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booseopenschoolingboard · 3 months ago

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Which open school is No 1 in India

The Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education (BOSSE) is known for its non conventional approach to education system with opportunities in open and distance learning. It has gained recognition as a flexible schooling board for students who need non-traditional learning pathways.

However, BOSSE has emerged as the “No. 1 open school” in India based on it’s reputation, recognition, curriculum quality, and alignment with student needs. Some of the basic features for considering BOSSE as No.1 open school in India for 10th open board and 12th open board.

Key Features of BOSSE

BOSSE approach to flexible learning system is a non-conventional approach to education, offering open and distance learning opportunities.

It offers secondary, senior secondary, and skill development programs as wide range of courses making it a versatile choice.

BOSSE is recognized by the Government of Sikkim and follows the Open Schooling system, making its certifications valid across India for higher education and employment.

BOSSE integrates vocational education with academics with major focus on skill development preparing students with industry-ready skills.

Comparison with Other Open Schools

While BOSSE is a strong contender in open schooling, National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) is often regarded as the leading open school in India. Here’s a comparison:Feature BOSSE NIOSRecognitionRecognized by Sikkim Govt., COBSEAutonomous, under Ministry of Education, Govt. of India.Course OfferingsAcademic +Vocational Skill ProgramsWide variety of academic, vocational, and life enrichment courses.National ReachGrowing steadilyExtensive network across India and abroad.ReputationEmerging boardEstablished as the largest open schooling board globally.

Get admission in 12th open school

To get Standard 12th admission with the Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education (BOSSE), follow these steps:

Eligibility for 12th admission:

Students must have passed Standard 10 or an equivalent examination from a recognized board. Keep your age proof document and other documents and mark sheets handy.

Visit BOSSE’s Official Website

Go to the official BOSSE website: https://bosse.ac.in/.

Look for the Admission Section or a specific link for 12th Standard Registration.

Select Your Subjects

BOSSE offers flexibility in subject choice. Choose the academic or vocational subjects based on your career goals or interests.

Fill the Application Form online with personal details like name, address, date of birth, and previous qualification details. You are free to choose streams of your choice

Upload Required Documents

Submit scanned copies of the following documents:

Proof of age: Birth certificate or previous school certificate.

Qualification certificate: Standard 10 mark sheet or equivalent.

Identity proof: Aadhaar card, passport, or any government-issued ID.

Passport-size photograph: As per the specifications mentioned.

Pay the Fees

Pay the admission fees through the online payment gateway available on the website.

BOSSE offers affordable fee structures, and the fee amount varies depending on the number of subjects or courses selected.

Confirmation of Admission

Once the application is submitted, you will receive a confirmation email or SMS with your enrollment number and other details.

You may also download your admission receipt and keep it for future reference.

Access Study Materials

After admission, BOSSE provides self-learning materials and resources, which can be accessed online or through study centers.

You will also receive information regarding the examination schedule and other updates.

Opting for open schooling from the Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education (BOSSE) offers numerous advantages, especially for learners seeking flexibility and diverse learning options. Here are some reasons why pursuing open schooling from BOSSE could be a good choice:

Flexibility in Learning

Customizable Study Pace: BOSSE allows students to learn at their own pace, which is ideal for those balancing studies with work, hobbies, or other responsibilities.

Choice of Subjects: BOSSE provides a wide range of academic and vocational subjects, allowing students to tailor their education based on interests and career goals.

Accessible and Inclusive Education

No Age Barriers: Open schooling welcomes learners of all ages, ensuring access to education for everyone, including dropouts, working professionals, and homemakers.

Geographical Freedom: You can study from anywhere, with no need to relocate or travel frequently to attend classes.

Skill-Based Education

BOSSE integrates skill-based education with academics, preparing students for both higher education and direct employment.

Vocational courses help learners gain practical knowledge and skills relevant to current industry needs.

Recognition and Accreditation

BOSSE is recognized by the Government of India, ensuring that its certifications are valid for further education, competitive exams, and employment opportunities.

Its programs align with the National Education Policy (NEP 2020), ensuring relevance and quality.

Economical Education

BOSSE offers affordable tuition fees, making quality education accessible to a larger population.

Supportive Learning Resources

Provides well-designed self-learning materials, video tutorials, and online resources.

Offers flexibility to choose exam dates and formats, enabling students to perform at their best.

Bridge to Higher Education and Career Opportunities

Certifications from BOSSE are widely accepted by universities and employers.

Opens pathways to diverse careers, whether you choose to pursue higher education or enter the workforce.

Focus on Individual Growth

Encourages self-reliance, discipline, and independent learning habits.

Allows you to focus on areas of interest, fostering a love for lifelong learning.

The Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education (BOSSE) is a platform with learner-centric approach for learners seeking flexible, inclusive, and skill-oriented education. BOSSE empowers individuals to enhance their skill through vocational training along with pursuance of their academic goals at their own pace, irrespective of age, location, or background. BOSSE’s recognition by government bodies like COBSE and NIOS , cost affordability, and emphasis on bridging education with employment has made it a valuable choice for the students. BOSSE has took the initiative to overcome the traditional barrier of learning. By choosing BOSSE, students invest in a future that combines quality education with practical skills, unlocking diverse opportunities for personal and professional growth.

Tags:12th distance12th open admission12th open school admissionnational institute of open schoolingNIOS

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nayaninspiria · 2 years ago

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Colleges in Siliguri

Colleges in Siliguri – Siliguri is the second-largest city in Northeast after Guwahati. This vast stretched Northern plains of Bengal sprawls across the districts of Darjeeling & Jalpaiguri in West Bengal.

A rapidly burgeoning city in the foothills of the Himalayas, Siliguri is the transit base that interlinks the rest of the country with globally acclaimed Queen of Hills, Darjeeling.

The city likewise is en route and serves as the solitary doorway or the corridor to the Northeastern region. Owing to these attributes, Siliguri holds prominence as a commercial, tourism, transportation, the political, and educational center of North Bengal.

The city has always been the center of quality education in the Terai and the Dooars region of Bengal. Apart from the residents of West Bengal, the students from neighboring states of Sikkim, Bihar, Assam and neighboring countries of Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh appear here to pursue a better education.

So, if you are looking for some of the best colleges in Siliguri, don’t go anywhere! This blog enlists some of the top best colleges in Siliguri offering higher education and undergraduate degree courses to the students of West Bengal, neighboring states & countries

Siliguri is a town which is situated in the Darjeeling district & Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. It is the link between the rest of the country and the beautiful Darjeeling Hills. It is a prominent commercial, tourism, transportation, and educational center of North Bengal.

The city has always been the hub of education in the Terai and the Dooars region. Apart from the people of West Bengal, the students from neighboring states of Sikkim, Bihar and Assam and neighboring countries of Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh come here to pursue education here.

Some of the colleges in Siliguri offering higher education to the students of West Bengal, neighboring states & countries are as follows:

List of Colleges In Siliguri

#1. Salesian College, Siliguri

Boasting of educational excellence as well as the extracurricular, Salesian College is one of the best colleges in Siliguri to offer regular and professional undergraduate degrees.

The college aims to produce leaders and honorable citizens who are morally upright, emotionally stable, socially sensible and intellectually competent. The college endeavors to be the catalyst for a transformation in society through education.

The college continues to nurture the young minds by being an unextinguishable light to wisdom and learning – “Lamma ardens et lucens” which means a fire that illuminates and enlivens.

Regular Courses Offered by Salesian College, Siliguri for different subject specialties are as follows.

Economics – B.Com, Economic Honors, and B.Com General.

Arts – BA General, English, Education, Geography, History, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology.

Science – Computer, Mathematics, and Physics. Professional Courses Offered at Salesian College are – Mass Communication and Journalism, Bachelors of Business Administration (BBA), and B.Voc (Bachelor of Vocational Education.

Salesian College, Siliguri Address – Ward 42, Don Bosco Colony

Siliguri, West Bengal, 734004

For queries and admission, contact: +91-353-2545622

Website: http://salesiancollege.in

Course Fees – Rs. 61,000 – 1. 20 lakh depending upon the choice of course.

#2. Inspiria Knowledge Campus, Siliguri

Inspiria Knowledge Campus, Siliguri offers the best, state of the art & world-class infrastructure & facilities in Siliguri and possesses the best faculty team who are committed to nurturing the future leaders of the country.

A pioneer amongst it’s kind to offer a myriad of professional courses with a promising career to the youths, Inspiria is one of the best colleges in Siliguri. Aspirants, irrespective of subject streams can opt from a wide range of interesting courses offered by the college. Inspiria is affiliated to MAKAUT, formerly called as WBUT.

Apart from theoretical learning, students can gain tremendous support for efficient learning through internships, workshops, contests, tests, industrial visits as a mandatory part of the course curriculum.

Furthermore, students can refine their personality traits, soft skills through personalized support and guidance and hone their skills and strengths, give meaning to their passion through extracurricular activities.

Be it sports, theatre, art, cultural, music, sustainability club, international toastmasters club, etc. Every student, irrespective of their subject stream can get access to modern labs, state of the art facilities, library, gym, and other facilities furnished by the college.

At Inspiria, leaning is boundless so is inspiration and support rendered to the aspirants.

Inspiria Knowledge Campus Address – Himachal Vihar,

Phase – II, Matigara, Siliguri, 734 010

For queries and admission, contact: +91-8900755550

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.inspiria.edu.in

Course Fees – Rs. 2. 85 lakhs.

#3. Siliguri College of Commerce

Siliguri College of Commerce is the pathfinder amongst the institutions of North Bengal to influence higher education in commerce and management UG courses.

Established in 1962, a year later after North Bengal University, it is affiliated to NBU and the courses provided at Siliguri College of Commerce got accreditation from AICTE.

The courses offered by Siliguri College of Commerce are – Commerce & Banking, Bachelors of Business Administration, B.Com Honors and B. Com General.

Siliguri College of Commerce Address – College Para, Siliguri

Dist: Darjeeling, 734001

For queries and admission, contact: +91 353 2432594

Website: www.siliguricollegeofcommerce.org

Course Fees – Rs. 7,800 for 3 year Honors Course.

#4. Siliguri Institute of Technology (SIT)

Siliguri Institute of Technology (informally SIT) is a private engineering and management college in Siliguri West Bengal. Established in 1999, the college was formerly under the affiliation of North Bengal University.

However, in the year 2004, the college came under the affiliation of MAKAUT, the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology. Presently, the college is integrated with the Techno India Group.

The courses offered by Siliguri Institute of Technology (SIT) are – B. Tech in Electrical Engineering, B. Tech in Civil Engineering, B. Tech in Electronics & Communication Engineering, B. Tech in Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, B. Tech in Computer Science & Engineering, B. Tech in Information Technology, Hotel Management, and Catering Technology, Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Computer Application, Bachelor in Hospitality Management.

Siliguri Institute of Technology (SIT) Address – S.I.T Campus, Salbari,

Hill Cart Road,

Sukna, Siliguri,

District – Darjeeling,734009

For queries and admission, contact: +91-9434527272/ +91-7477660427

Course Fees – Rs. 4.5 lakhs.

#5. Gyan Jyoti College

Gyan Jyoti College, is a private degree college in Dagapur, Siliguri. Affiliated to the North Bengal University, the college offers full-time undergraduate courses in arts, commerce, and science.

The courses offered by Gyan Jyoti College are – BA English (Honours), BA Mass Communication (Honours), BA (General), BBA, BA Political Science (Honours), BA Sociology (Honours), BA Geography (Honours), B.Sc Microbiology (Honours), B.Sc Botany (Honours), B.Sc Zoology (Honours)

Gyan Jyoti College Address – Basundhara,

NH-55 Near,

Dagapur, Siliguri

West Bengal, 734003

For queries and admission, contact: 094347 45545

Website: www.gyanjyoticollege.in

Course Fees – Rs. 81, 000 for 3 years.

#6. Surendra Institute of Engineering & Management (SIEM)

Surendra Institute of Engineering & Management is a Graduate Engineering and Management College in Siliguri. Established in the year 2009, under the sponsorship of a philanthropic society Bidya Bharati Foundation, the college is affiliated to MAKAUT. Named in after Late Mr. Surendra Agarwal, the college is AICTE approved.

The courses offered by Surendra Institute of Engineering & Management (SIEM) are –

Electronics and Communication Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, etc.

Surendra Institute of Engineering & Management (SIEM) Address – Dhukuria,

P.O. – New Chamta,

P.S. Matigara, Siliguri, 734009

For queries and admission, contact: 0353 257 4687

Website: www.siemsiliguri.org

Course Fees – Rs. 3 – 4 lakhs.

#7. Indian Institute of Legal Studies (IILS)

Indian Institute of Legal Studies ( IILS) is a first law college in Siliguri. Established in 2009, IILS is affiliated to the North Bengal University. Owing to it’s highly gained fame, the college receives an enormous figure of aspirants every year. Indian Institute to Legal Studies (IILS) is approved by the Bar Council of India.

Courses offered by Indian Institute to Legal Studies (IILS) are –

Hons. Courses in CBCS Mode – 5 Year B.A., LL.B (Hons.) Degree, 5 Year B.Com, LL.B (Hons.) Degree, 5 Year BBA., LL.B (Hons.) Degree.

LL.B. 3 Years Course provided are – LLB 3 Year in CBCS mode and LLB 3 Year (General). General Courses offered are – B.A.LL.B., 5 Years Course, BBA.LL.B., 5 Years Course, and B.com.LL.B., 5 Years Course.

Indian Institute to Legal Studies (IILS) Address – Dagapur, Siliguri

P.O. Salbari

P.S. Matigara, 734002

For queries and admission, contact: +91-9775509999

Website: https://www.iilsindia.com/

Course Fees – Rs. 2 – 4 lakhs.

#8. North Bengal University (NBU)

North Bengal University is the first university in Siliguri and the entire North Bengal region. Sprawling over 331 acres of plains in the foothills of the Himalayas, North Bengal University is the distinguished public university accredited with grade “A” by NAAC. Established in the year 1962, the university offers an undergraduate, postgraduate, M.Phil and P.hd in various domains of arts, science, technology, and social sciences.

Courses Offered by NBU – BA, B.Sc, BBA, BCA, B.Li.Sc, B.Ed and LL.B courses are granted based on merit-list issued by the university concerning candidates’ scores in their last qualifying examination.

The course provided in Science Stream B.Sc (Hons.) in – Anthropology, Biotechnology, Botany, Zoology, Microbiology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Geography, Applied Geography, Mathematics, Physics, and Tea Science.

UG Course provided in Arts Stream BA (Honors) are – Bengali, English, Nepali, Hindi, Sanskrit, Law, Commerce, Economics, Law, Library Science, Mass Communication, Philosophy, Political Science, Sociology. Other UG Courses offered are – BBA, BCA, LLB(honors), BA. LLB and General UG Courses for various streams.

North Bengal University (NBU) Address – Raja Rammohunpur,

West Bengal, 734014

For queries and admission, contact: 0353-2776331

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Website: www.nbu.ac.in

Course Fees – Varies based on the subject/starts 15,000 onwards.

#9. Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College (APC College)

A.P.C. Roy Govt. College is a third of its kind after North Bengal University and Siliguri College in North Bengal. Established in 2010, the college is titled after the legendary personage in the field of science – Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy who is also known as the father of Indian Chemistry. He was an educationist and a visionary.

Courses Offered by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College (APC College) are – B.Sc (Hons.) Mathematics, B.Sc (Hons.) Computer Science, B.Sc (Hons.) Economics, B.Sc (Hons.) Physics, B.Sc (Hons.) Chemistry, B.Sc (Hons.) Zoology, B.Sc (Hons.)Botany, B.A (Hons.) English, Bengali, Political Science, and Sociology.

APC College Address – Himachal Vihar Phase 1,

Matigara, Siliguri,

Matigara, West Bengal

734010

For queries and admission, contact: +91 0353 2571340 (Office)

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.apcrgc.org

Course Fees – Rs 18,000 for 3 -year course.

#10. IIAS School Of Management

IIAS School Of Management, Siliguri offers advanced undergraduate professional courses in some of the fastest-growing industries of present times.

The courses are designed entirely as per the industry requirement of modern career terms and obligations. The college provides modern facilities, live classrooms with expert mentors where the students get to learn from the industry professionals and obtain experience from hands-on learning opportunities.

Courses Offered by IIAS School Of Management, Siliguri – B.Sc. in Hospitality & Hotel Administration (BHHA), Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA).

IIAS School Of Management (Siliguri Campus Address) – IIAS School of Management

Hill Cart Road, Dagapur,

Siliguri

P.O – Salbari

734002

For queries and admission, contact: +91 9674744818

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.iias.org.in

Course Fees: Rs. 2.40 lakh onwards.

#11. IGNOU, Siliguri Regional Centre

IGNOU, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Siliguri was established in 2004 to cater distance learning across the 7 districts of North Bengal. Namely – Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, Alipurduar, Uttar Dinajpur, and Dakshin Dinajpur. IGNOU offers UG, PG, M. Phil, P.hd, Diploma and Certificate Courses.

Bachelor’s Degree Courses offered by IGNOU, Siliguri are – Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Arts (Tourism Studies) (BTS), Bachelor of Commerce (BCom), Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA), Bachelor of Education (BEd), Bachelor of Library and Information Science (BLIS), Bachelor of Social Work (BSW), Bachelor Preparatory Programme (BPP), and B.Sc (B.Sc).

IGNOU, Siliguri Regional Centre Address – IGNOU Regional Centre,

17/12 J.C. Bose Road,

Subhas Pally,

Siliguri-734 001,

For queries and admission, contact: 0353 – 252 6818,

Website: http://rcsiliguri.ignou.ac.in/

Course Fees: Rs. 24, 000 for a 3-year course.

#12. North Bengal Medical College

North Bengal Medical College is located in Siliguri. It is the pioneer and the largest medical colleges in Siliguri. With a highly advanced range of healthcare facilities, the college offers undergraduate courses in medicine and surgery. It is likewise the only health care unit in Siliguri that assists as a tertiary referral institute.

Courses Offered by North Bengal Medical College – Undergraduate (MBBS)

North Bengal Medical College Address – North Bengal Medical College,

D-5 Quarter

Sushruta Nagar,

Dist Darjeeling – 734012

For queries and admission, contact: 0353 258 5478

Website: nbmch.org

Course Fees – Rs. 3.50 lakhs for a 5-year course.

#13. Siliguri B. Ed College

Siliguri B.Ed College that once started as a simple tin-roofed building today owns a dynamic and adequate infrastructure and well-lit classrooms, library, computer room, science labs, language labs, recreation room, auditorium, and spacious ground.

Today, it is one of the most sought after B. Ed colleges in Siliguri by aspirants that want to land a well-respected career in the field of teaching.

Courses offered by Siliguri B. Ed College – B.Ed Course in English, Bengali, History, Geography, Education, Physical Science, Economics.

Siliguri B. Ed College Address – Siliguri B. Ed College

Near North Bengal University

Baramohan Singh Jote

P.O: Kadamtala, 734011

For queries and admission, contact: 0353-2581566

e-mail: [email protected] –

Website: http://www.siliguribedcollege.com/

Course Fees – Rs. 40, 000 for 1st year and Rs. 35,000 for 2nd year.

#14. Vidyasagar College of Education

Vidyasagar College of Education is one of the B.Ed colleges in Siliguri. The college extends quality teaching education and training opportunities to the aspirants that dream to do build a career in the same.

Established in the year 2007, Vidyasagar College of Education is located in the hamlet of Rupandighi in Phansidewa Block, Siliguri. With the sole objective to spread the light of learning in society, the college is run by Phansidewa Kabiguru Rabindranath Educational Society.

Courses Offered by Vidyasagar College of Education – 2 years B.Ed courses in Siliguri

Vidyasagar College of Education Address – Vidyasagar College of Education

Rupandighi, Phansidewa.

Darjeeling, West Bengal, India

For queries and admission, contact: +91-7384857305/9475081747/ 9434121332

Email: [email protected]

Website: http://www.vidyasagarcollegeofeducation.org/

Course Fees – Rs. 16,110 for 2-year B.Ed Course.

Source: https://inspiria.edu.in/colleges-in-siliguri/

#colleges in siliguri #best colleges in siliguri #top colleges in siliguri #bca colleges in siliguri

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openschooling · 4 years ago

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BOSSE is an integral part of the Open School Board Result, Sikkim, to provide education to all underprivileged students who have dropped out of school due to unforeseen circumstances. The board offers a wide range of educational courses and skill and vocational programs up to the pre-degree level.

#open school board #open school admission #open school board exam #open school board result #open school in Gangtok sikkim education board #open school board exam open school board #open school in sikkim

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brighteducationservice · 5 years ago

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List of Top Education Colleges in Sikkim - Find the list of Education Colleges in Sikkim 2020. To get Direct/Management/NRI admission in Top Education Colleges. Also, can get college admission from Sikkim's major cities such as Gangtok, Majitar, Pakyong and Rangpo etc. enquire now!

#Education Colleges in Sikkim

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marymosley · 5 years ago

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ARTICLE 371 OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON NORTH-EASTERN PART OF INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INSURGENCIES AND NAGA ACCORD

Abstract –

Whereas Article 370, that restricted purchase and inheritance of property to permanent residents[1], was scrapped for J&K, similar provisions are also provided in Article 371 for many states in Constitution. Article 371A bars anyone who isn’t a resident from acquiring land in Nagaland, which can solely be bought by specific social group who are residents of the Nagaland. Article 371F bequeaths on Sikkim government the possession of all land within the jurisdiction, even though if it had been owned by non- public individuals before the state’s merger[2] with ours. A similar Constitutional provision commands a four-year tenure for the state assembly of Sikkim, even though assembly elections within the state have profaned that clause as they need been command once five years. Moreover, Article 371F states that “neither the Supreme Court nor alternative [other court] shall have jurisdiction in respect of any dispute or other matter arising out of any, agreement, engagement, treaty or different similar instrument about Sikkim”. However, a particular condition permits the President[3] to step in if the requirement arises associated with constitutional law. Each Article 371A and Article 371G limit the Parliament’s authority to enact any law that interferes with specific social religious laws particularly tribal laws, customs, as well as their justice system. These provisions are alike to provisions in article 370 ,however one article is abrogated citing slogans like One Country ,One Law[4] and Sovereignty of nation but continuation of comparable article forced us to ponder why government and authorities are taking approaches which are very different to each other and what are their argument to back their stance and of course this research work will also try ponder politics behind it. The safety scenario in some of the north-eastern states has remained concerned for a long time attributable to variety of militant outfits and their various demands. Manipur, Nagaland and Assam have unceasingly been some extent of worry. Tripura and Mizoram have shown exceptional success in fixing insurgency and currently they are mostly peaceful for quite very long time. Government has signed ceasefire and cease of counter Operations with most of the insurgent armies within the region. Government has steady pursued the policy of talk and negotiations with any outfit that agrees to leave the trail of violence and are available forward for peace-talks within the limit of constitutional framework of India. In general, the safety scenario in most of the north-eastern states has shown good improvement throughout the last five years. Naga Peace Accord is result of such negotiations and talks that goes well into geo-political condition of North-East and hopefully can bring development n peace to the region.

Keywords: Treaty, Enact, Provision, Sovereignty, Transitional, Convention, Customary, Amendments, Obligatory, Abrogate, ILP, CAA, Entrust, Accord, Insurgency, AFSPA- “Armed.

OBJECTIVE

To know what Article 371, of Indian Constitution is; which areas of our country falls under it, what are special powers it provides to them and how it is different of article 370 and finally why it is still continuing while article 370[5] is repealed despite being similar to each other. This research work also tends to explore reasons for insurgencies and conflict in North-East and how decades long effort of Indian government yielding peace as evident from Naga Peace Accord and ongoing peace talks between other rebel groups and Indian government.

HYPOTHESIS

There should not be a two different approach towards Articles of similar nature. Article 371 also provide special provisions to areas under it as Article 370 specially 371A and 371G. However geo-political condition of North-East is quite different from other parts of country as its geographical terrain and longstanding conflicts and ongoing insurgencies has done adverse effect on development of region.

WHAT IS ARTICLE 371 OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Article 371 of the Constitution includes “special provisions” for eleven states, as well as six other states of the Northeast. Articles 370 and 371 were part of the Constitution of India at the time of its commencement on January 26, 1950; Articles 371A through 371J were incorporated afterwards.

“Articles 369 to 392 appear in Part XXI of the Constitution, titled ‘Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions’.”

ARTICLE 371, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT –

Governor has “special responsibility” to determine “separate development boards” for “Marathwada, Vidarbha, and the remaining of Maharashtra”, and Saurashtra and Kutch in state of Gujarat; guarantee “equitable arrangement of funds for developmental expenditure over the aforementioned areas”, and “equitable arrangement providing adequate facilities for technical education and vocational education, and adequate opportunities for employment” under the state regime.

ARTICLE 371A (13TH AMENDMENT ACT, 1962), NAGALAND –

Inserted after a “16-point agreement between the Centre and the Naga People’s Convention in 1960, which led to the creation of Nagaland[6] in 1963”.

Article 371(A) states that “No act of Parliament shall apply to the State of Nagaland in respect of the religious or social practices of the Nagas, its customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions in line with Naga customary law and possession and transfer of land and its resources.”

It shall apply to Nagaland solely when the State Assembly passes a resolution to do so, it says.

ARTICLE 371B (22ND AMENDMENT ACT, 1969), ASSAM –

Article 371B deals with special provision with relevancy the State of Assam. The President could offer for the constitution and functions of a committee of the Assembly consisting of members elected from the state’s specific social group areas.

ARTICLE 371C (27TH AMENDMENT ACT, 1971), MANIPUR –

Article 371C deals with special provisions with relevancy Manipur that became a State in 1972. The President could offer for the constitution of a committee of elected members from the Hill areas within the Assembly, and entrust “special responsibility” to the Governor to confirm its correct functioning.

“ARTICLE 371D (32ND AMENDMENT ACT, 1973; SUBSTITUTED BY THE ANDHRA PRADESH REORGANISATION ACT, 2014), ANDHRA PRADESH AND TELANGANA” –

President should guarantee “equitable opportunities and facilities” in “public employment and education to folks from completely different areas of the state”. He could require the state regime to organize “any category or categories of posts into civil service of, or any class or classes of civil posts under, the State into different native cadres for different areas of the State”. He has similar powers for admissions in academic establishments.

ARTICLE 371E –

Allows for the establishment of a university in Andhra Pradesh by a law of Parliament. However, this is not a “special provision” within the sense of the others in this part.

“ARTICLE 371F (36TH AMENDMENT ACT, 1975), SIKKIM” –

It states that the Legislative Assembly shall include at least thirty members. So as to safeguard the rights and interests of the various sections of the population within the state of Sikkim, seats in the assembly are provided to folks of those different sections.[7]

“ARTICLE 371G (53RD AMENDMENT ACT, 1986), MIZORAM” –

The Legislative Assembly of the state of Mizoram should consist of not less than 40 members. Additionally, following a similar provision as Nagaland, an act of Parliament wouldn’t apply to Mizoram in matters about religious or social practices of Mizo, Mizo customary law and procedure, administration of civil or criminal justice involving decisions in line with Mizo customary law, possession and transfer of land and its resources.

“ARTICLE 371H (55TH AMENDMENT ACT, 1986), ARUNACHAL PRADESH” –

The Governor encompasses a special responsibility with respect to law and order, and “he shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, exercise his individual judgment on the action to be taken”.

The Legislative Assembly of the state of Mizoram must include of not less than 30 members.

ARTICLE 371I –

It deals with Goa; however, it doesn’t include any provision which can be deemed ‘special’.

The Legislative Assembly of the state of Goa should include of not less than 30 members.

“ARTICLE 371J (98TH AMENDMENT ACT, 2012), KARNATAKA” –

Article 371J grants special standing to 6 backward districts of Hyderabad-Karnataka region.

The special provision requires that a separate development board be established for these regions similar to state of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

There shall be “equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure over the aforementioned region”, and “equitable opportunities and facilities” for citizens of these region in government jobs and education.

A proportion of seats in educational establishments and state government jobs within Hyderabad-Karnataka should be reserved for individuals from that region.

SIGNIFICANCE

All these provisions take into consideration the special circumstances of individual states, and lay down a large range of specific measures that are deemed important for these states.

In these range of Articles from 371 to 371J, Article 371I, that deals with Goa, stands out at the sense that it doesn’t consist of any provision that can be deemed “special”.

Article 371E, which deals with Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, too, isn’t that “special”.

INNER LINE PERMIT

Inner Line Permit (ILP) is an official travel document issued by the involved regime to permit inward travel of Indian people into a protected area for a limited period. It’s obligatory for Indian persons from outside these states to get a permit for entering into the protected state.

The document is an attempt by the regime to control movement to specific areas set close to the international border of India. Despite the actual fact that the ILP was originally created by the Brits[8] to safeguard their business interests, it continues to be employed in India, formally to safeguard indigenous communities’ cultures in North-Eastern India.

There are completely different types of ILP’s, one for tourists and others for those who wish to stay for long run periods, often for employment functions.

ILP’s valid for tourism functions are granted as a matter of routine

MIZORAM – Issued by the Government of Mizoram. It is needed for getting into Mizoram through any of the check gates across the inter-state borders. Typically, a “Temporary ILP” is issued to guests, that is valid for seven days and may be extended another fifteen days, with the chance of extending it to one month in exceptional conditions. However, with the support of a native resident or government department, a “Regular ILP” may be obtained, that is valid for six months and may be renewed twice for additional 6 months each. If arriving by air, an ILP can be obtained on arrival at Lengpui Airfield in Aizaw.

NAGALAND – Here ILP are issued by the Government of Nagaland.

MANIPUR – The bill to implement ILP within Manipur was introduced in 2018, by the Government of Manipur. The bill didn’t get passed since it couldn’t get the President’s nod. However, the inclusion of Manipur in Inner Line Permit is also announced on December 10, 2019 after anti CAA agitation[9] in North-Eastern India.

An ILP was also earlier required for certain areas of the Leh district in Ladakh. This condition was abolished by a circular issued by district magistrate that took effect from May1; 2014 though foreign nationals are needed to get Protected Area Permit for this part. However, the ILP was enforced again in Leh in 2017. There are progressed demands for the introduction of ILP in Assam, Meghalaya, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands to control entry of outsiders into the state.

ARUNACHAL PRADESH – here issued by the secretary (political) of Arunachal Pradesh. ILP is required for getting into Arunachal Pradesh through any of the check gates across the interstate border with Nagaland or Assam. An ILP for temporary tourists is valid for seven days and can be extended, whereas one for those taking employment within the state and their immediate members of the family is valid for a year. The Arunachal Pradesh government is going to implement a permit-on-arrival system.

INSURGENCIES IN NORTH-EAST

Tripura, Nagaland, Manipur, and Assam had been witnessing conflict since 1950-60 period, however since 1990, the intensity of conflicts began to decrease. Currently the sole state wherever large insurgency exist is Manipur. However, in this region many armed factions operate. Some fight for a separate state, others for regional autonomy whereas some extremist demand complete independence.

North-Eastern part of India is the region located within the most eastern part of India consist of the eight states of Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim.

North East is connected with Indian mainland by the 21 km. wide Siliguri Corridor, that is usually referred as the chicken neck, formed by the Radcliffe line[10]. The passageway is flanked by countries Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh.

The North-eastern borders on four countries, namely, Bhutan and China on its North; Myanmar on its East; and Bangladesh on its South and West. It a region of 2.6 lakh sq. km. (7.6% of India’s land area) whereas its population is thirty-nine million plus (3.6% of India’s population). It has 475 ethnic social groups and 400 dialects or languages are spoken here.

REASONS FOR CONFLICT IN NORTH -EASTERN INDIA

North-Eastern India represents a state of stable lawlessness where the rule of law and different establishments of governance are subverted directly or through covert ways to fulfil personal or partisan ends of the extremists.

REGIONAL ISSUES

The inter-tribal conflicts, the unemployment and the inability to contend with non-tribal businesses, outlaw migration from close States and countries resulting in the competition of resources and land have led to various conflicts and demands of autonomy or secession.

NATIONAL ISSUES

The broad racial variations between India and its North-Eastern area and the loose geographical connect the chicken neck Siliguri Corridor resulted into a feeling of alienation, a sense of ‘otherness’ which afterward gave rise to a political culture of violent separatism.

ETHNIC TENSIONS

Northeast is home to over fifty ethnic rebel armies – a number of demanding complete independence from India, others fighting for ethnic identities associated with homelands and few running the rising as a business to garner easy money without any ideology or politics.

Extremist in their starting years voiced real grievances of the citizens such as “poor governance, alienation, lack of development and an apathetic attitude from the central government”. But with time and opportunist motives, these have taken forms of insurgencies across the whole area.

INSURGENT GROUPS IN NORTH EAST INDIA

MANIPUR – Peoples Liberation Army, PREPAK

ASSAM – ULFA, NDFB, KLNLF, UPDS

TRIPURA – National Liberation Front of Tripura, All Tripura Tiger Force

MEGHALAYA – ANVC, HNLC

NAGALAND – NSCN-IM, NSCN-K

BORDER PROBLEMS

The international borders in the North-Eastern part of India are extremely porous. Thus, cross border infiltration of militants, and smuggling of arms are unchecked within the area.

China has different claim for border in Arunachal Pradesh. On the westernmost corner, Chinese claim line are 20 kms south and in the East most part of Arunachal Pradesh it is 30 km South.

International borders in the North East haven’t crystallized[11] into lines separating sovereign nations on the ground.

POLITICAL ISSUES

It’s necessary to know the culture and psyche of the citizens of North East while making alternative policies.

The perceived threat to the political identity of the Assamese citizens from the illegal migrants from Islamic Republic of Bangladesh[12] lies at the centre of the Assam problem. The native people of Assam sense that in near future the illegal migrants can become the bulk population and they will lose political power in the state.

The ceasefire agreements and peace negotiations have benefited in reducing the violence levels and given the civil societies of the region an area to speak.

One of the ways to restrict insurgency within the region is to delegate powers to the ethnic minorities through the Autonomous District Councils[13] in order they can foresee their own development work.

The implementation of 6th Schedule in Assam has not benefited the social communities of the state. Following the 73rd and 74th amendments, the Central and state governments are providing immense amounts of monetary resources to the Panchayati Raj Institutions and municipalities. Since, the scheduled areas do not fall under the view of the PRI and municipalities, they do not receive any amount from these funds and as a result they lag behind.

RECENT DEVELOPMENT ABOUT NORTH EAST INDIA

INSURGENCY & CEASEFIRE

The core of insurgency that is popular support is drying up in the region. Insurgency is active solely in Manipur. There are around fifty insurgent groups there.

Ceasefire and Suspension of Operations with militants permit them to relishes in extortion and kidnapping, that facilitate them in maintaining their clout over the people of the area.

There exist deep ties between all the insurgent groups in the Northeast. The CPI Maoist is also in touch with the North east insurgents primarily to get weapons. Arms were sold by the United Liberation Force of Assam (ULFA)[14] to the CPI Maoist in Paschim Bengal.

The biggest challenge to the North East is extortion dispensed by numerous insurgent groups. Extortion has become organized activity in the region and is one of the key sources of funds for the militants of the area.

The lifting of the AFSPA[15] from all parts of Meghalaya on 31st March 2018 is an illustration of the huge improving security condition in the region. In Arunachal Pradesh also, areas under AFSPA have been reduced from sixteen outpost areas bordering Assam to eight out posts, along Changlang and Longding and Tirap districts.

PEACE TALKS

Talks with the MNF[16] was the sole example of the fruitful or successful peace process that ended militancy in Mizoram in 1986 till Naga Accord.

Other peace accords such as the Shillong Accord in 1975 with the N.N.C. in Nagaland, the 1988 agreement with the Tripura National Volunteers in Tripura and The Bodoland Autonomous Council agreement of 1993 with the Bodo militants[17] in Assam are also in effect, however with limited success.

Union government has in progress ceasefire agreements with six militant groups with different actors like NSCN (IM), UPDS, Achik National Volunteer Council etc.

NAGA PEACE ACCORD

“The 3 August peace deal between National Socialist Council of Nagalim (Isak-Muivah) and Government of India could be a harbinger of peace in the strife-torn North-East. The agreement was signed between Thuingaleng Muivah, the present General Secretary of NSCN (IM) and the Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The ‘framework agreement’ is a progressive step in the right direction which will initiate dialogue within the broad four walls of the Indian Constitution.”

The above deal comes within the background of deadly attack in Manipur, that claimed lives of eighteen army men. The attack is assumed to have been carried out by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland’s SS Khaplang-led faction (NSCN-K), operational from bases across the border in Myanmar. Government acted fleetly by launching a military operation across the Indo-Myanmar border to punish the terrorists which forced NSCN [18]faction of the Indian side to come on the table.

The Peace deal goes well with the internal security dimension of the North-East India given its geo-political position as being bordered by four countries China, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Bhutan. North-East is connected with the Indian region through the 21 km wide Siliguri Corridor, usually known as the chicken neck. With the decrease in armed insurgency, development work is often carried with greater pace which will help in the integration of North-East with the Indian mainland. North-East encompasses tremendous economic potential which has remained unexplored till. It could emerge as the cradle of tourism and organic farming. With greater normalcy security forces concerned in internal security can be moved to border areas for its optimum use.

BROAD POINTS OF PEACE ACCORD

“The details of accord are not out but it is believed that the aspirations of Nagas will be addressed within the framework of Indian Constitution.

Cultural integration of Nagas living in states aside from Nagaland will be expedited through special measures.

It would also provide for the monetary and administrative autonomy of the Naga-dominated areas in different states.

Government is willing to contemplate delegation of more powers to Nagaland legislature under article 371 A that is already effective”

NAGA INSURGENT DEMAND OVER THE YEARS

The Naga movement has been declarative of a distinct ethnic identity and demanding an independent homeland or country.

The NSCN was shaped within the aftermath of the Shillong Accord of 1975, signed between the government of India and the Naga National Council. The NSCN had started life demanding the creation of “Greater Nagaland” or “Nagalim”. This would be a sovereign Naga territory, wedged between India and Myanmar. It might include the Naga-dominated areas of Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, and parts of Myanmar.

The NSCN-IM, which had given up its original demand of sovereignty a few years past, has been asking for integration of Naga inhabited areas in Assam, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh.

PAST ACCORDS

“In North-Eastern India many insurgent groups are active for many years and have been demanding independent and autonomous states based on ethnicity. In past also many peace accords have been signed however they’d not translated into the desired result thanks to rigid postures of the most parties.

In 1964, a Nagaland Peace Mission was formed which signed a ceasefire with A.Z. Phizo, solely to last till 1968.

In 1975, the Shillong Accord[19] was signed in that the Naga National Council agreed to give up arms and accept the Indian Constitution.

Muivah and Swu, who were then NNC members, revolted on the Naga sovereignty demand and went on to create the National Socialist Council of Nagaland in 1980 with S. S. Khaplang. In 1988, the NSCN split due to leadership differences, into the NSCN (IM) and the NSCN (K).

The NSCN (I-M) have signed a ceasefire agreement with the government till April 27, 2016”.

NAGA PEACE ACCORD EFFECT ON NORTH-EAST INSURGENCY

The latest agreement has been signed with NSCN (IM) solely and its different faction is not on board like the NSCN (Khaplang), the NSCN (Konyak-Kitovi). The Naga Hoho (tribal council), Naga National Council (NNC), Naga student Federation (NSF) and Naga Mother Association are other different prominent players that acts independent of the NSCN (I-M) has not supported the latter’s leadership of the Naga cause yet.

There are various stakeholders in the Naga peace process and any talk to be successful must accommodate the interests of all these parties. Government through proper consultation should attempt to bring them on board. Before arriving at any solution Indian govt. has to take different North-East states into confidence.

The above peace accord if fructified will inspire different insurgents’ groups to come on the table and to have a talk for real grievances like the ULFA and Democratic Front of Bodoland, etc.

POLITICS BEHIND ABROGATION OF ARTICLE 370 AND FOR PROTECTING SIMILAR ARTICLE 371

“Even after repealing article 370 provisions which gave special rights to Jammu and Kashmir; Government of India at the same time swearing by the same Constitution, guaranteeing the people of Nagaland, seeking an independent and sovereign Nagaland, that Article 371A similar to Article 370, which guarantees similar special status to the people of Nagaland, will not be scrapped in the same manner as 370”.

“Naga Hoho the highest tribal body of Nagas in Nagaland had expressed concern over government’s move to scrap Article 370. Naga Hoho president Chuba Ozukum had said, “We have apprehension that if the Government of India can scrap 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, it can remove 371(A) in Nagaland.” There were similar protests and apprehensions expressed by the leaders of North East hilly states like Manipur and Tripura but of that later.”

However, Governor Ravi[20] went public giving assurances, swearing by the Constitution. He said, “Dear brothers, sisters and children of Nagaland. Some people have expressed apprehensions over the implications of development in Jammu & Kashmir on Nagaland. I would like to categorically assure you all that you don’t have to worry at all. Art 371A is a solemn commitment to the People of Nagaland. It is a sacred commitment. We are trying hard to conclude the on-going political process at a very advanced stage”

CONCLUSION

As evident from the research work, we can conclude that Article 371 is more or less similar to article 370. “As a part of Chapter XXI of the Constitution of India, Article 371 grants temporary, transition and special provisions to eleven States – Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and Goa. The concept was to fulfil the distinctive desires of these States or regions of these States, shield the economic and cultural interests of these regions, combat the local challenges and protect the customary laws in this region”

The intention behind the provisions of Article 371 is to safeguard the interest and aspirations of certain backward regions or to protect cultural and economic interests of the tribal people or to deal with the disturbed law and order in some areas. This article provides special powers to the Governors of Gujarat and Maharashtra to form independent development boards for Vidarbha, Marathwada, Saurashtra, Kutch and for the rest of Gujarat and Maharashtra.

But, “we can also see that it incited or inspired the secessionist forces of these States who were granted the special provisions. As evident from Insurgency in North East India Nagaland, Manipur, Assam and Tripura had been witnessing conflict since 1950-60 period, but since 1990, the intensity of conflicts started to decrease. Now the only state where prominent insurgency exist is Manipur.”

Moreover, under Article 371 non-residents are still not allowed to buy agriculture land in Himachal Pradesh.

Both Article 371A and Article 371G limit the Parliament’s authority to enact any law that interferes with tribal religious laws, customs, including their justice system which in a way is challenge to Sovereignty of country.

Despite the fact the article 371 A and 371G is very similar to article 370 still one is abrogated and other is protected has deep political roots in it which is quite evident from Naga Accord. In which there are speculations the Centre will create two autonomous councils, one each in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur, as a part of the final Naga accord.

REFERENCES

“Pandey J.N, Constitutional Law of India ;2019, Fifty sixth edition; Central Law Agency, Allahabad”.

“https://indiankanoon.org/doc/89891/”.

“https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/08/05/states-that-have-special-provisions-under-article-371-a-j.html”.

“https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-article-371-illegal-immigrant-allowed-amit-shah-assam-1596934-2019-09-08”.

“https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/explained-states-that-enjoy-special-provisions-similar-to-article-370-in-jk-4318651.html”.

“https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-inner-line-permit-and-will-it-address-north-east-states-concerns-over-cab-6145508/”.

“https://indiankanoon.org/doc/666119/”.

“https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/peace-accord-faces-hurdle-over-separate-naga-identity/articleshow/74467917.cms?from=mdr”.

“https://thegeopolitics.com/the-origins-and-causes-of-insurgency-in-northeast-india/”.

“https://www.insightsonindia.com/2019/09/12/6th-schedule-of-the-constitution/”.

“https://www.thesikkimchronicle.com/sikkims-article-371-f-delivering-a-special-constitution-within-the-indian-constitution/”.

“https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/was-the-creation-of-the-state-of-nagaland-a-mistake/”.

“https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Two-crore-Bangladeshi-immigrants-illegally-staying-in-India-Centre-informs-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/55457903.cms”.

“https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/porous-border-fuels-cattle-smuggling/cid/1413549”.

“https://www.krctimes.com/news/r-n-ravi-is-the-new-nagaland-governor/”.

“https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/24/naga-accord-nscn-im-seeks-to-buy-peace-with-manipur-organisations-2094029.html”.

“http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jq0wuRC85A#action=share”.

“https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfHHXG3c3WQ”.

“https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1_aeIOwx8g”.

[1] “Permanent resident is a person who can live indefinitely in a state but don’t have full citizen rights”.

[2] “Initially, Sikkim remained an independent country, until it merged with India in 1975 after a decisive referendum.”

[3] “President can exercise his power to extend any enactment in Sikkim, which is in force in any other state of India”.

[4] “It is a political slogan given by Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee founder of Bhartiya Jana Sangh, the predecessor to the Bhartiya Janata Party.

[5] “On 7th August 2019, President Ram Nath Kovind declared abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian constitution after the resolution to revoke the article was passed by both the houses of the parliament (Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha)”.

[6] “Earlier Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA) created in 1957 was converted into the State of Nagaland in 1962 as the 16 State of the India Union. The territorial jurisdiction of the state comprised of a part of the erstwhile Naga Hills district of Assam and the then Naga tribal area of Tuensang Div of (NEFA).”

[7] “Sikkim has 12 seats for the Bhutia-Lepcha (BL), 1 seat for the Sangha and two seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes (SC) in the 32- member assembly”.

[8] “The Inner Line Permit concept comes from the colonial area. Under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act, 1873, the British framed regulations restricting the entry and regulating the stay of outsiders in designated areas”.

[9] “The Act seeks to amend the definition of illegal immigrant for Hindu, Sikh, Parsi, Buddhist and Christian immigrants from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, who have lived in India without documentation. They will be granted fast track Indian citizenship in six years. So far 12 years of residence has been the standard eligibility requirement for naturalization”.

[10] “The Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcation line between the Indian and Pakistani portions of the Punjab and Bengal provinces (now Bangladesh) of British India. It was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe.”

[11] “No markings along the 58km Indo-Bangladesh riverine international border in Dhubri district is creating hurdles in tackling the illegal immigration.”

[12] “Illegal immigration from Bangladesh to India, which includes both refugees and economic migrants, continues unabated. An analysis of population growth and demographic statistics for Bangladesh and India in the last four censuses of 2011, 2001, 1991, and 1981, however, suggests with reasonable certainty that their number exceeds 20 million.”

[13] “Under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India, autonomous district councils can make laws, rules and regulations”.

[14] “The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) is a designated revolutionary rebel organization operating in the Indian state of Assam. It seeks to establish an independent state of Assam with armed struggle in the Assam conflict. The Government of India banned the organization in 1990 citing it as a terrorist organization, while the United States Department of State lists it under “other groups of concern.”

[15] “Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), 1958 is an act of the Parliament of India that grant special powers to the Indian Armed Forces” the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas”.

[16] “Mizo National Front uprising was a revolt against the Government of India, aimed at establishing a sovereign state for the Mezzos. On 1 March 1966, the Mizo National Front (MNF) made a declaration of independence, after launching coordinated attacks on the Government offices and security forces post in different parts of the Mizo district in Assam.”

[17] “The National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) was an armed separatist outfit which seeks to obtain a sovereign Bodoland for the Bodo people It is designated as a terrorist organization by the Government of India”.

[18] “The National Socialist Council of Nagaland (abbreviated NSCN) is a Naga nationalist separatist group operating mainly in Northeast India, with minor activities in northwest Myanmar (Burma). The main goal of the organization is to establish a sovereign Naga state”.

[19] “The Shillong Accord of 1975 was an agreement signed between the Government of India, and Nagaland’s underground government, or Naga guerrillas, to accept the supremacy of Constitution of India without condition, surrender their arms and renounce their demand for the secession of Nagaland from India.”

[20] “R.N Ravi has retired as a special director of the Intelligence Bureau in 2012. He was appointed as a chairperson of the Joint Intelligence Committee in 2014 for three years. He was the Centre’s interlocutor in 2015 when the government signed a framework agreement for a settlement of the Naga question with the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isaac-Muivah), the largest of the Naga armed groups. His appointment as Governor of Nagaland has special purpose of speeding up implementation of Naga Peace Accord.”

Authored By: NRIPENDRA PANDEY

Student of Law, Amity Law School, Noida, Amity University Uttar Pradesh

Disclaimer: This article has been published in Legal Desire International Journal on Law, ISSN 2347-3525 , Issue 22, Vol 7

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Current Affairs dated 8/8/2019

Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019 GS-2 Article 371 Why in news? Northeastern states of India have expressed apprehension that having rendered Article 370 irrelevant, the government might unilaterally move to abrogate or modify Article 371. However, the government has clarified that it had no intention of removing Article 371 of the Constitution. What is Article 371 all about?  Articles 369 through 392 appear in Part XXI of the Constitution, titled ‘Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions’.  Article 371 of the Constitution includes “special provisions” for 11 states, including six states of the Northeast.  Articles 370 and 371 were part of the Constitution at the time of its commencement on January 26, 1950; Articles 371A through 371J were incorporated subsequently. Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019 Overview: Article 371, Maharashtra and Gujarat:  Governor has “special responsibility” to establish “separate development boards” for “Vidarbha, Marathwada, and the rest of Maharashtra”, and Saurashtra and Kutch in Gujarat; ensure “equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure over the said areas”, and “equitable arrangement providing adequate facilities for technical education and vocational training, and adequate opportunities for employment” under the state government. Article 371A (13th Amendment Act, 1962), Nagaland:  Inserted after a 16-point agreement between the Centre and the Naga People’s Convention in 1960, which led to the creation of Nagaland in 1963.  Parliament cannot legislate in matters of Naga religion or social practices, Naga customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law, and ownership and transfer of land without concurrence of the state Assembly. Article 371B (22nd Amendment Act, 1969), Assam:  The President may provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of the Assembly consisting of members elected from the state’s tribal areas. Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019 Article 371C (27th Amendment Act, 1971), Manipur:  The President may provide for the constitution of a committee of elected members from the Hill areas in the Assembly, and entrust “special responsibility” to the Governor to ensure its proper functioning. Article 371D (32nd Amendment Act, 1973; substituted by The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana:  President must ensure “equitable opportunities and facilities” in “public employment and education to people from different parts of the state”.  He may require the state government to organise “any class or classes of posts in a civil service of, or any class or classes of civil posts under, the State into different local cadres for different parts of the State”.  He has similar powers vis-à-vis admissions in educational institutions. Article 371E:  Allows for the establishment of a university in Andhra Pradesh by a law of Parliament. But this is not a “special provision” in the sense of the others in this part. Article 371F (36th Amendment Act, 1975), Sikkim:  The members of the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim shall elect the representative of Sikkim in the House of the People. Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019  To protect the rights and interests of various sections of the population of Sikkim, Parliament may provide for the number of seats in the Assembly, which may be filled only by candidates from those sections. Article 371G (53rd Amendment Act, 1986), Mizoram:  Parliament cannot make laws on “religious or social practices of the Mizos, Mizo customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Mizo customary law, ownership and transfer of land… unless the Assembly… so decides”. Article 371H (55th Amendment Act, 1986), Arunachal Pradesh:  The Governor has a special responsibility with regard to law and order, and “he shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, exercise his individual judgment as to the action to be taken”. Article 371J (98th Amendment Act, 2012), Karnataka:  There is a provision for a separate development board for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region.  There shall be “equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure over the said region”, and “equitable opportunities and facilities” for people of this region in government jobs and education.  A proportion of seats in educational institutions and state government jobs in HyderabadKarnataka can be reserved for individuals from that region. Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019 Article 371I deals with Goa, but it does not include any provision that can be deemed ‘special’. Significance:  All these provisions take into account the special circumstances of individual states, and lay down a wide range of specific safeguards that are deemed important for these states.  In these range of Articles from 371 to 371J, Article 371I, which deals with Goa, stands out in the sense that it does not include any provision that can be deemed “special”. Article 371E, which deals with Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, too, is not that “special”. United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Why in news? The United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements (UNISA) was signed by 46 countries in total. India on Wednesday signed a key UN convention on international settlement agreements, even as experts called for local laws to support the treaty’s implementation in business contracts. The United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements (UNISA) was signed by India’s High Commissioner to Singapore Jawed Ashraf, representing the Government of India. 46 countries signed the treaty named Singapore Convention on Mediation. Significance Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019  “The singing of the convention is particularly important for the growth of mediation in India.  “India has adopted this (convention) and with that we have significantly enhanced the ease of doing business in India. GS-3 IPCC REPORT: a Glance Context Activities like agriculture and cattle rearing are a major source of methane and nitrous oxide, both of which are hundreds of times more dangerous than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. A new report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released Thursday presents the most recent evidence on how the different uses of land -- forests, agriculture, urbanisation -- are affecting and getting affected by climate change. What is IPCC?  The Geneva-based IPCC is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.  It was created "to provide policymakers with regular scientific assessments on climate change, its implications and potential future risks, as well as to put forward adaptation and mitigation options". The land-climate link  Land use, and changes in land use, have always been an integral part of the conversation on climate change. That is because land acts as both the source as well as a sink of carbon.  Activities like agriculture and cattle rearing, for example, are a major source of methane and nitrous oxide, both of which are hundreds of times more dangerous than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019  At the same time, soil, trees, plantations, and forests absorb carbon dioxide for the natural process of photosynthesis, thus reducing the overall carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.  This is the reason why largescale land use changes, like deforestation or urbanisation, or even a change in cropping pattern, have a direct impact on the overall emissions of greenhouse gases. The IPCC's reports  This is the first time that the IPCC, whose job it is to assess already-published scientific literature to update our knowledge of climate change science, has focused its attention solely on the land sector.  It is part of a series of special reports that IPCC is doing in the run-up to the sixth edition of its main report, blandly called the Assessment Reports, that is due around 2022.  Last year, the IPCC had produced a special report on the feasibility of restricting global rise in temperature to within 1.5 degrees Celsius from pre-industrial times.  These reports were sought by governments to get a clearer picture of specific aspects of climate change. What this report says  The current report talks about the contribution of land-related activities to global warming -- how the different uses of land, like agriculture, industry, forestry, cattle-rearing, and urbanisation, was affecting emissions of greenhouse gases.  An important part of the report talks about the manner in which even existential activities like food production contributes to global warming and is also affected by it.  The report says that if pre-production activities like cattle rearing and post-production activities like transport, energy and food processing, is taken into account, then food production could contribute as much as 37 per cent of all greenhouse gas emissions every year.  It points out that nearly 25 per cent of all food produced is either lost or wasted. And even the decomposition of the waste releases emissions. Land, oceans, forests Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019  Land and ocean together absorb nearly 50 per cent of greenhouse gases emitted every year through natural processes in the carbon cycle.  The importance of land, or ocean, as a carbon sink, thus cannot be overstated in the global fight against climate change.  That is why afforestation, and reduction in deforestation, are vital approaches in a global strategy to combat climate change. India's response  India's action plan on climate change too, has a very important component on forests. India has promised that it would create an additional carbon sink of about 2.5 billion to 3 billion tonnes by the year 2032 by increasing its forest cover, and planting more trees. RBI monetary policy Why in news? The RBI’s repo rate has now fallen 110 basis points since February. The RBI also announced some measures to boost economic activity. In its monetary policy review Wednesday, the Monetary Policy Committee of the RBI decided to cut the repo rate by 35 basis points (bps). Repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to commercial banks. 100 bps make a full percentage point. The RBI’s repo rate has now fallen 110 basis points since February. The RBI also announced some measures to boost economic activity. Why does monetary policy matter?  In any economy, economic activity, which is measured by gross domestic product or GDP, happens by one of four ways.  One, private individuals and households spend money on consumption.  Two, the government spends on its agenda.  Three, private sector businesses “invest” in their productive capacity.  And four, the net exports — which is the difference between what all of them spend on imports as against what they earn from exports. Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019  At the heart of any spending decision taken by any of these entities lies the question: What is the cost of money?  Monetary policy essentially answers that question. In every country, the central bank is mandated to decide the cost of money, which is more commonly known as the “interest rate” in the economy.. What is the repo rate?  Repo and Reverse repo are short for repurchase agreements between the RBI and the commercial banks in the economy.  In essence, the repo rate is the interest rate that the RBI charges a commercial bank when it borrows money from the RBI.  As such, if the repo falls, all interest rates in the economy should fall. And that is why common people should be interested in the RBI’s monetary policy. But the interest rate for consumer loans has not reduced by 110 bps since February. Why?  In the real world, the “transmission” of an interest rate cut (or increase) is not a hundred per cent. And that is why, even though when the RBI cut by 35 bps on Wednesday, lay consumers may only receive a much lower reduction in the interest rate on their borrowings.  This is due to a lot of factors — but primarily, it has to do with the health of the concerned commercial bank.  There is another key element that affects the banks’ decision. The reduced repo rate applies only to new borrowings of banks.  The banks’ cost of existing funds is higher. Of course, funding costs would eventually come down — but this process would take time.  This “lag” in monetary policy is a key variable in determining the efficacy of any rate cut by the RBI.  It could take anywhere between 9 and 18 months for the full effect of an RBI decision to reflect in interest rates across the economy. Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019 So, how does RBI decide the interest rate?  Any central bank has a few main concerns.  The first is to ensure price stability in the economy.  The RBI continuously maps prices, inflation (which is the rate of increase in prices), and expectations of inflation (of households) to decide if it should increase or decrease interest rates.  The other related concern for a central bank is to take care of economic growth. For instance, economic growth is anaemic at present (see charts), and partly as a consequence, the inflation rate has been below 4% for several months now.  The RBI is, therefore, cutting interest rates to incentivise people to consume more and businesses to invest more. Will the rate cut bring investments?  Investments depend essentially on the “real” interest rate. The real interest rate is the difference between the repo rate and retail inflation.  When making an investment decision, it is this interest rate that matters. As a variable, it allows an investor to compare the attractiveness of different economies.  As can be seen in the third chart, real interest rates in India have been rising, and that is one of the biggest reasons why investments are not happening.  The RBI’s move on Wednesday would reduce the real interest rate and hopefully attract more investment. Methylmercury in ocean Why in news? The researchers warn that human exposure to the toxin through fish consumption is bound to increase as a result of climate change. Daily Current Affairs Dated On 08-Aug-2019 Despite a decrease in seawater concentration of methylmercury since the late 1990s, the amount of toxin that gets accumulated in certain fish which are higher in the food chain have been found to increase. Reasons behind?  The amount of methylmercury in fish higher in the food chain can change due to two reasons — ocean warming and dietary shifts due to overfishing by humans.  Based on 30 years (1970s and 2000s) of data and ecosystem modelling, researchers have found that there has been up to 23% increase in methylmercury concentration in Atlantic cod fish in the Gulf of Maine in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.  The increase in the methylmercury concentration in cod fish has been due to changes in diet caused by overfishing.  As a result of diet change, cod fish in the 2000s relied more on larger herring and lobster, which have higher concentrations of the toxin than other prey fish consumed in the 1970s.  In contrast, there has been 33-61% reduction in methylmercury concentration in spiny dogfish fish between 1970s and 2000s.  This is because, in the 1970s, spiny dogfish fish consumed more of squid and other cephalopods, which have a higher toxin concentration. . Role of ocean warning  Besides dietary changes, ocean warming too causes changes in the methylmercury accumulation in fish.  Fish metabolism is temperature dependent.  So as ocean temperature increases, fish experience higher metabolism and more energy obtained from food is spent on maintenance rather than growth, leading to more methylmercury getting concentrated in predatory fish. Estimated increase.  This estimated increase in tissue MeHg [methylmercury] exceeds the modelled 22% reduction that was achieved in the late 1990s and 2000s as a result of decreased seawater MeHg concentrations.  The researchers warn that human exposure to the toxin through fish consumption is bound to increase as a result of climate change.  Hence, there is a need for stronger regulations to protect ecosystem and human health.

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