eventually her suction had yanked him airborne as well until he collided and sunk into a cloying abyss of red lipstick. When she'd finally detected him after gorging he learned just how dexterous someone who can't reach past their own tits can be with their tongue, and the suction didn't cease for another day after.

"As if one quick peck and you taking advantage of my matesprit's better nature mean anything!" This time it was Polypa speaking up, reaching out one vast python of an arm to poke accusingly at the Demoness and promptly having her hand swallowed to the wrist in chub before even causing an impact. "He wants a strong, proper matesprit. Not some two-bit harlot or..." Jade is dismissed out of hand. Consternation might've been on her face but Sollux would've had to fly for hours to get past the curve of her celestial tits and see it. "I doubt you've even had a proper date like we have, too busy sating all your gluttonous desires."

The "date" was a little hard to remember. Sollux recalled Polypa had wanted to meet somewhere under what he thought were innocuous pretenses so he'd grabbed a snack and went to a wide field for it. He didn't know whether she had just arrived or had been watching for some time, but the horizon was abruptly filled with slab upon slab of muscle closing in and bursting through the atmosphere. She apparently took this meeting to have been agreement to a date, a romantic overture by him having a chocolate bar and having ripped some flowers out of the ground while desperately clinging to it when the gravity of Polypa's hyperdense musculature beat out the planet's own. Sollux found himself pinned in the canyon-like faults of her countless abs, pinned utterly when the utterly solid slabs compacted and slowly drenched as she worked herself into a sweat born of nerves for their 'date'.

And then... he was here. Specifically he'd been fleeing these obsessive bitches into space until he could figure out a better plan. But the problem with flinging yourself at warp speed through the void was if you weren't truly teleporting, or in possession of starcharts and supercomputers to map them, you were essentially blind. Leading Sollux to collide face-first into a brown wall in space and promptly rebound a hundred miles, leaving him perfectly in range to comprehend a vast, lightly tanned peak of nipple bobbing from the impact and hear Jade's surprised moan. There had only been enough time for both of them to confirm their identities (though he'd been concerned at being labelled "The" Sollux) before the other two had caught up and ended this clumsy in medias res.

"Pfft, you're both sad! I expected as much from what you told me on the message boards but still!" Jade punctuated with some points of her own, but the slow motion of her planetits bouncing in zero-G was a strangely different look than the Demoness' endless rolls jiggling against each other or Polypa's countless defined muscle groups.

"You got bloated from one measly blowjob? And you, scared of second base let alone third! Neither of you are qualified, that's why I came!"

In a flash of green Sollux was warped up to face level with the dogtier goddess. Finally he could confirmed that her ass matched the giga sized tits, and while her body must have been continental on its own it was still lost in a sea of her own assets. Brilliant green eyes focused on him with smouldering intensity, and he could tell now some of the slow drift of her assets came from her panting breaths. A small line of drool looked like it tried to escape but was licked away. "I'm almost glad I'm in heat. You're the one, Sollux, the one who can get me through this." Desperately needy words were spilling out of her.

"Those other girls can't handle you, but I need you. I feel like I need to fuck until the green sun burns out! You know you want these." She put effort to really start bouncing herself, cascading tidal waves of flesh traveling across her curves with each heave. "Why settle for just one planet when you should be coating all four of mine? We're already wasting time! You could've already fucked my tits and gotten buried in my ass so you can rail your slut-pupp-!"

"Fucking hell Harley!"

"Yeah, that's MY second helping!"

Harley's hand reaching to doubtlessly cram him into some tortuously soft crevice to begin her manic milking was stopped by the other two advancing on her angrily. Sollux took the opportunity to get the fuck out of there. Or at least to a safe watching distance.

#drabble #extreme hazard warning don't read this #absolute kink brainrot #also Polypa is blue because foe's polypa is Breath aspected and I dont know how to use other colors than tumblr's defaults

4 notes · View notes

suoxi-hospital · 3 hours ago

Text

Health Benefits of Pure Mustard Oil

Here are the health benefits of this naturally produced, nutrient-rich mustard oil:

Cholesterol-Free and Balanced Fatty Acid ProfileUnlike many refined oils, pure mustard oil contains no cholesterol and boasts a balanced mix of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids. These fatty acids are essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, reducing inflammation, and supporting brain function.

Rich in Omega-3 Fatty AcidsOmega-3 fatty acids play a significant role in reducing inflammation, enhancing heart health, and supporting mental well-being. Regular consumption of mustard oil provides a healthy dose of Omega-3s, making it an excellent choice for those looking to improve their cardiovascular health naturally.

Vitamin E – An Antioxidant PowerhouseMustard oil is an excellent source of Vitamin E, which acts as a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative stress. This vitamin promotes skin and hair health, immune function, and overall vitality.

Anti-Inflammatory BenefitsMustard oil has inherent anti-inflammatory properties, which are especially beneficial for individuals with arthritis or joint pain. Regular use in massages or as part of a diet can help reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, and enhance flexibility.

Bone Health and StrengthContaining a generous amount of calcium, pure mustard oil supports bone density and strength, which is essential for both growing children and elderly individuals at risk of osteoporosis.

Eye and Skin Health with Beta-CaroteneBeta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A, is present in mustard oil, promoting eye health, skin rejuvenation, and overall vitality. It aids in protecting against age-related macular degeneration and maintaining healthy, youthful skin.

Natural Antimicrobial PropertiesPure mustard oil is rich in glucosinolates, compounds known for their antibacterial and antifungal properties. This natural benefit makes mustard oil an effective choice for boosting immunity and combating various infections.

Ample Zinc and ProteinMustard oil contains essential minerals like zinc and protein, which are crucial for immune function, muscle health, and tissue repair. Zinc also plays a role in enzyme function and helps regulate metabolism.

Balanced Sodium and Potassium LevelsSodium and potassium in mustard oil help maintain the body’s pH levels, essential for optimal cellular function and metabolic processes. This balance supports heart health, kidney function, and muscle performance.

Supports Healthy Cholesterol with Alpha-Linolenic AcidMustard oil contains alpha-linolenic acid, a type of Omega-3 fatty acid that helps regulate blood lipid levels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and supporting overall cardiovascular health.

0 notes

sugarfit · 12 days ago

Text

Can Walnuts Lower Cholesterol?

Walnuts are high in folate, vitamin E, and healthy fats. Even though they are heavy in calories, they do not appear to be contributing to weight gain. walnuts-and-cholesterol

Several studies have been conducted to evaluate whether eating walnuts regularly will assist patients at risk of diabetes regulate their cholesterol and blood sugar levels.

High cholesterol levels, particularly high LDL cholesterol levels, raise the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other health problems. Researchers discovered that consuming walnuts every day may improve cholesterol levels without raising body weight.

Walnuts are packed with omega-3 fatty acids or also known as alpha-linolenic acid, which has been found to improve cardiovascular health.

Previous research has linked nuts in general, and walnuts intake specifically, to decreased incidence of heart disease and stroke. One explanation is that they reduce LDL cholesterol levels, plus we now have another that walnuts help to enhance the particle quality of LDL particles.

Table of Contents

View more icon

Cholesterol, Heart Health, And in Walnuts

Consuming walnuts as a component of a well-balanced diet may reduce the likelihood of heart disease, the world's most prevalent cause of death. According to the experts, walnuts might be a helpful natural remedy for lowering cholesterol and maintaining heart health. Let's look at it! They are indeed high in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-based omega-3 fatty acid. Per ounce, walnuts provide 2.5 grams of ALA. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown in studies to reduce the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) in individuals who have excessive cholesterol.

Inflammation is a key factor in the onset of atherosclerosis.

Walnuts aid in the maintenance of good cholesterol levels and the reduction of blood pressure, both of which are important heart disease risk factors.

Walnuts may reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke when consumed as part of a Mediterranean diet, a diet that is rich in fish, veggies, fruits, healthy grains, olive oil and nuts, legumes, and beans.

A recent study found that a Mediterranean diet combined with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts, particularly walnuts, decreased the frequency of major cardiac events in those at high cardiovascular risk.

Eating walnuts everyday reduces people's overall and LDL (bad) cholesterol levels considerably. Furthermore, regardless of whether they lowered other calories, their weight stayed consistent. Moreover, when they ate walnuts, their general diets improved.

Improved Lipid Profiles

A meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled studies found that consuming walnuts was related to substantial decreases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, but not with differences in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Individuals who were overweight or obese, as well as those who had comorbidities, experienced significant changes in their lipid profiles after consuming walnuts, and a longer trial length was linked with even greater benefits.

According to the findings of the above-mentioned meta-analysis, there is evidence that eating walnuts may be connected with better lipid profiles. It should be observed that the findings of this meta-analysis may be biased due to extra variables involved, and there was considerable variation for certain outcomes of relevance. Furthermore, take in mind that the association between walnut consumption and better lipid profiles might not be the same for all people, since age, gender, diet, and lifestyle can all impact an individual's lipid profile.

Advantages of eating Walnuts for People with Diabetes

Walnuts are a kind of tree nut that has been found to offer potential diabetic health advantages. Diabetes is a chronic disorder defined by excessive blood sugar levels (glucose), which can arise whenever the body is not able to make or use insulin properly. One of the possible benefits of walnut consumption for people with diabetes is that it may assist in improving blood sugar management and insulin sensitivity.

Consuming walnuts may also help minimize the chance of getting diabetes or promote blood sugar management in those with prediabetes, according to one research. In addition to their possible impact on blood sugar management, walnuts may also benefit the lipid profile and blood pressure of diabetics. Elevated levels of these lipids are linked to a higher risk of heart disease, a frequent diabetic consequence. Walnuts are also high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, which might also decrease blood pressure and lower the risk of heart disease.

It is important to note that the possible advantages of walnut consumption for persons with diabetes may differ depending on the individual as well as other aspects like the type of diabetes and the person 's general diet and lifestyle. Here are some advantages of walnuts:

Walnuts have fiber, protein, and healthy fats.

They contain antioxidants and omega-3s.

Walnuts may lower blood pressure and improve brain function.

They may reduce cancer risk.

Walnuts are convenient and versatile.

They may improve diet quality and support weight management.

Book a Free Session

Diabetes & Lipid Profile

Diabetes and lipid profiles are linked since high levels of certain lipids, like cholesterol and triglycerides, raise the likelihood of developing diabetes and some other health issues. Diabetes is a chronic disorder that arises when the body's cells are not able to adequately utilize glucose, a form of sugar. This can result in excessive blood glucose levels, which can harm blood vessels including organs over time.

A lipid profile is a collection of tests that assess the amounts of various kinds of lipids, or fats, in the blood. These tests can aid in determining the likelihood of getting heart disease or other health issues. Elevated levels of certain lipids, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, can promote the formation of plaque in blood vessels, leading to the development of diabetes and other health issues. Plaque is a substance composed of cholesterol, calcium, and other ingredients that can block arteries and raise the chance of a heart attack and stroke.

High levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, sometimes known as "good" cholesterol, on the other hand, can assist to prevent the development of diabetes and heart disease by eliminating LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream and avoiding plaque build-up in the arteries.

People with diabetes must regulate their lipid levels in addition to their level of blood glucose to lower their risk of complications. This may entail adopting lifestyle changes, like eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, and taking medication if necessary.

Benefits of Walnut Oil for people with Type 2 Diabetes

Here are five essential aspects regarding walnut oil's possible advantages for persons with type 2 diabetes:

Walnut oil is high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, which may aid with blood sugar regulation.

It has a high concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid that has been demonstrated to increase insulin sensitivity.

Walnut oil may aid in the reduction of inflammation, which is a prevalent issue in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

It contains antioxidants such as vitamin E and other polyphenols, which might also help protect against oxidative stress..

Despite walnut oil may have potential advantages for persons with type 2 diabetes, it's crucial to consume it in moderation as part of a balanced diet, and to consult with a healthcare expert about how it can fit into your comprehensive diabetes management strategy.

Risks of Overconsumption of Walnuts

Consuming walnuts in moderation as part of a balanced diet is generally considered safe and can give several health advantages. However, like with any meal, consuming too much of these might result in certain potential hazards and severe health repercussions. Walnut overconsumption could pose the following risks:

Weight gain

Because walnuts are heavy in calories and fat, eating too many of them might lead to weight gain if not balanced with physical exercise and a nutritious diet.

Digestive problems

Consuming a significant number of walnuts at once or on an empty stomach can induce digestive problems such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea in some people.

Allergic reactions

Many people are allergic to walnuts and may develop adverse responses after ingesting them. Hives, itching, swelling, trouble breathing, and anaphylaxis are all symptoms of walnut allergy.

Interference with medications

Walnuts contain chemicals that may interfere with some medications, including beta blockers and blood pressure pills. If you're taking any drugs, you should consult with your doctor about potential drug interactions.

Nutrient imbalances

Walnuts are a wonderful source of nutrients including healthy fats, protein, and numerous vitamins and minerals, but they are not a comprehensive source of nourishment. A diet heavy in walnuts may induce a nutritional imbalance and may lead to deficits in other key nutrients.

High-cost

Walnuts are typically more costly than other varieties of nuts, and eating a lot of them on a daily basis may be too pricey for some individuals. This might result in nutritional imbalances or inadequacies due to a lack of diversity in the diet.

Excessive intake of polyunsaturated fats

Walnuts are high in polyunsaturated fats, which may be helpful in moderation, but eating too much of them might cause an imbalance in the types of lipids in the diet, thus increasing the risk of various health problems. It is critical to consume a range of meals in moderation rather than relying on a single item as a primary source of nutrients.

Ways to include Walnuts in the Diet

Here are ten wonderful ways to incorporate walnuts into your diet:

For a crunchy and nutritional boost, add chopped or whole walnuts to salads, yogurt, or oatmeal.

Make your granola by combining walnuts, oats, and your favorite dried fruit.

Ground walnuts can be used in place of breadcrumbs in meatballs, meatloaf, or chicken nuggets.

To add flavor and crunch to roasted veggies, sprinkle with chopped walnuts.

Make a batch of no-bake walnut energy bars for an on-the-go snack.

Crush a handful of walnuts and mix them into your favorite baked items, such as muffins, cookies, or bread.

Spread walnut butter over toast or use it as a fruit dip.

Serve walnuts as a topping for pizza or spaghetti.

For an added protein boost, add walnuts to smoothies or protein shakes.

Roast whole walnuts and store them for snacking or topping salads and other foods.

Bottomline

Because of their high quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant sterols, walnuts may help decrease cholesterol levels. However, before making any dietary modifications, consult with a healthcare practitioner. To adequately lower cholesterol levels and minimize the risk of heart disease, it is also necessary to adopt other lifestyle modifications such as obtaining regular physical exercise and keeping a healthy weight.

FAQs

Are walnuts good for high cholesterol?

Walnuts may benefit patients with high cholesterol since they contain polyunsaturated fats, notably Omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants, which may help decrease cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.

Furthermore, they are high in fiber, which can aid in cholesterol reduction by binding to and eliminating cholesterol from the body. To assist regulate cholesterol levels, it is also vital to keep a balanced diet and lifestyle in general.

How many walnuts should you eat a day for cholesterol?

People with cholesterol can eat 3-4 walnuts everyday. The study, published in the American Heart Association journal Circulation, discovered that eating about half a cup of walnuts every day for two years reduced LDL, or "bad," cholesterol levels as well as the number of LDL particles linked to cardiovascular disease risk.

How long does it take for walnuts to lower cholesterol?

Eating walnuts may help decrease cholesterol levels, but the specific time frame depends on a variety of factors, such as the individual's diet, lifestyle, and overall health. According to some research, eating a diet high in walnuts can lower cholesterol levels in as little as four weeks.

Which is better to lower cholesterol: walnuts or almonds?

Almonds and walnuts are both healthy alternatives for decreasing cholesterol. Which is better relies entirely on your preferences and dietary requirements. Almonds and walnuts may both be included in a balanced diet to help decrease cholesterol and enhance heart health. It's crucial to remember that nuts are heavy in calories and should be eaten in moderation as part of a healthy diet.

References

Disclaimer

This website's content is provided only for educational reasons and is not meant to be a replacement for professional medical advice. Due to individual differences, the reader should contact their physician to decide whether the material is applicable to their case.

1 note · View note

prince902kumar · 16 days ago

Text

Nourish Your Heart and Joints: The Power of Nutriherbs Omega-3 Supplements

In the quest for optimal health, Omega-3 fatty acids have emerged as vital nutrients, playing a significant role in promoting heart and joint health. As we become more aware of the importance of these essential fats, choosing the right supplement is crucial. Nutriherbs, a trusted brand in health and wellness, offers high-quality Omega-3 supplements designed specifically to support heart and joint health. Let’s explore the benefits of Omega-3s and why Nutriherbs is the ideal choice for those looking to enhance their well-being.

What Are Omega-3 Fatty Acids?

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that our bodies cannot produce on their own, which means we must obtain them through our diet or supplements. The three primary types of Omega-3s include:

ALA (Alpha-linolenic acid): Found in plant sources like flaxseeds and walnuts.

EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid): Predominantly found in fatty fish such as salmon and mackerel.

DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid): Also derived from fatty fish, DHA is especially important for brain and heart health.

For heart and joint health, EPA and DHA are particularly beneficial, and Nutriherbs Omega-3 supplements are rich in these essential fatty acids.

Benefits of Omega-3 for Heart Health

Heart health is crucial for overall well-being, and Omega-3 fatty acids offer several key benefits:

1. Lowering Cholesterol Levels

Omega-3s have been shown to help reduce triglyceride levels in the blood, which is a major risk factor for heart disease. Nutriherbs Omega-3 supplements can help maintain a healthy lipid profile by raising HDL (good) cholesterol levels while lowering LDL (bad) cholesterol.

2. Reducing Blood Pressure

Regular intake of Omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with lower blood pressure, particularly in individuals with hypertension. This reduction in blood pressure can lead to a lower risk of heart attack and stroke.

3. Combating Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is a significant contributor to heart disease. Omega-3s possess anti-inflammatory properties, helping to reduce inflammation throughout the body and protect the cardiovascular system.

Benefits of Omega-3 for Joint Health

For those dealing with joint pain or stiffness, particularly from conditions like arthritis, Omega-3 fatty acids can provide significant relief:

1. Alleviating Joint Pain and Stiffness

Omega-3s are known for their anti-inflammatory effects, which can help reduce joint pain and stiffness. Nutriherbs Omega-3 supplements may be particularly beneficial for individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, as they can lead to improved mobility and comfort.

2. Supporting Joint Lubrication

Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to joint lubrication, enhancing flexibility and range of motion. This is essential for maintaining an active lifestyle and engaging in daily activities without discomfort.

3. Promoting Overall Joint Health

Long-term consumption of Omega-3s may also help in slowing down the progression of joint-related diseases, ensuring better overall joint health as we age.

Why Choose Nutriherbs Omega-3 Supplements?

When it comes to Omega-3 supplements, quality matters. Here’s why Nutriherbs stands out:

High-Quality Sourcing: Nutriherbs sources its Omega-3 fatty acids from sustainably caught fish, ensuring a premium product that is both effective and environmentally friendly.

Purity and Potency: Each capsule is packed with a potent dose of EPA and DHA, providing maximum health benefits without harmful additives or contaminants.

Easy to Digest: Nutriherbs Omega-3 capsules are formulated for optimal absorption, allowing your body to utilize the beneficial fatty acids effectively.

Third-Party Testing: Nutriherbs conducts thorough testing to guarantee the quality, purity, and potency of their Omega-3 supplements, offering peace of mind for consumers.

How to Incorporate Nutriherbs Omega-3 Supplements into Your Daily Routine

Adding Nutriherbs Omega-3 supplements to your regimen is straightforward. Here are some tips:

Follow Recommended Dosage: Stick to the dosage instructions on the product label or consult with a healthcare provider for personalized guidance.

Take with Meals: Consuming Omega-3 capsules with food can enhance absorption and help minimize any potential digestive discomfort.

Combine with a Balanced Diet: While supplements are beneficial, pairing them with a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats can amplify their effects.

Conclusion

Nutriherbs Omega-3 supplements offer a simple and effective way to support your heart and joint health. With their commitment to quality, sustainability, and consumer trust, Nutriherbs provides a reliable option for anyone looking to enhance their overall well-being. By incorporating these powerful Omega-3 capsules into your daily routine, you can take a significant step towards a healthier, more active lifestyle. Prioritize your health today and experience the transformative benefits of Nutriherbs Omega-3 supplements!

Link - https://www.flipkart.com/nutriherbs-omega-3-brain-heart-joint-health/p/itma68176d51d31d

#omega 3 #omega 3 vegetarian capsules #omega 3 capsule #vegan omega 3 #omega 3 capsules #omega 3 supplement #omega 3 supplements

0 notes

velvetvibes123 · 18 days ago

Text

Essential Skincare Ingredients to Look For in Your Products"

With countless skincare products on the market, knowing which ingredients truly benefit your skin can be overwhelming. This guide will highlight essential skincare ingredients, their benefits, and how to incorporate them into your routine for healthier skin.

1. Hyaluronic Acid

Overview:

A powerful humectant, hyaluronic acid draws moisture from the environment into the skin.

Benefits:

Hydrates and plumps the skin.

Reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

How to Use:

Look for serums or moisturizers containing hyaluronic acid and apply them on damp skin for maximum absorption.

2. Retinol (Vitamin A)

Overview:

Retinol is a derivative of vitamin A known for its anti-aging properties.

Benefits:

Promotes cell turnover.

Helps reduce fine lines, wrinkles, and acne.

How to Use:

Start with a low concentration and use it 2-3 times a week, gradually increasing frequency as your skin adjusts.

3. Vitamin C

Overview:

A potent antioxidant, vitamin C brightens the skin and protects against environmental damage.

Benefits:

Evens out skin tone and reduces hyperpigmentation.

Boosts collagen production for firmer skin.

How to Use:

Incorporate a vitamin C serum into your morning routine after cleansing.

4. Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)

Overview:

Niacinamide is a versatile ingredient that benefits a variety of skin types.

Benefits:

Reduces redness and inflammation.

Minimizes the appearance of pores and controls oil production.

How to Use:

Look for serums or moisturizers containing niacinamide and apply them both morning and night.

5. Glycolic Acid

Overview:

A type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA), glycolic acid is known for its exfoliating properties.

Benefits:

Removes dead skin cells for a brighter complexion.

Improves skin texture and tone.

How to Use:

Use glycolic acid toners or serums 1-2 times a week, gradually increasing frequency.

6. Salicylic Acid

Overview:

Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) effective for oily and acne-prone skin.

Benefits:

Penetrates pores to dissolve excess oil and prevent breakouts.

Reduces inflammation and redness associated with acne.

How to Use:

Incorporate salicylic acid cleansers or spot treatments into your routine as needed.

7. Ceramides

Overview:

Ceramides are lipids that help restore the skin’s natural barrier.

Benefits:

Locks in moisture and protects against environmental irritants.

Strengthens the skin barrier, making it less prone to irritation.

How to Use:

Look for moisturizers that contain ceramides, especially if you have dry or sensitive skin.

8. Peptides

Overview:

Peptides are short chains of amino acids that signal the skin to produce more collagen.

Benefits:

Improves skin elasticity and firmness.

Helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

How to Use:

Choose peptide-infused serums or creams and apply them as part of your evening routine.

9. Sunscreen (Broad Spectrum SPF)

Overview:

Sunscreen is crucial for protecting the skin from harmful UV rays.

Benefits:

Prevents sunburn, skin cancer, and premature aging.

Protects against hyperpigmentation and uneven skin tone.

How to Use:

Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30 every morning, even on cloudy days.

10. Tea Tree Oil

Overview:

Tea tree oil is a natural essential oil with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Benefits:

Effective for treating acne and reducing redness.

Provides soothing effects on irritated skin.

How to Use:

Use tea tree oil as a spot treatment for blemishes or look for products that contain it as an ingredient.

Final Thoughts

Choosing the right skincare ingredients can significantly improve your skin’s health and appearance. By incorporating these essential ingredients into your routine, you can address various skin concerns and achieve a glowing complexion. Always remember to patch-test new products and consult with a dermatologist for personalized advice!

#Tea Tree Oil #Ceramides #Vitamin C #Hyaluronic Acid

0 notes

blueoaknx · 22 days ago

Text

The Role of Mitochondria in Menopause

Introduction

Menopause signifies a pivotal transition in a woman's life, characterized by the cessation of ovarian function and a marked decline in estrogen levels. This phase is associated with various physiological changes and an increased risk of several health conditions, including metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have illuminated the significant role of mitochondria—the organelles often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell"—in the physiological processes that accompany menopause. This article seeks to elucidate the multifaceted roles of mitochondria in menopause, highlighting their involvement in energy metabolism, hormonal regulation, oxidative stress management, and overall cellular health.

Mitochondrial Structure and Function

Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles that possess their own circular DNA (mtDNA), a remnant of their evolutionary origin from ancestral prokaryotic cells. These organelles are essential for several critical functions, including:

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Production: Mitochondria generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), facilitated by the electron transport chain (ETC) embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Metabolic Pathways: Mitochondria are central to various metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and the urea cycle, integrating cellular energy production and metabolism.

Regulation of Apoptosis: Mitochondria play a crucial role in apoptosis by releasing pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c, thereby initiating programmed cell death essential for cellular homeostasis.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Menopause

The decline in estrogen during menopause is closely linked to changes in mitochondrial function:

Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Estrogen is known to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). The reduction in estrogen levels during menopause leads to diminished PGC-1α activity, resulting in decreased mitochondrial density and compromised function.

Oxidative Stress: Mitochondrial respiration generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. In the context of menopause, reduced estrogen levels can impair the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to an increase in oxidative stress. Elevated ROS can cause damage to mitochondrial DNA, proteins, and lipids, resulting in further mitochondrial dysfunction.

Altered Energy Metabolism: The menopausal transition is frequently associated with metabolic syndrome, characterized by increased fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a contributing factor to impaired fatty acid oxidation and energy dysregulation, resulting in increased visceral fat deposition.

Hormonal Regulation and Mitochondrial Function

Mitochondria are integral to the synthesis of steroid hormones, including estrogen. While the ovaries serve as the primary site for estrogen production, peripheral tissues, such as adipose tissue, can synthesize estrogen from androgens via the aromatization process. Adequate mitochondrial function is crucial for this synthesis. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction may exacerbate symptoms associated with estrogen deficiency.

Moreover, mitochondrial involvement in cortisol metabolism may also be significant. Cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, influences energy metabolism and stress response. Dysregulation in cortisol metabolism due to mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to increased fatigue and mood disturbances commonly observed during menopause.

Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to chronic inflammation, frequently observed in menopausal women. As mitochondrial function declines, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines increases, contributing to systemic inflammation. This chronic inflammatory state may exacerbate various menopausal symptoms, including joint pain, mood disorders, and cardiovascular risks.

Mitochondria also play a role in inflammasome activation, a multi-protein complex critical to the immune response. Dysregulation of this pathway in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to excessive inflammation, further complicating health during menopause.

Interventions to Support Mitochondrial Health

Given the integral role of mitochondria in menopause, various interventions may be employed to support mitochondrial function:

Physical Activity: Regular exercise has been shown to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and improve oxidative phosphorylation. Exercise stimulates the expression of PGC-1α, promoting mitochondrial health and improving metabolic outcomes.

Nutritional Interventions: Diets rich in antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C and E, polyphenols) can help mitigate oxidative stress. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, support mitochondrial function by reducing inflammation.

Caloric Restriction and Intermittent Fasting: These practices enhance mitochondrial efficiency and promote autophagy, a process that eliminates damaged mitochondria and supports cellular health.

Supplementation: Certain supplements, such as Coenzyme Q10, alpha-lipoic acid, and L-carnitine, may directly support mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): For some women, HRT may alleviate menopausal symptoms and support mitochondrial function by restoring estrogen levels; however, this approach requires careful consideration of individual risks and benefits.

Conclusion

Mitochondria are critical contributors to the physiological changes associated with menopause, influencing energy metabolism, hormonal balance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. A comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between mitochondrial function and menopausal symptoms can inform targeted interventions to support women's health during this transition. By prioritizing mitochondrial health through lifestyle modifications and potential therapeutic strategies, women may enhance their quality of life and mitigate health risks associated with menopause. Continued research is essential to explore the complex interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and menopausal physiology, paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches and interventions.

0 notes

cellucareblood · 24 days ago

Text

CelluCare Blood Sugar: A Comprehensive Solution for Blood Sugar Management

In the modern world, maintaining healthy blood sugar levels has become a top concern for millions of people, especially those dealing with conditions like diabetes or prediabetes. With the rising prevalence of these conditions, there has been an increasing interest in supplements and wellness products that can aid in blood sugar control. One such product gaining attention is CelluCare Blood Sugar. This article takes a closer look at CelluCare, its ingredients, benefits, and how it supports blood sugar management.

>>CLICK HERE TO VISIT OFFICAL WEBSITE<<

Understanding Blood Sugar and Its Importance

Blood sugar, or glucose, is the primary source of energy for the body's cells, derived mainly from the food we eat. The body uses insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, to transport glucose into cells for energy. However, when this system fails—whether due to insulin resistance or the body's inability to produce enough insulin—glucose levels in the blood can rise, leading to conditions like hyperglycemia and, in the long run, diabetes.

Maintaining healthy blood sugar levels is crucial not only for people with diabetes but also for those who want to prevent metabolic conditions and improve overall wellness. Elevated blood sugar can result in several complications, including heart disease, nerve damage, kidney failure, and vision loss.

>>CLICK HERE TO VISIT OFFICAL WEBSITE<<

What is CelluCare Blood Sugar?

CelluCare Blood Sugar is a dietary supplement specifically formulated to help regulate blood sugar levels. Designed with natural ingredients, it aims to support individuals who want to maintain normal blood sugar, either as part of a broader health regimen or as a complementary approach for those already managing conditions like diabetes.

Key Ingredients in CelluCare Blood Sugar

One of the main reasons for the growing popularity of CelluCare is its blend of clinically researched ingredients that work synergistically to promote balanced blood sugar levels. Some of the key ingredients include:

Berberine: Berberine is a bioactive compound extracted from several plants, traditionally used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Research has shown that it can significantly reduce blood sugar by increasing insulin sensitivity and promoting glucose metabolism.

Cinnamon Bark Extract: Cinnamon is well-known for its blood sugar-lowering properties. It mimics the action of insulin and improves glucose uptake by the cells. Moreover, cinnamon can lower fasting blood sugar levels and improve overall glycemic control.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA): A potent antioxidant, ALA helps reduce oxidative stress, which is commonly elevated in people with diabetes. It can also improve insulin sensitivity and support better glucose utilization by the body.

Chromium: An essential trace mineral, chromium plays a critical role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It helps the body use insulin more effectively, thereby improving blood sugar regulation.

Gymnema Sylvestre: Often referred to as the "sugar destroyer," Gymnema Sylvestre is a traditional herb that reduces sugar absorption in the intestine, making it easier for the body to maintain healthy glucose levels.

Bitter Melon: This plant-based compound has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat high blood sugar. Bitter melon contains compounds that act similarly to insulin, helping the cells take in glucose and lower blood sugar naturally.

>>CLICK HERE TO VISIT OFFICAL WEBSITE<<

Benefits of CelluCare Blood Sugar

1. Helps Maintain Healthy Blood Sugar Levels

The natural ingredients in CelluCare Blood Sugar are carefully selected to help users regulate their blood sugar levels. For individuals struggling with insulin resistance or those at risk of developing diabetes, this supplement offers a proactive approach to stabilizing blood sugar.

2. Promotes Insulin Sensitivity

By improving the body’s response to insulin, CelluCare Blood Sugar can help reduce insulin resistance, one of the major contributors to type 2 diabetes. Ingredients like berberine and alpha-lipoic acid support this by enhancing glucose uptake in the muscles and liver.

3. Reduces Sugar Cravings

Ingredients such as Gymnema Sylvestre have been shown to reduce sugar cravings, making it easier for individuals to follow a low-sugar diet. This can be especially beneficial for people trying to adopt a healthier lifestyle or those managing diabetes.

4. Supports Cardiovascular Health

Maintaining healthy blood sugar levels is critical to overall heart health. Many of the ingredients in CelluCare Blood Sugar, like cinnamon and chromium, also help in reducing cholesterol and triglyceride levels, further supporting cardiovascular function.

5. Boosts Antioxidant Defenses

High blood sugar levels can cause oxidative stress, which damages cells and contributes to complications like neuropathy and retinopathy. CelluCare Blood Sugar contains antioxidants such as alpha-lipoic acid that neutralize harmful free radicals, offering additional protection for the body.

>>CLICK HERE TO VISIT OFFICAL WEBSITE<<

How to Use CelluCare Blood Sugar

CelluCare Blood Sugar is typically taken in capsule form, with the recommended dosage depending on individual health needs. Most users take one or two capsules daily, ideally before meals, to aid in the absorption of glucose and prevent blood sugar spikes. As with any supplement, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider, especially if you are already on medications for blood sugar control or other health conditions.

>>CLICK HERE TO VISIT OFFICAL WEBSITE<<

Final Thoughts

CelluCare Blood Sugar is more than just another supplement in the crowded market of blood sugar support products. With its blend of natural, scientifically-backed ingredients, it offers a comprehensive solution to those seeking to manage their blood sugar levels naturally. Whether you are looking to support your overall health, prevent diabetes, or complement your existing diabetes treatment, CelluCare Blood Sugar may be a valuable addition to your wellness routine. However, it is always advisable to combine supplementation with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and medical guidance for the best results.

As with any health product, personal results may vary, and it's essential to follow the correct dosage and consult with a healthcare professional before making any significant changes to your regimen.

Offical websiite :https://www.onlymyhealth.com/is-cellucare-blood-sugar-safe-know-benefits-and-side-effects-1721046037

Pintrest : https://in.pinterest.com/cellucarebloodsugar0248/

#blood sugar #cellucare review

1 note · View note