#Walter sholto Douglas

[brain-depositary]

I think you've mentioned once that there was something fucky going on with Mary Shelley's gender. Where were you looking to find that? Is it in her journals? letters? I'm looking for a place to start.

I don’t remember if I said there was any solid evidence about Mary Shelley’s gender being fucky per se, but:

1. Frankenstein is a HEAVILY transmasculine book, like to an absurd degree. It’s possible that the transmasculine subtext was created by synthesizing a masculine viewpoint to stand in for “feminine” issues however (difficult pregnancies, presumed fragility in health/mind, incestuous abuse) because the issues were not safe for her to write about. For example, the incest issues in Frankenstein are buried while in her next book chronologically, Mathilda, was not, and it was not allowed to be published until the 1900s because her father blocked publication. The fact that Frankenstein managed to get, and still managed to get, so much under the radar makes me wonder if her viewpoint came from any self-knowledge.

2. Mary Shelley was friends with trans man and writer David Lyndsay/Walter Sholto Douglas, who she met after the first edition of Frankenstein (1818) was released, and he was sick with some kind of physical and mental illnesses and died before the more widely released 3rd edition (1831), which has been criticized for making Victor Frankenstein too sympathetic. And by “friends” I mean she engaged in a harebrained scheme to forge him and his wife papers so he would legally be a man when they moved to Paris, so, you know, grade A allyship from Mary Shelley. Anyway, the character of Victor is widely attributed to Percy Shelley and Lord Byron and him becoming more sympathetic has been attributed to changing social mores and the stage play but I’d be VERY curious if any of Lyndsay/Douglas made it in there, though this would take a shitton of research and my life has been too much of a garbage fire to get into this right now.

3. There could be stuff I’m forgetting but again, my life, garbage fire, etc. if anyone else has a suggestion here, I’d be very grateful.

So, anyone?

[bm2ab]

Arrivals & Departures . 16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 . Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, and his criminal conviction for gross indecency for homosexual acts.

Wilde's parents were Anglo-Irish intellectuals in Dublin. In his youth, Wilde learned to speak fluent French and German. At university, he read Greats; he demonstrated himself to be an exceptional classicist, first at Trinity College Dublin, then at Magdalen College, Oxford. He became associated with the emerging philosophy of aestheticism, led by two of his tutors, Walter Pater and John Ruskin. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles.

Wilde tried his hand at various literary activities: he wrote a play, published a book of poems, lectured in the United States and Canada on "The English Renaissance" in art and interior decoration, and then returned to London where he lectured on his American travels and wrote reviews for various periodicals. Known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversational skill, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. At the turn of the 1890s, he refined his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays, and incorporated themes of decadence, duplicity, and beauty into what would be his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890). Wilde returned to drama, writing Salome (1891) in French while in Paris, but it was refused a licence for England due to an absolute prohibition on the portrayal of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Undiscouraged, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, which made him one of the most successful playwrights of late-Victorian London.

At the height of his fame and success, while An Ideal Husband (1895) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) were still being performed in London, Wilde issued a civil writ against John Sholto Douglas, the 9th Marquess of Queensberry for criminal libel. The Marquess was the father of Wilde's lover, Lord Alfred Douglas. The libel hearings unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest and criminal prosecution for gross indecency with other males. The jury was unable to reach a verdict and so a retrial was ordered. In the second trial Wilde was convicted and sentenced to two years' hard labour, the maximum penalty, and was jailed from 1895 to 1897. During his last year in prison he wrote De Profundis (published posthumously in abridged form in 1905), a long letter that discusses his spiritual journey through his trials and is a dark counterpoint to his earlier philosophy of pleasure. On the day of his release, he caught the overnight steamer to France, never to return to Britain or Ireland. In France and Italy, he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898), a long poem commemorating the harsh rhythms of prison life.

[scotianostra]

On June 2nd 1581 James Douglas, the Earl of Morton lost his head on the Maiden.

The Douglas name has had a long and mixed history through the centuries, from The Good Sir James, our faithful general of Robert the Bruce, to the Brothers dragged out and killed at "The Black Dinner at Edinburgh Castle in 1440 and, Archibald Douglas, who in 1545 led a Scottish army to victory against the auld enemy in at Ancrum Moor, and the the subject of our post here, James, 1st Earl of Morton, a title still held today by another Douglas, John Stewart Sholto Douglas, 22nd Earl of Morton.

James Douglas was the fourth, and last of wee King James VI's Regents, it was very hazardous job to have.

The first Regent was Lord James Stewart, known as 1st Earl of Moray, this yin was devious guy who chopped and changed his position and played his half sister Mary Queen of Scots to the full, Regent from 157 till 1570, he will always be remembered for being the first known person to be assassinated by a sniper at Linlithgow by a supporter of the deposed Queen.

Next was Mary Queen of Scots faither in law, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox and dad of Lord Darney, he was elected in 1570, it was always going to end in tears for this one, he was a devout Catholic and Scotland by now was predominantly Protestant, with a certain John Knox at the helm, there was also a civil war going on with supporters of Mary against those in power, and so it wa, the queen´s party declared war against him. He was shot dead next year in a skirmish when the queen´s party attacked Stirling.

Lennox was succeeded by the Earl of Mar, who died within the year. His death may well have been from natural causes, but poisoning was suspected, by none other than the Earl of Morton, who now took over as Regent in November 1572. Morton had been one of Riccio’s murderers, but, paradoxically, this ruthless man eventually brought the civil war to an end by vanquishing the Queen’s Party at last.

James was still only five years old and had lost two Regents to violence and a third to disease/poisoning, depending on what your point of view is. Morton imposed a semblance of peace, but was much resented by many of the nobles, particularly the Catholic Earls of Argyll and Atholl, and James’ new guardian, Sir Alexander Erskine, who had taken that role after Mar’s death. Morton was strongly supported by the English government, morally if not financially.

Morton also had little support from the Kirk, which felt he lent towards an Episcopal model of church government, rather than the Presbyterian model they wished to follow. Matters came to a head in March 1578, when James was not quite twelve. Argyll and Atholl informed the King that they wanted the other nobles to arbitrate a quarrel they had with the Regent. Morton responded that if Argyll and Atholl were not punished, he would be forced to resign as Regent. The earls and Erskine immediately seized on this and advised James to accept the resignation and proclaim himself as at the head of government.

This was duly done, and on 8th March, James took his place in Council for the first time. Whilst Morton was forced to retreat from the public eye and surrender control of Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood, and the Great Seal, necessary for public business, he was permitted to retire to Lochleven, where he apparently enjoyed a brief holiday gardening and planned his next move. 

Within weeks, Morton had regained control of Stirling, in a raid in which Erskine’s son was killed, to the grief of both himself and James. He also once more had control of King James. 

Whilst he had strong support from England, with James now adolescent, a new model of government had to be found, and Parliament was called to make suitable arrangements.

Morton was reinstated as President of the Council, although not as Regent, and the membership was broadened to include Atholl, who soon died, following a banquet with Morton. Rumours of poison became persistent, and eventually a post mortem was held, which concluded that Atholl had died of natural causes. During this last flurry of power, Morton’s old enemies in the Queen’s Party, the Hamiltons, Mary's main allies, were finally crushed.

And so we get to the point of this post, Morton would eventually be accused, 14 years’ belatedly but not inaccurately, of complicity in the 1567 murder of Lord Darnley. 

Legend has it that it was Morton who had first instructed the building of The Maiden, the Scottish version of the guillotine, it did away with the notorious axemen who used to dispense with heads and was a much more reliable way to detach them.  Sir Walter Scott, not one to miss an opportunity for some storytelling wrote in "The Abbott" 

“Look you, Adam, I were loth to terrify you, and you just come from a journey; but I promise you, Earl Morton hath brought you down a Maiden from Halifax, you never saw the like of her — and she’ll clasp you round the neck, and your head will remain in her arms.”

“Pshaw!” answered Adam, “I am too old to have my head turned by any maiden of them all. I know my Lord of Morton will go as far for a buxom lass as anyone; but what the devil took him to Halifax all the way? and if he has got a gamester there, what hath she to do with my head?”

“Much, much!” answered Michael. “Herod’s daughter, who did such execution with her foot and ankle, danced not men’s heads off more cleanly than this maiden of Morton. ‘Tis an axe, man, — an axe which falls of itself like a sash window, and never gives the headsmen the trouble to wield it.”

“By my faith, a shrewd device,” said Woodcock; “heaven keep us free on’t!” There is not much written about The Earl of Morton's execution, except that his corpse remained on the Scaffold for the following day, until it was taken for burial in a common grave at Greyfriars Kirkyard. His head however remained on a spike outside the Tolbooth of Edinburgh for eighteen months until it was ordered to be reunited with his body in December 1582.

Although Morton's final resting place is allegedly marked with a small sandstone post incised only with the initials "J.E.M." for James Earl of Morton, this is simply a Victorian marker for a lair edge, twisted in meaning for convenience. Logically, were a marker allowed (which was not permitted for executed criminals) firstly it would more logically read "J.D.", and secondly it would have been cleared away in 1595 when all stones were removed from Greyfriars.

Pics are of Morton, his Town House on Blackfriars Street, The Maiden in The National Museum of Scotland, and the "grave" marker in Greyfriars Kirkyard

[queerasfact]

Women’s History Month - Mary Shelley

Mary is most often known as the author of Frankenstein, but much more happened in her full and fascinating life:

Mary Shelley was born on August 30th, 1797. She grew up in a politically radical family: her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, has been referred to as the mother of feminism, and her father, William Godwin, was called the father of anarchism.

In 1814, Mary met her father's friend, Percy Shelley. After their meeting, Shelley wrote: “I do not think that there is an excellence at which human nature can arrive, that she does not indisputably possess...” They began to meet in secret, and while visiting her mother’s grave with Shelley, Mary confessed her love to him. Her journal reports that they lay on the ground and touched each other with “the full ardour of love”. Early in the morning on the 28th of July 1814 Mary and Shelley eloped to France.

In 1816, while holidaying in Geneva in a group including her husband and Lord Byron, Mary began work on what would become her most famous novel, Frankenstein, which was published in 1818. Mary was just 19 at the time.

Shelley died in a boating accident in 1822, along with his friend Edward Williams. In the aftermath of their deaths, Mary grew close with Edward’s widow, Jane Williams.  In 1824, Mary wrote in her diary: “To her for better or worse, I am wedded...” She dreamt of earning enough from her writing to support Jane and both their children.

Mary was also a friend to other queer people in her life. In 1827, she helped her friend Isabel Robinson elope with the writer Doddy - who was assigned female at birth, but lived the rest of their life as Isabel’s husband, Walter Sholto Douglas.

Mary continued to write, publishing several more books – often on the themes of women's role in society, and championing their independence from men. She died, age 53, on February 1st 1851, and was buried in the Shelley family vault. Percy Shelley’s heart, plucked from his funeral pyre on an Italian beach and carried by Mary in her writing desk for the rest of her life, also rests there.

Check out our podcast to learn more!

[peach-salinger]

✧･*ﾟscottish male names

→ link to my scottish female name masterlist → link to my scottish surnames masterlist

under the cut are a mixture of 281 traditional, modern and uncommon scottish male names. this masterlist was created for all in one breath rp, but feel free to link on your own sites! names are listed in alphabetical order. as always, it's a good idea to google pronunciations (some of them might surprise you!). my favourites are in bold, just because. please like♡ or reblog if you found this useful.

aaron, abhainn, adie, adam, aedan, aibne, ailbeart, ainsley, alasdair, alec, alban, allan, alpin, andrew, angus, archibald, arran, argyle, armstrong, artair, askill, aulay, avery

B

baen, baigh, baird, balloch, banner, barclay, bartholomew, bean, bearnard, birk, blaine, blair, blake, bothan, boyd, braden, bram, brian, brochan, broden, brodric, brody, bruce, bryce, bryson, busby, buzz

C

caddock, caelan, cahal, cailean, calder, callum, camden, cameron, campbell, carson, ciaran, cinead, clement, clyde, coinneach, coby, colin, collum, colwyn, comhnall, constantine, corey, cormac, craig, creighton, crisdean, cuthbert

D

daffyd, daimh, dallas, dalziel, damhan, dand, derrick, davy, dewey, donal, doughall, douglas, duncan, diarmid, domhnall, duff

E

edan, ellar, elliot, emlin, ennis, errol, erskine, eugene, evan, evander, ewan, ewart

F

farlan, farquharson, fergus, fillan, fingal, fingan, finlay, fionn, fletcher, forres, francis, frankin, fraser

G

gair, gareth, gavin, geoffrey, gerwin, gilbert, gillchrist, gillean, gilmore, gilroy, glendon, glenn, godfrey, gordon, gowan, graeme, grant, gregor, griffith, gus

H, I, J

hamish, hamilton, harris, harold, hector, hew, horace, iagan, iain, innes, irvine, irving, isaac, iver, jackson, jacob, jaime, jamieson, jock, jonah

K

kade, kai, kane, keir, kendrew, kennan, kennedy, kester, kevin, kin, kirk, kyle

L

labhrainn, lachlan, lamont, laine, lennox, leod, lewis, llewellyn, lloyd, logan, lorne, lucas, ludovic, luthais, lyall

M

macauley, mackenzie, maddock, magnus, malachy, malcolm, malise, marcus, martainn, maxwell, milroy, mitchell, morgan, montgomery, morrison, morven, murdo, muir, mungo, murdoc, murray, murtagh, myles

N, O, P, Q

nachton, neilan, niall, nichol, ninian, norris, norman, norval, ogilvy, oliphant, ossian, paden, parlan, paton, patrick, peterkin, petrus, quany, quinn

R

ramsay, ray, reed, rhett, ringan, robert, rodrick, ronald, rory, ross, roswald, roy

S

sandy, scott, seth, seumas, shaw, sholto, siomon, sloan, solomon, somerled, sorley, stewart, struan

T

tamhas, taveon, tavin, tavish, teague, thacker, thane, thaxter, theobald, todd, toren, torgeir, torhte, tormaigh, torrence, torrian, torsten, torquil, tristan, tyree, tyrone

U, V, W, Z

urquhart, valentine, wallace, walmond, walrick, walter, watson, zachary

[dateamonster]

revisiting this for just a quick sec to say ive received a lot of.. lets say criticism for this post, mainly from t.erfs who claim mary shelley was some historical radfem icon (just because a famous dead woman is cis and white doesnt make her a t.erf but whatever), christian conservatives who claim mary shelley wrote frankenstein to decry the evils of godlessness (she and her husband were atheists but whatever), and terminally online fash looking to troll (funny how much these groups have in common at the end of the day huh!)

honestly, i dont know that much about mary shelley or her politics. never met the gal. for the most part i really didnt feel that mattered since i was originally referencing the large number of relevant themes and trans readings of frankenstein that there are and not like the authors actual intent. because who cares about that fr. but recently i thought hey! why dont i do some googling on shelley? did she really have any opinions on transness way back in the ol 1800s?

tbh i didnt expect to find anything, and for the most part i didnt, but i did actually learn something interesting

i dont personally approve of like.. retroactively assigning someone a gender identity, because what gender even means is shifting constantly and theres no way to know if someone long gone would identify with one term over another, but i do think its interesting that mary shelley was apparently close companions with an assigned female writer who lived under a male identity, walter sholto douglas, to the point where she helped him and his wife obtain false passports so they could travel to paris as mr and mrs douglas

im not saying this necessarily means shelley would be like a trans ally if she were alive today or anything, and im not looking for an argument (never was as a matter of fact!), im just saying i somehow doubt she was out there telling this guy he was spoiling his natural feminine purity or just looking for attention or siding with the evil penis’d oppressors. and more importantly, im saying some of yall talk at me with a surprising amount of confidence for someone who apparently didnt even finish reading her fuckin wiki page.

cant post a thing about mary shelley without getting mass reblogged by transphobes and weirdo gender essentialists like GIRL you think FRANKENSTEIN was made for YOU? frankenstein belongs to the transgenderereds im sorry u are confused

[fuckyeahhistory]

The Mystery of Walter Sholto Douglas

The Mystery of Walter Sholto Douglas

Long read – 20 minutes In 1980, historian and Mary Shelley expert, Betty T Bennett, was putting the finishing touches to part one of her soon to be released compilation of Shelley’s letters. Bennett had spent years dissecting the personal writings of Mary Shelley, she understood the nicknames, code words and in jokes that litter Shelley’s letters, in a way that few, perhaps bar Shelley herself,…

[girlycorpse]

mary shelley helping isabella robinson & mary diana dods flee the country: "[In] the fall of 1827, Mary Shelley helped her friends Isabella Robinson Douglas and Mary Diana Dods, also known as Walter Sholto Douglas, obtain false passports as Mr. and Mrs. Douglas in order to travel to Paris." you're so cool. you're the coolest result on this quiz. i'm a little intimidated by you tbh. you're probably a pretty honest person & a very reliable friend, and your tolerance for bullshit is admirably low. you'd help your gay friends skip town in a heartbeat even though it's 1827 and all three of u could definitely go to jail for it

[helloundercub]

Getty Pictures

With their heady brew of well-known names, soiled secrets and techniques and Victorian ethical outrage, it’s no marvel the courtroom trials involving famend playwright Oscar Wilde enthralled most of the people through the last decade of the 19th century.

Wilde, an Anglo-Irish playwright and bon vivant, was recognized for his acerbic wit and celebrated works, together with Woman Windermere’s Fan, A Lady of No Significance, The Image of Dorian Grey and The Significance of Being Earnest. In early 1895, the husband and father of two was on the peak of his fame and success; his play, Earnest, had debuted to nice acclaim in February that yr, making him the toast of London.

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By the top of Might, Wilde’s life can be turned the wrong way up. Convicted of gross indecency, he was sentenced to 2 years of arduous labor in jail. Three years following his launch from jail, he would die, impoverished, in France.

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Oscar Wilde together with his lover Lord Alfred ‘Bosie’ Douglas, generally known as a spoilt dandy.

Getty Pictures

His lover’s father was disgusted by the liaison.

Wilde (1854–1900) met Lord Alfred “Bosie” Douglas in the summertime of 1891 and the 2 quickly turned lovers. It was an affair of the guts that may span years, and continents, and would finally result in Wilde’s very public downfall. Douglas, the third son of the Marquess of Queensberry, was 16 years Wilde’s junior. Reportedly a dissolute, extravagant dandy, he was virtually inseparable from Wilde till the latter’s arrest 4 years later.

It was Douglas’s father’s response to the entire affair that prompted the fateful courtroom proceedings. Queensberry (John Sholto Douglas) was a Scottish nobleman greatest recognized for selling guidelines for novice boxing, the “Queensberry Guidelines.” By early 1894, Queensberry was sure the flamboyant Wilde was a gay and demanded his son reduce off contact with the author. (The Victorian period was particularly recognized for its tradition of sexual repression, and carnal exercise between males was a felony offense in the UK till the late 1960s.)

“Your intimacy with this man Wilde should both stop or I’ll disown you and cease all cash provides,” Queensberry wrote to his son in April of 1894. Douglas ignored his father’s rising condemnation of Wilde, incensing Queensberry and fueling his hostility towards his son’s alleged lover.

First, Queensberry tried to disrupt the debut of The Significance of Being Earnest, the place he deliberate to current the playwright with a bouquet of rotten greens and inform theatergoers of Wilde’s alleged scandalous way of life. Thwarted, he then visited London’s Albemarle Membership, of which Wilde and his spouse, Constance, have been members.

Queensberry left a card with the porter of the membership, asking that it’s handed to Wilde. Written on the cardboard was, “For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite [sic].” Affronted and embarrassed, Wilde wrote to Douglas, saying he believed there was nothing left to do however criminally prosecute Queensberry for libel. “My entire life appears ruined by this man. The tower of ivory is assailed by the foul factor,” Wilde wrote.

Wilde went on the offensive.

Throughout preparations for his case towards Queensberry, Wilde’s legal professionals requested him immediately whether or not there was any fact to the allegations of homosexuality. In line with Wilde, the allegations have been “completely false and groundless.” Forward of the April 1895 trial date, Wilde and Douglas journeyed collectively to the south of France.

Wilde’s first trial (Wilde v. Queensberry) started April three on the Central Legal Courtroom of England and Wales, generally often known as Previous Bailey. Trying to get forward of Queensberry’s accusations, Wilde’s lawyer Sir Edward Clarke, included the studying of one of many playwright’s letters to Douglas that would recommend a gay relationship between the correspondents. Whereas Clarke admitted the wording could seem “extravagant,” he reminded the courtroom that Wilde was a poet, and the letter ought to be learn as “the expression of true poetic feeling, and with no relation no matter to the hateful and repulsive recommendations put to it within the plea on this case,” in line with trial transcripts.

Wilde quickly took the stand, telling the courtroom of the harassment he had endured from Queensberry. Requested publicly if any of the allegations have been true, Wilde replied: “There isn’t a fact in any way in any of the allegations, no fact in any way.”

Cross-examined by Queensberry’s lawyer Edward Carson, Wilde was referred to as upon to defend his revealed works on the idea they contained immoral themes, or had gay overtones. He was then questioned about previous relationships he had had with younger males.

The ever-eloquent Wilde displayed a dexterous command of the English language—and a penchant for witticisms that might ultimately incriminate him in courtroom. On the second day, Wilde was questioned a few 16-year-old male acquaintance named Walter Grainger and whether or not or not he had kissed the teenager. “Oh, pricey no. He was a peculiarly plain boy. He was, sadly extraordinarily ugly. I pitied him for it,” Wilde replied.

Urgent Wilde over his response, Carson continued to ask if that was the only cause he didn’t kiss the boy, just because he was ugly. “Why, why, why did you add that?” Carson demanded. Wilde’s reply? “You sting me and insult me and attempt to unnerve me; and at occasions one says issues flippantly when one ought to talk extra critically.”

The identical afternoon, the prosecution closed its arguments with out calling Douglas to testify as deliberate. It was not wanting good for Wilde.

Oscar Wilde Photograph By Napoleon Sarony by way of Wikimedia Commons

One trial beget one other.

In protection of Queensberry, Carson introduced in his opening speech that he meant to name to testify a lot of younger males with whom Wilde had had sexual encounters. Such accusations have been extra than simply phrases in 1895, when it was a criminal offense in England for any individual to commit “gross indecency,” because the regulation had been interpreted to criminalize any sort of sexual exercise between members of the identical intercourse. That night, afraid of the place the trial could lead on, Clarke urged Wilde to drop the case. The next morning, Clarke introduced the withdrawal of Wilde’s libel go well with towards Queensberry. A verdict of “not responsible” was the courtroom’s remaining choice within the matter.

Through the trial, Queensberry’s lawyer had forwarded copies of statements by the younger males scheduled to seem as witnesses to the director of public prosecutions, leading to a warrant for Wilde’s arrest on expenses of sodomy and gross indecency the identical day Queensberry’s “not responsible’ verdict was handed down.

Wilde would in a short time be again in courtroom—this time within the position of the accused.

The primary legal trial of Wilde (The Crown v. Wilde) started April 26. Wilde and Alfred Taylor, the person accused of procuring younger males for the playwright, confronted 25 counts of gross indecencies and conspiracy to commit gross indecencies. Wilde pleaded “not responsible” to the fees. Quite a few male witnesses testified for the prosecution, detailing their participation in sexual acts with Wilde. Most expressed disgrace over their actions.

In contrast to his look at Queensberry’s trial, a extra subdued Wilde took the stand on the fourth day. He continued to disclaim all fees towards him. Throughout his testimony, Prosecutor Charles Gill requested Wilde concerning the which means of a line in a poem by Douglas: “What’s ‘the love that dare not converse its identify’?”

“‘The love that dare not converse its identify’ on this century is such an excellent affection of an elder for a youthful man as there was between David and Jonathan, reminiscent of Plato made the very foundation of his philosophy, and resembling you discover within the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare,” Wilde answered. “It’s that deep religious affection that’s as pure as it’s good. It dictates and pervades nice artistic endeavors, like these of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and people two letters of mine, resembling they’re… It’s lovely, it’s fantastic, it’s the noblest type of affection. There’s nothing unnatural about it. It’s mental, and it repeatedly exists between an older man and a youthful man, when the older man has mind, and the youthful man has all the enjoyment, hope and glamor of life earlier than him. That it must be so, the world doesn’t perceive. The world mocks at it, and typically places one within the pillory for it.”

Although Wilde’s reply appeared to strengthen the fees towards him, the jury reportedly deliberated for 3 hours earlier than deciding they might not attain a verdict. Wilde was launched on bail.

A 3rd trial sealed the author’s destiny.

Three weeks later, on Might 20, Wilde was again in courtroom to face the identical costs. The federal government was pushing for a verdict.

The prosecution, spearheaded by solicitor common Frank Lockwood, had tightened its case towards Wilde, reportedly dropping weaker witnesses from the primary legal trial. Summing up, Lockwood said: “You can’t fail to place the interpretation on the conduct of the prisoner that he’s a responsible man, and also you should say so by your verdict.”

Hours of deliberation handed earlier than the jury handed down their conclusion: responsible on nearly all of counts. Reviews of the time say Wilde’s face turned grey when the decision was learn.

Wilde and Taylor have been convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to 2 years exhausting labor, the utmost allowable for the crime. When the sentence was handed down, shouts of “Disgrace!” erupted within the courtroom. “And I? Might I say nothing, my Lord?” Wilde responded, however the courtroom was adjourned.

After his conviction, Wilde’s spouse Constance modified her and her sons’ final identify to Holland, in an effort to distance themselves from the much-discussed scandal, and moved to Switzerland the place she died in 1898. The couple by no means divorced.

Following his two years in jail, Wilde was bodily lowered and bankrupt. He went into exile in France, residing with buddies or staying in low cost lodging, writing little. Wilde died of meningitis on Nov. 30, 1900. He was 46.

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The post How Oscar Wilde’s Libel Trial Backfired and Ruined His Life appeared first on Geek Sprinkles.

[intellectually-voluptuous]

mary shelley helping isabella robinson & mary diana dods flee the country

"[In] the fall of 1827, Mary Shelley helped her friends Isabella Robinson Douglas and Mary Diana Dods, also known as Walter Sholto Douglas, obtain false passports as Mr. and Mrs. Douglas in order to travel to Paris." you're so cool. you're the coolest result on this quiz. i'm a little intimidated by you tbh. you're probably a pretty honest person & a very reliable friend, and your tolerance for bullshit is admirably low. you'd help your gay friends skip town in a heartbeat even though it's 1827 and all three of u could definitely go to jail for it

made a uquiz so you can all find out which fun anecdote about a romantic writer you are 

[hellowolffootystuff]

Getty Pictures

With their heady brew of well-known names, soiled secrets and techniques and Victorian ethical outrage, it’s no marvel the courtroom trials involving famend playwright Oscar Wilde enthralled most of the people through the last decade of the 19th century.

Wilde, an Anglo-Irish playwright and bon vivant, was recognized for his acerbic wit and celebrated works, together with Woman Windermere’s Fan, A Lady of No Significance, The Image of Dorian Grey and The Significance of Being Earnest. In early 1895, the husband and father of two was on the peak of his fame and success; his play, Earnest, had debuted to nice acclaim in February that yr, making him the toast of London.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

By the top of Might, Wilde’s life can be turned the wrong way up. Convicted of gross indecency, he was sentenced to 2 years of arduous labor in jail. Three years following his launch from jail, he would die, impoverished, in France.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Oscar Wilde together with his lover Lord Alfred ‘Bosie’ Douglas, generally known as a spoilt dandy.

Getty Pictures

His lover’s father was disgusted by the liaison.

Wilde (1854–1900) met Lord Alfred “Bosie” Douglas in the summertime of 1891 and the 2 quickly turned lovers. It was an affair of the guts that may span years, and continents, and would finally result in Wilde’s very public downfall. Douglas, the third son of the Marquess of Queensberry, was 16 years Wilde’s junior. Reportedly a dissolute, extravagant dandy, he was virtually inseparable from Wilde till the latter’s arrest 4 years later.

It was Douglas’s father’s response to the entire affair that prompted the fateful courtroom proceedings. Queensberry (John Sholto Douglas) was a Scottish nobleman greatest recognized for selling guidelines for novice boxing, the “Queensberry Guidelines.” By early 1894, Queensberry was sure the flamboyant Wilde was a gay and demanded his son reduce off contact with the author. (The Victorian period was particularly recognized for its tradition of sexual repression, and carnal exercise between males was a felony offense in the UK till the late 1960s.)

“Your intimacy with this man Wilde should both stop or I’ll disown you and cease all cash provides,” Queensberry wrote to his son in April of 1894. Douglas ignored his father’s rising condemnation of Wilde, incensing Queensberry and fueling his hostility towards his son’s alleged lover.

First, Queensberry tried to disrupt the debut of The Significance of Being Earnest, the place he deliberate to current the playwright with a bouquet of rotten greens and inform theatergoers of Wilde’s alleged scandalous way of life. Thwarted, he then visited London’s Albemarle Membership, of which Wilde and his spouse, Constance, have been members.

Queensberry left a card with the porter of the membership, asking that it’s handed to Wilde. Written on the cardboard was, “For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite [sic].” Affronted and embarrassed, Wilde wrote to Douglas, saying he believed there was nothing left to do however criminally prosecute Queensberry for libel. “My entire life appears ruined by this man. The tower of ivory is assailed by the foul factor,” Wilde wrote.

Wilde went on the offensive.

Throughout preparations for his case towards Queensberry, Wilde’s legal professionals requested him immediately whether or not there was any fact to the allegations of homosexuality. In line with Wilde, the allegations have been “completely false and groundless.” Forward of the April 1895 trial date, Wilde and Douglas journeyed collectively to the south of France.

Wilde’s first trial (Wilde v. Queensberry) started April three on the Central Legal Courtroom of England and Wales, generally often known as Previous Bailey. Trying to get forward of Queensberry’s accusations, Wilde’s lawyer Sir Edward Clarke, included the studying of one of many playwright’s letters to Douglas that would recommend a gay relationship between the correspondents. Whereas Clarke admitted the wording could seem “extravagant,” he reminded the courtroom that Wilde was a poet, and the letter ought to be learn as “the expression of true poetic feeling, and with no relation no matter to the hateful and repulsive recommendations put to it within the plea on this case,” in line with trial transcripts.

Wilde quickly took the stand, telling the courtroom of the harassment he had endured from Queensberry. Requested publicly if any of the allegations have been true, Wilde replied: “There isn’t a fact in any way in any of the allegations, no fact in any way.”

Cross-examined by Queensberry’s lawyer Edward Carson, Wilde was referred to as upon to defend his revealed works on the idea they contained immoral themes, or had gay overtones. He was then questioned about previous relationships he had had with younger males.

The ever-eloquent Wilde displayed a dexterous command of the English language—and a penchant for witticisms that might ultimately incriminate him in courtroom. On the second day, Wilde was questioned a few 16-year-old male acquaintance named Walter Grainger and whether or not or not he had kissed the teenager. “Oh, pricey no. He was a peculiarly plain boy. He was, sadly extraordinarily ugly. I pitied him for it,” Wilde replied.

Urgent Wilde over his response, Carson continued to ask if that was the only cause he didn’t kiss the boy, just because he was ugly. “Why, why, why did you add that?” Carson demanded. Wilde’s reply? “You sting me and insult me and attempt to unnerve me; and at occasions one says issues flippantly when one ought to talk extra critically.”

The identical afternoon, the prosecution closed its arguments with out calling Douglas to testify as deliberate. It was not wanting good for Wilde.

Oscar Wilde Photograph By Napoleon Sarony by way of Wikimedia Commons

One trial beget one other.

In protection of Queensberry, Carson introduced in his opening speech that he meant to name to testify a lot of younger males with whom Wilde had had sexual encounters. Such accusations have been extra than simply phrases in 1895, when it was a criminal offense in England for any individual to commit “gross indecency,” because the regulation had been interpreted to criminalize any sort of sexual exercise between members of the identical intercourse. That night, afraid of the place the trial could lead on, Clarke urged Wilde to drop the case. The next morning, Clarke introduced the withdrawal of Wilde’s libel go well with towards Queensberry. A verdict of “not responsible” was the courtroom’s remaining choice within the matter.

Through the trial, Queensberry’s lawyer had forwarded copies of statements by the younger males scheduled to seem as witnesses to the director of public prosecutions, leading to a warrant for Wilde’s arrest on expenses of sodomy and gross indecency the identical day Queensberry’s “not responsible’ verdict was handed down.

Wilde would in a short time be again in courtroom—this time within the position of the accused.

The primary legal trial of Wilde (The Crown v. Wilde) started April 26. Wilde and Alfred Taylor, the person accused of procuring younger males for the playwright, confronted 25 counts of gross indecencies and conspiracy to commit gross indecencies. Wilde pleaded “not responsible” to the fees. Quite a few male witnesses testified for the prosecution, detailing their participation in sexual acts with Wilde. Most expressed disgrace over their actions.

In contrast to his look at Queensberry’s trial, a extra subdued Wilde took the stand on the fourth day. He continued to disclaim all fees towards him. Throughout his testimony, Prosecutor Charles Gill requested Wilde concerning the which means of a line in a poem by Douglas: “What’s ‘the love that dare not converse its identify’?”

“‘The love that dare not converse its identify’ on this century is such an excellent affection of an elder for a youthful man as there was between David and Jonathan, reminiscent of Plato made the very foundation of his philosophy, and resembling you discover within the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare,” Wilde answered. “It’s that deep religious affection that’s as pure as it’s good. It dictates and pervades nice artistic endeavors, like these of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and people two letters of mine, resembling they’re… It’s lovely, it’s fantastic, it’s the noblest type of affection. There’s nothing unnatural about it. It’s mental, and it repeatedly exists between an older man and a youthful man, when the older man has mind, and the youthful man has all the enjoyment, hope and glamor of life earlier than him. That it must be so, the world doesn’t perceive. The world mocks at it, and typically places one within the pillory for it.”

Although Wilde’s reply appeared to strengthen the fees towards him, the jury reportedly deliberated for 3 hours earlier than deciding they might not attain a verdict. Wilde was launched on bail.

A 3rd trial sealed the author’s destiny.

Three weeks later, on Might 20, Wilde was again in courtroom to face the identical costs. The federal government was pushing for a verdict.

The prosecution, spearheaded by solicitor common Frank Lockwood, had tightened its case towards Wilde, reportedly dropping weaker witnesses from the primary legal trial. Summing up, Lockwood said: “You can’t fail to place the interpretation on the conduct of the prisoner that he’s a responsible man, and also you should say so by your verdict.”

Hours of deliberation handed earlier than the jury handed down their conclusion: responsible on nearly all of counts. Reviews of the time say Wilde’s face turned grey when the decision was learn.

Wilde and Taylor have been convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to 2 years exhausting labor, the utmost allowable for the crime. When the sentence was handed down, shouts of “Disgrace!” erupted within the courtroom. “And I? Might I say nothing, my Lord?” Wilde responded, however the courtroom was adjourned.

After his conviction, Wilde’s spouse Constance modified her and her sons’ final identify to Holland, in an effort to distance themselves from the much-discussed scandal, and moved to Switzerland the place she died in 1898. The couple by no means divorced.

Following his two years in jail, Wilde was bodily lowered and bankrupt. He went into exile in France, residing with buddies or staying in low cost lodging, writing little. Wilde died of meningitis on Nov. 30, 1900. He was 46.

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The post How Oscar Wilde’s Libel Trial Backfired and Ruined His Life appeared first on Geek Sprinkles.

[ourartemisparker-blog]

Getty Pictures

With their heady brew of well-known names, soiled secrets and techniques and Victorian ethical outrage, it’s no marvel the courtroom trials involving famend playwright Oscar Wilde enthralled most of the people through the last decade of the 19th century.

Wilde, an Anglo-Irish playwright and bon vivant, was recognized for his acerbic wit and celebrated works, together with Woman Windermere’s Fan, A Lady of No Significance, The Image of Dorian Grey and The Significance of Being Earnest. In early 1895, the husband and father of two was on the peak of his fame and success; his play, Earnest, had debuted to nice acclaim in February that yr, making him the toast of London.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

By the top of Might, Wilde’s life can be turned the wrong way up. Convicted of gross indecency, he was sentenced to 2 years of arduous labor in jail. Three years following his launch from jail, he would die, impoverished, in France.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Oscar Wilde together with his lover Lord Alfred ‘Bosie’ Douglas, generally known as a spoilt dandy.

Getty Pictures

His lover’s father was disgusted by the liaison.

Wilde (1854–1900) met Lord Alfred “Bosie” Douglas in the summertime of 1891 and the 2 quickly turned lovers. It was an affair of the guts that may span years, and continents, and would finally result in Wilde’s very public downfall. Douglas, the third son of the Marquess of Queensberry, was 16 years Wilde’s junior. Reportedly a dissolute, extravagant dandy, he was virtually inseparable from Wilde till the latter’s arrest 4 years later.

It was Douglas’s father’s response to the entire affair that prompted the fateful courtroom proceedings. Queensberry (John Sholto Douglas) was a Scottish nobleman greatest recognized for selling guidelines for novice boxing, the “Queensberry Guidelines.” By early 1894, Queensberry was sure the flamboyant Wilde was a gay and demanded his son reduce off contact with the author. (The Victorian period was particularly recognized for its tradition of sexual repression, and carnal exercise between males was a felony offense in the UK till the late 1960s.)

“Your intimacy with this man Wilde should both stop or I’ll disown you and cease all cash provides,” Queensberry wrote to his son in April of 1894. Douglas ignored his father’s rising condemnation of Wilde, incensing Queensberry and fueling his hostility towards his son’s alleged lover.

First, Queensberry tried to disrupt the debut of The Significance of Being Earnest, the place he deliberate to current the playwright with a bouquet of rotten greens and inform theatergoers of Wilde’s alleged scandalous way of life. Thwarted, he then visited London’s Albemarle Membership, of which Wilde and his spouse, Constance, have been members.

Queensberry left a card with the porter of the membership, asking that it’s handed to Wilde. Written on the cardboard was, “For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite [sic].” Affronted and embarrassed, Wilde wrote to Douglas, saying he believed there was nothing left to do however criminally prosecute Queensberry for libel. “My entire life appears ruined by this man. The tower of ivory is assailed by the foul factor,” Wilde wrote.

Wilde went on the offensive.

Throughout preparations for his case towards Queensberry, Wilde’s legal professionals requested him immediately whether or not there was any fact to the allegations of homosexuality. In line with Wilde, the allegations have been “completely false and groundless.” Forward of the April 1895 trial date, Wilde and Douglas journeyed collectively to the south of France.

Wilde’s first trial (Wilde v. Queensberry) started April three on the Central Legal Courtroom of England and Wales, generally often known as Previous Bailey. Trying to get forward of Queensberry’s accusations, Wilde’s lawyer Sir Edward Clarke, included the studying of one of many playwright’s letters to Douglas that would recommend a gay relationship between the correspondents. Whereas Clarke admitted the wording could seem “extravagant,” he reminded the courtroom that Wilde was a poet, and the letter ought to be learn as “the expression of true poetic feeling, and with no relation no matter to the hateful and repulsive recommendations put to it within the plea on this case,” in line with trial transcripts.

Wilde quickly took the stand, telling the courtroom of the harassment he had endured from Queensberry. Requested publicly if any of the allegations have been true, Wilde replied: “There isn’t a fact in any way in any of the allegations, no fact in any way.”

Cross-examined by Queensberry’s lawyer Edward Carson, Wilde was referred to as upon to defend his revealed works on the idea they contained immoral themes, or had gay overtones. He was then questioned about previous relationships he had had with younger males.

The ever-eloquent Wilde displayed a dexterous command of the English language—and a penchant for witticisms that might ultimately incriminate him in courtroom. On the second day, Wilde was questioned a few 16-year-old male acquaintance named Walter Grainger and whether or not or not he had kissed the teenager. “Oh, pricey no. He was a peculiarly plain boy. He was, sadly extraordinarily ugly. I pitied him for it,” Wilde replied.

Urgent Wilde over his response, Carson continued to ask if that was the only cause he didn’t kiss the boy, just because he was ugly. “Why, why, why did you add that?” Carson demanded. Wilde’s reply? “You sting me and insult me and attempt to unnerve me; and at occasions one says issues flippantly when one ought to talk extra critically.”

The identical afternoon, the prosecution closed its arguments with out calling Douglas to testify as deliberate. It was not wanting good for Wilde.

Oscar Wilde Photograph By Napoleon Sarony by way of Wikimedia Commons

One trial beget one other.

In protection of Queensberry, Carson introduced in his opening speech that he meant to name to testify a lot of younger males with whom Wilde had had sexual encounters. Such accusations have been extra than simply phrases in 1895, when it was a criminal offense in England for any individual to commit “gross indecency,” because the regulation had been interpreted to criminalize any sort of sexual exercise between members of the identical intercourse. That night, afraid of the place the trial could lead on, Clarke urged Wilde to drop the case. The next morning, Clarke introduced the withdrawal of Wilde’s libel go well with towards Queensberry. A verdict of “not responsible” was the courtroom’s remaining choice within the matter.

Through the trial, Queensberry’s lawyer had forwarded copies of statements by the younger males scheduled to seem as witnesses to the director of public prosecutions, leading to a warrant for Wilde’s arrest on expenses of sodomy and gross indecency the identical day Queensberry’s “not responsible’ verdict was handed down.

Wilde would in a short time be again in courtroom—this time within the position of the accused.

The primary legal trial of Wilde (The Crown v. Wilde) started April 26. Wilde and Alfred Taylor, the person accused of procuring younger males for the playwright, confronted 25 counts of gross indecencies and conspiracy to commit gross indecencies. Wilde pleaded “not responsible” to the fees. Quite a few male witnesses testified for the prosecution, detailing their participation in sexual acts with Wilde. Most expressed disgrace over their actions.

In contrast to his look at Queensberry’s trial, a extra subdued Wilde took the stand on the fourth day. He continued to disclaim all fees towards him. Throughout his testimony, Prosecutor Charles Gill requested Wilde concerning the which means of a line in a poem by Douglas: “What’s ‘the love that dare not converse its identify’?”

“‘The love that dare not converse its identify’ on this century is such an excellent affection of an elder for a youthful man as there was between David and Jonathan, reminiscent of Plato made the very foundation of his philosophy, and resembling you discover within the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare,” Wilde answered. “It’s that deep religious affection that’s as pure as it’s good. It dictates and pervades nice artistic endeavors, like these of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and people two letters of mine, resembling they’re… It’s lovely, it’s fantastic, it’s the noblest type of affection. There’s nothing unnatural about it. It’s mental, and it repeatedly exists between an older man and a youthful man, when the older man has mind, and the youthful man has all the enjoyment, hope and glamor of life earlier than him. That it must be so, the world doesn’t perceive. The world mocks at it, and typically places one within the pillory for it.”

Although Wilde’s reply appeared to strengthen the fees towards him, the jury reportedly deliberated for 3 hours earlier than deciding they might not attain a verdict. Wilde was launched on bail.

A 3rd trial sealed the author’s destiny.

Three weeks later, on Might 20, Wilde was again in courtroom to face the identical costs. The federal government was pushing for a verdict.

The prosecution, spearheaded by solicitor common Frank Lockwood, had tightened its case towards Wilde, reportedly dropping weaker witnesses from the primary legal trial. Summing up, Lockwood said: “You can’t fail to place the interpretation on the conduct of the prisoner that he’s a responsible man, and also you should say so by your verdict.”

Hours of deliberation handed earlier than the jury handed down their conclusion: responsible on nearly all of counts. Reviews of the time say Wilde’s face turned grey when the decision was learn.

Wilde and Taylor have been convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to 2 years exhausting labor, the utmost allowable for the crime. When the sentence was handed down, shouts of “Disgrace!” erupted within the courtroom. “And I? Might I say nothing, my Lord?” Wilde responded, however the courtroom was adjourned.

After his conviction, Wilde’s spouse Constance modified her and her sons’ final identify to Holland, in an effort to distance themselves from the much-discussed scandal, and moved to Switzerland the place she died in 1898. The couple by no means divorced.

Following his two years in jail, Wilde was bodily lowered and bankrupt. He went into exile in France, residing with buddies or staying in low cost lodging, writing little. Wilde died of meningitis on Nov. 30, 1900. He was 46.

!perform(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=perform() n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments) ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!zero;n.model=’2.zero’;n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!zero; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)(window, doc,’script’,’https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js’); (perform() fbq(‘init’, ‘1818263528206619’); fbq(‘monitor’, ‘PageView’); var contentId = ‘ci024ba1f200002619’; if (contentId !== ”) fbq(‘monitor’, ‘ViewContent’, content_ids: [contentId]content_type: ‘product’);

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The post How Oscar Wilde’s Libel Trial Backfired and Ruined His Life appeared first on Geek Sprinkles.

[cautelo-sa]

Getty Pictures

With their heady brew of well-known names, soiled secrets and techniques and Victorian ethical outrage, it’s no marvel the courtroom trials involving famend playwright Oscar Wilde enthralled most of the people through the last decade of the 19th century.

Wilde, an Anglo-Irish playwright and bon vivant, was recognized for his acerbic wit and celebrated works, together with Woman Windermere’s Fan, A Lady of No Significance, The Image of Dorian Grey and The Significance of Being Earnest. In early 1895, the husband and father of two was on the peak of his fame and success; his play, Earnest, had debuted to nice acclaim in February that yr, making him the toast of London.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

By the top of Might, Wilde’s life can be turned the wrong way up. Convicted of gross indecency, he was sentenced to 2 years of arduous labor in jail. Three years following his launch from jail, he would die, impoverished, in France.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Oscar Wilde together with his lover Lord Alfred ‘Bosie’ Douglas, generally known as a spoilt dandy.

Getty Pictures

His lover’s father was disgusted by the liaison.

Wilde (1854–1900) met Lord Alfred “Bosie” Douglas in the summertime of 1891 and the 2 quickly turned lovers. It was an affair of the guts that may span years, and continents, and would finally result in Wilde’s very public downfall. Douglas, the third son of the Marquess of Queensberry, was 16 years Wilde’s junior. Reportedly a dissolute, extravagant dandy, he was virtually inseparable from Wilde till the latter’s arrest 4 years later.

It was Douglas’s father’s response to the entire affair that prompted the fateful courtroom proceedings. Queensberry (John Sholto Douglas) was a Scottish nobleman greatest recognized for selling guidelines for novice boxing, the “Queensberry Guidelines.” By early 1894, Queensberry was sure the flamboyant Wilde was a gay and demanded his son reduce off contact with the author. (The Victorian period was particularly recognized for its tradition of sexual repression, and carnal exercise between males was a felony offense in the UK till the late 1960s.)

“Your intimacy with this man Wilde should both stop or I’ll disown you and cease all cash provides,” Queensberry wrote to his son in April of 1894. Douglas ignored his father’s rising condemnation of Wilde, incensing Queensberry and fueling his hostility towards his son’s alleged lover.

First, Queensberry tried to disrupt the debut of The Significance of Being Earnest, the place he deliberate to current the playwright with a bouquet of rotten greens and inform theatergoers of Wilde’s alleged scandalous way of life. Thwarted, he then visited London’s Albemarle Membership, of which Wilde and his spouse, Constance, have been members.

Queensberry left a card with the porter of the membership, asking that it’s handed to Wilde. Written on the cardboard was, “For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite [sic].” Affronted and embarrassed, Wilde wrote to Douglas, saying he believed there was nothing left to do however criminally prosecute Queensberry for libel. “My entire life appears ruined by this man. The tower of ivory is assailed by the foul factor,” Wilde wrote.

Wilde went on the offensive.

Throughout preparations for his case towards Queensberry, Wilde’s legal professionals requested him immediately whether or not there was any fact to the allegations of homosexuality. In line with Wilde, the allegations have been “completely false and groundless.” Forward of the April 1895 trial date, Wilde and Douglas journeyed collectively to the south of France.

Wilde’s first trial (Wilde v. Queensberry) started April three on the Central Legal Courtroom of England and Wales, generally often known as Previous Bailey. Trying to get forward of Queensberry’s accusations, Wilde’s lawyer Sir Edward Clarke, included the studying of one of many playwright’s letters to Douglas that would recommend a gay relationship between the correspondents. Whereas Clarke admitted the wording could seem “extravagant,” he reminded the courtroom that Wilde was a poet, and the letter ought to be learn as “the expression of true poetic feeling, and with no relation no matter to the hateful and repulsive recommendations put to it within the plea on this case,” in line with trial transcripts.

Wilde quickly took the stand, telling the courtroom of the harassment he had endured from Queensberry. Requested publicly if any of the allegations have been true, Wilde replied: “There isn’t a fact in any way in any of the allegations, no fact in any way.”

Cross-examined by Queensberry’s lawyer Edward Carson, Wilde was referred to as upon to defend his revealed works on the idea they contained immoral themes, or had gay overtones. He was then questioned about previous relationships he had had with younger males.

The ever-eloquent Wilde displayed a dexterous command of the English language—and a penchant for witticisms that might ultimately incriminate him in courtroom. On the second day, Wilde was questioned a few 16-year-old male acquaintance named Walter Grainger and whether or not or not he had kissed the teenager. “Oh, pricey no. He was a peculiarly plain boy. He was, sadly extraordinarily ugly. I pitied him for it,” Wilde replied.

Urgent Wilde over his response, Carson continued to ask if that was the only cause he didn’t kiss the boy, just because he was ugly. “Why, why, why did you add that?” Carson demanded. Wilde’s reply? “You sting me and insult me and attempt to unnerve me; and at occasions one says issues flippantly when one ought to talk extra critically.”

The identical afternoon, the prosecution closed its arguments with out calling Douglas to testify as deliberate. It was not wanting good for Wilde.

Oscar Wilde Photograph By Napoleon Sarony by way of Wikimedia Commons

One trial beget one other.

In protection of Queensberry, Carson introduced in his opening speech that he meant to name to testify a lot of younger males with whom Wilde had had sexual encounters. Such accusations have been extra than simply phrases in 1895, when it was a criminal offense in England for any individual to commit “gross indecency,” because the regulation had been interpreted to criminalize any sort of sexual exercise between members of the identical intercourse. That night, afraid of the place the trial could lead on, Clarke urged Wilde to drop the case. The next morning, Clarke introduced the withdrawal of Wilde’s libel go well with towards Queensberry. A verdict of “not responsible” was the courtroom’s remaining choice within the matter.

Through the trial, Queensberry’s lawyer had forwarded copies of statements by the younger males scheduled to seem as witnesses to the director of public prosecutions, leading to a warrant for Wilde’s arrest on expenses of sodomy and gross indecency the identical day Queensberry’s “not responsible’ verdict was handed down.

Wilde would in a short time be again in courtroom—this time within the position of the accused.

The primary legal trial of Wilde (The Crown v. Wilde) started April 26. Wilde and Alfred Taylor, the person accused of procuring younger males for the playwright, confronted 25 counts of gross indecencies and conspiracy to commit gross indecencies. Wilde pleaded “not responsible” to the fees. Quite a few male witnesses testified for the prosecution, detailing their participation in sexual acts with Wilde. Most expressed disgrace over their actions.

In contrast to his look at Queensberry’s trial, a extra subdued Wilde took the stand on the fourth day. He continued to disclaim all fees towards him. Throughout his testimony, Prosecutor Charles Gill requested Wilde concerning the which means of a line in a poem by Douglas: “What’s ‘the love that dare not converse its identify’?”

“‘The love that dare not converse its identify’ on this century is such an excellent affection of an elder for a youthful man as there was between David and Jonathan, reminiscent of Plato made the very foundation of his philosophy, and resembling you discover within the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare,” Wilde answered. “It’s that deep religious affection that’s as pure as it’s good. It dictates and pervades nice artistic endeavors, like these of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and people two letters of mine, resembling they’re… It’s lovely, it’s fantastic, it’s the noblest type of affection. There’s nothing unnatural about it. It’s mental, and it repeatedly exists between an older man and a youthful man, when the older man has mind, and the youthful man has all the enjoyment, hope and glamor of life earlier than him. That it must be so, the world doesn’t perceive. The world mocks at it, and typically places one within the pillory for it.”

Although Wilde’s reply appeared to strengthen the fees towards him, the jury reportedly deliberated for 3 hours earlier than deciding they might not attain a verdict. Wilde was launched on bail.

A 3rd trial sealed the author’s destiny.

Three weeks later, on Might 20, Wilde was again in courtroom to face the identical costs. The federal government was pushing for a verdict.

The prosecution, spearheaded by solicitor common Frank Lockwood, had tightened its case towards Wilde, reportedly dropping weaker witnesses from the primary legal trial. Summing up, Lockwood said: “You can’t fail to place the interpretation on the conduct of the prisoner that he’s a responsible man, and also you should say so by your verdict.”

Hours of deliberation handed earlier than the jury handed down their conclusion: responsible on nearly all of counts. Reviews of the time say Wilde’s face turned grey when the decision was learn.

Wilde and Taylor have been convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to 2 years exhausting labor, the utmost allowable for the crime. When the sentence was handed down, shouts of “Disgrace!” erupted within the courtroom. “And I? Might I say nothing, my Lord?” Wilde responded, however the courtroom was adjourned.

After his conviction, Wilde’s spouse Constance modified her and her sons’ final identify to Holland, in an effort to distance themselves from the much-discussed scandal, and moved to Switzerland the place she died in 1898. The couple by no means divorced.

Following his two years in jail, Wilde was bodily lowered and bankrupt. He went into exile in France, residing with buddies or staying in low cost lodging, writing little. Wilde died of meningitis on Nov. 30, 1900. He was 46.

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[go-varundhawan-love]

Getty Pictures

With their heady brew of well-known names, soiled secrets and techniques and Victorian ethical outrage, it’s no marvel the courtroom trials involving famend playwright Oscar Wilde enthralled most of the people through the last decade of the 19th century.

Wilde, an Anglo-Irish playwright and bon vivant, was recognized for his acerbic wit and celebrated works, together with Woman Windermere’s Fan, A Lady of No Significance, The Image of Dorian Grey and The Significance of Being Earnest. In early 1895, the husband and father of two was on the peak of his fame and success; his play, Earnest, had debuted to nice acclaim in February that yr, making him the toast of London.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

By the top of Might, Wilde’s life can be turned the wrong way up. Convicted of gross indecency, he was sentenced to 2 years of arduous labor in jail. Three years following his launch from jail, he would die, impoverished, in France.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Oscar Wilde together with his lover Lord Alfred ‘Bosie’ Douglas, generally known as a spoilt dandy.

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His lover’s father was disgusted by the liaison.

Wilde (1854–1900) met Lord Alfred “Bosie” Douglas in the summertime of 1891 and the 2 quickly turned lovers. It was an affair of the guts that may span years, and continents, and would finally result in Wilde’s very public downfall. Douglas, the third son of the Marquess of Queensberry, was 16 years Wilde’s junior. Reportedly a dissolute, extravagant dandy, he was virtually inseparable from Wilde till the latter’s arrest 4 years later.

It was Douglas’s father’s response to the entire affair that prompted the fateful courtroom proceedings. Queensberry (John Sholto Douglas) was a Scottish nobleman greatest recognized for selling guidelines for novice boxing, the “Queensberry Guidelines.” By early 1894, Queensberry was sure the flamboyant Wilde was a gay and demanded his son reduce off contact with the author. (The Victorian period was particularly recognized for its tradition of sexual repression, and carnal exercise between males was a felony offense in the UK till the late 1960s.)

“Your intimacy with this man Wilde should both stop or I’ll disown you and cease all cash provides,” Queensberry wrote to his son in April of 1894. Douglas ignored his father’s rising condemnation of Wilde, incensing Queensberry and fueling his hostility towards his son’s alleged lover.

First, Queensberry tried to disrupt the debut of The Significance of Being Earnest, the place he deliberate to current the playwright with a bouquet of rotten greens and inform theatergoers of Wilde’s alleged scandalous way of life. Thwarted, he then visited London’s Albemarle Membership, of which Wilde and his spouse, Constance, have been members.

Queensberry left a card with the porter of the membership, asking that it’s handed to Wilde. Written on the cardboard was, “For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite [sic].” Affronted and embarrassed, Wilde wrote to Douglas, saying he believed there was nothing left to do however criminally prosecute Queensberry for libel. “My entire life appears ruined by this man. The tower of ivory is assailed by the foul factor,” Wilde wrote.

Wilde went on the offensive.

Throughout preparations for his case towards Queensberry, Wilde’s legal professionals requested him immediately whether or not there was any fact to the allegations of homosexuality. In line with Wilde, the allegations have been “completely false and groundless.” Forward of the April 1895 trial date, Wilde and Douglas journeyed collectively to the south of France.

Wilde’s first trial (Wilde v. Queensberry) started April three on the Central Legal Courtroom of England and Wales, generally often known as Previous Bailey. Trying to get forward of Queensberry’s accusations, Wilde’s lawyer Sir Edward Clarke, included the studying of one of many playwright’s letters to Douglas that would recommend a gay relationship between the correspondents. Whereas Clarke admitted the wording could seem “extravagant,” he reminded the courtroom that Wilde was a poet, and the letter ought to be learn as “the expression of true poetic feeling, and with no relation no matter to the hateful and repulsive recommendations put to it within the plea on this case,” in line with trial transcripts.

Wilde quickly took the stand, telling the courtroom of the harassment he had endured from Queensberry. Requested publicly if any of the allegations have been true, Wilde replied: “There isn’t a fact in any way in any of the allegations, no fact in any way.”

Cross-examined by Queensberry’s lawyer Edward Carson, Wilde was referred to as upon to defend his revealed works on the idea they contained immoral themes, or had gay overtones. He was then questioned about previous relationships he had had with younger males.

The ever-eloquent Wilde displayed a dexterous command of the English language—and a penchant for witticisms that might ultimately incriminate him in courtroom. On the second day, Wilde was questioned a few 16-year-old male acquaintance named Walter Grainger and whether or not or not he had kissed the teenager. “Oh, pricey no. He was a peculiarly plain boy. He was, sadly extraordinarily ugly. I pitied him for it,” Wilde replied.

Urgent Wilde over his response, Carson continued to ask if that was the only cause he didn’t kiss the boy, just because he was ugly. “Why, why, why did you add that?” Carson demanded. Wilde’s reply? “You sting me and insult me and attempt to unnerve me; and at occasions one says issues flippantly when one ought to talk extra critically.”

The identical afternoon, the prosecution closed its arguments with out calling Douglas to testify as deliberate. It was not wanting good for Wilde.

Oscar Wilde Photograph By Napoleon Sarony by way of Wikimedia Commons

One trial beget one other.

In protection of Queensberry, Carson introduced in his opening speech that he meant to name to testify a lot of younger males with whom Wilde had had sexual encounters. Such accusations have been extra than simply phrases in 1895, when it was a criminal offense in England for any individual to commit “gross indecency,” because the regulation had been interpreted to criminalize any sort of sexual exercise between members of the identical intercourse. That night, afraid of the place the trial could lead on, Clarke urged Wilde to drop the case. The next morning, Clarke introduced the withdrawal of Wilde’s libel go well with towards Queensberry. A verdict of “not responsible” was the courtroom’s remaining choice within the matter.

Through the trial, Queensberry’s lawyer had forwarded copies of statements by the younger males scheduled to seem as witnesses to the director of public prosecutions, leading to a warrant for Wilde’s arrest on expenses of sodomy and gross indecency the identical day Queensberry’s “not responsible’ verdict was handed down.

Wilde would in a short time be again in courtroom—this time within the position of the accused.

The primary legal trial of Wilde (The Crown v. Wilde) started April 26. Wilde and Alfred Taylor, the person accused of procuring younger males for the playwright, confronted 25 counts of gross indecencies and conspiracy to commit gross indecencies. Wilde pleaded “not responsible” to the fees. Quite a few male witnesses testified for the prosecution, detailing their participation in sexual acts with Wilde. Most expressed disgrace over their actions.

In contrast to his look at Queensberry’s trial, a extra subdued Wilde took the stand on the fourth day. He continued to disclaim all fees towards him. Throughout his testimony, Prosecutor Charles Gill requested Wilde concerning the which means of a line in a poem by Douglas: “What’s ‘the love that dare not converse its identify’?”

“‘The love that dare not converse its identify’ on this century is such an excellent affection of an elder for a youthful man as there was between David and Jonathan, reminiscent of Plato made the very foundation of his philosophy, and resembling you discover within the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare,” Wilde answered. “It’s that deep religious affection that’s as pure as it’s good. It dictates and pervades nice artistic endeavors, like these of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and people two letters of mine, resembling they’re… It’s lovely, it’s fantastic, it’s the noblest type of affection. There’s nothing unnatural about it. It’s mental, and it repeatedly exists between an older man and a youthful man, when the older man has mind, and the youthful man has all the enjoyment, hope and glamor of life earlier than him. That it must be so, the world doesn’t perceive. The world mocks at it, and typically places one within the pillory for it.”

Although Wilde’s reply appeared to strengthen the fees towards him, the jury reportedly deliberated for 3 hours earlier than deciding they might not attain a verdict. Wilde was launched on bail.

A 3rd trial sealed the author’s destiny.

Three weeks later, on Might 20, Wilde was again in courtroom to face the identical costs. The federal government was pushing for a verdict.

The prosecution, spearheaded by solicitor common Frank Lockwood, had tightened its case towards Wilde, reportedly dropping weaker witnesses from the primary legal trial. Summing up, Lockwood said: “You can’t fail to place the interpretation on the conduct of the prisoner that he’s a responsible man, and also you should say so by your verdict.”

Hours of deliberation handed earlier than the jury handed down their conclusion: responsible on nearly all of counts. Reviews of the time say Wilde’s face turned grey when the decision was learn.

Wilde and Taylor have been convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to 2 years exhausting labor, the utmost allowable for the crime. When the sentence was handed down, shouts of “Disgrace!” erupted within the courtroom. “And I? Might I say nothing, my Lord?” Wilde responded, however the courtroom was adjourned.

After his conviction, Wilde’s spouse Constance modified her and her sons’ final identify to Holland, in an effort to distance themselves from the much-discussed scandal, and moved to Switzerland the place she died in 1898. The couple by no means divorced.

Following his two years in jail, Wilde was bodily lowered and bankrupt. He went into exile in France, residing with buddies or staying in low cost lodging, writing little. Wilde died of meningitis on Nov. 30, 1900. He was 46.

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[queerasfact]

One of the most intriguing and unexpected stories I discovered while researching for our episode on Mary Shelley was the story of Mary’s friend Doddy. Here’s some basic facts:

Doddy was born in 1790, and assigned female at birth

They were the illegitimate child of a Scottish lord, who threw them out of home when he remarried

They supported themself and their sister through writing books, short stories, and dramas, mostly under the name David Lyndsay

They were known for their masculine appearance and love affairs with women

In 1827 they got a false passport and eloped to France with a woman named Isabelle Robinson, under the name Walter Sholto Douglas

They lived out the rest of their life in France as a man

The author Betty T. Bennett has done some impressive detective work and written a complete biography of Doddy, which promises to be an interesting read, and perhaps one day an episode of Queer as Fact!

[peachypeach-xoxo-blog]

Getty Pictures

With their heady brew of well-known names, soiled secrets and techniques and Victorian ethical outrage, it’s no marvel the courtroom trials involving famend playwright Oscar Wilde enthralled most of the people through the last decade of the 19th century.

Wilde, an Anglo-Irish playwright and bon vivant, was recognized for his acerbic wit and celebrated works, together with Woman Windermere’s Fan, A Lady of No Significance, The Image of Dorian Grey and The Significance of Being Earnest. In early 1895, the husband and father of two was on the peak of his fame and success; his play, Earnest, had debuted to nice acclaim in February that yr, making him the toast of London.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

By the top of Might, Wilde’s life can be turned the wrong way up. Convicted of gross indecency, he was sentenced to 2 years of arduous labor in jail. Three years following his launch from jail, he would die, impoverished, in France.

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Thanks for watching!Go to Web site

Oscar Wilde together with his lover Lord Alfred ‘Bosie’ Douglas, generally known as a spoilt dandy.

Getty Pictures

His lover’s father was disgusted by the liaison.

Wilde (1854–1900) met Lord Alfred “Bosie” Douglas in the summertime of 1891 and the 2 quickly turned lovers. It was an affair of the guts that may span years, and continents, and would finally result in Wilde’s very public downfall. Douglas, the third son of the Marquess of Queensberry, was 16 years Wilde’s junior. Reportedly a dissolute, extravagant dandy, he was virtually inseparable from Wilde till the latter’s arrest 4 years later.

It was Douglas’s father’s response to the entire affair that prompted the fateful courtroom proceedings. Queensberry (John Sholto Douglas) was a Scottish nobleman greatest recognized for selling guidelines for novice boxing, the “Queensberry Guidelines.” By early 1894, Queensberry was sure the flamboyant Wilde was a gay and demanded his son reduce off contact with the author. (The Victorian period was particularly recognized for its tradition of sexual repression, and carnal exercise between males was a felony offense in the UK till the late 1960s.)

“Your intimacy with this man Wilde should both stop or I’ll disown you and cease all cash provides,” Queensberry wrote to his son in April of 1894. Douglas ignored his father’s rising condemnation of Wilde, incensing Queensberry and fueling his hostility towards his son’s alleged lover.

First, Queensberry tried to disrupt the debut of The Significance of Being Earnest, the place he deliberate to current the playwright with a bouquet of rotten greens and inform theatergoers of Wilde’s alleged scandalous way of life. Thwarted, he then visited London’s Albemarle Membership, of which Wilde and his spouse, Constance, have been members.

Queensberry left a card with the porter of the membership, asking that it’s handed to Wilde. Written on the cardboard was, “For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite [sic].” Affronted and embarrassed, Wilde wrote to Douglas, saying he believed there was nothing left to do however criminally prosecute Queensberry for libel. “My entire life appears ruined by this man. The tower of ivory is assailed by the foul factor,” Wilde wrote.

Wilde went on the offensive.

Throughout preparations for his case towards Queensberry, Wilde’s legal professionals requested him immediately whether or not there was any fact to the allegations of homosexuality. In line with Wilde, the allegations have been “completely false and groundless.” Forward of the April 1895 trial date, Wilde and Douglas journeyed collectively to the south of France.

Wilde’s first trial (Wilde v. Queensberry) started April three on the Central Legal Courtroom of England and Wales, generally often known as Previous Bailey. Trying to get forward of Queensberry’s accusations, Wilde’s lawyer Sir Edward Clarke, included the studying of one of many playwright’s letters to Douglas that would recommend a gay relationship between the correspondents. Whereas Clarke admitted the wording could seem “extravagant,” he reminded the courtroom that Wilde was a poet, and the letter ought to be learn as “the expression of true poetic feeling, and with no relation no matter to the hateful and repulsive recommendations put to it within the plea on this case,” in line with trial transcripts.

Wilde quickly took the stand, telling the courtroom of the harassment he had endured from Queensberry. Requested publicly if any of the allegations have been true, Wilde replied: “There isn’t a fact in any way in any of the allegations, no fact in any way.”

Cross-examined by Queensberry’s lawyer Edward Carson, Wilde was referred to as upon to defend his revealed works on the idea they contained immoral themes, or had gay overtones. He was then questioned about previous relationships he had had with younger males.

The ever-eloquent Wilde displayed a dexterous command of the English language—and a penchant for witticisms that might ultimately incriminate him in courtroom. On the second day, Wilde was questioned a few 16-year-old male acquaintance named Walter Grainger and whether or not or not he had kissed the teenager. “Oh, pricey no. He was a peculiarly plain boy. He was, sadly extraordinarily ugly. I pitied him for it,” Wilde replied.

Urgent Wilde over his response, Carson continued to ask if that was the only cause he didn’t kiss the boy, just because he was ugly. “Why, why, why did you add that?” Carson demanded. Wilde’s reply? “You sting me and insult me and attempt to unnerve me; and at occasions one says issues flippantly when one ought to talk extra critically.”

The identical afternoon, the prosecution closed its arguments with out calling Douglas to testify as deliberate. It was not wanting good for Wilde.

Oscar Wilde Photograph By Napoleon Sarony by way of Wikimedia Commons

One trial beget one other.

In protection of Queensberry, Carson introduced in his opening speech that he meant to name to testify a lot of younger males with whom Wilde had had sexual encounters. Such accusations have been extra than simply phrases in 1895, when it was a criminal offense in England for any individual to commit “gross indecency,” because the regulation had been interpreted to criminalize any sort of sexual exercise between members of the identical intercourse. That night, afraid of the place the trial could lead on, Clarke urged Wilde to drop the case. The next morning, Clarke introduced the withdrawal of Wilde’s libel go well with towards Queensberry. A verdict of “not responsible” was the courtroom’s remaining choice within the matter.

Through the trial, Queensberry’s lawyer had forwarded copies of statements by the younger males scheduled to seem as witnesses to the director of public prosecutions, leading to a warrant for Wilde’s arrest on expenses of sodomy and gross indecency the identical day Queensberry’s “not responsible’ verdict was handed down.

Wilde would in a short time be again in courtroom—this time within the position of the accused.

The primary legal trial of Wilde (The Crown v. Wilde) started April 26. Wilde and Alfred Taylor, the person accused of procuring younger males for the playwright, confronted 25 counts of gross indecencies and conspiracy to commit gross indecencies. Wilde pleaded “not responsible” to the fees. Quite a few male witnesses testified for the prosecution, detailing their participation in sexual acts with Wilde. Most expressed disgrace over their actions.

In contrast to his look at Queensberry’s trial, a extra subdued Wilde took the stand on the fourth day. He continued to disclaim all fees towards him. Throughout his testimony, Prosecutor Charles Gill requested Wilde concerning the which means of a line in a poem by Douglas: “What’s ‘the love that dare not converse its identify’?”

“‘The love that dare not converse its identify’ on this century is such an excellent affection of an elder for a youthful man as there was between David and Jonathan, reminiscent of Plato made the very foundation of his philosophy, and resembling you discover within the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare,” Wilde answered. “It’s that deep religious affection that’s as pure as it’s good. It dictates and pervades nice artistic endeavors, like these of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and people two letters of mine, resembling they’re… It’s lovely, it’s fantastic, it’s the noblest type of affection. There’s nothing unnatural about it. It’s mental, and it repeatedly exists between an older man and a youthful man, when the older man has mind, and the youthful man has all the enjoyment, hope and glamor of life earlier than him. That it must be so, the world doesn’t perceive. The world mocks at it, and typically places one within the pillory for it.”

Although Wilde’s reply appeared to strengthen the fees towards him, the jury reportedly deliberated for 3 hours earlier than deciding they might not attain a verdict. Wilde was launched on bail.

A 3rd trial sealed the author’s destiny.

Three weeks later, on Might 20, Wilde was again in courtroom to face the identical costs. The federal government was pushing for a verdict.

The prosecution, spearheaded by solicitor common Frank Lockwood, had tightened its case towards Wilde, reportedly dropping weaker witnesses from the primary legal trial. Summing up, Lockwood said: “You can’t fail to place the interpretation on the conduct of the prisoner that he’s a responsible man, and also you should say so by your verdict.”

Hours of deliberation handed earlier than the jury handed down their conclusion: responsible on nearly all of counts. Reviews of the time say Wilde’s face turned grey when the decision was learn.

Wilde and Taylor have been convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to 2 years exhausting labor, the utmost allowable for the crime. When the sentence was handed down, shouts of “Disgrace!” erupted within the courtroom. “And I? Might I say nothing, my Lord?” Wilde responded, however the courtroom was adjourned.

After his conviction, Wilde’s spouse Constance modified her and her sons’ final identify to Holland, in an effort to distance themselves from the much-discussed scandal, and moved to Switzerland the place she died in 1898. The couple by no means divorced.

Following his two years in jail, Wilde was bodily lowered and bankrupt. He went into exile in France, residing with buddies or staying in low cost lodging, writing little. Wilde died of meningitis on Nov. 30, 1900. He was 46.

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