#WarOf1812
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whencyclopedia · 1 day ago
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Battle of the River Raisin
The Battle of the River Raisin (18-23 January 1813), also known as the Battle of Frenchtown or the River Raisin Massacre, was a significant engagement in the War of 1812. It saw the defeat of a US army at Frenchtown (modern-day Monroe, Michigan) along the River Raisin, and the subsequent massacre of some of the surrendered US soldiers.
River Raisin Massacre Monument
Notorious4life (Public Domain)
Background
On 16 August 1812, less than two months after the initial declaration of war, the United States suffered a humiliating defeat when the strategic outpost of Fort Detroit fell. Brigadier General William Hull, in command of the fort and its 2,500 defenders, had been terrified by the Native American warriors marching alongside the British troops; convinced that the Native warriors would massacre his men if the fort fell to an assault, Hull decided to surrender without a fight. While this may have saved the lives of his men, Hull's surrender cost the US control of the Michigan Territory, as British Lt. Colonel Henry Procter could now use Detroit as a base from which to expand his influence in the region. Even worse from a US perspective, the Siege of Detroit had encouraged more Native American nations to side with the British, hoping to recover the lands they had lost to the US in the Treaty of Greenville (1795). The recapture of Detroit was therefore a high priority for President James Madison and his administration, who entrusted the task to Major General William Henry Harrison, the popular hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Harrison was placed in command of the reconstituted Army of the Northwest, which was largely made up of volunteers from the frontier state of Kentucky. These frontiersmen were despised by the British, who regarded them as half-wild 'savages' who lived on the fringes of civilization. "The Kentucky men are wretches," wrote one British officer, "suborned by the Government and capable of the greatest villainies… the most barbarous, illiterate beings in America" (Taylor, 208). Rowdy, resourceful, and quarrelsome, the Kentuckians were known to be clean shots and dirty fighters – in a Kentucky scrap, biting, scratching, and gouging were all considered fair play. They were hated and feared by the local Native Americans, who called them 'Big Knives' in reference to the long scalping knives the Kentuckians often wore on their belts. Decades of bad blood existed between the northwestern Native Americans and the Kentucky frontiersmen, with each group harboring painful memories of raids, killings, and mutilations committed by the other.
After taking command on 2 October 1812, Harrison decided to split his army into two columns. The leftmost column, under his second-in-command Brigadier General James Winchester, would push north along the Maumee River, while Harrison led the righthand column himself, advancing along the Upper Sandusky. The plan was for each column to reconvene at the Maumee Rapids near Lake Erie, to prepare for the final push to Fort Detroit. The going, however, was rough. Hindered by bad weather, low on supplies, and faced with the ever-present threat of a Native American ambush, each column made painfully slow progress. The situation worsened in late November when winter rapidly set in; one soldier, Kentucky rifleman William Atherton, would bleakly write that there was nothing "but hunger and cold and nakedness staring us in the face" (quoted in Berton, 291).
Harrison's column lost many horses to exhaustion in the effort to pull their cannons to the Upper Sandusky, forcing him to abandon several wagons loaded with previous supplies. At the same time, Winchester's column, which had barely begun its crawl up the Maumee, was forced to wait near Fort Defiance for fresh supplies. Poor sanitation and drainage in Winchester's camp soon led the men to be ravaged by disease; hundreds fell sick, with several men dying each day. "Our sufferings at this place have been greater than if we had been in a severe battle," wrote one soldier, "more than one hundred lives…lost owing to our bad accommodations! The sufferings of about three hundred sick at a time, who are exposed to the cold ground and deprived of every nourishment are sufficient proofs of our wretched condition!" (quoted in Berton, 292).
Brigadier General James Winchester
Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl (Public Domain)
By late-December, it had become frustratingly clear that no attempt to retake Detroit could take place before spring. Still, Harrison ordered Winchester to complete his march to the Maumee Rapids so that the army would be in position to strike when the time was right; Harrison, a few days behind, promised he would meet him there. On 30 December, Winchester's column set out on the final leg of its dismal march – most of his men lacked coats or adequate shoes and were forced to suffer through the winter elements in the tattered cotton shirts and pants they had been wearing since August. When Winchester reached the Maumee Rapids on 11 January 1813, his men were exhausted but not demoralized. Most of them were Kentucky volunteers, whose six-month enlistments were about to expire but who wanted a taste of combat before going home, to make the previous weeks of suffering worth it.
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joyfultunes · 3 months ago
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Library haul!
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biographiness · 4 months ago
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On this day on July 18 in history, from the War of 1812 to the tragic AMIA bombing in 1994, history echoes through time. 🇺🇸🇬🇧🇫🇷🕊️💔
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amnesiacprophetphotography · 7 months ago
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A few photos from the battle of york anniversary at fort york on the 27th of April.
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theintexp · 9 months ago
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Kutuzov Prospect by The Internal Expression
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Music by The Internal Expression & Poems by Denis Davydov & Paintings by Peter Von Hess & some episodes from the film War and Peace by Sergey Bondarchuk were used in this video.
The track Kutuzov Prospect is dedicated to the victory of the Russian Army led by Mikhail Kutuzov in the Russian campaign of 1812
I don't want highest awards And dreams of conquest Don't disturb my peace! But if a fierce foe dares to oppose us, My first duty, my sacred duty - Rise up for our homeland again. Denis V. Davydov, Elegy IV
The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign (French: Campagne de Russie) and in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Russian: Оте́чественная война́ 1812 го́да), was initiated by Napoleon with the aim of compelling the Russian Empire to comply with the continental blockade of the United Kingdom. Widely studied, Napoleon’s incursion into Russia stands as a focal point in military history, recognized among the most devastating military endeavors globally. In a span of fewer than six months, the campaign exacted a staggering toll, claiming the lives of nearly a million soldiers and civilians.
On 24 June 1812 and subsequent days, the initial wave of the multinational Grande Armée crossed the Niemen River, marking the entry from the Duchy of Warsaw into Russia. Employing extensive forced marches, Napoleon rapidly advanced his army of nearly half a million individuals through Western Russia, encompassing present-day Belarus, in a bid to dismantle the disparate Russian forces led by Barclay de Tolly and Pyotr Bagration totaling approximately 180,000–220,000 soldiers at that juncture. Despite losing half of his men within six weeks due to extreme weather conditions, diseases and scarcity of provisions, Napoleon emerged victorious in the Battle of Smolensk. However, the Russian Army, now commanded by Mikhail Kutuzov, opted for a strategic retreat, employing attrition warfare against Napoleon compelling the invaders to rely on an inadequate supply system, incapable of sustaining their vast army in the field.
The fierce Battle of Borodino, located 110 kilometres (70 mi) west of Moscow, concluded as a narrow victory for the French although Napoleon was not able to beat the Russian army and Kutuzov could not stop the French. At the Council at Fili Kutuzov made the critical decision not to defend the city but to orchestrate a general withdrawal, prioritizing the preservation of the Russian army. On 14 September, Napoleon and his roughly 100,000-strong army took control of Moscow, only to discover it deserted, and set ablaze by its military governor Fyodor Rostopchin. Remaining in Moscow for five weeks, Napoleon awaited a peace proposal that never materialized. Due to favorable weather conditions, Napoleon delayed his departure, hoping to secure supplies through an alternate route. However, after losing the Battle of Maloyaroslavets he was compelled to retrace his initial path.
As early November arrived, snowfall and frost complicated the retreat. Shortages of food and winter attire for the soldiers and provision for the horses, combined with relentless guerilla warfare from Russian peasants and Cossacks resulted in significant losses. Once again more than half of the soldiers perished on the roadside succumbing to exhaustion, typhus and the unforgiving continental climate. The once-formidable Grande Armée disintegrated into a disordered multitude, leaving the Russians with no alternative but to witness the crumbling state of the invaders.
During the Battle of Krasnoi, Napoleon faced a critical scarcity of cavalry and artillery due to severe snowfall and icy conditions. Employing a strategic maneuver, he deployed the Old Guard against Miloradovich, who obstructed the primary road to Krasny, effectively isolating him from the main army. Davout successfully broke through, Eugene de Beauharnais and Michel Ney were forced to take a detour. Despite the consolidation of several retreating French corps with the main army, by the time they reached the Berezina, Napoleon commanded only around 49,000 troops alongside 40,000 stragglers of little military significance. On 5 December, Napoleon departed from the army at Smorgonie in a sled and returned to Paris. Within a few days, an additional 20,000 people succombed to the bitter cold and diseases carried by lice. Murat and Ney assumed command, pressing forward but leaving over 20,000 men in the hospitals of Vilnius. The remnants of the principal armies, disheartened, crossed the frozen Niemen and the Bug.
Napoleon’s initial force upon entering Russia exceeded 450,000 men, accompanied by over 150,000 horses, approximately 25,000 wagons and nearly 1,400 artillery pieces. However, the surviving count dwindled to a mere 120,000 men (excluding early deserters); signifying a staggering loss of approximately 380,000 lives throughout the campaign, half of which resulted from diseases. This catastrophic outcome shattered Napoleon’s once-untarnished reputation of invincibility. Sources. French invasion of Russia, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
В создании видео Кутузовский проспект использовались: Музыка The Internal Expression Стихи Дениса Давыдова Картины Петера Фон Гесса Эпизоды фильма Война и Мир Сергея Бондарчука
Трек Кутузовский проспект посвящён победе Русской армии во главе с Михаилом Кутузовым в Отечественной войне 1812 года
Не хочу высоких званий, И мечты завоеваний Не тревожат мой покой! Но коль враг ожесточенный Нам дерзнёт противустать, Первый долг мой, долг священный - Вновь за родину восстать. Денис Давыдов, Элегия IV
Оте́чественная война́ 1812 го́да, во французской историографии - Ру́сская кампа́ния 1812 го́да (фр. Campagne de Russie 1812) - военный конфликт между Российской и Первой Французской империей, протекавший на территории России в период с 12 (24) июня до 14 (26) декабря 1812 года. В дореволюционной российской историографии традиционно именовался «нашествием двенадцати языков» (уст. Нашествіе двунадесяти языковъ) в связи с многонациональным составом армии Наполеона.
Причинами войны стали отказ Российской империи активно поддерживать континентальную блокаду, в которой Наполеон видел главное оружие против Великобритании, а также политика Наполеона в отношении европейских государств, проводившаяся без учёта интересов России.
«Масштаб операций в 1812 г. почти невероятен,­ а потери - военные и гражданские, французских захватчиков и русских защитников - вызывают содрогание даже сегодня, несмотря на несоизмеримо большие потери в двух последовавших одна за другой мировых войнах в XX в.».
На первом этапе войны (с июня по сентябрь 1812 года) русская армия с боями отступала от границ России до Москвы, дав под Москвой Бородинское сражение.
В начале второго этапа войны (с октября по декабрь 1812 года) наполеоновская армия маневрировала, стремясь уйти на зимние квартиры в неразорённые войной местности, а затем отступала до границ России, преследуемая русской армией, голодом и морозами.
Война закончилась почти полным уничтожением наполеоновской армии, освобождением территории России и переносом военных действий на земли Варшавского герцогства и Германии в 1813 году (см. Война Шестой коалиции). Среди причин поражения армии Наполеона российский историк Н. А. Троицкий называет всенародное участие в войне и героизм русской армии, неготовность французской армии к боевым действиям на больших пространствах и в природно-климатических условиях России, полководческие дарования русского главнокомандующего М. И. Кутузова и других генералов русской армии.
В 1789-1799 годах во Франции произошла Великая французская революция, закончившаяся приходом к власти Наполеона Бонапарта. Реакцией нескольких крупных монархических европейских стран (включая Россию и Великобританию) было создание серии антифранцузских коалиций, изначально ставивших целью восстановление монархии Бурбонов, но позже принявших оборонительный характер в попытке остановить дальнейшее распространение французской экспансии в Европе. Война четвёртой коалиции закончилась для России поражением русских войск в битве под Фридландом 14 июня 1807 года. Император Александр I заключил с Наполеоном Тильзитский мир, по которому обязался присоединиться к континентальной блокаде Великобритании, что противоречило экономическим и политическим интересам России. По мнению русского дворянства и армии, условия мирного договора были унизительны и позорны для страны. Русское правительство использовало Тильзитский договор и последовавшие за ним годы для накопления сил к предстоящей борьбе с Наполеоном.
По итогам Тильзитского мира и Эрфуртского конгресса Россия в 1808 году отобрала у Швеции Финляндию и сделала ряд других территориальных приобретений; Наполеону же развязала руки для покорения всей Европы. Французские войска после ряда аннексий, произведённых главным образом за счёт австрийских владений (см. Война пятой коалиции), придвинулись вплотную к границам Российской империи.
После 1807 года главным и, по сути, единственным врагом Наполеона оставалась Великобритания. Великобритания захватила колонии Франции в Америке и Индии и препятствовала французской торговле. Учитывая, что Англия господствовала на море, единственным реальным оружием Наполеона в борьбе с ней была континентальная блокада, эффективность которой зависела от желания других европейских государств соблюдать санкции. Наполеон настойчиво требовал от Александра I более последовательно осуществлять континентальную блокаду, но наталкивался на нежелание России разрывать отношения со своим главным торговым партнёром.
В 1810 году русское правительство ввело свободную торговлю с нейтральными странами, что позволяло России торговать с Великобританией через посредников, и приняло заградительный тариф, который повышал таможенные ставки, главным образом на ввозившиеся французские товары. Это вызвало негодование французского правительства.
Наполеон не был наследственным монархом и поэтому желал подтвердить легитимность своего коронования через брак с представительницей одного из великих монархических домов Европы. В 1808 году российскому царствующему дому было сделано предложение о браке между Наполеоном и сестрой Александра I великой княжной Екатериной. Предложение было отклонено под предлогом помолвки Екатерины с принцем Саксен-Кобургским. В 1810 году Наполеону было отказано вторично, на этот раз относительно брака с другой великой княжной — 14-летней Анной (впоследствии королевой Нидерландов). В том же году Наполеон женился на принцессе Марии-Луизе Австрийской, дочери императора Австрии Франца II. По мнению историка Е. В. Тарле, «австрийский брак» для Наполеона «был крупнейшим обеспечением тыла, в случае, если придётся снова воевать с Россией». Двойной отказ Наполеону со сторо��ы Александра I и брак Наполеона с австрийской принцессой вызвали кризис доверия в русско-французских отношениях и резко их ухудшили.
В начале 1811 года Россия, опасавшаяся восстановления Польши, стянула несколько дивизий к границам Варшавского герцогства, что было воспринято Наполеоном как военная угроза герцогству.
В 1811 году Наполеон заявил своему послу в Варшаве аббату де Прадту: «Через пять лет я буду владыкой всего мира. Остаётся одна Россия, - я разд��влю её…».
Согласно традиционным представлениям в российской науке, от последствий континентальной блокады, к которой Россия присоединилась по условиям Тильзитского мира 1807 года, страдали русские землевладельцы и купцы и, как следствие, государственные финансы России. Однако ряд исследователей утверждает, что благосостояние основных податных сословий, в числе которых были купечество и крестьянство, не претерпело существенных изменений в период блокады. Об этом, в частности, можно судить по динамике недоимок по платежам в бюджет, которая показывает, что эти сословия даже нашли возможность выплачивать в рассматриваемый период повышенные налоги. Эти же авторы утверждают, что ограничение ввоза иностранных товаров стимулировало развитие российской промышленности. Снижение таможенных сборов, наблюдавшееся в период блокады, не имело большого влияния на российский бюджет, поскольку пошлины не являлись его существенной статьёй, и даже в момент достижения своей максимальной величины в 1803 году, когда они составили 13,1 млн руб., на их долю приходилось всего 12,9 % доходов бюджета. Поэтому, согласно этой точке зрения, континентальная блокада Англии была для Александра I только поводом к разрыву отношений с Францией.
В 1807 году из польских земель, входивших, согласно второму и третьему разделам Польши, в состав Пруссии и Австрии, Наполеон создал Великое герцогство Варшавское. Наполеон поддерживал мечты Варшавского герцогства воссоздать независимую Польшу до границ бывшей Речи Посполитой, что было возможно сделать только после отторжения от России части её территории. В 1810 году Наполеон отобрал владения у герцога Ольденбургского, родственника Александра I, что вызвало негодование в Петербурге. Александр I требовал передать Варшавское герцогство как компенсацию за отнятые владения герцогу Ольденбургскому или ликвидировать его к��к самостоятельное образование.
Вопреки условиям Тильзитского соглашения, Наполеон продолжал оккупировать своими войсками территорию Пруссии, Александр I требовал вывести их оттуда.
С конца 1810 года в европейских дипломатических кругах стали обсуждать грядущую войну между Французской и Российской империями. На дипломатическом приёме 15 августа 1811 года Наполеон гневно высказал в адрес России ряд угроз русскому послу в Париже князю Куракину, после чего в Европе уже никто не сомневался в близкой войне Франции и России. К осени 1811 года российский посол в Париже князь Куракин докладывал в Санкт-Петербург о признаках неизбежной войны. Источник. Отечественная война 1812 года из Википедии - свободной энциклопедии.
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historyaccordingtosnark · 1 month ago
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georgiapioneers · 4 months ago
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frnwhcom · 11 months ago
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The true story of Thanksgiving weaves together a tapestry of complex historical events, revealing both moments of unity and tragic conflicts that have shaped the American experience.
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irontreeforge · 2 years ago
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Copy of famous Butler and Mclellan Tomahawk by Iron John and Stephanie of Iron Tree Forge. Beautifully hand filed and engraved head in a burnished white luster with maple handle overlayed with porcupine quill wrap. For history and full description please visit the blog! https://www.irontreeforge.com/post/butler-and-mclellan-tomahawk #artofweapons #famous #pipetomahawk #revolutionarywar #frenchandidianwar #warof1812 #americanhistory #contemporymakers #historyart #traditionalcraft #tomahawk #quillwork https://www.instagram.com/p/Co1GsTYMUuq/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
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pasthistoricalevents · 1 month ago
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Victory at Lake Erie: Perry's Triumph in 1812 #history
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ikno-io · 1 month ago
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Explore the multifaceted causes of the War of 1812, focusing on maritime rights, trade restrictions, expansionist ambitions, and political divisions that ignited this historic conflict. read the full article: https://bit.ly/4fp5Kh2 #Warof1812 #MaritimeRights #TradeRestrictions #Impressment #Expansionism #NationalHonor #NativeAmericanConflicts #WarHawks read more: causes of the war of 1812
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theformulaforsuccess · 5 months ago
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Discover with Douglas Vandergraph, the inspiring story behind "The Star-Spangled Banner," America's national anthem. Learn about Francis Scott Key's mission to rescue a friend and how the sight of the resilient American flag at Fort McHenry inspired him to write this iconic poem. Delve into the dramatic events of the War of 1812, the intense bombardment of Fort McHenry, and the powerful symbolism of the flag that flew proudly over the fort. This video explores the history, significance, and enduring legacy of "The Star-Spangled Banner," a testament to American courage and patriotism. Join us as we uncover the true story that continues to inspire generations. Perfect for history enthusiasts, students, and anyone interested in the roots of American pride. Don’t forget to like, share, and subscribe for more captivating historical insights.
#AmericanHistory #NationalAnthem #WarOf1812 #StarSpangledBanner #Patriotism
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joyfultunes · 12 days ago
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Reading Adventures
I finished Perilous Fight by Stephan Budiansky. I enjoyed it, although the writing style drove me a little crazy. He clearly researched this era thoroughly. I learned a lot about this war and enjoyed the discussion.
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usnatarchives · 4 years ago
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Lantern Slide of the U.S. Capitol after burning by the British in 1814, NARA ID 183514856.
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The Taking of the City of Washington 1814. Copy of engraving. NARA 532909.
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Ruins of the Capitol After the Fire. 1814. Copy of print, NARA ID 518221.
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"Capture of the City of Washington," August 1814. Engraving from The History of England by Paul de Rapin -Thoyras. NARA ID 531090.
FLASHBACK: BURNING OF THE CAPITOL, 1814
By Miriam Kleiman, Program Director for Public Affairs.
On August 24 and 25, 1814, British troops occupied DC, and burned the Capitol, the President’s house, and other public buildings (in revenge for U.S. troops burning government buildings in Canada during the Battle of York). Despite the growing number of troops and show of force, President James Madison’s Secretary of War John Armstrong downplayed the possibility of such an attack in DC, convinced that Baltimore would be the likely target: “They certainly will not come here. What the devil will they do here? No! No! Baltimore is the place, sir. That is of so much more consequence.” 
The destruction was so extensive (an estimated $30 million then, equivalent to $586 million today) that when Congress returned in September 1814 it considered moving to another city. What saved DC from further destruction? What insurance companies call an “act of God”; a freak storm brought torrential rains that extinguished the fires. British account from George Muller’s The Darkest Day:
Of the prodigious force of the wind it is impossible for you to form any conception. Roofs of houses were torn off by it, and whisked into the air like sheets of paper; while the rain which accompanied it resembled the rushing of a mighty cataract rather than the dropping of a shower.
The darkness was as great as if the sun had long set and the last remains of twilight had come on, occasionally relieved by flashes of vivid lightning streaming through it; which, together with the noise of the wind and the thunder, the crash of falling buildings, and the tearing of roofs as they were stript from the walls, produced the most appalling effect I ever have, and probably ever shall, witness.
This lasted for nearly two hours without intermission, during which time many of the houses spared by us were blown down and thirty of our men, besides several of the inhabitants, buried beneath their ruins.
Our column was as completely dispersed as if it had received a total defeat, some of the men flying for shelter behind walls and buildings and others falling flat upon the ground to prevent themselves from being carried away by the tempest…
See also:
P.S.: You Had Better Remove the Records: Early Federal Archives and the Burning of Washington during the War of 1812, Prologue story by NARA Historian Jessie Kratz.
Rescue of the Papers of State During the Burning of Washington, White House Historical Association, by NARA Historian Jessie Kratz.
Tornado saves capital, scares British, Pieces of History blog post by Rob Crotty.
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starpointestudio · 3 years ago
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Digging into my type - my small library sometimes makes type design challenging…but, I’m happy with this! . . . . @printinghistory #woodengraving #letterpress #lead #type #printmaking #erie #canal #buffalo #newyork #queencity #nickelcity #flourcity #infecteddistrict #libertypole #niagarariver #lake #warof1812 https://www.instagram.com/p/CZpcWmjF49n/?utm_medium=tumblr
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almostasenior · 3 years ago
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Tuscarora Heroes
War of 1812 Heroes Monument-Lewiston NY On a cold December morning in 1813, the citizens of Lewiston awoke to an attack by the British-Canadian soldiers who had invaded America and taken Fort Niagara during the night. Heroes monument Lewiston NY-Artist Susan Geissler Tuscarora Heroes Monunment Bronze Sculpture-Lewiston NY A dedication was written on the monument: “In honor of the brave…
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