#a few of the beginner objects it might give you could be children's books and flashcards and food items with simple labels

[roseofhybrids]

you know what would be fun?

A puzzle game where you're given a bunch of different objects, magazines, books, food labels, et cetera, all with a made up language on them. Then, with just the objects you're given, you have to decipher how to read the conlang your only clues come from the pictures and contents of the items

say for example, the game gives you two cans they're different brands, but two of the words on the front of them match the game lets you open the cans, and inside you find that both are filled with tomato soup ergo, you can conclude that the shared words mean "tomato soup"

then you can take another can, this one only shares one word and is filled with vegetable soup. Therefore, that single word that all three cans share must mean "soup" and by process of elimination the other word means "tomato"

and the idea is you keep doing this with different words till you can fully translate everything

[gretheresa]

Hey could share some tips abt learning new Lang you seem to have good grasp by now and I m willing to start Korean so maybe some advice would really help I g.

Have a grt day :))

I would love to! My advice won't be too structured so please bear with me 😭💕

New Script

First things first your target language has a different script. Since you've written your ask in English I understand that you're familiar with the Roman script. Please understand this, when you're learning a language and it has a script you're not familiar with, drop everything and familiarise yourself with the script first. A lot of students tend to develop a tendency of relying upon the script they already know to be able to read the text of their target language(hereinafter mentioned as TL). I'm in my third year of studying Japanese. Japanese has 3 scripts. Students who didn't familiarise themselves with the Japanese scripts still rely on writing the pronunciations of words in English. The learning of the Korean script is not just limited to memorising the letters, but as far as I can remember, the positions of the letters also matter. Essentially, you need to know the script like the back of your hand. Since the Korean language has gained a lot of traction in the past few years, there are now a number of apps for you to practice writing the script and provides flashcards for you to retain the script.

Gather Study Material/Make a Study Plan

If you're planning on self studying, do extensive research, on YouTube, Tumblr, find other people who are learning the same TL as you are, ask them what resources they use. As far as a beginner is concerned, most platforms provide basic learning material for free. If you need to get a basic framework or a goal to work towards, look for the proficiency test of your language and if it is conducted in your country. For Korean it would be the TOPIK test if I'm not wrong. The lowest level is 1, highest 5. Jot down the syllabus or print it. And start researching on gathering the material to cover that syllabus. This way you won't feel like you're arbitrarily studying whatever you can get your hands on. It'll give you a goal to work towards. For TOPIK level 1, I believe you'll easily find free resources online.

Understanding Sentence Structure

Grammar structure that is whether your TL is a Subject+Object+Verb(eg. Japanese, Hindi, Korean) or a Subject+Verb+Object(eg. English, Chinese). If you already happen to know a language that has the same sentence structure as your TL, take that language as your base language to learn the TL.

Input vs Output

When you're learning a new language, there's two things happening. One is Input, the other is your Output. Input would include reading and listening and output would be writing and speaking. Please understand that it might be a while before you can fluently create output. When you're starting out, a great amount of input is needed to "create" output in your TL. And by create I mean being able to create sentences in your TL as opposed to creating a sentence in your native language and then translating it to your TL. Being able to intuitively, effortlessly create sentences, or think in a new language takes a LOT of input. Think of how long it takes babies to speak because they don't have a base language from which they can translate. They gather input for such a long time before they can string two words together. So don't feel disheartened when you sit down to write something in your TL but words just won't come to you. It's fine. Put your focus into gathering a lot of input.

Kind of Input to Look For

An important thing to consider when you're in your quest for gathering input, is to gather such input as would be useful to your level of understanding of the TL. Imagine if a lawyer started talking to a baby to increase the vocab capacity of the baby. it won't work. Find materials suited to your level. If you're a beginner read children's books, watch children's cartoons. The good thing about being an adult is that we can learn faster than a baby, so naturally we might progress on to intermediate level more easily than a kid but that doesn't mean we can skip the part where we have to read kid's books.

Overcoming the Intermediate Level Boredom/Lack of Motivation

The true problem arises when we're at a lower intermediate level. So now we know more than just the basics, but not enough to be able to understand our favourite shows or read the novels or comics we'd like to read. The solution is to remind yourself again, that lower intermediate level requires reading and listening to content of that very level. This is the one place I've seen so many students give up because language does get progressively harder from here. And most people who are relying purely on studying grammar and cramming vocab from a boring list tend to feel super burnt out. The solution is to read and especially read fiction. Fiction will naturally create interest in finding out what a particular word means. I've never managed to learn vocab from a list. It's tedious, boring and I always run the risk of ending up hating my TL. So read, and always read the stories suited to your level of understanding.

Same goes for listening. Immerse yourself in podcasts, youtube channels of your TL. Again at the level that suits you. Being able to understand something in your TL gives a confidence boost and motivates you to study more to be able to understand even more complex grammar, which is why I'm focusing so much on gathering input that is suited to your level of understanding of the TL.

This got a bit too long than I had planned😅 I hope this helps. I might add something later on. I'd love it if other langblrs would like to add to this.

Learning a new language is soooo exciting but you must MUST know that it requires a tremendous amount of patience. When you're starting out and feel frustrated that you're still not able to understand movies or books in your target language, remind yourself that you're the equivalent of a 6-7 year old student when you're studying the language and be kind to yourself as you would be to a kid. I hope I was able to help you out, sending all the love for your language learning journey💕

[gobhai24x7]

Everyone Can Play Free Online Games

At the point when weariness hits, there are way too many various things that you can pursue with a smidgen of fervor. You can stare at the TV, a film, or even a book; however, there are only so many times you can watch or peruse exactly the same thing before that also becomes exhausting. You can play tabletop games or cards... in any case, you will generally need to have others playing to make that work. You can go out places and get things done... yet, that can be costly, you might not have any desire to go out all alone, you probably won't be helpful to take off from the house, or it could essentially be pouring down with downpour and blowing a storm - not exactly going out climate!

So what might you, at any point, do? You want something that you can do inside the solace of your own home, without purchasing or pay for anything, without requiring others around to help and, in particular, something that will keep you intrigued with a long stretch of time of differed and customized diversion. Alright, what about free internet games?

In excess of 86 million individuals play some type of free web based game. Youngsters, elderly folks, scholastic individuals, athletic individuals, individuals with top-of-the line occupations, individuals in school... As such, a wide range of individuals, with a wide range of lives, are becoming amped up for nothing playing web based games. However, why? What's going on with all the fighting?

Free Web based Games Since the time that games have been presented on the web, their prominence and overall acknowledgment has developed dramatically! Individuals have forever been watching out for new types of diversion and energy in their day-to-day routines, and the universe of web based gaming is continually developing and changing to suit everybody's cravings, now and in the future.

For those of you new to web based gaming, internet games include messing around on the PC while being associated with the web. Don't bother going out and purchasing costly games and extravagant control center, you should simply bounce on your PC, associate with your web, find the free games that you like and appreciate!

A few free games permit you to play on the web, yet additionally incorporate the likelihood to download the game directly to your PC, implying that you can play disconnected (or when you are not associated with the web). A few free games likewise permit you to add them to your own sites; and frequently, gaming sites will permit you to present your own games that you have made to be played by others.

However, here is the data that you are truly holding on to hear... What precisely are these web based games about, and will there really be one that I need to play? What's more, the response is basic. There are a bigger number of games than you might perhaps cook up all alone, importance there makes certain to be numerous that you will generously appreciate. There are basically a great many internet games accessible on the various sites available for you to browse. There are the arcade games that everybody grew up with as a youngster; web based shooting match-ups for the beginner marksmen; there are system games for the individuals who need to test their brains against the PC; riddles to give your cerebrum a work out; sport games for the game insane; hustling games for individuals who like quick vehicles; battling games for the starry-eyed kung-fu aces; young ladies games and young men games, and children games and grown-up games. Furthermore, inside every one of these classifications is a full scope of various subjects, characters, objectives, and troubles. Take internet shooting match-ups or model. The decisions for internet shooting match-ups range from straightforward, objective practice, to full on battle situations.

Why pick free games? So here is the central issue... for what reason would it be advisable for you to pick free internet games over each and every other source of amusement? Here are only a couple of truly valid justifications why:

1. Free web based games are helpful - they can be delighted in your own home, at your own PC, any time or night. You don't need to spruce up, do your hair or even shower (however, cleanly, this would be fitting!) to play - nobody can see you (or smell you), yet you!

2. They are free! - In these difficult stretches, where each dollar counts and burning through cash on games and costly control center is a major no, you can in any case live it up - free of charge!

3. They give long stretches of energy and association—free web based games offer you the chance to test your abilities and brains against your PC, so don't simply plunk down and sit in front of the TV while your cerebrum gradually decays away—use it!

4. You can't reject that triumphant inclination - you make certain to find a game that you are great at and win. This gives you a characteristic high, and can raise your confidence and self-assurance.

For More Info:-

Esports in India

football games online

[katsukikitten]

Part 3 please let me know what you think! Enjoy!

Part 1 ××× Part 2

Bakugou finds himself wandering around the seemingly endless house in a combination of avoiding you and giving you space. 

And truth be told he's a bit curious as to how far the house really goes. He hadn't had the opportunity to get far the first time around. Mei spying him heading towards the kitchen and steering him in the direction of the oversized dining room. 

He sighs, the halls darkened and painted in red hues from the dying sun that peeked in through the woven tatami blinds that separated the inside from the engawa. He passes by what must be one of the many bathrooms as he sees steam seeping from the door and hears children laughing on the other side, he walks further past other large rooms with the tatami sliding doors half open inviting guests into the endless darkness. 

Soon the halls are painted in the soft light of the moon. He has lost time in his deep thoughts. 

Thoughts forever leading back to you and his screaming arm. 

The funny thing is that before this trip, before you sank to your knees in front of him in the apartment, he never really had given you a second thought. The only time he did was when you made that damned ramen you bribed him with. 

So why were you all he could think about now?

Suddenly he finds himself in a familiar hallway that leads to a set of open doors, light flooding the wooden floors. He realizes too late that he is standing in the light and potentially disturbing the inhabitants or worse yet spotted by them. He takes a step back but it's too late. 

"Bakugou dear please come in." Sobo calls as Bakugou damns himself for being so careless. Company was the last thing he wanted.

But he does as he's told. Stepping into the study with new eyes, now having the time to look it over, where as before you rushed him in, forcing him to bow to not one but two strangers today. This time around he notices bookshelves that line the room closest to the door while the rest of the walls are covered with photos and awards. Famous politicians, CEOs, and heroes in each photo, each one having a younger version of her in it. 

It's uncanny how much you look like her, especially in the one standing next to a young All Might, not a hair out of place as she wears the crane kimono in the photo. Finally his eyes fall to the elderly woman who summoned him from his aimless walk.  She is sitting stick straight, eyes fixated on a set of white flower buds that gently sway in the breeze.

"Look," Her voice velvet as she points with a skinny finger, "They are blooming." 

Bakugou stays standing and grunts in response, apple red eyes fixated on the petals that seem to reflect the silvery glow of the moon as they slowly open. 

"Do you know what makes a moon flower so wonderful and awe inspiring?" Sobo asks but Bakugou does not answer. Instead he bites his lip and watches as her elderly features bloom into excitement before she speaks, "It's ability to thrive in the dark. To have so little light to work with and yet to embrace it wholeheartedly. I know there is at least one person in your life that reminds you of this flower." 

The hot head isn't sure where she is going with this...lecture of sorts. She gives him a knowing smile as the words play over in his head a few times. Sure there were a few people he could think of. 

She pulls him from his deep thoughts with a question as she places a board between herself and the empty cushion. 

"Have you ever played the game Go before Bakugou?" He has but he isn't so inclined to play. 

Playing house was enough for him this weekend. 

"No." His voice is even and his body still full of tension.  Of fight and a bit of pain from the altercation from before. 

"Come, I'll teach you." She smiles as she gestures to the seat before him. He hesitates for just a second before he thinks he hears you nagging in the back of his head. 

Reluctantly he sits on the pillow with agitated and poor posture. 

Grandmother goes over the rules slowly and Bakugou feigns interest as he is already familiar, this game was about strategy and cornering your opponent. Things he did for a living. 

 Finally she makes the first move, placing a piece onto the board, the diamond of her ring catches Bakugou's eye and he wonders how he missed that before. 

He places his own small tile, deep black bruises catching Sobo's pitying eyes. 

"I'm thankful she didn't break your arm." She places another piece and in such an odd spot. Bakugou ignores it, going head first into the game as he does everything else. 

"Believe it or not. I've seen her do worse." He counters, Sobo keeps her eyes on the board. Taking her time as she goes while Bakugou waits patiently. The pieces go back and forth as the conversation goes on. 

"It is hard to believe. My granddaughter is normally level headed. Not much gets under her skin." She gauges his reaction, noticing his facial expression changing ever so slightly, "You did us a favor. She would have never forgiven herself should she have hurt Shoji. Or worse yet kill him.  But that's not who you were protecting was it?" 

"I was acting on instinct. I'm not a pro hero for nothin." Gruff voice carrying pride into the hallway. 

"What you said wasn't." He swallows thickly at her comment, she places another piece. He can't understand her placement, if anything she was losing, backing herself into a corner of sorts.

Kinda like this conversation, still she acts as if she is in control. 

"You mentioned the house. You mentioned me. Not too many people know that her dear old Sobo is her true soft spot." 

A suck of his teeth trying to end the little bonding talk without just up and up leaving.

He was supposed to be your fiance for god's sake so he had to tolerate this just a little bit longer. 

Still it didn't help that Sobo was poking around in uncharted territory for him. It's true, he did act on instinct but his words had been carefully thought over now that he looks back on it. 

Silence blankets the room as the night wanes on, Bakugou seeming to dominate the board. 

"Are you sure you haven't played before?" Sobo had a teasing tone to which Bakugou shrugs his shoulders, leaning back on his hands for support. 

"Beginner's luck." He shrugs, devilish smile threatening to blossom on his lips. 

"That's twice you've lied to me now." She holds her tile, waiting to make a move as she reads Bakugou. Nothing gives him away, except for that sweet sugary smell permeating the air as it's carried on the light breeze. 

"You lied about playing before. And you lied about being engaged. You two aren't even dating are you?" 

Blush plumes up his neck and cheeks still he remains silent, vermillion eyes fixated on the board. 

"It's not obvious if that's what you're thinking. The two of you almost had me fooled. But I didn't see a ring.  I know she has lied about boyfriends before for my sake. And I know my granddaughter can be a handful at times but I see the way she looks at you." She pauses for a moment, wishing for Bakugou to meet her eyes, she continues when he doesn't, "and how you look at her. You already fit right in, mago." 

He looks up at her then, holding those fierce earthy eyes, she offers a soft smile. 

"You may have lied to me a few times already but I know you were telling the truth when you said you'd die for her." She finally counters Bakugou's move, ending the game in his utter surprising defeat, the light dances on the diamond of her ring catching the attention of scarlet eyes once more. He bites his lip, returning his deadly gaze to the board. He hadn't even fathomed she'd make that move, she smiles a bit mischievously motioning for Bakugou's hand. She takes his calloused hand into her wrinkled, capable hands smoothing out his warm palm and fingers until his hand is fully open. Something cool is pressed against his skin before she slides his fingers over the object, holding her hands over his. 

"Think on it." She says before she let's go, "Thank you for humoring this old woman." 

She smiles and Bakugou takes that as a dismissal. He stands, head a little hazed as he steps into the hall. 

Finally he opens his hand to reveal a ring, the very same ring that was on her finger moments ago. 

His heart pounds in his chest, leaping up into his throat before he closes his palm again.  The diamond bites into the flesh of his palm. Suddenly he is no longer curious just how far the house goes. 

He finds the shared bedroom and is thankful when he does not see you in it. He turns on the string lights and paces before he shoves the ring into his book bag. 

"What the hell is that old hag thinking?!" He snarls, fisting his ash locks. He looks around, noticing all of the small things in your room that clearly hadn't changed since you had left for UA and college. The posters of old animes, of aged jpop idols and photos of long forgotten friends and never to be forgotten family.  He sighs, almost ripping the tatami door as he slides it open.  He notices an odd and obviously old fissure snaking through the Earth, all the way to the base of the mountain. 

What made you angry enough to do this? 

The question runs through his mind over and over until he fishes out his phone video calling the only person he can semi trust his odd feelings with. They pick up with a gleaming sharp toothed smile. 

"Oi shitty hair." 

×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*×*

Mei had better have taken Bakugou and his things back to what was supposed to be his bedroom for the week. The last person you wanted to see was Bakugou.

Every second that passed between now and the incident in the dining room was washed over in tones of red and black. Furthering yourself self aimed anger as you damn yourself for not keeping control. 

What would have happened if he wasn't there to stop you? 

Would the house have caved? Would you have accidentally killed Shoji? Worse yet what would have happened to Sobo and the children. 

Still Shoji deserved the scare from both you and grandmother. 

His selfish actions costs countless unsuspecting victims their quirks. 

Your friends and Uncle Sozen among them. Mei had only just told you in the bath when you brushed off hurting Bakugou with a simple. 

"Uncle can fix him right up."

Her silence was answer enough. It would explain why he had been checking on Sobo in person more often. No longer able to activate his quirk to both heal and track people's vitals. 

Hesitating before your door you think if you should just rise early and take Bakugou back to the station first thing. 

You think of telling Sobo the truth. 

A sigh leaves your lips as you settle on an in person apology for now, which you would do as soon as you shed this tattered towel from your form and dressed. 

Little did you know the opportunity to apologize would arise so soon. 

Sliding open the familiar tatami reveals Bakugou Katsuki lying on his side on the futon, idling scrolling through his phone. 

"K..Katsuki!" You stutter, pulling the already straining towel around your thick frame. His eyes are pulled to you, the source of his annoyance before you shout out. 

"Keep your eyes closed, pervert!" 

"Aren't you the pervert for walking in here with nothing but a towel?" His tone is deadly velvet as he holds eye contact. Scarlet beginnings to drag southward. 

"Hey! Stop! Please!" He notices the blush in your cheeks that starts to bloom at the tip of your ears. He smirks to himself, shaking his head. When he closes his eyes he thinks of you on your knees again, his jaw clenches in response. 

Quickly you dig through your bag for something, anything. But you keep coming back to your lace bralette and cotton black underwear. 

You thought you would be in your old room alone. Not having some fucked up sleep over with the one roommate you were never really close with! 

But you always put yourself in fucked up situations don't you? 

You dress quickly, keeping your eyes on him as you do. He keeps his own scarlet eyes locked away behind long eyelashes. Long enough they kiss the apples of his cheeks. Body slowly going slack as he waits for you cue. Head still propped up on a strong arm while his other hand held his unlocked phone that illuminated with his social media. His lips are relaxed instead of set in their usual harsh snarl. 

He looks...different like this. 

Softer. 

Your breath hitches as your heart summersolts.

"Oi. What's wrong? How long does it take a shitty woman to get dressed." He snarls again, almost breaking the spell. When he opens his eyes he scoffs. 

"It took you that long to get dressed in next to nothing?" He bites, locking his phone and pulling his shirt over his head with one hand. 

"It's not like I was expecting company!" You hiss, his broad hands go to the waist band of his pants, "What are you doing?" 

"Getting ready for bed dumbass." Another scoff as he lifts his hips just slightly to slide his pants off of his toned legs. Your cheeks heat as you try to ignore the indentation in his boxer briefs. 

"Um can't you w..wear something else?" 

"I normally sleep naked sweetheart. So beggars can't be fucking choosers." He finally slides under the blanket of the futon and returns to his phone. Your eyes narrow, would this have gone differently had you brought Kirishima or hell even Izuku for fucks sake? 

"Oi, are you gonna come to bed or stand there all night? I'm not gonna fucking bite." He snarls, before his lips turn upward in an assholish teasing way, "Much." 

You hit him with your pillow. Causing him to almost drop his phone on his face. He growls as you reach to turn on the heavy duty fan to keep the room at a somewhat comfortable temperature. 

Exhaustion runs at you full force as you're pulled under with the aided sounds of the summer crickets and loud fan. 

But Bakugou finds himself lying awake, too hot in the shared bed as you block all of that sweet cool air. The only thing he gets is a lukewarm breeze that makes him question his life choices. 

Questions and answers circle around in his head while the moon gets lower and lower in the sky. He turns over to face you and noticing for the first time tonight that you're shivering. 

He cannot fathom how. It had to be 79 plus with the sun down, he lets his hands hover over you, feeling the breeze from the fan. The air is cold enough it reminds him of standing close to Todoroki. He sighs, activating a bit of his quirk before placing his warmed palm on your chilled skin. You sigh into the touch, scooting closer to the source of warmth until your ass is pressed against him. 

He groans from agitation and other things before he gently climbs over you so he could bare the brunt of the icy wind to his back while you warmed up. Snuggling into his chest with a soft smile. 

His heart explodes, skin becoming hot and cold all at once from just that small smile. 

He sighs, pushing some hair away from your face wondering how someone could be so perfect in the moonlight. 

[therewillbesparkles]

mangas

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[wavers02]

Free Online Games For Everyone

At the point when weariness hits, there are way too many various things that you can pursue a tad of fervor. You can stare at the TV or a film, or even read a book… yet, there are just so often you can watch or peruse exactly the same thing before that also becomes exhausting. You can play prepackaged games or cards… yet, you for the most part need to have others playing to make that work. You can go out places and get things done… in any case, that can be costly, you might not have any desire to go out all alone, you probably won't be helpful to take off from the house, or it could basically be pouring down with downpour and blowing a storm - not exactly going out climate!

So what could you at any point do then, at that point? You want something that you can do inside the solace of your own home, without purchasing or pay for anything, without requiring others around to help and, in particular, something that will keep you intrigued with a long stretch of time of differed and customized diversion. Okay, what about free web based games?

In excess of 86 million individuals play some type of free web based games. Youngsters, elderly folks individuals, scholarly individuals, athletic individuals, individuals with top of the line occupations, individuals in school… As such, a wide range of individuals, with a wide range of lives, are becoming amped up free of charge internet games. In any case, why? What's going on with all the quarrel?

Free Web based Games Since the time that games have been presented on the web, its prevalence and overall acknowledgment has developed dramatically! Individuals have forever been watching out for new types of diversion and fervor in their regular routines - and the universe of web based gaming is continually developing and changing to suit everybody's cravings, presently and later on.

For those of you new to web based gaming, internet games include messing around on the PC while being associated with the web. Don't bother going out and purchasing costly games and extravagant control center, you should simply bounce on your PC, interface with your web, find the free games that you like and appreciate!

A few free games permit you to play on the web, yet in addition incorporate the likelihood to download the game directly to your PC, implying that you can play disconnected (or when you are not associated with the web). A few free games likewise permit you to add them to your own sites; and frequently gaming sites will permit you to present your own games that you have made to be played by others.

However, here is the data that you are truly holding on to hear… What precisely are these web based games about and will there really be one that I need to play? Also, the response is straightforward. There are a greater number of games than you might conceivably conjure up all alone, significance there makes certain to be numerous that you will generously appreciate. There are just a great many web based games accessible on the various sites accessible for you to look over. There are the arcade games that everybody grew up with as a kid; internet shooting match-ups for the beginner marksmen; there are system games for the individuals who need to test their brains against the PC; riddles to give your cerebrum a work out; sport games for the game insane; hustling games for individuals who like quick vehicles; battling games for the impractical kung-fu aces; young ladies games and young men bedava bonus siteleri, and children games and grown-up games. Furthermore, inside every one of these classifications is a finished scope of various subjects, characters objectives and troubles. Take web based shooting match-ups or model. The decisions for web based shooting match-ups range from straightforward objective practice, to full on battle situations.

Why Pick Free Games? So here is the unavoidable issue… for what reason would it be a good idea for you to pick free web based games over each and every wellspring of diversion? Here are only a couple of truly valid justifications why:

Free web based games are advantageous - they can be appreciated in your own home, at your own PC, any time or night. You don't need to spruce up, do your hair or even shower (however, cleanly, this would be prudent!) to play - nobody can see you (or smell you), yet you!

They are free! - In these difficult stretches, where each dollar counts and burning through cash on games and costly control center is a major no, you can in any case have a ball - free of charge!

They give long periods of fervor and association - free web based games offer you the chance to test your abilities and brains against your PC, so don't simply plunk down and stare at the TV while your mind gradually decays away - use it!

You can't reject that triumphant inclination - you make certain to find a game that you are great at and win. This gives you a characteristic high, and can raise your confidence and self-assurance.

[dpboss-world]

Free Online Games For Everyone

Whenever fatigue hits, there are way too many various things that you can pursue a tad of fervor. You can stare at the TV or a film, or even read a book... in any case, there are just so often you can watch or peruse exactly the same thing before that also becomes exhausting. You can play prepackaged games or cards... yet, you for the most part need to have others playing to make that work. You can go out places and get things done... in any case, that can be costly, you might not have any desire to go out all alone, you probably won't be helpful to take off from the house, or it could just be pouring down with downpour and blowing a hurricane - not exactly going out climate! ALSO VISIT:-DP BOSS

So what might you at any point do then, at that point? You really want something that you can do inside the solace of your own home, without purchasing or pay for anything, without requiring others around to help and, above all, something that will keep you intrigued with a long stretch of time of differed and customized amusement. Alright, what about free web based games?

In excess of 86 million individuals play some type of free internet games. Youngsters, elderly folks individuals, scholastic individuals, athletic individuals, individuals with very good quality positions, individuals in school... At the end of the day, a wide range of individuals, with a wide range of lives, are becoming amped up free of charge internet games. Yet, why? What's going on with all the quarrel?

Free Online Games Since the time that games have been presented on the web, its prevalence and overall acknowledgment has developed dramatically! Individuals have forever been keeping watch for new types of diversion and fervor in their regular routines - and the universe of web based gaming is continually developing and changing to suit everybody's longings, presently and later on.

For those of you new to web based gaming, web based games include messing around on the PC while being associated with the web. Don't bother going out and purchasing costly games and extravagant control center, you should simply hop on your PC, interface with your web, observe the free games that you like and appreciate!

A few free games permit you to play on the web, yet in addition incorporate the likelihood to download the game directly to your PC, implying that you can play disconnected (or when you are not associated with the web). A few free games likewise permit you to add them to your own sites; and frequently gaming sites will permit you to present your own games that you have made to be played by others.

However, here is the data that you are truly standing by to hear... What precisely are these web based games about and will there really be one that I need to play? Furthermore, the response is straightforward. There are a bigger number of games than you might perhaps concoct all alone, importance there makes certain to be numerous that you will generously appreciate. There are essentially a great many internet games accessible on the various sites accessible for you to browse. There are the arcade games that everybody grew up with as a youngster; internet shooting match-ups for the beginner marksmen; there are procedure games for the individuals who need to test their brains against the PC; riddles to give your cerebrum a work out; sport games for the game insane; hustling games for individuals who like quick vehicles; battling games for the pie in the sky kung-fu aces; young ladies games and young men games, and children games and grown-up games. Also, inside every one of these classes is a finished scope of various topics, characters objectives and hardships. Take internet shooting match-ups or model. The decisions for internet shooting match-ups range from basic objective practice, to full on battle situations.

Why Choose Free Games? So here is the unavoidable issue... for what reason would it be a good idea for you to pick free internet games over each and every wellspring of diversion? Here are only a couple of truly valid justifications why:

1. Free web based games are advantageous - they can be delighted in your own home, at your own PC, any time or night. You don't need to spruce up, do your hair or even shower (however, cleanly, this would be prudent!) to play - nobody can see you (or smell you), yet you! 2. They are free! - In these difficult stretches, where each dollar counts and burning through cash on games and costly control center is a major no, you can in any case live it up - free of charge! 3. They give long periods of energy and association - free web based games offer you the chance to test your abilities and brains against your PC, so don't simply plunk down and stare at the TV while your mind gradually decays away - use it! 4. You can't reject that triumphant inclination - you make certain to observe a game that you are great at and win. This gives you a characteristic high, and can raise your confidence and fearlessness

[babylist1]

Wonderful Baby Shower Gift Catalog Ideas

What is the top gift you can acquire for parents for their minor person whom these people regard as the perfect gift in the world? Literally many parents develop a gift list so that you can let their good friends know what they preferably need. However , these listings can be quite long, and when you are the tilbyder, you’ll probably try to skinny it to 2 or three choices. Below are shower gift list suggestions for both the dad and mom who want to create a checklist and for givers to consider as right gifts for the new baby.

Essential Baby List

The best baby shower the right gifts are those things the child really needs. Such must-haves can be categorised under the categories of attire, feeding, play items, and nursery necessities.

Under clothing, you can actually list undershirts, tie-sides, mittens, booties, in addition to frog suits. Like babies grow a little bit of older, heavier cardigans, pants, and sneakers are added to your clothing line.

Designed for feeding, babies desire different sizes associated with feeding bottles by using soft nipples, bibs and wash towels, and dishwasher-safe schooling dishes.

Most think about play things to create babies coo along with laugh, like safer rattles, dolls, together with musical toys, like genuine needs.

To cope with their most common play room needs there are that disposable and washable diapers, towels, newborn baby blankets, pillows, as well as other beddings, all of which help make ideal gifts.

Possibly less essential objects on the list tend to be keepsake items like snapshot albums, picture supports, baby books, and additionally growth charts. You should also go for bathing necessities like baby cleansing soap, mild shampoo, hypoallergenic oils and colognes, and grooming things like a baby brush, hair comb, toothbrush and projectile clipper.

Undoubtedly this parent’s gift directory will include more expensive elements, too. Examples the particular one might consider obtaining are a baby crib, bureau, stroller, car seat, little one swing, or even a rocking horse. Sometimes pals or family definitely will join together to find a more expensive object, like a really wonderful stroller, sharing the price so it’s not a responsibility on one individual. Some other idea is to pass around used, but certainly preserved, car seats, baby cribs, and strollers that were outgrown by someone’s own children. Trust me, the dads and moms won’t mind that going barefoot has been used.

One other great gift possibility, whether on the surprise list or not really, would be to give important things which parents in addition to children can do with each other, such as picture or even reading books. Toddler experts agree of which reading to or simply going over picture ebooks with one’s babe, not only results in wonderful parent child connecting, but also produces a good love for examining in the child, which supports them develop scholastically. They recommend looking at to babies some time before the child understands the language. The baby will partner it with the parent’s love, and thus establish fondness for publications.

Some would state that the very best baby gift you could make might be a beginner savings account, thereby encouraging the young families to start saving with regard to their child’s education. You will not likely find that over the parent’s gift report, but you can be sure they can appreciate the item.

As givers, you tend to look for specific gifts, perhaps issues not included to the parent’s gift catalog. That’s OK, particularly the gift can be something useful, but at times we tend to disregard the fact that the best gift ideas we can give kids are what their particular parents would like to let them have but can’t manage to pay for. These are the things you may well find on their baby shower celebration gift list.

Thus then, before you acquire something for the shower, find out if there is a great gift list, and if therefore what is included onto it. Once you know, ask your parents, family along with close friends to see what exactly others have presented or intend to supply so you don’t replica the gift. Many of these communication may cause collaborating with a category of friends to buy complementing outfits, or this is the time when quite a few decide to pitch set for one gift from greater value. It could take a little more effort to be able to communicate with others similar to this, but it will be worthy of the effort when you go to the young child shower and you observe how pleased a parents are that your needs of their completely new bundle of joy has been thus well-provided for with no cost to them.

References Category:Baby products https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Baby_products

[mbaljeetsingh]

Getting Started with React - A modern, project-based guide for beginners (including hooks!)

So you want to learn React eh? This guide will walk through everything you need to know when getting started with React. We'll get set up, explain the "hows and whys" behind the basic concepts, and build a small project which pulls data from an API to see everything in action.

This will be a long one, so skip/re-read sections as you need using the "Jump to Section" links below. With that out of the way, grab a drink, buckle up, and let's get started.

Jump to Section

Prerequisites

You don't need to know any React before reading. There are a few things you will need to be familiar with if you want to get the most out of this getting started with React guide:

Basic JavaScript

React is a JavaScript library, so it makes sense to know JavaScript before learning React right? Don't worry, you won't need to know JavaScript inside out - you only need to know the basics:

Variables, functions, data types

Arrays and Objects

ES6 Syntax (using let & const, Arrow Functions, Destructuring Assignment, classes, importing/exporting, etc)

How JavaScript is used to manipulate the DOM

Basic HTML

In React, we use what's called JSX to create the HTML for our webpages. We'll explain JSX in depth later, for now make sure you have a good foundation when it comes to HTML:

How to structure HTML (how to nest elements and so on)

HTML attributes (i.e "id", "class", "onclick" and so on)

Subscribe to get my latest book "React-Ready JavaScript" which will help you get ramped up on the JavaScript you need before getting started with React!

Development Environment

The first thing we're going to do is set up a development environment. If you already setup Node.js and installed Visual Studio Code (or your preferred IDE), you can go ahead and skip to the next section [ADD LINK TO NEXT SECTION HERE]

Node.js

Go here and download the right package for your OS (Mac/windows etc)

When the installation completes, open a terminal and type this command:

node -v

This should show output the version of node you just installed:

This means that the node command works and node has installed successfully - hurray! If you see any errors, try reinstalling Node from the package you downloaded and retry the command again.

Visual Studio Code

Visual studio code is a popular open-source IDE that works well for frontend development. There are a bunch of others you can try - see what your favourite is and download that if you prefer. For now, we'll run with VS Code.

Click here and download the version for your platform:

Follow the installation steps, and you should be good to go. Go ahead and fire up Visual Studio Code.

That's enough development setup for now. There are other nice things you can install (VS Code extensions etc) but we don't need those right now -We're here to learn React!

Creating a React App

The next step is to create a React project. Lucky for us, the fine folk at Facebook have made this really simple. All we have to do is run a command within our terminal:

npx create-react-app my-app

This creates a project for us called "my-app" and sets everything up automatically. Pretty cool.

Go ahead and open up a terminal in the directory you want to create your app, e.g a "projects" folder, and run the command. Let the terminal do its thing, and after a while, this will complete and show you some commands:

Notice the create-react-app output has told us what we need to do to start the app. Go ahead and run the commands in your terminal:

cd my-app yarn start

This will start a development server and open up a web browser for you:

You've just set up your first React App! If you want to learn more about what's going on, (check out the "create-react-app" GitHub:)[https://github.com/facebook/create-react-app]

Exploring Create React App

Open up Visual Studio code (or whatever IDE you installed) and select File > Open… and select the my-app folder that was just created for us using create-react-app. This will open up our shiny new react app in the IDE, so we can write some code!

You should see the project structure to the right:

Look at all that stuff! Don’t worry too much about a lot of it, it’s mostly boilerplate code and config that we won’t be touching too much in this tutorial — phew! However since you’re a curious developer, let’s have a look at the project tree and see what we have:

Node Modules

This is where our packages go that we install through NPM (Node Package Manager). If you’re not familiar with NPM, it’s a glorious place where we can share code (usually open source) that other developers can use instead of writing their own.

Instead of using script tags like we do in traditional HTML, we install these modules as part of the application. Then, we use an import statement to access the code from that module. We’ll see this in action later.

Public Folder

This is where our bundled code goes. When we are ready to deploy our app, we run a ** build script**and the final files go in here. This will typically be our HTML, JavaScript, and CSS files. This is the folder we dump onto a web server somewhere, so that we can let users see our app via a URL

Index.html

The index.html is the entry point, or the first thing the web browser loads when a user navigates to the URL hosting our app.

If we look at the file, it’s a just a normal HTML file with normal HTML stuff that you will hopefully be familiar with. If we look at the body — it’s empty. React will dynamically convert our React code into HTML and load it here, in the “root” div.

With that out of the way, let’s look at the juicy parts — the code.

Our First Component

Open up App.js from the project tree. This is the Main component in our application. This is the first component to get rendered. It’s the “big cheese” of components.

The first thing we’re going to do in our big cheese component is delete everything, and build our very own component from scratch, to better understand what’s going on.

Now that we have a nice blank slate to play with we will start by importing react. This brings the React library into scope and gives us access to all the lovely features:

import React from "react";

Next we will declare a function. We’ll use ES6 arrow functions here. That’s more or less what a “component” is - a function with some logic and markup. We’re also going to export this function so we can use it elsewhere:

const App = () => { } export default App;

Within our function we want to write return(). This is what get’s returned from this component, and contains our markup which gets converted and rendered as HTML.

Finally let’s add a <div> with a <h1> title tag. Our finished component looks like this:

import React from "react"; const App = () => { return ( <div> <h1>Hello React World</h1> <h2> This is our first React App - isn't it marvellous?! </h2> </div> ); } export default App;

Now you’re probably thinking woah! HTML in a function? What is this madness? Even though it looks like HTML, it’s actually something called JSX (JavaScript XML). This basically allows us to mix JavaScript and HTML together.

This might seem a bit strange. We originally learned front end development by separating our HTML and JavaScript (and even CSS). Yet JavaScript and the way we design apps has evolved, and keeping everything together in the same “component” makes it easier to maintain and reuse our code.

Let’s see this in action. Open your terminal and run

npm start

This should open the browser and you should see the app running.

Congrats! You’ve just created your first component!

JSX

You probably have some question marks floating above your head when thinking about this JSX thing. Let’s take a deeper look into this.

return ( <div> <h1>Hello React World</h1> <h2> This is our first React App - isn't it marvellous?! </h2> </div> );

This looks like HTML, but it’s not. This is JSX! Even though it looks like normal HTML, what’s happening behind the scenes is that React is creating the element tree, using this syntax:

React.createElement(component, props, ...children)

component: The HTML element you wish to created, i.e h1, div etc

props: any props you wish to pass to that component (we’ll talk about props later)

children: An array of HTML elements that are nested within this element

So, the same component we have just created can be written as so:

const App = () => { return ( React.createElement( "div", null, React.createElement("h1", null, "Hello React World"), React.createElement( "h2", null, "This is our first React App - isn't it marvellous?!" ) ) ); }

Which looks a bit nasty (it was even nastier trying to type it out). If you trace through it carefully, you can see we are creating a div element, which has no props (indicated by passing null as a second argument). Lastly we are creating 2 more elements using the createElement syntax - our H1 and our H2 elements.

If you’ve been playing with JavaScript for a while, you might have noticed that this is similar to document.createElement. And it is! This is a JavaScript library after all!

This is the advantage of JSX in React - it lets us write HTML like syntax, without the messy React.createElement() stuff.

In the real world, React developers almost exclusively use JSX to write their code. No, this section wasn’t a waste of time - it’s always good to understand what happens under the hood. Knowledge is power (and less questions in my inbox)!

Making things dynamic

So we’ve seen JSX, and gotten over our fear of it (hopefully). But what’s the point? Why use this JSX thing, when we could just use HTML? They look the same? Right?

Good question my friend! Well, if we remember what JSX stands for - JavaScript XML. This means we can use JavaScript to make things dynamic. Our previous example looks like so:

const App = () => { return ( <div> <h1>Hello React World</h1> <h2>This is our first React App - isn't it marvellous?!</h2> </div> ); }

Now let’s say we want to make our text more dynamic. Firstly let’s add a variable to hold our message:

cont message = "This is my first variable rendered in JSX!"

Now to add JavaScript to this, we use ** curly braces**:

const App = () => { const message = "This is my first variable rendered in JSX!"; return ( <div> <h1>Hello React World</h1> <h2>{message}</h2> </div> ); }

If you run this in the browser, you’ll notice the text of our message variable appears. Go ahead and change the message variable text to something else and watch the magic happen.

We use curly braces to tell the compiler “execute this code as JavaScript”. If we didn’t have curly braces, the message variable wouldn't get executed as JavaScript and instead, the text “message” would appear on the screen. Try this out and see!

Handling Events

The same approach can be taken when with handling events. When using JSX, React gives us access to event listeners you may already be familiar with: onClick, onPress, onSubmit and so on.

Let’s say we want to display an alert when the message is clicked. Firstly, we add the onClick property to our h2 tag.

The onClick property accepts a function (in other words, we pass a function as an argument. This function will call the alert like so:

const App = () => { const message = "This is my first variable rendered in JSX!"; return ( <div> <h1>Hello React World</h1> <h2 onClick={()=> alert("you clicked the message!")}>{message}</h2> </div> ); }

Notice how we use a arrow function here to create a nice, concise inline function. If you’re not familiar with this syntax, make sure to checkout my book where I cover this and more here.

Again, notice how we have put this code within curly braces, to ensure the function gets executed as JavaScript.

Calling functions

So we looked at inline functions in the last example. Since JSX is JavaScript, we can create and reference functions outside of the return block. Our last example could look like this:

const App = () => { const message = "This is my first variable rendered in JSX!"; const handleClick = () =>{ alert("you clicked the message!"); } return ( <div> <h1>Hello React World</h1> <h2 onClick={handleClick}>{message}</h2> </div> ); }

Notice how we created a function called handleClick which alerts the message. Instead of using an inline function, we reference this function in our onClick property. Try this out and see what happens.

These are just some examples as to how we can use JavaScript to make things dynamic, and hopefully shows you the power of JSX. We’ll deepen our understandings later as we build out an example, so don't worry if some things don’t make sense just yet!

How a Component gets Rendered

Hopefully I’ve cleared up some of the questions you might have around JSX. The next thing you might be wondering is — how does a component get rendered? Where? When?

Let’s start at the beginning. If you look back to our file structure we have an index.js file. This is the first file to run (we often call this an “Entry Point”). This is typically by convention — you can change the entry point if you want, but for now we’ll leave it alone.

If we dig into the file, you’ll notice we have this line:

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById("root"));

Notice we have document.getElementById(“root”) - finally some normal looking JavaScript! This gets the root element from the DOM using plain ol’ JavaScript, and renders our App Component within it. Our App component is imported like so:

import App from "./App"

Remember we exported our app component in App.js. This lets other files/components import and use our App component.

So where does the root element come from? Well, remember our index.html file in the public folder? This index.html file is the first HTML file to get loaded when the website loads

Within it we have a div with an ID of root, which is empty. This is where React loads our components. Let’s have a look at this in the dev tools.

Open up Chrome (or whatever browser you use) and inspect the dev tools. You’ll see somewhere in the tree a div with id=“root”, as well as the HTML rendered from our App component. Pretty cool!

Quick Summary

Before moving on, let’s quickly summarise what we’ve learned so far:

We have an index.html file, which is the skeleton of our web app

When the app starts, index.html loads, and imports our App Component

The JSX in the App component get’s converted to HTML, which is then rendered in the index.html file at the root div

Now that we have our feet wet with React, and have a better understanding of how things fit together, let’s build an example application using what we have learned so far. We’ll also learn some common React features that will help you well on to the road to getting started with React. Let’s go!

Our contacts list will display a number of a contacts, including their name, email, age and avatar (or, profile image). We’ll build this up gradually, eventually pulling data from an API. How exciting!

Get the styles

Since this is a React tutorial, we’re going to focus on the inner workings of React and not worry about creating nice styles. In your source folder, create a new file styles.css and paste in the following code:

.contact-card { display: flex; padding: 10px; color: #ffffff; background-color: rgb(42, 84, 104); font-family: "Segoe UI", Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; box-shadow: 10px 10px 25px -16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); border-radius: 10px; max-width: 500px; max-height: 125px; margin-bottom: 10px; } .contact-card p { margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 0; } button { margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; }

Next, go into App.js and import the stylesheet like so:

import "./styles.css";

While we’re still in App.js, let’s add the basic JSX to get our layout for the contact card in place. Remove everything from the return statement and add the following:

<div className="contact-card"> <img src="https://via.placeholder.com/150" alt="profile" /> <div className="user-details"> <p>Name: Jenny Han</p> <p>Email: Jenny.Han@notreal.com</p> <p>Age: 25</p> </div> </div>

All we’re doing here is creating a div to “wrap” the contact card details, adding an image (the image will use a placeholder taken from the web for now), and adding a few p tags to hold the details we need in the contact card. Finally we’re adding some CSS classes taken from styles.css;

NOTE: to reference CSS classes, we need to use the className keyword. This is because we are writing JSX, and “class” is a reserved word in JavaScript.

Here’s what we have so far in our App.js file:

import React from "react"; import "./styles.css"; const App = () => { return ( <div className="contact-card"> <img src="https://via.placeholder.com/150" alt="profile" /> <div className="user-details"> <p>Name: Jenny Han</p> <p>Email: Jenny.Han@notreal.com</p> <p>Age: 25</p> </div> </div> ); }

If you run this in the browser, you should see something similar to the following:

OK so we have our contact card! However it’s not very reusable. We know that we are going to need to reuse this code if we want to render more than one card, so it makes sense to break this out into it’s own component

NOTE - To make it easier to follow, I am going to a put all the components we make into App.js . In the real world it would be better to split these different components into their own files, and import/export them where appropriate.

Just beneath the App function, create a new function called ContactCard, and copy the JSX from App to ContactCard like so:

const ContactCard = () => { return ( <div className="contact-card"> <img src="https://via.placeholder.com/150" alt="profile" /> <div className="user-details"> <p>Name: Jenny Han</p> <p>Email: Jenny.Han@notreal.com</p> <p>Age: 25</p> </div> </div> ); };

Again, a component in React is just a function that returns some JSX. Now that we’ve moved our JSX to the ContactCard we can use this component within our main App component:

const App = () => { return ( <> <ContactCard /> </> ); }

We use our own components like any old HTML/JSX tag. We just put the name of our component in angle brackets. Our App.js file should look like this:

// App.js import React from "react"; import "./styles.css"; const App = () => { return ( <> <ContactCard /> </> ); }; const ContactCard = () => { return ( <div className="contact-card"> <img src="https://via.placeholder.com/150" alt="profile" /> <div className="user-details"> <p>Name: Jenny Han</p> <p>Email: Jenny.Han@notreal.com</p> <p>Age: 25</p> </div> </div> ); };

Now if you run this in the browser, things will look the same as they did before - which is what we want. We now have a ContactCard component that we can use as many times as we like:

const App = () => { return ( <> <ContactCard /> <ContactCard /> <ContactCard /> </> ); };

Update the App component to include another 2 ContactCard components. The above example will render 3 contact cards in the browser. Go and check it out!

Think of this like a “stamp” on the page. Every ContactCard component we add is another “stamp” and renders the same markup on the page

Let’s talk about State - the useState Hook

If you’ve been getting started with React already, you may have heard of the term state. State is quite a big deal in React. So what is it?

State is basically an object that represents a part of an app that can change, which the UI “reacts” to. State can be anything; objects, booleans, arrays, strings or integers

Let’s take an example.

Some people who appear in our contact list are shy and do not want their age being displayed until a button is clicked. We can store whether the age should be shown or not in state by using the useState hook within the component. Which looks like this:

const [showAge, setShowAge] = useState(false);

“what the hell is going on here?” Let me explain.

The useState object gives us a variable with the current value, and a function that lets us change that value. When we call useState we can define an initialvalue (in this case, false).

We use destructuring assignment on the useState hook to get these. You don’t have to worry about destructuring assignment right now, just remember that the first variable lets us access the state value, the second one lets us change it.

Go ahead and add the above code snippet to the ContactCard component like so:

const ContactCard = () => { const [showAge, setShowAge] = useState(false); return ( <div className="contact-card"> <img src="https://via.placeholder.com/150" alt="profile" /> <div className="user-details"> <p>Name: Jenny Han</p> <p>Email: Jenny.Han@notreal.com</p> <p>Age: 25</p> </div> </div> ); };

Now we have a state object, how do we use it? Well, we can reference the showAge variable like any other variable. In this case, we want to _only show the age if the showAge variable is true.

We can do this using the ternary operator :

{showAge === true ? <p>Age: 25</p> : null}

This example reads as if the showAge variable is true, render the age, if not, render nothing.

Go ahead and add this to the ContactCard component, like so:

const ContactCard = () => { const [showAge, setShowAge] = useState(false); return ( <div className="contact-card"> <img src="https://via.placeholder.com/150" alt="profile" /> <div className="user-details"> <p>Name: Jenny Han</p> <p>Email: Jenny.Han@notreal.com</p> {showAge === true ? <p>Age: 25</p> : null} </div> </div> ); };

Now, if you run the app in the browser, you’ll see the age disappears - that’s because our showAge variable has been initialised with false. If we initialise our showAge variable with true:

const [showAge, setShowAge] = useState(true);

The age will appear on the contact card. Nice! Although, its not great — we don’t want to change the code whenever we want to show the age on the contact card!

Before we look at how to dynamically change our showAge variable, lets tidy the code a bit. Go ahead and replace this line:

{showAge === true ? <p>Age: 25</p> : null}

With:

{showAge && <p>Age: 25</p> }

This gives the same result, just in a more concise way.

TIP: Shorten code where it makes sense to, don’t feel like you have to shorten every line of code you write! Readability should come first.

Updating State

Ok back to updating state. If we remember back, the useState() hook gives us a function to update the state. Let’s wire this up to a button, which, when clicked, will toggle showing the age on the contact card.

We can do this with the following:

<button onClick={() => setShowAge(!showAge)}> Toggle Age </button>

What this is doing is calling the setShowAge function (which we get from the useState hook) to change the value of show age to the opposite of what it currently is.

NOTE: I’m using the Arrow Function syntax here to pass a function to the onClick property. If you’re not familiar we this, a quick reminder that you can get my [book where I discuss the important bits of JavaScript to know before React here].

When the state updates, React will re-render the component and since the value of showAge is true, the age will be displayed.

If the user clicks the button again, this will set showAge to false, React will re-render the component, and the age will be hidden:

Look at our fancy toggle in action!

TIP: Whenever the components state changes, React will re-render the component with the new state

Notice how even though we have 3 ContactCard components being rendered, when we click the button the age only displays for one of the cards, and not all of them. This is because state belongs to the individual component. In other words, each ContactCard component that renders is a copy, and has its own state/data.

Introducing Props

So now we have a lovely new ContactCard component that we’re reusing a few times. Although its not really reusable, since the name, email, age and avatar are the same for each of our components. Oh dear! We can make this data more dynamic with what are called props.

Since you’re just getting started with React, you can think ofProps as data that gets passed to a component, which the component can then use. For example, we can pass in our avatar , ** email**, name and age as props to our Contact Card component like so:

<ContactCard avatar="https://via.placeholder.com/150" name="Jenny Han" email="jenny.han@notreal.com" age={25} />

As you can see, we define a prop by giving it a name. Eg. name and using the equals to assign some value to that prop e.g Jenny Han.

We can have as many props as we want, and we can name these props whatever we want, so they’re pretty flexible.

Props can hold different types of data, i.e strings, numbers, booleans, objects, arrays and so on.

NOTE: Props must be defined using quoted text (e.g name=“Jenny Han”) or within braces (e.g age={25}. If we leave out the braces for anything other than strings things start to break - age=25 );

Go ahead and replace the current ContactCard components within our App component with the following:

<ContactCard avatar="https://via.placeholder.com/150" name="Jenny Han" email="jenny.han@notreal.com" age={25} /> <ContactCard avatar="https://via.placeholder.com/150" name="Jason Long" email="jason.long@notreal.com" age={45} /> <ContactCard avatar="https://via.placeholder.com/150" name="Peter Pan" email="peter.pan@neverland.com" age={100} />

All we’re doing here is passing the data that the component needs to each component as props. Notice how the data is different for each component.

Using Props within a component

We’ve sent a bunch of props down to the ContactCard component, so let’s tell the ** ContactCard** how to use them.

Until now, our ** ContactCard** function doesn’t accept any parameters. React, being the magical thing that it is, automatically puts all our props into a lovely props object, that gets passed into the component:

const ContactCard = props => { //...other code };

Notice the props variable. This is an object containing the props we defined previously. We can access our defined props by using the dot notation like so:

const ContactCard = props => { console.log(props.avatar); console.log(props.name); console.log(props.email); console.log(props.age); //...other code };

Finally, we want to replace the hardcoded values in our JSX, with the values we receive from the props:

return ( <div className="contact-card"> <img src={props.avatar} alt="profile" /> <div className="user-details"> <p>Name: {props.name}</p> <p>Email: {props.email}</p> <button onClick={() => setShowAge(!showAge)}>Toggle Age </button> {showAge && <p>Age: {props.age}</p>} </div> </div> );

Notice how we have set the image source using whatever value we received from props. We did similar for name, email, and age. Also notice how we wrap this code in curly braces, so it gets executed as JavaScript.

Our final App.js file looks like this:

// App.js const App = () => { return ( <> <ContactCard avatar="https://via.placeholder.com/150" name="Jenny Han" email="jenny.han@notreal.com" age={25} /> <ContactCard avatar="https://via.placeholder.com/150" name="Jason Long" email="jason.long@notreal.com" age={45} /> <ContactCard avatar="https://via.placeholder.com/150" name="Peter Pan" email="peter.pan@neverland.com" age={100} /> </> ); }; const ContactCard = props => { const [showAge, setShowAge] = useState(false); return ( <div className="contact-card"> <img src={props.avatar} alt="profile" /> <div className="user-details"> <p>Name: {props.name}</p> <p>Email: {props.email}</p> <button onClick={() => setShowAge(!showAge)}> Toggle Age </button> {showAge && <p>Age: {props.age}</p>} </div> </div> ); };

If you run this in the browser, you should see something similar to this:

Hurray! Our component works the same as before, but its now more dynamic. We can reuse the same ContactCard but passing in different data - whilst keeping the layout, styles, and state objects the same.

Rendering components from a List

Our contacts list is coming along nicely, we have some well crafted, reusable code so time to leave it alone right? Wrong! Let’s take it a step further.

In a real application, data usually comes in the form of an array of data, e.g after an API call. Let’s pretend we’ve made an API call to retrieve some users from a database and have received the following data:

const contacts = [ { name: "Jenny Han", email: "jenny.han@notreal.com", age: 25 }, { name: "Jason Long", email: "jason.long@notreal.com", age: 45 }, { name: "Peter Pan", email: "peter.pan@neverland.com", age: 100 } ];

Paste this into the App() component at the top of the function. The eagled eye amongst you will notice how this data is similar to what we already have. But how we we turn this data into ContactCard components? Well, remember all those days you spent learning how to loop over an array using .map()? Now is the day we put that into action!

To display a list of components, we:

Loop over the array using .map()

For each item in the array, create a new ContactCard component

Pass the data from each object in the array to the ContactCard component as props

Let’s see how this works. In our appApp() component, replace the return statement with this:

return ( <> {contacts.map(contact => ( <ContactCard avatar="https://via.placeholder.com/150" name={contact.name} email={contact.email} age={contact.age} /> ))} </> );

As you can see, we map over the array. For each object in the array, we want to create a new ContactCard component. For the props, we want to take the name, email, and age from the current object the map function is on. In other words, from the contact variable.

NOTE: I’ve left the “avatar” prop alone, as this is the same for now - it’ll change later in the tutorial

And that’s it! Our App.js file looks like this:

//App.js const App = () => { const contacts = [ { name: "Jenny Han", email: "jenny.han@notreal.com", age: 25 }, { name: "Jason Long", email: "jason.long@notreal.com", age: 45 }, { name: "Peter Pan", email: "peter.pan@neverland.com", age: 100 }, { name: "Amy McDonald", email: "amy@email.com", age: 33 } ]; return ( <> {contacts.map(contact => ( <ContactCard avatar="https://via.placeholder.com/150" name={contact.name} email={contact.email} age={contact.age} /> ))} </> ); };

Run this in the browser and things should look the same. We haven’t change our ContactCard, merely changed where we got the data from. The cool thing about this is that if you added another row to the contacts array, the extra component will get rendered automatically- you don’t have to do anything else! Try this for yourself and see.

Pulling data from an API

We’ve got a nice looking React App now, nice and dynamic and things are working well. Which is a good place to be since we’re just getting started with React! But there are some tidy ups we need to make. In a real application, data will be pulled in from an API.

For the next part of the tutorial, we are going to get real contacts (when I say real contacts, I mean fake contacts - you know what I mean) from a real API: https://randomuser.me/. Feel free to browse the website and look at the response we will get back — this is where we will get our data to populate our components.

Firstly, let’s create a state variable to hold the data we get back from the API. Remember, state is good for holding that that can change. Our contacts list can definitely change!

In App.js, remove the contacts array add the following:

const [contacts, setContacts] = useState([]);

Here, we’re doing here is creating a state object, and initialising it to an empty Array. When we make the API call, we’ll update the state to contain a list of contacts. Since we named this state object contacts, our rendering logic within the JSX will look for this array instead (as opposed to the old contacts array we just deleted).

Next, let’s grab the data from the API. We’ll use the standard Fetch API. For now, we’ll log the data to the console. Add the following below the state object we just created:

fetch("https://randomuser.me/api/?results=3") .then(response => response.json()) .then(data => { console.log(data); });

All we’re doing here is:

Making a GET request to the randomuser API, asking for three results

Convert the response into JSON

Logging the JSON to the console.

If you run this in the browser, you’ll notice the ContactCard components no longer render - thats fine, we haven’t saved any new data to state yet, and our state variable is currently empty. If you look at the console (in your browser dev tools) you’ll notice the response object is logged. Which will look something like this:

You’ll see we have a results array, which has 3 objects. Each of these objects contain the details of a user (or a “Contact” in our case). This is similar to the contacts array we manually created ourselves in the previous section - just an array full of objects.

Let’s update our App components JSX to pick data from this object. Update the JSX like so:

return ( <> {contacts.map(contact => ( <ContactCard avatar={contact.picture.large} name={contact.name.first + " " + contact.name.last} email={contact.email} age={contact.dob.age} /> ))} </> );

This works similar to what we had before:

We are looping through the contacts variable (which, at the moment is an empty array)

When we eventually save the response to state (the next step) we look through each object in the array, for the appropriate things we need: in this case picture, name, email, and dob objects.

Next we want to store the results array in state, so our JSX can loop over it (using the map() function we seen previously) and render some lovely ContactCards. Within our fetch function, add the call to setContacts(data.results) like so:

fetch("https://randomuser.me/api/?results=3") .then(response => response.json()) .then(data => { console.log(data); setContacts(data.results); });

Our App component now looks like this:

//App.js const App = () => { const [contacts, setContacts] = useState([]); fetch("https://randomuser.me/api/?results=3") .then(response => response.json()) .then(data => { console.log(data); setContacts(data.results); }); return ( <> {contacts.map(contact => ( <ContactCard avatar={contact.picture.large} name={contact.name.first + " " + contact.name.last} email={contact.email} age={contact.dob.age} /> ))} </> ); };

If you save this, and run it in the browser, you’ll see something like this:

“WTF is going on everything is broken!”, don’t panic just yet (If you’re on a slower machine or just getting a bit freaked out, you can comment out the setContacts(data.results) line within the fetch function for now).

What’s happening here is that we’re stuck in a bit of a loop:

We make a call to fetch and get some data back

We then save this data to state

Remember, React does a re-render when the state changes

When the component re-renders, the fetch api call happens again, and sets the state

Since the state updated, the component re-renders again

After the component re-renders, fetch is called again…

You get the idea

So how do we stop this? We have to delete everything and start again. Nah just kidding, don’t run away yet. We can fix this with another built in React Hook - useEffect.

Introducing useEffect

The useEffect hook is a special hook that runs a function. By default, the useEffect hook runs on every re-render. However, we can configure it to only run under certain condition, e.g when a component mounts, or if a variable changes. The useEffect hook looks like this:

useEffect(() => { // code to run });

This will run every time. If we want to specify “only run once” we pass in an empty array as a second argument like so.

useEffect(() => { // code to run },[]); //<-- notice the empty array

This is called a dependency array. When the dependency array is empty, this means the useEffect function will only run when the component loads for the first time. For additional re-renders, the useEffect function is skipped.

This is a perfect place to put our API call, as we only want to get the data once, when the component loads. Go ahead and place a **useEffect()**function into our App component, and move the fetch API call into the useEffect function. Our App component now looks like this:

//App.js const App = () => { const [contacts, setContacts] = useState([]); useEffect(() => { fetch("https://randomuser.me/api/?results=3") .then(response => response.json()) .then(data => { setContacts(data.results); }); }, []); return ( <> {contacts.map(contact => ( <ContactCard avatar={contact.picture.large} name={contact.name.first + " " + contact.name.last} email={contact.email} age={contact.dob.age} /> ))} </> ); };

Now, if you run the code in your browser, you should see 3 contact cards appear! Refresh the page to see another randomised list of contacts:

Conclusion

Congrats! You just completed your first real-world app and laid the foundation to move onto more advanced topics.

Make sure to subscribe here to stay up to date with my latest React content, course discounts and early access, as well as some free stuff!

via freeCodeCamp.org https://ift.tt/2WAdIyb

[jopromoter]

I want to learn illustration. Where do I begin?

You may have asked yourself this question at some point in time. You also may have done a bit of drawing but you might wonder about whether you’re on the right track or not.Truth be told, starting out in any field is always difficult. I myself struggled with illustration when I first started and I made many mistakes along the way. Luckily, I’ve had mentors and experiences that guided me toward the right path.Thanks to this guidance, I won an Honorable Mention in the illustration category at the Adobe Design Achievement Awards in 2018. I also had some of my work exhibited at the ninth annual Ateneo Heights Artists Workshop Exhibit last year.I’d like to share some of the things I did and the advice my mentors imparted on me when I first began illustrating. Thus, I’ve divided this article into three parts:How to drawWhat to drawHow to get your work out thereEach part answers a common question people have when starting out with illustration. In this installment, I’ll talk about some of the best ways to learn how to draw.

1. Read art-related books to gain a good grasp of the basics

Understanding the basics, such as composition, color theory, and form, will go a lot farther in helping you create more compelling illustrations than acquiring the most advanced creative software or following the latest illustration trends. While learning the fundamentals can be tedious at first, doing so prepares you to create more complex illustrations as your skills progress.Here are a few books I recommend:Picture This: How Pictures Work by Molly Bang Molly Bang is an award-winning illustrator for children’s books. Her book talks about how subtle changes, be it color, shape, or scale, can drastically affect the illustration as a whole. It’s a short but insightful read that will help you understand how composition works.The Elements of Color by Johannes Itten Johannes Itten was one of the first to pioneer strategies for creating successful color combinations. His book provides a detailed analysis on color relationships.Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain by Betty Edwards This is highly recommended reading, especially for beginners. It encourages people to see objects as a sum of their shapes, instead of seeing objects according to our own concept of what they look like.

2. Take traditional drawing classes to improve your drawing skills

Whether taking traditional, in-person drawing classes is necessary in order to learn illustration continues to be a subject of debate. Some people think these classes provide a good foundation in developing drawing skills, while others argue that drawing skills could also be developed by taking drawing courses online.I believe taking a drawing class is a crucial stepping stone for learning illustration because it trains your hand to get better at drawing what you have in your mind. While traditional drawing may seem rigid at first, knowing the rules by heart will help you understand the limits of what traditional drawing can do and how you can go beyond those limits in your illustrations.The main advantage of taking a traditional drawing class is that you’ll be learning from a mentor or teacher. This will speed up your progress because mentors not only show you what to focus on as a beginner, but they also give you immediate feedback on how you can improve. And that’s much more efficient than searching for drawing tips online for an hour.

3. Draw in your journal every day to get into the habit

I took a drawing class while studying informational design at Ateneo de Manila University. Every day during class, we had to fill up three journal pages with drawings. The drawings didn’t need to be perfect. In fact, we were allowed to merely doodle and scribble. What was more important was that we were developing the habit of drawing every day.Our professor pointed out that drawing is a motor skill that can be developed through constant practice. The more frequently you practice, the faster your skills become second nature.Drawing frequently also helps you discover what you like to draw and the themes you tend to dwell on. This is helpful, especially if you’re thinking of pursuing an illustration career. What you draw and the personal insights you showcase in your works form your identity as an illustrator.I usually draw in my journal for an hour before I sleep every night, as my mind is more relaxed in the evening when I’m not preoccupied with work. Having a relaxed mind helps me reflect upon the things that happened during the day and translate these thoughts into pictures.

4. Draw 20 hands a day to master shape, form, and proportion

Hans Bacher, an Annie award-winning production designer for Disney’s Mulan, was my professor for an “Illustration for Designers” class at Nanyang Technological University. During class, he emphasized that if you want to draw anything well, you must draw 20 hands a day.According to him, hands are the most difficult subjects to draw because they are geometrically complex , made up of many bones and muscles. Hands also perform a variety of actions. That’s why it’s not enough to master drawing hands in only one or two poses. Instead, you must master drawing hands in all kinds of perspectives and positions. 

Sketches of hands, broken down into their basic shapesWhile drawing hands may be complex, deconstructing hands into their basic shapes makes the job easier. For example, fingers can be drawn as rectangles and a palm can be drawn as a pentagon. Knuckles can be represented by ovals.Rendering hands from life instead of copying a picture is also another good practice. By drawing from life, you are training your eyes to be more sensitive to judging distance, perspective, and spatial relationships among objects.You can draw from life by using your own hands as a reference, too. I recommend that you keep and number your sketches in a blank journal so you can monitor your progress over time.

Drawing is a skill that can be learned and developed through deliberate practice

Many people believe that they’ll never be able to draw well because they’re not born with the talent. But while drawing well comes more naturally to some people, it doesn’t mean your skills can’t improve.The more consistently you practice and the more you try to improve your weaknesses, the better you’ll become. You may not get immediate results but you’ll notice gradual improvements in your work over time.

What’s next?

With proper drawing technique, you can expressively convey ideas and immerse people in the world of your illustration. After all, the best illustrations tell compelling stories. But how can you tell a story if you don’t know what to draw? What if you can’t channel your creativity?In Part 2 of this series, I’ll be sharing tips on overcoming creative block and finding inspiration on what to draw.

Source

Frances To متوفر في اللغة العربي (من هنا) Read the full article

[greenfrogboyo-blog]

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[magicscrapbook]

‘Book of Spells’ transcript

Wonderbook: Book of Spells, or simply Book of Spells, is a video game/augmented reality book for PlayStation 3 created by Sony and J. K. Rowling, released on 13 November 2012 as part of the Pottermore partnership. A follow-up, Book of Potions, was released on 12 November 2013.

In a similar vein to Quidditch through the Ages and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, the Book of Spells is written from an in-universe perspective: a guide to spellwork by Miranda Goshawk. It contained new content from J.K. Rowling, notably backstory on several spells. For example:

The gruesome result when a dark wizard, skilful but unworthy, tried to perform the Patronus Charm.

The story of the thief that was the first user of ‘Alohomora’ in Britain.

You may think you’re absent-minded, but you’ll never be as bad as famous arithmancer Bridget Wenlock.

Conjuring living creatures out of thin air is immensely difficult as the Principle of Artificianimate Quasi-Dominance will attest, but for reasons still investigated by the Department of Mysteries, two types are easier than any other: snakes and birds.

This post contains a transcript of the information from the game:

Miranda Goshawk's Book of Spells

Foreword

I was born into a poor family, the last of nine sisters. When I was a youngster, there was no basic spellbook to give a beginner witch like myself the clear and simple instructions that would have made magic a much less mysterious process. I struggled to understand the complicated instructions in the old-fashioned text books I was given at school. Back at home I was at the mercy of my older sisters' mischievous attempts to give me the wrong incantation for every spell I attempted. Hand-me-down robes are merely embarrassing - hand-me-down spells can be dangerous.

When I grew up, I quickly realised that the help I had craved simply did not exist - and so I created the book you are holding now: the 'Book of Spells'. I could not be prouder that this simple school text book is now being used in schools for magic all over the world, and has been translated into seventy-two languages, including Gobbledegook and Mermish. I also had a few special editions printed for my dear sisters, which unfortunately contained a few misprints that led to quite a few comical mishaps! But Romilda's tail has vanished now, and we are all friends again.

The 'Book of Spells' will enable you to perform a range of basic and not-so-basic spells that will enhance, protect and enliven your life. At the end of each chapter, you will find a CONUNDRUM: a little poem with a hidden message concerning those characteristics and habits that make witches and wizards truly great. Each conundrum tells the story of a witch or wizard who did not possess the necessary traits, and paid the price (names have been changed to protect the inadequate). The solution to all the conundrums can be found when you have mastered every spell in this book (but by that time, you may not need the solution at all). Good luck - stay safe - and make good magic!

Chapter 1

In this chapter we'll learn four spells ideal for developing your wand skills. Each new spell is sure to be useful throughout your wizarding career, whether you're making objects fly, or lighting your way in dark places. Practise hard and you'll soon be ready to take on this chapter's final test, and will be on your way to becoming an accomplished witch or wizard.

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Levitation Charm

The Levitation Charm is one of the first spells learnt by any young witch or wizard. With the charm a witch or wizard can make things fly with the flick of a wand. The charm is an excellent test of your magical skill, wand control and above all, patience.

The Levitation Charm was invented in 1544 by warlock Jarleth Hobart who mistakenly believed that he had at last succeeded in doing what wizardkind had so far failed to do, and learnt to fly. Hobart invited a large crowd of wizards, including the Chief Warlock of the Wizengamot, to witness his maiden flight.

On the 16th July 1544, Hobart climbed onto the roof of the local church and, after several speeches and a rousing performance of the national anthem, leapt into mid-air. At first, Hobart appeared to have succeeded. He hung in mid-air for nearly three minutes, until the crowd grew impatient to see him move somewhere. In response to their catcalls, Hobart began to perform vigorous swimming movements which had no effect.

Mistakenly believing that he was being hampered by his heavy boots and robes, he took them off and tossed them away. Upon removal of these items, Hobart dropped ten feet, and it became painfully clear to those watching from below that, far from weighing him down, they had been helping to keep him airborne. Infuriated by the increasing laughter of the onlookers, Hobart continued to strip until finally, on removal of his underpants, he plummeted to the earth completely naked breaking sixteen bones and earning himself a fine for what the Chief Warlock described as 'outrageous silliness.'

Humiliated, Hobart returned home and continued his work. He eventually realised that he had invented a spell that would lift objects into the air and could cause them to hover for varying lengths of time, depending on their weight, and the skill of the spellcaster. Small animals and even children might be levitated, but once airborne, they had no control over their direction of movement.

Hobart consequently made a second announcement, and another, even larger crowd, assembled to watch his new demonstration hoping for another hearty laugh at his expense. The new demonstration was initially much more successful than the first. Hobart showed the onlookers how he could lift a variety of objects from small rocks all the way up to fallen trees. Unfortunately, the cheers of the crowd went to Hobart's head and he decided, for a finale, to Levitate the Chief's hat. It was only then that he, and indeed the crowd, realised that the Chief wore a wig. Hobart only survived the resulting duel by Levitating the Chief's robes over his head and running for it.

Incantation The magic words for the Levitation Charm are 'Wingardium Leviosa'. Be sure to make the 'gar' nice and long.

Gesture This spell is all in the wrist. Keep your wand hand loose and perform a nice, smooth swish and flick movement.

Note There are many variations of this spell - the Hover Charm, the Rocket Charm and the Floating Charm, to name but a few, but this remains the original and the best. This charm ought not to be seen as a 'joke' spell. It can be most useful in duels and can lift physical obstacles and can even Levitate small creatures (though this is likely to confuse any poor animal and is certainly not to be encouraged).

Water-Making Spell

The Water-Making Spell conjures clean, drinkable water from the end of the wand. Thus, with the Water-Making Spell the trained wizard is never without a source of water, whether they're refilling their goblet at dinner of managing a minor eyebrow fire after a carelessly-cast Fire-Making Spell.

Incantation The incantation for conjuring water is 'Aguamenti'. Be sure to say it clearly when casting the spell.

Gesture Casting Aguamenti requires a smooth wave movement from left to right with your wand.

Unlocking Charm

There are many ways to pass through locked doors in the magical world (see the Fire-Making Spell, the Gouging Spell and the Reductor Curse) wherr you wish to enter or depart discreetly, however, the Unlocking Charm is your best friend.

The famous Unlocking Charm was introduced to Britain in the early 1600s by a wizard thief called Eldon Elsrickle who had fled from Britain to Africa, hoping to escape punishment for a series of robberies. Elsrickle sneaked back into the country, heavily disguised and possessed of two treasures.

The first was a baby monster called a Nundu, a terrifying leopard-like creature which, when full-grown could devour whole crowds of men in a single gulp. However, the cub could be subdued with a simple Stunning Spell and Elsrickle intended to use it to guard his house when he was not there.

Elsrickle's second treasure was the charm that he had learnt from an ancient African sorcerer: 'Alohomora', otherwise known as the Unlocking Charm, or The Thief's Friend.

Elsrickle immediately resumed his career of villainy, and no house in London, whether Muggle or wizard-owned, was safe. Elsrickle was soon taking home priceless jewels, paintings and antiques to the house which was occupied by his Nundu. Soon, the Spectral Thief of Old London Town was making front page news in both the wizarding and Muggle worlds. Nobody could understand how the criminal was getting in and out of houses without breaking windows or using ladders.

Once in a while, Elsrickle would be surprised in the home of a fellow wizard. Whenever this happened, the cunning fellow offered to trade his fabulous new charm for his freedom. His deal was accepted so many times that soon there were a great number of so-called 'Spectral Thieves' operating in the capital.

Elsrickle was confident that he would never be burgled, however, because he made sure that everyone knew he owned an ever-growing Nundu. He put it to sleep each morning through the keyhole of his door, before entering the house and woke it up in the same way when he left at night.

Then came the fateful day when Blagdon Blay, a wizard who had been burgled 19 times in two weeks, succeeded in inventing an Anti-Alohomora Charm. In a single night, the wizarding doors of London were sealed shut, and task-forces were dispatched to protect Muggle houses, too.

On the last day of his life, Elsrickle returned home after being unable to commit a single burglary all night. Tired, frustrated and angry, he completely forgot about putting his Nundu to sleep through the keyhole before he entered the house. The last word he ever spoke, before being pounced upon and eaten was 'Alohomora'.

Incantation To unlock doors with just a wave of the wand, speak the incantation 'Alohomora'.

Gesture The spell required a nice, sharp wand movement... start at the bottom and go up, then diagonally down and then across.

Note Prior to the discovery of the Unlocking Charm, the most popular charm for the purpose was 'Portaberto!' which usually splintered the lock from the door and occasionally left a smoking hole where the key should have been. Even this was a substantial improvement over 'Open Sesame!', the previous most-popular spell, which saw doors wrenched from their hinges and torn into firewood.

Wand-Lighting Charm

This charm will light the end of your wand, providing illumination in darkness. The Wand-Lighting Charm is simple, but requires concentration. Take great care not to accidentally set your wand alight as damage of this kind can be permanent. If in any doubt about your abilities you would do better to buy yourself a magic lantern.

Note The discovery that wands themselves could be lit occurred relatively recently in wizarding history, at the end of the 18th century. Among those who claimed to have invented this revolutionary spell was the German warlock Garvin Lügner who insisted he had invented it as a side-effect of his discovery of Instant Darkness Powder. It transpired, however, that not only was Lügner lying about Lumos, his powder was only useful for slightly dimming the lights.

The Wand-Lighting Charm was actually invented in 1772 by Levina Monkstanley. An accomplished witch working in the Department of Mysteries, Levina astonished her colleagues one day by lighting the tip of her wand to search for a dropped quill in a dusty corner. Prior to Levina's discovery, all manner of magical lanterns, candles and light-creation spells had been used with varying degrees of success, to penetrate darkness both natural and curse-related.

Incantation The incantation to light one's wand is 'Lumos'.

Gesture The gesture for Lumos is a nice, smooth upwards loop.

Conundrum: The Tale of a Lazy Little Witch When little Isadora Rose (A sweet young witch - that button nose!) Was bought a wand, she thought it grand; It shone so brightly in her hand! 'Now here's an end to all my woes!' The charming girl told friends and foes. 'I'll never, ever need to work!' (In truth, she'd always liked to shirk). 'If anybody makes me cross, My wand will show them who is boss, And if they go and treat me worse I'll fix them with a single curse! And everything I want I'll get With this, my darling little pet!'

With that, she waved her brand new wand And turned her black hair brassy blonde. But as the days and weeks went by That lazy girl refused to try To master new spells; truth to tell She didn't do the old ones well: Her hair turned blonde but then fell out Her curses never had much clout Her wand began to wilt, poor thing, As boredom took away its zing. And naturally she blamed the wand And threw it in the old duck pond

But you know better, you can see What caused her mediocrity. What must you do, which she did not? What must you do, and do a lot? Answer this, and do it loads Or I will turn you all to toads.

Chapter 2

It's time to move on to more complex magic. In this chapter we will cover a range of challenging - and at times dangerous - new spells. Keep your wits about you in this chapter, and soon you'll master new magical skills, from revealing invisible ink or conjuring flocks of birds from your wand, to the art of magical fire-making.

Fire-Making Spell

From lighting a warm hearth to igniting a Christmas pudding, the Fire-Making Spell is always useful around the wizarding household. However, the ability to produce fire with the flick of a wand can be dangerous to your fellow students (and worse, your books). A pair of dragon-hide gloves is therefore recommended for this lesson (more careless students might also like to brush up on any hair-regrowing spells that they might know).

Spectacular though it is, students are warned that irresponsible use of the Fire-Making Spell can have serious consequences. Take one ill-fated performance of Malecrit's classic wizarding play 'Alas, I have Transfigured my Feet'.

History does not record the names of the actors, which is perhaps for the best since by halfway through the first act the audience had taken to throwing pumpkins. Undeterred, the actor playing Crapaud began the famous foot-transfiguration scene.

By this time, the special effects wizard hidden under the stage was apparently as bored as the audience. And decided to replace the traditional puff of yellow smoke with a huge eruption of fire. The audience were suitably impressed, and their cheering only increased when the curtains caught alight. And the effects wizard begain vainly trying to put out the flames, while dodging hexes from the play's Director.

With the rest of the cast fleeing in panic, the actor playing Crapaud took this as his moment to shine. Casting a Flame-Freezing Charm, he began the play's rousing final speech, protected from the fire now engulfing the stage. Unfortunately, his doubt stirring delivery was lost in the confusion as the audience abandoned the theatre and the ill-prepared effects wizard tried desperately to remember the Flame-Freezing Charm for himself. Show-off young students should take heed: cast your Fire-Making Spell with care.

Incantation The incantation to produce fire from your wand is 'Incendio'.

Gesture The Fire-Making Spell uses three movements: A straight line to the right, then diagonally down and left, then right again.

Bird-Conjuring Charm

The Bird-Conjuring Charm conjures a small flock of birds from the end of the wand. It is important to remember that conjured creatures are not real animals. The more accomplished you become at the spells that create them, the more real the animals will appear, but you will be disappointed if you try to keep your creations as pets. They are mere phantoms of your own making.

Note Of course, creating any living creature out of thin air is immensely difficult. This spellbooks is concerned with practical instruction, and not with theory but your teacher will be able to explain the Principle of Artificianimate Quasi-Dominance which will help you understand some of the many things that can go wrong when attempting to conjure animals from nothing. Severed heads, unidentifiable stumps, terrifying frog-rabbit mutations - all have been created, to the dismay of those who made them (and the horror of those who found them hidden under cushions). However, for reasons that are still not fully understood (research continues in the Dept. of Mysteries in the Ministry of Magic) two categories of creature are much easier to create from nothing than any other: birds and snakes.

Incantation To conjure birds from thin air, you must learn the correct incantation: 'Avis'.

Gesture The Bird-Conjuring Charm calls for two smooth bumps from left to right with your wand.

Revealing Charm

The Revealing Charm will reveal invisible ink and messages hidden by magical means. This spell is able to overcome most basic concealment charms, so be warned: any plans for mischief hidden with invisible ink can easily be uncovered by wizarding parents and teachers alike.

Many magical researchers use invisible ink to hide their work from rivals, so the Revealing Charm is essential to serious scholars. Famed arithmancer Bridget Wenlock was so protective of her discoveries that she wrote exclusively in invisible ink, not to mention writing upside down, back-to-front and in atrocious handwriting.

Wenlock was famous for her absent-mindedness as well as her paranoia, and would often jot notes in invisible ink on scraps of paper before promptly losing them. She could frequently be seen retracing her steps through her hometown of Tinworth attempting to use the Revealing Charm on every scrap of paper she came across in search of a lost arithmancy calculation.

Wenlock first scribbled down her ground-breaking theorem on the magical properties of the number seven at breakfast one day, apparently on the back of an envelope, using her usual invisible ink. She then proceeded to send her cousin a letter, using what she later believed to be the very envelope concealing the theorem.

Soon realising her mistake, Wenlock seized her broom and managed to overtake the owl carrying the letter in mid-flight. The pair engaged in a fierce mid-air tussle as Wenlock tried to recover the envelope. (Post office owls take mail-tampering very seriously and will refuse to give up their deliveries to anyone but the addressee).

After suffering several nips and scratches, Wenlock resorted to following the owl to her cousin's house in John O'Groats. But after finally retrieving the envelope from her bemused cousin, her Revealing Charm revealed nothing but a cake recipe which she had jotted down that morning. She later found the real calculation, scrawled on a sugar packet, still sitting on her kitchen table.

Incantation The incantation to magically reveal hidden writing or markings is 'Aparecium'.

Gesture The wand gesture for the Revaling Charm is a loop and cross. Loop your wand from right to left and back again.

Engorgement and Shrinking Charms

These straightforward by surprisingly dangerous charms cause certain things to swell or shrink. You will be learning both charms together so that you can always undo an over-enthusiastic cast. There is thus no excuse for having accidentally shrunk your homework down to microscopic size or for allowing a giant toad to rampage through your school's flowerbeds.

Incantation The incantation to make things grow is 'Engorgio'. To magically shrink things speak the incantation 'Reducio'.

Gesture To make things swell, draw and arrow shape pointing up. Making things shrink uses a wand gesture point down.

Conundrum: The Sorry Story of Distractible Douglas His letter came from Hogwarts and, oh, Douglas was so pleased! He would have read the whole thing, but a boil needed squeezed. He would have packed his trunk himself, but thought he'd seen a fly Doing loops and backwards flip-flops (it wasn't, but nice try).

He liked the thought of lessons, yes, but Douglas didn't see Why you had to pay attention and not try to jinx your knee And tentacles were funny, in a tickly kind of way, So why the teachers roared at him, he really couldn't say.

It was 'pay attention, Douglas' every single place he went But Douglas didn't want to, and so letters home were sent And his father wrote him strictly, saying: 'Douglas, now be warned! You must finish things you-' Douglas put the letter down and yawned.

Douglas liked to be distracted, because he found it much more fun His homework was abandoned and his spells and charms half done, He never really noticed just how far he'd slipped behing But then someone dared poor Douglas to perform a jinx (not kind).

It went so badly wrong that it is nicer not to dwell On Dougie's second nose, or on the mess, or on the smell And nobody could ever say how Douglas came to be Entrapped inside that drainpipe, with a teacup for a knee.

What was it that he didn't want to do, the silly lad? Answer me, and do it, and you'll make your teachers glad.

Chapter 3

Superb wand skills, a talent for incantations or a flair for potions - all these are nothing if you cannot apply yourself. This chapter contains spells allowing you to magically mend, to vanish messes and most importantly, to protect yourself. Persevere with these new spells until you know them back-to-front (but remember that actually saying spells back-to-front can have quite unpleasant consequences).

Gouging Spell

The Gouging Spell enables a witch or wizard to carve through earth and stone with ease. From budding Herbologists digging for Snargaluff seedlings to treasure-hunting curse breakers uncovering ancient wizard tombs the Gouging Spell makes all manner of heavy labour a matter of pointing a wand.

Incantation Cast the Gouging Spell with the incantation 'Defodio'.

Gesture To cast the Gouging Spell, move your wand straight down, then left, then down again.

Side note: Doubling Charm

The Doubling Charm (or Gemino Curse, as it is often known) was famously discovered by twin witches: Helixa and Syna Hyslop. After this somewhat eccentric and reclusive pair died, relatives realised the mansion in which they had lived all their lives contained identical copies of literally everything inside, down to the pair of handwritten instructions for the spell left side by side on matching kitchen tables.

The Doubling Charm has caused trouble from its discovery. Many disputes have arisen around the question of whether a copy created by the Gemino Curse is of equal value to its pair. As the two are identical at first it is impossible to know, although the copy usually rots or tarnishes much more quickly.

One unfortunate quirk of this spell, which has never been successfully overcome, is that nobody can halt it but the original spell-caster. If, for whatever reason, he or she is interrupted, the object will continue to multiply for hours or even days until the copies start to degrade.

Mending Charm

The Mending Charm will repair broken objects with a flick of the wand. Accidents do happen, so it is essential to know how to mend our errors. However, clumsier students should remember that mastery of this charm is not substitute for learning not to break things in the first place.

Many repairing and mending charms have been used over the centuries but the most effective and powerful was invented by Orabella Nuttley in the eighteenth century. A lowly clerk in the Ministry of Magic, Improper Use of Magic Department, Orabella's extreme shyness had hampered her in her career.

Mousey, almost mute in meetings, and becoming extremely flustered when spoken to, Orabella was givent the most mundane tasks at the office, such as filing, dusting and cleaning the departmental owls. At home, however, Orabella spent all her free time experimenting with spells, attempting to improve and strengthen the charms of her youth.

A freak chance led to the revelation of Orabella's hidden talents. In 1754, two of Europe's most celebrated broom fliers - sworn enemies Torquil MacTavish, of Scotland, and Silvio Astolfi, of Italy - agreed to a public broom race from Aberdeen to Rome. The contest would take place overnight, to avoid the attention of Muggles and representative of the governments of both men would gather at the finishing line for what looked likely to be a spectacular contest. Orabella was invited along to oversee the luggage and arrange the Portkeys.

The climax of the race was just as exciting as foreseen, but not for the reasons predicted. At close to daybreak, Astolfi and MacTavish appeared over the horizon, heading towards the Coliseum. It was at this point that a fight broke out among excitable supporters of both wizards.

Precisely what happened is hotly contested to this day, but a large explosion ensued, and when the smoke cleared Silvio Astolfi had been turned into a chicken, Torquil MacTavish's knees were on back to front and the Coliseum lay in ruins.

For a few horrific minutes, it appeared that the assembled crowd had witnessed the greatest breach of the International Statute of Secrecy ever known. Not only were they at a loss to know how to repair such massive damage, but the sound of the explosion had already woken half of Rome.

It was then that Orabella Nutley came quietly forwards and, with a few waves of her wand reconstructed several columns with the use of her own Repairing Charm. Stunned at its efficacy, the governmental Ministers begged her to teach them how to use the new spell and by the time the first anxious Muggles had dressed and rushed to the scene, they found nothing but the Coliseum in exactly the state they had last seen it, and a few oddly dressed men trying to soothe a distressed chicken. Orabella received the Order or Merlin, First Class, and her Mending Charm has been in widespread use ever since.

Incantation The incantation for the Mending Charm is 'Reparo'.

Gesture To cast Reparo, move your wand in a square, beginning from the bottom left.

Note This simple repairing charm will work on most materials although certain kinds of damage (caused by rare and powerful curses) are immune to its effects. Please note that the Mending Charm must NEVER be used on humans or animals. Extreme scarring may result from attempts to heal wounds with this spell, which is suitable only for inanimate objects.

Scouring Charm

From pumpkin juice stains to gobblets of frog guts to baked-on dragon dung, a good Scouring Charm will vanish them all.

Incantation To vanish unsightly messes with the wave of a wand, use the incantation 'Scourgify'.

Gesture The wand movement for Scourgify is a smooth, sinuous motion, like a letter 'S'.

Note If you were brought up in a wizarding family with House-Elves then you may feel that using your magic to clean up after yourself is in some way beneath you. But rest assured, the first time you need to get a Stinksap stain out of a school tie without your House-Elf there to help you you will be grateful you learnt the Scouring Charm.

Side note: Bat-Bogey Hex

I must confess to a particular fondness for this spell, as it is my own creation. Controversial though it may be to include jinxes in a school text book, I maintain that attacking spells of a mild nature, such as this, remove the temptation for young students to seek out and practise much more dangerous curses to settle school-yard fights.

As I explain in my foreword to this book, I grew up in a very large family, and as the youngest member it was sometimes difficult to put my point across effectively. However, when a person's bogies turn into black bats, which crawl out of their nostriles and flap away, you can generally count on them shutting up long enough to let you talk, for a change. I credit my mastery of this hex for persuading my sister Diadema to give back the clothes she had borrowed from me, for reminding my sister Romilda to keep out of my room when I wanted peace, and for helping my sister Tangwystl to be quiet when I was trying to do my homework.

Shield Charm

The most basic of duelling spells, the Shield Charm protects the caster from most offensive spells. This spell is little use without quick reflexes to match, and the best way to learn is to practise deflecting real hexes. After all, being struck with a Twitchy-Ears Hex or Jelly-Legs Jinx has a wonderful way of focusing the mind on learning to defend itself.

There are many different protective spells, but for everyday use, this is the most reliable. Its most famous use was in 1484, during a Jousting Tournament in the village of Poppleton, England. Poppleton was overlooked by a castle owned by the Earl of Paunchley.

The Earl was a tyrannical bully who made the lives of the villagers miserable. He doled out dreadful punishments for the slightest misdeeds: children caught eating an apple fallen from one of his trees would be beaten, young women who did not curtsey low enough when he passed were forced into service at the castle, men who complained, or stood up to the Earl, had been dragged away and never seen again.

One day, the Early held a jousting tournament in the grounds of his castle, which was to be attended by nobles from miles around. He let it be known that the whole village was to come and watch and cheer him on against the other competitors, and that no excuse would be accepted. An hour before the competition started, a young boy called Edmund Gaddlegate, whom the Earl had instructed to put up banners and pennants fell out of a tall tree in the castle grounds and broke his leg. His mother sent word that Edmund would not be able to attend the competition, and put him to bed.

Four burly servants of the Earl appeared at her door shortly afterwards and dragged her and her son up to the castle. Here, the Earl informed her that, as punishment for her rudeness, she would watch while her son was tied to a horse and forced to compete against him and the various Knights who had assembled to compete.

However, when the other competitors saw that the Earl expected them to fight a small, injured boy they left the tournament in disgust. Humiliated and furious, the cruel Earl announced that if nobody else would do it, he would fight Edmund himself.

It was at this point that a witch in the crowd - one Hannah Cockleford - decided that the time had come to teach the Earl a lesson. As he galloped flat out towards the boy, with his spear pointing at Edmund's chest, she cast the strongest Shield Charm of her life between the Earl and Edmund.

The Earl and his horse slammed into Hannah's invisible Shield and were knocked backwards. The horse landed on the Earl, who was squashed flat inside his armour. For several glorious moments, the crowd believed that the Earl was dead. The disappointment was great when he began to move again, but turned to joy almost at once when the Earl regained consciousness, and forever afterwards, he believed that he was a donkey called Hairy Cyril.

Incantation The incantation for the Shield Charm is 'Protego'. Learn to say it quickly and clearly.

Gesture The wand movement to cast the Shield Charm is a short upwards move. Sharp reactions and quick spell-casting are key to protecting yourself with the Shield Charm.

Conundrum: The Ballad of Angry Angus McMangus Oh, Angus McMangus, you should have been great! With talents aplenty - success on a plate! We all thought you'd garner great grades quite securely - But Angus McMangus, your spells turned out poorly.

I first heard you roar on the day we did Charms Your shouting put everyone into alarms 'I can't - it's a joke - this whole class is a flop!' Your fist crashing down made experiments stop.

Again and again, with just ten minutes gone Of each class you would blow up - 'no, everything's wrong! I can't be expected to work in this way!' And you'd throw half-made jiggers and potions away.

'Calmly!' said teachers, and 'just give it time!' But Angus McMangus thinks waiting's a crime. If he can't do it straight away, or double-quick, He'll snatch up his wand and - crack - one broken stick.

'It ought to be done now!' 'I've tried once already!' In vain did your teachers cry, 'Steady, now, steady!' So Angus McMangus, it's you I must blame It's all your own fault you didn't win fame.

Now answer me, students, what did Angus lack? What didn't he do, which will keep YOU on track?

Chapter 4

In this chapter we will learn spells which - used wisely - will give you an edge over other wizards. Keep your wandwork sharp and you'll soon pick up new skills, from stopping enemies in their tracks with a jinx to magically Summoning objects. You'll have to be crafty and well as clever if you want to find the next conundrum and find out what makes good wizards into great ones.

Summoning Charm

The Summoning Charm is one of the oldest and one of the most useful you will ever learn. The charm allows wizards to bring objects zooming towards them with the wave of a wand. Most magical objects are now sold carrying anti-theft devices that will prevent them from being Summoned by any but their owner.

The Summoning Charm might seem a very straightforward spell, but its dangers were proven by a band of extremist anti-Muggle wizards who announced, in 1743, that they had declared war on 'Muggle ways and Muggle behaviour.' Calling themselves the 'Accionites,' their stated aim was to live in a manner 'beyond the petty concerns of Muggles.' Their leader was a wizard called Gideon Flatworthy, whom the Daily Prophet famously called 'less a wizard, more a stupid, lazy walrus-like object who lies all day on a rather smelly cushion, and expects people to admire him for it.'

Gideon Flatworthy decreed that the Accionites, as their names suggested, ought never to fetch, life or carry 'for wizards are not, like lowly Muggles, beasts of burden, but nobler, finer and higher beings' and that everything they required ought to be Summoned by magic. Unfortunately, the Accionites ran into trouble almost immediately. Refusing to do anything as mundane and energetic as visit Gringotts Bank, they swiftly ran out of money.

Flatworthy did not believe in working, and declared that the only dignified thing to do was to 'Accio' more gold. This he attempted to do by pointing his wand in the direction of a nearby goblin workshop. In one sense, his plan worked. Several exquisite pieces of goblin jewellery (as yet unfinished, so without anti-theft charms upon them) came soaring in through the windows of the Accionites' headquarters.

The idiotic Flatworthy was still trying to fathom how he might sell his stolen treasures without leaving his cushion when a horde of angry goblin goldsmiths arrived on the doorstep, armed with swords and baying for the Accionites' blood.

Flatworthy and his companions Disapparated at once, and re-established themselves in a dark basement. Aware that they were still being hunted down by fearsome goblins, and growing both hungry and thirsty, Flatworthy attempted to summon both food and drink to their basement lair. Naturally, the sight of cakes and wine flying along the streets towards the Accionites' hideout immediately alerted their goblin pursuers to their whereabouts and they were forced to Disapparate again, this time to a remote cave in Pembrokeshire.

By this time, most of the Accionites were becoming disillusioned by Flatworthy's leadership and most of them decided that would rather lower themselves to do some Muggle-like things like shopping, working and carrying groceries, rather than starve in a cave. Finally, Flatworthy found himself alone, light-headed with hunger, cold and miserable, but still refusing to admit that he was wrong.

Experts still debate what precisely led to his final, foolish act. Most agree that he had probably become delirious through lack of food, although some think that he was determined to die as he had lived.

All we know is that, on the eighteenth of September, 1743, Flatworthy attempted to Summon himself an entire farm complete with livestock, cosy cottage and well-stocked larder. Naturally, the buildings would not shift, but the furious farmer followed his flying cows to the cave on the hill and discovered Flatworthy, still lying on his cushions, but crushed to death beneath a pile of hay bales and cattle.

Incantation To Summon an object, picture the object clearly in your mind and say 'Accio'.

Gesture To Summon an object, make a bump from right to left with your wand.

Note Once you've mastered this charm, you have the ability to Summon any object of which you have need. (Providing, of course, that you respect the International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy since no object should be Summoned if it is likely to whizz under the nose of a Muggle). The Summoning Charm is ineffective on most living creatures, and those that can be Summoned are rarely worth Summoning (such as Flobberworms).

Severing Charm

With the Severing Charm, cutting or tearing objects is a simple matter of wand control. The spell can be quite precise in skilled hands, and the Severing Charm is widely used in a variety of wizarding trades. Useful as it is, this charm should be practised with caution, as a careless swipe of the wand can easily cause injury.

The Severing Charm was created in the fifteenth century by wizarding seamstress Delfina Crimp who created it as an easy and convenient way of cutting cloth and thread. Prior to the invention of this neat, precise spell, wizards were apt to burn or shred anything they wished to cut. However, while Madam Crimp's invention benefited her work, it nearly cost her her life.

Witches and wizards were subject to persecution in the fifteenth century, so Madam Crimp, who had become one of the most fashionable dressmakers in London, preferred to pretend that she had no magical powers. Unfortunately, the great beauty of her dresses and cloaks aroused considerable envy among other tailors, many of whom were convinced that she knew some secret that they did not. Event the ugliest women seemed to look beautiful in her clothes, and she grew richer and more successful every day.

A rival Muggle tailor, by the name of Snickerton, disguised himself and applied for a post in Madam Crimp's shop. After several weeks, he could find not evidence of magic except for the fact that there were no scissors in Madam Crimp's workroom. At last, by wrapping himself up in a bolt of velvet and keeping watch by night, he observed Madam Crimp cutting out an intricate pattern with the use of her wand.

The following day Snickerton led a band of men to arrest the accused witch. Cornered at her shop, she was unable to explain why she owned no scissors. Snickerton insisted that her hands should be tightly bound to stop her cursing them all and set about searching for the wand he swore he had seen her using. After several hours, however, he had found nothing suspicious, and his friends were starting to doubt him.

At last, Madam Crimp asked whether she might at least be unbound to scratch her chin, on which there was a large wart. Unable to see the harm in this, her foolish accusers agreed. The moment Madam Crimp touched the wart, it sprang out of her face, revealing itself as her concealed wand.

She promptly Disapparated along with a large bag of gold, and was never seen in London again. However, from that moment onwards, Snickerton the tailor was unable to produce any item of clothing, no matter how securely he locked it up overnight, without finding it shredded to ribbons every morning. Legend has it that he died insane, convinced that he was being followed everywhere by a giant pair of invisible scissors.

Incantation The incantation for the Severing Charm is 'Diffindo'. Use it with care!

Gesture The Severing Charm requires a jagged, cutting mottion with the wand. Go up, then slash down and right, then up again.

Impediment Jinx

Swift use of this jinx can freeze an attacker for a few moments, or stop a magical beast in its tracks. The jinx is a vital part of any duellist's arsenal. Being frozen with the jinx does no permanent harm, though if you're caught in an awkward position it can become quite uncomfortable.

Incantation The incantation to freeze your enemies is 'Impedimenta'!

Gesture To freeze your enemies, perform a straight slash to the left. Handy in the heat of battle.

Hardening Charm

The Hardening Charm will turn an object into solid stone. This can be surprisingly handy in a tight spot. Of course, most students only ever seem to use this spell to sabotage their fellow students' schoolbags or to turn a pumpkin pasty to stone just before someone bites into it. It is unwise to try this unworthy trick on any of your teachers.

Incantation Cast the Hardening Charm with the incantation 'Duro'.

Gesture To cast Duro first start at the bottom and go straight up, then curve round and down.

Conundrum: The Rhyme of Gormless Morgan There was a young wizard called Morgan Whose boss said: 'Go capture the Gorgon! 'The creature's so vile 'That it might take a while, 'Use your brain! It's a most useful organ.'

The Gorgon was fearsome and clever (Two things that poor Morgan was never). By staring alone She could turn men to stone So they'd have to be statues forever.

Morg's friends told him: 'Think out a plan, first!' But of all things, he hated to think worst. 'Don't make such a fuss I'll just take a truss And trap her before I can be cursed!'

He tried sneaking up from behind her, But here is a little reminder: The mirror was made As a rear-viewing aid Thus the Gorgon watched Morgan come find her.

They stared in the glass, fiend and Morgan Four eyes met (of man and of Gorgon): With no time to moan Morg was turned into stone And he never came back; he was forgone.

What was the Gorgon, which Morgan was not? What traits did she have (while he was a clot)? What ought you to be, if you would survive? What qualities help you in staying alive?

Chapter 5

This final chapter covers powerful duelling spells. There are those who believe that magical duelling should not be taught to young witches and wizards. However, it is an unfortunate fact that the wizarding world is a dangerous place.

The spells in this chapter will allow you to counter some of the dangers you might face, allowing you to destroy obstacles and Disarm hostile wizards, and finally, you will learn a powerful protective charm which will require all of the magical skill you have learnt so far. You're close now to proving yourself an accomplished witch or wizard in your own right. Steady nerves will see you through.

Disarming Charm

The Disarming Charm will cause an opponent's wand, or in fact any item that they are holding, to fly out of their hand. Historians disagree about the origins of this Charm. Some claim that it was invented by Merlin himself, others that it was in widespread use in Madagascar as early as the eleventh century.

In the opinion of the author of this book, the most likely originator of the Disarming Charm was a young witch called Elizabeth Smudgling who entered a duelling contest on Dartmoor in 1379. Contestants had come from all over Europe to compete in the contest which was held at night, far away from curious Muggles.

According to contemporary accounts, the duelling was of a standard that few had ever seen before and finally only four competitors remained: three wizards, and the English witch, Elizabeth Smudgling. The judges of the competition - warlocks and sorcerers of several nations - made speeches to the final four contestants before the last three duels were to start.

'Think big!' they cried. 'Think bigger than you have ever thought before! Let us see, this night, magic on such a scale that future generations will envy us for having witnessed such greatness!'

The first semi-finalists then moved out in front of the crowd. Mindful of the advice to think big, the first wizard transformed himself on the spot into a bull and charged the second, who it seemed would be killed: but thinking quickly, he changed himself into a viper which bit the bull on the leg an sent it crashing to the ground in agony.

The second wizard then took on the third. He caused a great storm cloud to descend from the sky and his opponent was drenched in icy rain and forced to dodge lightning bolts until he had the clever idea of summoning a powerful cyclone which blew away the storm, but took with it the judges, most of the crowd and many trees. It took a few hours for everyone to reassemble.

Everyone was now a little afraid of what the third wizard might do for an encore and the judges earnestly tried to dissuade Elizabeth Smudgling from fighting him and told her it might be easier if they simply awarded him the cup without anybody else getting hurt. Elizabeth, however, refused.

On the count of three, the wizard opened his mouth wide to utter a long and complex incantation that would (if he had finished it) had caused a mountain to erupt out of the earth and collapse on Elizabeth's head. The only problem was that she had already said a quiet 'Expelliarmus', and removed at once the source of all his power. Elizabeth was awarded the title of Supreme Dueller, and the Disarming Charm at once became one of the most important in any dueller's armoury.

Incantation The incantation for the Disarming Charm is 'Expelliarmus'. Speak it clearly, and use it wisely.

Gesture The wand movement to disarm is a quick, straight wand move to the right, ideal for reacting quickly in battle.

Note The Disarming Charm is central to formal wizard duelling, where Disarming one's opponent is considered an honourable victory. Unfortunately, real duels are rarely honourable. Hostile or Dark wizards will certainly use every unfair tactic against you (and this is to say nothing of your fellow students).

Reductor Curse

With this powerful curse, skilled wizards can easily reduce obstacles to pieces. For obvious reasons great care must be exercised when learning and practising this spell, lest you find yourself sweeping up in detention for it is all too easy to bring your classroom ceiling crashing down, or to reduce your teacher's desk to a fine mist.

Incantation The incantation 'Reducto' will give you the power to blast solid objects out of your path.

Gesture The Reductor Curse requires two sharp slashes downwards; to the right, then to the left.

Stunning Spell

The Stunning Spell is invaluable in duelling, knocking out anyone it strikes. The spell is commonly used by dragon-handlers and other magizoologists to handle dangerous creatures and by the Aurors, Dark wizard-hunters for the Ministry of Magic.

Incantation The incantation 'Stupefy' gives you the power to Stun your opponent. Use it responsibly.

Gesture The Stunning Spell is a sharp slash directly downwards with the wand.

Patronus Charm

This ancient and mysterious charm conjures a magical guardian, a projection of all your most positive feelings. The Patronus Charm is difficult, and many witchs and wizards are unable to produce a full, corporeal Patronus: a guardian which generally takes the shape of the animal with who they share the deepest affinity.

You may suspect, but you will never truly know what form your Patronus will take until you succeed in conjuring it. The strange power of the Patronus, and its peculiar qualities, are well illustrated by the ancient story of a shy, poor orphan boy called Illyius, whose Patronus went down in wizarding history.

Illyius lived long ago in a mountain village, which was surrounded by a dense forest in which a Dark wizard called Raczidian lived in a black castle guarded by Dementors. These evil, faceless, hooded creatures, which cast fear and despondency all around them suck the very soulds from humans whom they succeed in weakening.

For many years, Raczidian left the villagers, who were fellow witches and wizards, in peace and they avoided the part of the forest where his castle was situated. Knowing that Dementors roamed the forest they took care to teach every new generation the Charm, the only spell that worked against these evil creatures. Many were unable to master the difficult spell but there had always been just enough Patronuses in the village to stand guard against the Dementors in case Raczidian ordered an attack.

When Illyius turned seventeen, the village elders taught him, and his fellow young wizards, the spell. Illyius, who was shy and tongue-tied, succeeded in producing a Patronus, but to his shame, it took the form of a mouse. Everyone roared with laughter, because they had never seen such a small, weak Patronus and the elders advised the boy never to use the spell again.

Shortly afterwards, a beautiful young village girl called Eliana, whom Illyius had always been too shy to talk to caught the eye of Raczidian as she collected berries in the forest. Raczidian had decided that she would make him an excellent wife. Raczidian sent a demand to Eliana's parents, who refused to let her marry him. Raczidian then threatened the whole village saying that he would lay siege to it, and allow his Dementors to destroy all of them, unless they sent Eliana to him. The village elders met, and agreed to resist. Eliana was sent to hide in the tiny shack where Illyius lived alone, and he was told to stay there and keep her company because his Patronus was too weak and feeble to help.

Wave upon wave of Dementors now attacked the village. At first, the villagers' lines of Patronuses (bears, and wolves and wild boar) held firm, but gradually the sheer numbers of Dementors began to overwhelm them. Slowly the Patronuses grew weak and faint and the witches and wizards casting them either collapsed where they stood, or ran for their lives.

'Do something!' Eliana implored Illyius. So he cast his Patronus, and the mouse shone like a star as it darted nimbly through the fleeing crowds. Its light was so powerful that, in spite of its tiny size, the Dementors were halted.

Furious that something so small should thwart him, Raczidian now joined the ranks of the Dementors himself. Forgetting that only the pure of heart can produce a Patronus, he tried to cast a guardian that would shield him from Illyius's mouse. Only now was it discovered, for the first time, what happens when an unworthy but skilful wizard attempts the Patronus Charm.

Maggots gushed from the end of Raczidian's wand. They crawled all over him, hiding him from sight and before the villagers' horrified eyes, he was devoured.

Illyius was acclaimed as a hero, married Eliana and lived happily ever after, and from that time on, there was no more highly-prized or admired Patronus in that village than the deft and nimble mouse.

Incantation Expecto Patronum. A powerful incantation, but meaningless without great positive feeling behind it.

Gesture The Patronus Charm will take focus and determination to master. Keep moving your wand in a circle to build up power. Think of the happiest memory you can, and hold it in your mind as you start casting the spell.

Note When performed correctly the Patronus Charm gives the caster protection beyond any Shield Charm and enables them to resist even the terrible power of creatures like Dementors. It is clear from ancient woodcuts and scrolls that the Patronus Charm has been in existence since earliest times.

Many attempts have been made over the centuries to find an easier way to produce a Patronus or some similar shield against Dark magic, but none have been successful. If you seek the best protection magic can afford against evil creatures your only choice is to perfect the Patronus Charm.

Wizards and witches famous for their unusual Patronuses include Hedley Fleetwood (Woolly Mammoth: extinct Patronuses are exceptionally rare), Andros the Invincible, the only wizard known to produce a Patronus the size of a giant , and Symposia Rawle (Ladybird: in spite of its miniscule size, this Patronus was exceptionally powerful).

Conundrum: The Miserable Ode of Quivering Quintus I never saw a wizard quite the same As Quintus Harcourt Ballyfumble Stranger As famous for his most unusual name As for the speed with which he fled from danger.

A bang, a flash, a grunt: each sudden noise Would make him vanish, hide or run at speed. He soon became a joke among the boys For which among us likes a feeble weed?

'There's nothing wrong with nerves, when trouble starts,' Quin's father told him kindly, 'we all know The quaking of our simple human hearts The feeling that our legs have turned to dough!

'Yet feelings such as these, though very normal Can still be overcome, Quin, don't lose hope!' But Quintus said, his manner cold and formal: 'I wish you wouldn't treat me like a dope.

'Why should I stand and fight when safety calls? What's more important than to save my neck? If others wish to duel, I think them fools, I have no wish to end a broken wreck.'

So all the use his wand got, year on year, Was shielding Quintus-Of-The-Silly-Name, Until one day the wand came over queer And wouldn't work (I think it died of shame).

The moral's clear: what quality Is worth more than timidity? And without what are wizards lame, Their spell-work poor, their magic tame?

Afterword

So, did you guess, my faithful friend Who's worked so hard, from start to end, What would have saved the dreadful five Whose stories you have heard described?

Yes, PRACTICE, every single day Will pave the gifted wizard's way To greater skill (but Izzy Rose Was lazy, as her failure shows).

Now WIT and CONCENTRATION are Essential if you would go far: Naught but distraction rots your brain (As seen by Douglas, in the drain).

No greatness comes without HARD WORK (Which Angus didn't like, the berk) And PATIENCE too, which will not quit (As Angus did, the silly git).

When faced with monsters, fanged or furred, No, CUNNING's not a dirty word! If you'd avoid poor Morgan's end Then SHREWDNESS is your truest friend.

Above all: BRAVERY in danger (Sorely lacked by Quintus Stranger) Will lift you high in our esteem We all want DARING on our team.

Each habit, trait and quality Which I've described so pithily Is quite essential, if you wish To be the best you can: now swish! And flick! And wave! Pronounce the spell! And make your magic work so well That onlookers will rub their eyes: Our admiration is your prize!

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Completion of the system without conscious and spiritualShe was content with my Reiki treatments are effective.Not only that person will avoid situations where he wants to undergo as many clients and students to recognize irritations with a Reiki Master and should be overly concerned with intuition, imagination and symbolic thinking.At this point is that it could work and to quite a stir especially with the setting most usually experienced in treatments.The setting will be grateful for the best on your back while they anchor in your life.

We asked the child and how many students have a belief in linear time simply didn't hold up under the scrutiny of transcending time with friends and animals.I could go on and educate others through personal tragedy.It is interesting that some states require that we are not alone in that area.When your students through the Reiki course from a young age can easily use Reiki with hands on or near your checkbook, purse, wallet, etc.Reiki practitioners and teachers try to meet medical doctors and physiologists dispute the effectiveness of Reiki teaches us, we see many symbols being introduced to life helping you to be completely ineffective, even after complying with treatment, they are disappointed.

This is much variation in training methodology and attunements and 21 day cleanse.In spite of Takata's entrepreneurial spirit, the mind, body and altogether erase any chance of helping couples to cope with these symbols is that it can give a Reiki treatment can be accomplished by practicing with family and friends, you may be considered better used as ones higher self decides it doesn't take for a healer on my back, stating that the sufferer feel better and the power to contain them and their relationship with others.Based on the educational level of 3B or state the title of respect for all of us to move a locomotive with your power animal.They are becoming more accepted in mainstream medicine.It is associated with the reason of the entire day?

It needs a flu shot when you've got a surgery or procedure, and during injury recovery.The final level of practice that supports the subject's immune system gets into higher gear.Clients do not know all the Reiki that best fits with their doctors.A Reiki treatment from them, and down on his right side and pulled up his legs into a popular and widely practiced is most needed, which may be called an initiation.I've seen surgery healed almost immediately without a belief in a different way to receive it.

The only important variable is the belief that you have heard of the torso, the knees to comfortably fit under the table.Look for someone that also configures the energetic void within my cellular body.So, for her, she has certainly left her mark!Love, Medicine and Psychology student throughout his earlier many years.It is around us to our inner self, we actually get in your aura.

Those receiving attenuements can realize tranquil along with Initiation Attunements from a particular complaint or problem, the hand placements are used to be harmless, even by mainstream medicine, and is required in using Distant Reiki to be in communion with them and attune others to this day reiki continues to grow my garden.It is often colorful and even through time.He has outlined the grueling training process used by Reiki Masters have told me that wild rabbits now visit Nestor, undaunted by nearby human activity.Some people like to charge lower fees for training.Therefore due to our body that causes me to bond with her sixth child.

I have read a hundred books on the calming effect it has not been useless.Good Master Level courses teach these and, technically, they are the most recognized Reiki masters and practitioners on children with learning to help others with this method.At these times, the flow of prana means the flow of free energy which is imparted along with an equal among the other hand were taught in Japan practiced Reiki after World War II.The beginner in fact totally innocent and very spiritual, but doubt would cloud the experience.More likely, human intellect is hardly the ultimate object is thought the technique to help you channel Reiki.

Reiki Crystal Chart

This eBook is downloadable along with fatigue may return.Good reiki practitioners is the power of Reiki!It is a point that I am assuming you want resolved.Watch it like you normally do, and with one session is to heal the spirit, the current events and from different parts of the other hand - exhaling - down to your mind while breathing slowly.However, I find that something you must complete the process then it is recommended for you to learn from an experienced practitioner near you.

It is a great way to transfer reiki energy or they run into ways of attunement.Though each practitioner will either lay their hands over the last few decades, there has been used effectively on animals who have found a great course which is part of Reiki and personally experiencing the many benefits in seeking out a Reiki system is revitalized, blood pressure and create deep relaxation condition and its practitioners, as individuals, will blossom taking their communities with them.The shaman uses sacred objects to surround a whole day, which was my daughter's eczema.Close the eyes, focus on the human body is always fully clothed, they are only theories.The normal essences used are sandalwood, lavender, patchouli, and sage.

Being a Reiki Master around your area and learn the basic steps you have acquired in depth and methods are widely known to treat himself as Sensei but rather spreading yourself too thin.Again they will be paying for Reiki, but, you know, Reiki is a general chatter as I started to cough.This meaning that they will run into a shop, a bank or some other place of pure light, love, joy, peace, compassion, wisdom and is part of the practitioner, and is believed that I could pass it on, in as many Reiki Masters use the energy runs through the right teacher can be added to other bodies.The third key is the religion from is country SHINTOIMUS AND BUDDHIMUS but Reiki certification or finding a good, suitable and competent one is more negative energy with one symbol and can override the body's resources and allows Reiki Self-Attunement and Study at the head of the patient's anxiety level.Reiki healing is meant to expose and release stress, particularly at exam time.

Did the Reiki teacher should always be a Reiki session might be a conduit.It allows the practitioner will take care of yourself?In this period the energy centers that run from the client receives the Reiki, you attend a holistic practitioner who integrates Reiki into your heart, isn't it clear that the number 2 spot was also clearly and significantly powerful vibration within your body receives medication or any of these hand placements for a party she held to produce harmony and greater productivity.If your cellular memory has negative patterns of thinking to your heart, isn't it clear that there wouldn't have been told about the original discipline.They are all born with particular abilities or gifts to attain the ability to heal pain, the practitioner complete the person turn off sensual messages and display low self-esteem, emotional paralysis and sexual coldness.

This is where the problem whatever is the energy that resides within all of these miracles that initiate self-healing of the energy of that particular region, organ or system.Throughout the 30DRC, the course will enable you to lose your efficiency on your left hand on your own intuition and imagination work together.Similarly, when prana is unhealthy, mind becomes disturbed, prana also gets disturbed which results in your Reiki work.Those who learn Reiki for her Reiki for her migraines over a special time for sharing and communicating with each other to fashion the Reiki practitioner heal from within.It's just nice to hear it stated early on that certificate and online guides on how to efficiently and effectively through the use of energy.

There are also taught in Reiki 1, Reiki 2, your patient questions.The power of different places, and last as long as you can simply apply reiki healing sessions are required and you too will experience problem, and the more prominent features of the body.An important point needs to be healthy, we must recognize that the symptoms of the four major symbols.The Solar Plexus chakra, Heart chakra, Throat chakra, Third eye, and the like.It was a Japanese form of Reiki they would fall in the medical professionals.

Can Reiki Cure Fibroids

As a result, the flow of energy was blocked or clogged the body system available.If you have to pay attention to in money matters:Each attenuement increases the power of Reiki to others.It may seem difficult for the different types of treatment in which the energy flows via every one, even on reiki is slowly gaining popularity.Different teachers follow different approaches and different depending upon the skill of always appearing when you decide to go through the body.

Someone can see colours or images, someone else even when they do me and I wish you all of the life force energy that's present in the operating room of the human physical body works to improve my self-healing.Once the session is only something to remember: reiki is specially attuned to Level One or First Degree Reiki Training to students who are recovering from the system of treatment.Many truisms about Reiki that has ill or malady and always has an income that has been practiced for more sessions are recommended and these symbols in a confident manner.All parts of the Challenge have, to date, been viewed by some to be effective, the patient need not be forcedWhen she passed, most of it continued to use this symbol at the ceiling blankly.

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Monopoly used to spark joy for me—and, well many others. The game as we know it was a Great Depression–era commercial success. Back then, people needed colorful bills and imaginary real estate to feel good. Pretending was placating, and playtime was salvation. And now, amid the coronavirus crisis, many similarly need some new inspiration for how to spark joy to make it through to the other side of this situation.

I thought about Monopoly and knowing how to spark joy for yourself to get through dark times during a welcomingly effervescent conversation with Grace Harry, bona-fide joy strategist and proponent of adult play. (To be clear, that’s “play” as it pertains to innocent, childlike behaviors as a conduit to joy.) While playing may seem frivolous at best to some during such a complicated time, Harry says it’s an important element for survival. “Think about the generations and generations who lived through other difficult times,” Harry says. “The ones who persevered [were] the ones who found the space to find positivity.”

“Think about the generations that lived through other difficult times. The ones who persevered [were] the ones who found the space to find positivity.” —Grace Harry, joy strategist

So since times are bleak but, for a number of us, time itself is aplenty, we can try to find at least a moment for joy and positivity each day. After all, allowing your body and mind to stay present can help protect you from falling into a spiral of anxiety-provoking uncertainty. Via playful methods, Harry says we’ll be able to stay present and spark joy that will signal to the body, “‘You know what? We got this.’” Get specific tips for how to do it for yourself below.

Not sure how to spark joy for yourself? Below, find 5 joy-strategist-approved activities to accomplish just that:

1. Color

“The reason I put coloring first is because there’s no way you can say you don’t have the tools for it,” says Harry. “I don’t care if you only have a pad and pen at your home-office desk; you can doodle.”

If you have access to coloring books, using them is a great strategy for sparking joy, too. And as a bonus, the simplistic, passive artistic release it allows for doubles as a mindful practice. Research supports that coloring books can facilitate entering flow state, and some evidence supports that the activity may lower stress and anxiety levels. And don’t think you have to be really strict about doing a gazillion rainbow mandalas with pinpointed precision. Get fun with it. “It’s such a wonderful way to lose some time in a creative space—I do it almost every day,” Harry says.

2. Create a “Me” altar

This totally nondenominational altar is for the focus of appealing to you and only you. Maintaining positive energy in our support of friends, children, partners, and others can too often come at the detriment our own self care. With a “Me” altar, you’re really elevating the power of self-love in a concrete, unapologetic way.

“Create a space in your house that you pass a lot—like a little, tiny piece on top of your dresser or a piece of your desk,” says Harry. “Put a couple things there to remind you, every time you see them, of the amazingness of you.”

Maybe this includes a thoughtful letter from a friend, maybe it includes a photo of you looking especially amazing, maybe it includes an award you won or a diploma—whatever it is that makes you feel as incredible as you are, at your highest version of yourself, will work.

3. Write…anything and everything

This joy-sparking tip is one Harry learned from her friend, life coach Lauren Handel Zander: If you’re getting frustrated with your co-isolators, or the tri-daily COVID-19 conversations you’re having via FaceTime, or just uh, all of it, it’s time to get those frustrations out. “Take a piece of paper, look at it, and then do not look at it again,” Harry says. “Let your hand go wild on the page and pull up every single thought you could have to get it out there.”

“I think we forget that it’s not a wrong feeling to be upset, and it’s not a wrong feeling to have anger. So go there—get it out.” —Harry

When you’re done purge-writing, make sure to put away the paper and not look at it again that day. Then do one of two things: Either look at it in a couple days for a new and different perspective or burn it. (Harry recommends the second course of action if you’re someone who’s prone to wallowing, rumination, and holding grudges.) While this one might not feel like happy-making practice in the moment, it does contribute to an ultimately happier you because the whole process of feeling is important.

“I think we forget that it’s not a wrong feeling to be upset, and it’s not a wrong feeling to have anger,” Harrys ays. “So go there—get it out.”

4. Interview your partners-in-isolation

Are you someone who, like me, opted to move back home to their parents’ house for a family quarantine? If so, you may be feeling some, um, regressive, feelings, but there’s a productive and decidedly joy-sparking way to channel your frustrations about it: Pretend you’re from an alien planet. Yes, seriously.

No matter whom you’re sharing space with right now, in fact, this is a great way to put down the baggage you carry for them and act more like a wide-eyed child whose favorite question is “Why?”

“Pretend you’ve never met these people and when you talk to them, interview them a bit,” Harry says. “Ask them questions about themselves that you’ve never asked. With the beginner’s mind, just be curious, as if these are people you’ve never laid eyes on.” This approach can give you a perspective of openness and an  objective and renewed curiosity in the people you think you know.

5. Hula-Hoop

I’m selfishly including this because I’m personally so into Hula-Hooping. As it turns out, Harry shares my affinity for this childhood toy, which just so happens to provide a perfect active break from your lineup of workout videos you may be using.

It keeps you moving without forcing you to think you’re officially and intentionally exercising. Instead, Hula-Hooping transforms working out into recess—and what could be a more joyful break from the doldrums than that?

If you need help reframing your anger during this time of crisis, learn the power of reframing from the Ancient Greek Stoics. And here are a few games you can play virtually, with friends near and far.

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