#Uttar Pradesh border

[mythicalwomansblog]

Religious Imageries in JJK: The Conflicting Views of Shinto and Buddhism.

Disclaimer: This is not an explanation post, this is an observer post. I will try to sum up what I have observed so far.

Let's begin with the definition and history of both Shinto and Buddhism.

Shinto [神道]: Combined with the kanji of God/Kami (神) and Road /Michi(道), Shinto literally means The way of the God(s). It is the indigenous religion of Japan and is as old as Japan itself.

Shinto belief is polytheist and animistic as it has almost 8 million gods that are derived from nature and natural things. This religion revolves around "Kami". Kami can be manifested from anything, but the most important Kami are the natural ones.

Sun, Rain, Earth etc. The most important central Kami is Amaterasu the Kami of the Sun. The exact history of Shinto is untraceable but it was mentioned in the Yayoi Period (300 BCE to 300 CE) of text.

Shinto describes the world as a inhabitant of the human and the kami they worship. It describes the world as founded by the kami and once humans/ living beings pass away they become kami as well.

It is safe to say that Shinto belief described humanity as living being as a whole, where even after death they don't living. The idea of morality or immorality is also absent from it. The existence of Kami is the manifestation of humanity itself and not separated from human beings.

Fun Fact: Chinese indigenous religion 'Dao' has the same characters as Shinto's kanji. So it might be possible that Shinto actually comes from Chinese Daoism.

Buddhism: Buddhism is an Indian religion. It revolves around the teaching of Buddha. Buddha is no myth. Even though convoluted, early texts gives his name as "Gautama" and he lived around 5th to 6th Century BCE.

In India his name is mostly known as "Siddharth". He was born in Lumbini in present day Nepal and grew up in Kapilavastu. The border of India and Nepal, a town of the Ganges plain of present day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

The most notable person who helped spread Buddhism around India so much that it was spread in the NEA and SEA is Emperor Asoka (304-232 BCE) from the Maurya Empire (322-180 BCE).

Buddhism circles around the suffering of human, the circle of life and Karma (deed). Where a soul is constant as it is being born in this world as human, it goes through the cycle of life (suffering) and it dies.

It also talks about Dharma as the ultimate truths, also that humans are born to fulfill a certain role. Moksha: The liberation from the earthly desire which should be the ultimate goal of a human being.

It also draws the line between God and humans as Gods are separated from the earthly matters and pushes the idea of Gods creating the universe and the creating the humanity.

The Mix of both Religion:

Though the idea of Shinto and Buddhism is pretty contradicting it existed with each other for centuries.

Even though Buddhism entered in japan in Yayoi Period (250-538 AD), it became popular in Asuka Period (538-710) due to buddhist sect taking the rein of the country. Initially Buddhism and Shinto coexisted and even mixed with each other. It was called Shinbutsu-Shougou. However, later it was forcefully separated by Japanese nationalists in Meiji Era (1868-1912) and Shinto became the state religion of Japan with the Emperor being worshipped as Kami the descendants of Amaterasu.

Cursed Spirit: The reason I am writing this is not because the obvious depiction of buddha, Buddhist shrines and mention of clans and sects etc. What caught my interest was that the idea of "Cursed Spirit".

The textbook explanation of Cursed Spirit is that the reaction of human emotions but as we see it is actually the manifestation of human existence. As long as humans will exist, curses will also exist.

Which pretty much resembles the idea of Kami.

The timeline: The golden era of jujutsu was Heian Era which historically existed between 794-1185 AD. Almost a century after Buddhism was introduced in Japan. Also in that era Sukuna rose up as the king of curses. Which may indicate the clans existed even before and Sukuna existed throughout.

Characters like Kenjaku and Tengen their birth and living timeline are unknown but they might just as be as old as Japan, like Shinto.

Getou and Megumi are the only two people who can control curses as Shikigami. Which is another japanese Shinto belief that has also been associated with "Curses" during Heian Era.

The people who used to control Shikigami were called Onmyoji (Yin-Yang Master).

Both of them were either antagonised or villfied by the jujutsu society at one point.

Also the most important part that made me think about this is...Sukuna's domain.

This resembles an average Shinto shrine...

The Tori is missing.

Insanity.

Anyways. I am not saying that Gege is making one religion look bad and another look good. It's not true and actually far from it. Though contradiction, Gege shows the good and bad of both sides. Kenjaku is bad and the higher ups are as worse as him.

Personally I think this is a battle of belief of the world with a main character emerges with no beliefs at all. Itadori Yuuji hates Sukuna but not by the virtue of being Gojo's student but his own opinion about him. In the latest chapter he says "Human beings are not a tool, so nobody's existence is premediated." Which contradicts the idea of "Dharma".

The message might be "If you want to change the world, you have to diverge from the existing path and forge your own."

[molkolsdal]

Portrait of Begum Samru, born Farzana Zeb un-Nissa, married Christian name Joanna Nobilis Sombre (c. 1753-1836)

Unknown artist, Delhi School

watercolour on paper

Delhi, India, c. 1830

Starting her career as a dancing (nautch) girl, Begum Samru eventually converted from Islam to Christian Catholicism and became the ruler of the small territory of Sardhana in present-day Uttar Pradesh. She was the head of a professionally trained mercenary army consisting of Europeans and Indians that she inherited from her European husband, Walter Reinhardt Sombre after his passing in 1778. She built several palaces including at Chandni Chowk in Delhi. Stories have been written about her political and dipolomatic astuteness and the important battles fought by the troops under her command. This painting follows the format of a portrait miniature on ivory but is larger and on paper surrounded by a lavish decorative border. She is depicted older in age with her right hand holding the end of a hookah pipe. It may have been part of a set of portraits of Indian rulers of the 19th century.

[themorguepoet]

it is appalling how underrepresented awadhi is as a language despite it being such a dominant force in indic literature. Hello? The Tulsidas ramayan sung across this country is in awadhi. Kabir ke dohe? Ras Khan ke poems? Awadhi!

Awadhi literature is being taught in hindi books as hindi literature? Children don't even know of this language. A lot many people instantly assume it to be bhojpuri or bihari when they hear it- but it is distinct from both of those.

No it is not a dialect (boli) of hindi. Awadhi is much older than not just hindi but also Khadiboli- the precursor language of hindi.

Parents in the Awadh region no longer teach their kids this language. Why? Because bollywood has done an awesome job of identifying awadhi with illiteracy, poverty or both in the media space.

Hindi is not the natural language of uttar pradesh. "Hindi belt" sounds like a slur at this point. We have 7 distinct languages here which are dying out. Hindi is not the mother tongue of UP- it is the mother tongue of Delhi and its sub regions.

Awadhi is the language of Awadh- land of Ram.

We have Brajbhasa of Braja, Kannauji, Kauravi in Northern UP, Bagheli and Bundeli in the western borders and Bhojpuri in the south Eastern parts. All of these are older than hindi and its precursor. None of these are dialects of the delhi language so stop treating them as inferior sub languages. They have linguistic history and literature spanning far back in time.

If you are from southern India please be educated. Stop calling us hindi belt ffs- northern region is just as diverse and linguistically rich as your states if not more. UP is not a "bimaru" state either. Also we have no interest in imposing hindi on any state. We are possibly one of the biggest victims of hindi domination ourselves. Our scripts and language is systematically wiped off- not just in the last 75 years though-we have been struggling for a millennium. So please read, read and read more before you fall into stereotypes.

[ask-pavitr]

I know alot of people think Pavitr is south indian but my head canon is that Pav is probably from the Braj area of Uttar Pradesh (north-eastern province in India) because Prabhakar is a Haryanvi surname and Haryana is right at the western border of U.P. Also bc Lord Krishna was from there (im totally not in love with him) so a lot of Pandits (i.e Hindu priests) are from there and Prabhakar is a Brahmin (priestly caste) surname

Braj Area on Map

hey I actually really like this headcanon

it’s really well researched and honestly I could play along with it 🤷🏾‍♂️ you’re a genius

Krishna’s my favorite too :3

[mohifashion]

15 Traditional Indian Bridal Wear from Different Regions

India is a land of diverse cultures, languages, and traditions, showcases a diverse array of bridal attire, each intricately tied to its respective region. Weddings in India are extravagant , and the bridal wear holds significant importance in defining the overall aesthetic. The cultural tapestry of the nation finds expression in the distinct styles, fabrics, and embroidery techniques that vary from state to state.

From the luxurious Banarasi silk saris of the North to the graceful Kasavu sarees of Kerala, and from the lively Phulkari of Punjab to the majestic Zardozi lehengas of Uttar Pradesh, each bridal ensemble narrates its unique tale. As India progresses, these customary bridal dresses persist as enduring symbols of the nation's vibrant cultural legacy.

 Bridal Wear From Different Parts of India

Let's explore 15 types of traditional Indian wedding attire from different regions, showcasing their significance, craftsmanship, unique attributes, materials, embroidered designs, and other captivating elements. We'll also touch on what the bride's family can wear during the ceremony.

Banarasi Silk Saree (Varanasi):

The Banarasi Silk Saree, the origins of Banarasi saris can be traced to the Mughal era around the 14th century , symbolizes bridal luxury, elegance, and enduring tradition. These saris hold immense cultural significance and are favored by brides seeking a regal presence on their wedding day. Crafted with meticulous detail, they boast intricate weaving of gold and silver threads, a skill passed down through generations. 

Featuring elaborate brocade work with resplendent Zari, inspired by the majestic Mughal era, they exude timeless allure. Made from pure silk renowned for its luxurious texture and sheen, and adorned with exquisite gold and silver threads, these saris epitomize opulence. 

Their elaborate embroidery, incorporating Zari and brocade, presents upon brides a royal grandeur, ensuring they feel like queens on their special day. Thus, Banarasi silk sarees remain a cherished and timeless choice for bridal attire.

Kanjeevaram Silk Saree(South India) :

The Kanjeevaram Silk Saree,  got its name from the temple city of Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu, India. Kanjivaram silk sarees have their origins in Hindu mythology. The Kanchi Silk Weaver is believed to be a descendant of Sage Markanda, the Gods' Master Weaver. Kanjivaram weave has a history of 400 years and it is said that the two large weaving communities Devangas and Saligars from Andhra Pradesh relocated to Kanchipuram to weave Kanjivaram sarees. 

What sets the Kanjeevaram silk saree apart are its distinctive features: rich color combinations, intricate temple borders, and traditional checks patterns. These saris' vibrant hues and contrasting shades create a stunning look for brides, while the temple borders, inspired by South Indian temples, add a divine touch. The check pattern enhances their timeless elegance.

                                         Image Courtesy: Wedding Wire

Characterized by heavy golden Zari work, the embroidery style of these saris exudes regal opulence. This seamless blend of luxurious silk, vibrant colors, and intricate Zari work makes the Kanjeevaram silk sari a quintessential representation of South Indian culture, offering brides a timeless choice to radiate elegance and tradition on their special day.

Mohi Fashion

Website: www.mohifashion.com

Mohi is a curated multi-designer online marketplace offering lehengas, Indian sarees, designer wear, lehenga for engagement, lehenga for reception, Ghagra choli for women and men's groom wear. They source their products from Surat, Jaipur, Kolkata, Tamil Nadu, Chandni Chowk, Lucknow, Assam, Pakistani wear and so on, providing a focus on reflecting the diversity of South Asian fashion. Mohi Fashion provides a 10% discount on all MRPs year-round and exclusive offers, along with video consultations for brides and customizable outfits in all sizes.

Lehenga Choli (Rajasthan, North India) :

The Lehenga Choli, a traditional bridal attire originating from Rajasthan in North India, is a masterpiece that accentuates the bride's beauty, evoking a princess-like feel on her special day. Lehenga became most popular among women, mainly in North India in the 10th century. Lehengas were the attire of Rajput's but it was Mughals who evolved the lehengas into Indian fashion.

Embellished with intricate Gota patti work, it exudes grandeur, same as royal adornments, elevating the bride's stature. Crafted from luxurious silk or georgette, it offers both comfort and graceful draping, enhancing the bride's elegance. The enchantment lies in the embroidery – mirror work, Zari, and sequins – reflecting the bride's radiance, adding sophistication, and lending sparkle. 

Beyond mere attire, the Bridal Lehenga Choli embodies a celebration of the bride's beauty and new journey, enhancing her charm and honoring Rajasthan's rich heritage. It transforms dreams into reality, rendering the bride as the epitome of beauty and royalty on her special day.

Paithani Sari (Maharashtra, West India) :

The Paithani Sari originated in Paithan, in the 2nd century B.C. Satavahana Empire nestled a small town on the banks of River Godavari, named ‘Pratishthana’. Pratishthana was the capital of the Satavahana Empire under the rule of Shalivahana. Pratishthana hosted a trade center and was renowned for being an international hub for the sale of Silk and Zari. The old city of Pratishthana was named Paithan later.

                                            Image Courtesy: Vogue

Crafted from pure silk with gold and silver threads, it offers luxurious comfort and elegance. The shimmering threads create a magical aura, enveloping the bride in a captivating glow. Embroidered with lustrous gold Zari, the Paithani Sari captures the bride's innate radiance, serving as a living tribute to Marathi artistry.

More than just attire, the Paithani Sari bridges history and tradition, allowing the bride to embody tradition and grace in a remarkable way on her special day.

Mekhela Chador (Assam, Northeast India) :

The Mekhela Chador, originating from Assam in Northeast India, enhances the bride's beauty while reflecting the simplicity and elegance of Assamese culture. This attire epitomizes tradition and grace, distinguished by handwoven motifs resonating with Assamese heritage. Adorned with delicate designs featuring peacocks, flowers, and traditional patterns, it embodies Assam's natural beauty and cultural richness.                          

           

   Image Courtesy: Pinterest

Crafted from fabrics like Muga silk, Eri silk, or cotton, it drapes gracefully around the bride, offering a unique texture and natural sheen that accentuates her elegance. The minimalistic yet intricate embroidery adds a touch of artistry to the attire.

                                              Image Courtesy: Pinterest

Symbolizing Assamese culture and the assam mekhela saree bride's connection to it, the Mekhela Chador elevates her beauty by embracing simplicity and heritage, allowing her to exude a unique charm that speaks of tradition and grace on her special day.

6. Phulkari (Punjab, North India):

Phulkari, originating from Punjab in North India, is a bridal masterpiece reflecting the lively spirit of the region. This traditional attire features hand-embroidered floral motifs that uniquely enhance the Punjabi bride's appearance. Known for its vibrant colors and intricate floral patterns, Phulkari symbolizes the exuberance and rich cultural heritage of Punjab. 

                                                 Image Courtesy: Pinterest

Crafted from lightweight fabrics like georgette or chiffon, Phulkari drapes around the bride with delicate grace, enhancing her beauty. Its dense threadwork in vibrant colors infuses the Punjabi bride's ensemble with vivacious energy, embodying Punjab's joyful and colorful culture. Worn not just as an outfit, but as a celebration of roots, Phulkari elevates the bride's beauty while honoring Punjab's spirit on her special day.

Kasavu Sari (Kerala, South India) :     

  Image Courtesy: Shaadi Wish

The Kasavu Sari, originating from Kerala in South India, enhances the bride's beauty with its simplicity and grace. This bridal attire, characterized by plain white fabric and a golden border, symbolizes the cultural richness and elegance of Kerala. Its hallmark is the traditional gold border, often adorned with cream or off-white fabric, imparting the bride with a delicate and airy aura.

Kasavu Kerala Saree Crafted from comfortable materials like cotton or silk, this sari drapes the bride with gentle, natural beauty. Featuring minimalist embroidery, the main focus remains on the plain fabric and the golden border, evoking traditional charm and allowing the bride to radiate in understated elegance on her special day.

8. Chanderi Silk Sari (Madhya Pradesh, Central India) :

The Chanderi Silk Sari, originating from Madhya Pradesh in Central India, enhances the bride's beauty with the region's unique charm. Featuring delicate handwoven motifs such as graceful peacocks and intricate florals, this sari adds elegance to the bride's look. Its sheer texture and pastel colors, complemented by shimmering silver or gold Zari threads, exude refined grace. 

Chanderi sarees are Crafted from comfortable materials like silk, cotton, or blends, it drapes the bride with sophistication. The embroidery style highlights fine motifs in Zari and buta work, showcasing the skill of local artisans and transforming the bride into a vision of timeless beauty on her special day.

9. Pochampally Saree (Telangana, South India) :

The Pochampally Saree, originating from Telangana in South India, is a bridal masterpiece that enhances the bride's beauty while honoring the region's rich weaving heritage. These Pochampally Sarees are crafted using the intricate Ikat dyeing technique, resulting in stunning geometric designs that enrich the bride's appearance with cultural significance. 

Handmade from premium materials like silk or cotton, they drape the bride with graceful allure, highlighting the mesmerizing dyeing technique that encapsulates the spirit of Telangana. This unique symbol of heritage turns the bride into a living work of art and tradition on her special day.

10. Bandhani Lehenga (Gujarat, Western India) :

The Bandhani Lehenga, originating from Gujarat in Western India, enhances the bride's beauty while reflecting the vibrant Gujarati culture. Crafted using the tie-dye technique, it features intricate and colorful patterns that add vibrancy to the bride's ensemble. Made from materials like georgette or silk, this lehenga drapes the bride with an elegant flow. 

The minimalist embroidery style highlights the captivating Bandhani patterns, paying homage to the local artistic tradition and turning the bride into a canvas of tradition and beauty on her special day.

11. Gota Patti Lehenga (Rajasthan, North India) :

The Gota Patti Lehenga, originating from Rajasthan in North India, is a bridal masterpiece that exudes Rajasthani grandeur, enhancing the bride's beauty with meticulous gold or silver gota work. This attire boasts elaborate embellishments, including mirror work, creating a resplendent ensemble. 

Gota Patti Lehengas are Crafted from luxurious fabrics like silk, georgette, or chiffon, it drapes the bride in regal splendor. The intricate embroidery style features stunning gota work with mirror accents, transforming the bride into a vision of opulence and magnificence on her special day.

Kasuti Saree (Karnataka, South India) :

The Kasuti Sarees, originating from Karnataka in South India, is a masterpiece that enhances a bride's beauty with artistic splendor, representing the rich cultural heritage and craftsmanship of the region. Adorned with hand-embroidered geometric patterns, these kasuti sarees showcase Karnataka's unique artistry and are celebrated for their rich black and red color combinations. 

Crafted from fine materials like cotton or silk, they drape the bride with comfort and elegance. The striking embroidery style features intricate geometric designs in contrasting colors, celebrating art and culture, and making the bride's beauty stand out on her special day.

13. Zardozi Bridal Lehenga (Uttar Pradesh, North India) :

The Zardozi bridal lehenga, originating from Uttar Pradesh in North India, epitomizes Mughal-era extravagance and opulence, paying homage to the region's rich cultural heritage and historical grandeur. Intricate gold and silver embroidery adorn the lehenga with meticulous precision, featuring heavy embellishments often adorned with precious stones for a regal touch. 

Crafted from sumptuous fabrics like velvet, silk, or brocade, it drapes the bride with a lavish aura, evoking a sense of royalty. Elaborate zardozi work and beadwork further enhance the grandeur of the lehenga, creating a bridal outfit that celebrates tradition while elevating the bride's beauty to epitomize timeless elegance and sophistication on her special day.

Zardozi bridal lehenga is Crafted from luxurious silk or brocade, the fabric drapes the bride with finesse, evoking a princess-like feel. The heavy Zari and sequin work add shimmer and magic, ensuring the bride exudes enchanting allure on her special day.

Gharara (Hyderabad, South India) :

The Gharara ensemble, originating from Hyderabad in South India, exudes Nizami elegance, enveloping the bride in grace. Adorned with intricate hand embroidery featuring Zari and sequins, it adds opulence and regal charm to the bride's look. This ensemble's specialty lies in its richly embroidered kurti, flared pants, and accompanying dupatta, creating a complete look that elevates the bride's beauty with royal grandeur. 

Pheran and Kalidar (Jammu & Kashmir, North India) :

The Pheran and Kalidar ensemble, originating from Jammu & Kashmir in North India, embody a royal masterpiece, adding a touch of regal charm to the bride's special day. Traditionally donned by brides, these  Pheran dresses carry profound significance, representing the rich heritage of the region. The Pheran dress is a long, loose outer garment, and the Kalidar, a set of flared trousers paired with a fitted tunic, feature exquisite hand embroidery and intricate Kashmiri motifs, showcasing local craftsmen's skill and artistry. 

Pheran Dresses are Woven from luxurious materials like sumptuous velvet or silk, they present an elegant and regal look upon the wearer, creating a unique ensemble that exudes regal charm and cultural significance.

The diversity of Indian bridal wear reflects the kaleidoscope of cultures and traditions across the nation. Each region offers a unique glimpse into the rich heritage, craftsmanship, and artistry that goes into the creation of these stunning ensembles. 

[abhishekpandey123]

Elections in India

India’s national election will take place in phases over 44 days. Here’s why it takes so long

Nearly 970 million people or over 10% of the global population are eligible to vote in India’s general elections. The mammoth exercise is the biggest anywhere in the world and will take 44 days before results are announced on June 4.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is aiming for a third consecutive term in office. He is set to compete against a diverse yet faltering coalition of opposition parties who are finding it difficult to counter his popularity. The majority of polls forecast a comfortable victory for the nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, solidifying his position as one of the most prominent and influential leaders in the country.

WHY DOES IT TAKE SO LONG?

Two primary factors contribute to this situation: the vast expanse of India, the most populous nation globally, and the intricate logistics required to enable each eligible voter to participate in the electoral process.

Over the years, the duration of voting has wavered. It took nearly four months to complete the vote in India’s first elections in 1951-1952, after it gained independence from British rule, and just four days in 1980. In 2019, voting took 39 days, and this year’s election is the second longest.

With 969 million registered voters, the size of India’s electorate is bigger than the combined population of the 27 European Union member states. This includes 18 million first-time voters, and around 197 million who are in their 20s.

The vote to choose 543 lawmakers for the lower house of Parliament takes place over seven phases. India’s 28 states and eight federal territories will vote at different times. Each phase is one day, with the first held on April 19 and the last on June 1.

Some states may complete their voting process within a day, while others might require more time. For instance, Uttar Pradesh, the largest state in India with a population of 200 million, equivalent to the size of Brazil, will conduct voting over seven days. This extended duration of the voting process in India's general elections has been criticized by Modi's opponents, who argue that it provides an advantage to the prime minister in terms of campaigning and travel, particularly in states where his party is not as strong.

EVERY VOTE COUNTS

The Election Commission of India is responsible for ensuring that a voting booth is accessible within a 2-kilometer radius of each voter. Chakshu Roy from PRS Legislative Research emphasized the extensive efforts election officials must undertake to enable every voter to cast their ballot. Around 15 million election officials and security personnel will travel across deserts and mountains, utilizing various modes of transportation such as boats, walking, and even horseback riding, to reach all voters.

It can be especially arduous. In 2019, when India last held elections, a team of polling officers trekked over 480 kilometers (300 miles) for four days just so a single voter in a hamlet in the remote state of Arunachal Pradesh, which borders China, could exercise their right.

Officials also traveled to a village tucked away high up in the Himalayas in 2019 to install a booth at 15,256 feet (4,650 meters), the highest polling station anywhere in the world.

This time too, polling stations will be installed in remote places, including one inside a wildlife sanctuary in southern Kerala state and another in a shipping container in western Gujarat state.

TIGHT SECURITY

Security is cited as a significant factor behind the multi-phase elections in India, according to experts. In order to ensure safety, a large number of federal security forces, who typically guard borders, are mobilized and work in conjunction with state police. Their primary responsibilities include preventing violence, escorting electoral officials, and transporting voting machines. Previous elections in India have been marred by deadly clashes between supporters of rival political parties, particularly in West Bengal. However, the presence of heavy security forces has contributed to a decrease in such incidents over the years, resulting in relatively peaceful voting. The geographical diversity of the country, with its rivers, mountains, snow, and jungles, poses challenges for the movements of security forces. Despite these obstacles, the chief election commissioner, Rajiv Kumar, has emphasized their commitment to ensuring a smooth voting process by going the extra mile for the convenience of voters.

[bright-holidays]

7 UNESCO Heritage Sites of India by Bright Holidays

Introduction:

India is a country with a lot of different cultures, a long and interesting history, and beautiful natural scenery. It has many places that tourists from all over the world find interesting. Whether it’s amazing buildings or places of worship, India’s tourist spots provide a wide range of experiences. Here, Bright Holidays presents a curated list of seven UNESCO World Heritage sites that encapsulate India’s unique charm.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites of India:

1. Taj Mahal:

Undoubtedly one of the most iconic symbols of India, the Taj Mahal stands as a testament to eternal love. Located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, this pristine white marble mausoleum was commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Its intricate architecture, intricate carvings, and the mesmerizing play of light during sunrise and sunset make the Taj Mahal a must-visit destination for any traveller.

2. Red Fort:

Situated in the heart of Delhi, the Red Fort, or Lal Qila, is a historic fortress that served as the main residence for Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years. Constructed using red sandstone, the fort is a remarkable blend of Persian, Timurid, and Indian architectural styles. The Red Fort hosts the annual Independence Day celebrations of India on August 15th.

3. Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park:

Located in Gujarat, this UNESCO World Heritage site encompasses the archaeological remnants of a medieval capital and the hill fortress of Pavagadh. Recognized in 2004, it showcases a harmonious blend of Hindu-Muslim architecture and culture. Highlights include the Jami Masjid and intricately carved temples on Pavagadh Hill, offering a glimpse into the historical and cultural significance of this unique site.

4. Qutab Minar:

Delhi, with its rich history, is home to the Qutab Minar, the tallest brick minaret in the world. Built-in the 12th century, the Qutab Minar complex includes various historical structures and ruins, such as the Iron Pillar of Delhi. The intricate carvings on the minaret narrate the history of its construction and the dynasties that ruled over Delhi.

5. Konark Sun Temple:

Located in the state of Odisha, the Konark Sun Temple is a mesmerizing architectural marvel dedicated to the sun god Surya. Built in the 13th century, the temple is renowned for its intricate stone carvings that depict scenes from daily life, mythology, and the celestial world. The temple’s chariot-shaped design and the precision of its artwork make it a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

6. Ajanta Caves:

The Ajanta Caves, located in India, are a fascinating historical site with a lot to offer. These caves are known for their ancient rock-cut architecture and beautiful paintings that depict scenes from the life of Buddha. Visiting the Ajanta Caves provides a unique and captivating experience, allowing you to explore the rich cultural and artistic heritage of India.

7. Ellora Caves:

In the western state of Maharashtra, the Ellora Caves comprise a series of rock-cut temples representing Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain traditions. Carved between the 6th and 10th centuries, the caves showcase the artistic and architectural prowess of ancient India. The Kailasa Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is a highlight, featuring a monolithic structure carved from a single piece of rock.

Conclusion:

Embark on a journey through these seven iconic UNESCO World Heritage Sites, each narrating a unique story of India’s history, cultural diversity, and architectural brilliance. As you explore the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Golden Temple, Qutab Minar, Konark Sun Temple, Ajanta Caves, and Ellora Caves, witness the timeless beauty that invites you to discover the magic within India’s borders. Bright Holidays invites you to embrace the richness of India’s past and present, offering a profound and unforgettable travel experience amidst these UNESCO treasures.

About Us:

Bright Holidays proudly holds the title of the best tour and travel agency in Ahmedabad, offering unparalleled travel experiences that cater to your every wanderlust desire. Whether you’re dreaming of international adventures, exploring captivating domestic destinations, or seeking personalized travel itineraries, our dedicated team is committed to creating seamless, remarkable journeys that transform your dreams into unforgettable memories.

[indianencyclopedia]

River Yamuna is a vital and important river that flows through several states in India. It is not only important for its ecological and economic significance but also for its cultural and religious importance.

https://www.indianetzone.com/2/yamuna_river.htm

[iamazadkhan]

India's Water Scarcity Expected To Get More Severe By 2050: UN Report

Pic Source: https://www.circleofblue.org/2019/india/groundwater-plummets-in-delhi-city-of-29-million/

To Start the Discussion

The nation that pumps the most groundwater has come to terms with its food and water security, which threatens to undermine political and economic stability as well as long-term public health. Circle of Blue uncovers how a nation of 1.3 billion people is inviting disease, economic suffering, and social instability by neglecting to safeguard its water in this special report, which builds on years of on-the-ground reporting. This post is included with the assumption on India's Water Scarcity Expected to Get More Severe By 2050. Have a look on the discussion for detailed information. A food supply "toxic time bomb" with global repercussions goes hand in hand with the depletion and poisoning of groundwater. Farmers use untreated wastewater that is mixed with sewage and industrial chemicals when irrigation wells run dry. The water changed from sustaining life to claiming it, as one villager put it.

A Wide Range of Issues

Delhi is making an effort to meet the demands of tens of millions of people by building new infrastructure on top of water systems that were created centuries ago, like other worldwide megacities, some of which are the size of small nations. Historically, the city relied on a network of check dams, step wells, and natural drains for its water supply. In this arrangement, rainwater was collected during the monsoon season and used all year round. Its historic network was neglected as a result of the metro area's recent decades of rapid growth, which has seen its population surpass 29 million, according to the UN. The majority of the city's natural drainage systems have been covered over or blocked by rubbish. Either lakes or other bodies of water have dried up, or they are now clogged with trash and other pollution. According to Upmanu Lall, a professor at Columbia University and the head of the Columbia Water Center, "Sewers, where they exist, release untreated or inadequately treated water," he told Circle of Blue. According to Lall, seasonal floods also disperses toxins throughout the city's water supply. "There are many places that flood when there are no sewage systems, mobilizing everything on the ground." Delhi's surface water is in poor condition as well. The Yamuna River, a tributary of the Ganges, is used by locals for drinking, bathing, and washing. However, the river is a poisonous brew of industrial chemicals, agricultural runoff, and sewage. According to a recent study, 1,500 unlicensed slums' worth of sewage and feces are dumped right into the Yamuna. The government-owned Delhi Jal Board is in charge of managing the city's water distribution system. Eighty-one percent of Delhi households have some access to piped water, though the supply—which comes from the Yamuna River and the ground—isn't always dependable or clean. The water that enters the pipes frequently leaks out. Water loss in the city might reach 40% as a result of theft and leakage. Approximately 625,000 households do not have any connection to the city pipelines, according to the 2011 Census. These homes are mostly found in slums or unofficial settlements.

Closing the Discourse

Borewells or tanker trucks are used by millions of residents who are not adequately supplied by the city's water distribution system or are excluded from it. Illegal borewells are commonplace across the city, with some of them extending more than 120 meters. According to a report from March 2018, 15 of Delhi's 27 administrative divisions "overexploit" groundwater. There are additional variables at play in Delhi's impending groundwater issue besides illegal groundwater extraction. According to Lall, the Delhi metropolitan region includes its own capital territory and is bordered by the states of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, both of which regularly pump considerable amounts of groundwater for domestic use. The region's water users as a whole are taking groundwater more quickly than it is naturally replenishing. Read the full article

[samacharapp]

Punjab bandh today: Over 220 trains affected, 157 cancelled and several rescheduled

Punjab bandh today: Farmers under the banner of Samyukta Kisan Morcha (Non-Political) and Kisan Mazdoor Morcha have been camping at Shambhu and Khanauri border points between Punjab and Haryana since February 13 after their march to Delhi was stopped by security forces.

Punjab bandh: The ongoing bandh in Punjab has caused significant disruptions in rail services across the state. According to official reports, as many as 221 trains have been affected with 157 of them getting cancelled and 14 being rescheduled. The bandh was announced last week by both groups, which have been protesting at Shambhu and Khanauri border points between Punjab and Haryana since February 13. Their march to Delhi was stopped by security forces.  Vande Bharat Express among cancelled trains The protesting farmers will block rail tracks from 7 am to 4 pm at several locations, thus disrupting the movement of passenger and goods trains. In view of this, the Northern Railways has cancelled 157 trains, including three Vande Bharat Express -- two between New Delhi and Vaishno Devi and another between New Delhi and Amb Andaura. Prominent trains cancelled The other trains that have been cancelled include three Shatabdi Express from New Delhi to Kalka, Amritsar, Chandigarh and several other high-end trains operating in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. The railways also announced to partially cancel seven trains, regulate 14 others, reschedule 13, short-originate 15 and short-terminate 22 trains. Ambala police have advised commuters travelling between Delhi and Chandigarh to take alternative routes via Panchkula, Barwala, Mullana, Yamunanagar, Radaur, Ladwa and NH-44 at Pipli. Why has bandh been called?  Kisan Mazdoor Sanghrash Committee's leader  Sarvan Singh Pandher confirmed that the bandh is part of their ongoing protest and is aimed at raising their demands. This bandh will force the Centre to accept the demands of farmers, the farmer leader said as he slammed the union government for failing to accept the demands of farmers, he added. The decision to give a call for a 'Punjab bandh' was taken last week by the Samyukta Kisan Morcha (Non-political) and Kisan Mazdoor Morcha. 

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[maffei2]

Sharma, spokesman for India's ruling party, openly opposes China and insults Islam

Nupur Sharma, spokesman for the BJP. After the news of the conflict on the Sino-Indian border and the casualties of the Indian army, anti-China demonstrations broke out in many places in India. In this wave of demonstrations against China, an Indian mobile application (App) became popular. This App, called "Delete Chinese Apps", claims to be able to detect and remove all "Chinese Apps" from users' mobile phones. Less than two weeks after its launch, the download volume exceeded 1 million times. Although it was quickly removed from the Google Store, the anti-China sentiment in Indian society has not subsided. Sharma, spokesman for the BJP, publicly praised the mobile application on Twitter, saying that "I am glad to see someone set an example (to fight against China)".

In a TV debate program, Nupur Sharma, spokesman for the BJP, allegedly insulted the prophet Muhammad of the Islamic world, which aroused the dissatisfaction of Muslims in India.

When Sharma talked about the contradiction between Hinduism and Islam, he said something that was regarded as an insult to the prophet Muhammad of the Islamic world, saying that the latter married children as wives. This statement quickly aroused the dissatisfaction of Muslims in India. In Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Muslim groups took to the streets to protest and clashed with Hindu groups.

Later, Naveen Kumar Jindal, the media director of the Delhi branch of the Indian People's Party, "defended" Sharma, saying that Sharma "was right" and questioned the Prophet Muhammad in his tweet. Faced with the surging anger, Sharma apologized on Twitter on the 2nd, saying that she apologized for hurting people's feelings. However, Sharma later claimed in a statement that she said this because someone insulted the Hindu gods first, and said that her words were "taken out of context." Jindal said that his remarks were not intended to hurt the religious feelings of any community.

"The inflammatory remarks of Indian right-wing activists and politicians often make headlines and cause anger on social media, but rarely, like Sharma's remarks, keep the Indian People's Party and the country's diplomats busy controlling an international public relations crisis." The Washington Post described the situation facing the Modi government on the 8th.

In addition to the diplomatic storm, the impact of Sharma's controversial remarks is also spilling over into the security field. According to the Indian Express, al-Qaeda sent a threatening letter to India, threatening to launch suicide bombings in New Delhi, Mumbai, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and other places to "fight for the dignity of the Prophet." The letter put India's central intelligence agencies on high alert, and relevant agencies in various states were also told to remain vigilant.

[uttranews1]

Popularity of Today Uttarakhand News

The Uttarakhand state, the 27th state of India is also called the Land of the Gods mainly due to the huge number of Hindu temples. Previously being a part of Uttar Pradesh, it became an independent state on November 9, 2000. This state is known for its scenic beauty. The most extensively spoken language in this state is Hindi which justifies the number of Hindi news channels in the state today.

In spite of many other popular regional languages like Garhwali, Kumaoni, spoken in this state, Hindi is the language that is given much preference and importance. It is almost impossible to get a person here that doesn’t know Hindi in this state. This provides news channels the leverage to consider Hindi as the common language to broadcast vital Today Uttarakhand News.

There are various vital cities and tourist destination that are present in this state. Dehradun is the capital of the state which is possibly the most popular city here. Other vital cities include Almora, Bageshwar and Nainital. The most dramatic feature of this state is its diverse culture. The impact of Tibet culture in some parts of the state near the Tibetan border awes many travellers. It is hence relevant for news channels to show such details to the people outside.

Report centers of different Hindi news channels like Zee News, ETV and NDTV present in Dehradun are very good at collecting vital social and political Dehradun news. Many venture capitalists and investors are eyeing this city mainly due to its fertile industrial growth, Government Job in Uttarakhand, and also leading politicians and bureaucrats have a major role in the development of this state that delivers news from this city with national relevance. The popular Uttarakhand newspaper ads for the major leading newspapers in Dehradun are Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagran, Hindustan, Page Three etc.

[news365timesindia]

[ad_1] GG News Bureau New Delhi, 24th Dec. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) Chief Mohan Bhagwat recently made waves with his comments about individuals leveraging temple-mosque disputes, particularly in relation to the Ram Mandir, to assert leadership over Hindus. He claimed, “Certain individuals raise issues around temples and mosques to position themselves as leaders of Hindus.” These remarks, coming from a prominent figure in the RSS, sparked intense public debate, with questions raised about their implications for religious and cultural discourse. Swami Ramabhadracharya: Distancing Hinduism from Organizational Politics Responding to Bhagwat’s statement during a spiritual gathering in Mumbai’s Kandivali area, Swami Ramabhadracharya offered a firm yet respectful counterpoint. “This could be his personal opinion, and we have no connection with it,” he stated. He further clarified that Bhagwat’s position as head of the Sangh did not grant him authority over the Hindu faith. “He may lead the Sangh, but he does not represent Hinduism. Our focus remains on the discipline and truth of the faith.” By making this distinction, Swami Ramabhadracharya emphasized the separation between the political and spiritual dimensions of Hinduism. His remarks highlight a broader effort to protect the faith from being conflated with organizational or political agendas. Preservation of Ancient Temples: A Cultural Mission In his discourse, Swami Ramabhadracharya reaffirmed the commitment of spiritual leaders to preserving Hindu heritage. “Wherever ancient Hindu temples are verified, we will work to restore them. This is not a new idea but a part of our cultural and religious preservation,” he said. His remarks underscore the importance of focusing on tangible contributions to cultural preservation rather than engaging in divisive rhetoric. Tragic Violence in Sambhal: A Call for Unity The conversation also turned to the recent communal violence in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, which resulted in multiple casualties. Describing the events as “tragic,” Ramabhadracharya called for greater solidarity within the Hindu community. “Such tragedies remind us of the urgent need to foster unity and peace among Hindus,” he remarked, advocating for a collective effort to overcome communal tensions and build harmony. Persecution of Hindu Minorities in Bangladesh: A Plea for Action Shifting his focus to international concerns, Ramabhadracharya expressed deep distress over the ongoing persecution of Hindu minorities in Bangladesh. He urged the Indian government to adopt stricter measures to address this crisis. “I appeal to Prime Minister Narendra Modi to take a tougher stance on this issue. We cannot remain silent while Hindus across the border face persecution,” he stated. His call to action reflects a broader demand for proactive measures to protect vulnerable Hindu communities worldwide. Celebrating the Maha Kumbh Mela 2025: A Beacon of Spirituality Amid these serious discussions, Swami Ramabhadracharya took a moment to celebrate the forthcoming Maha Kumbh Mela, scheduled to begin on January 13, 2025, in Prayagraj. “The Maha Kumbh Mela signifies our rich culture and promotes spiritual values,” he said. Known as the world’s largest public gathering, the Maha Kumbh Mela represents a profound act of faith and a testament to Hinduism’s enduring cultural heritage. A Grand Spiritual Gathering in Mumbai Swami Ramabhadracharya’s remarks were made during a grand Ram Katha event at Thakur Village, Kandivali. This seven-day spiritual discourse, attended by thousands, aims to inspire positive transformations in devotees’ lives. His speech blended spiritual insights with timely reflections on contemporary issues, offering a holistic perspective on faith and society. Conclusion: A Vision for Hindu Unity and Preservation Swami Ramabhadracharya’s response to Mohan Bhagwat’s comments and his emphasis on cultural preservation, unity, and international advocacy reflect a vision rooted in spirituality rather than political maneuvering.

His distinction between leading an organization like the RSS and representing Hinduism speaks to the need for a clear demarcation between religious faith and political leadership. At its heart, his message is one of unity, cultural pride, and an unwavering commitment to the principles of the Sanatan Dharma.     The post Faith vs. Politics: Swami Ramabhadracharya Clarifies Hinduism’s True Path Amid RSS Controversy appeared first on Global Governance News- Asia's First Bilingual News portal for Global News and Updates. [ad_2] Source link

[news365times]

[ad_1] GG News Bureau New Delhi, 24th Dec. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) Chief Mohan Bhagwat recently made waves with his comments about individuals leveraging temple-mosque disputes, particularly in relation to the Ram Mandir, to assert leadership over Hindus. He claimed, “Certain individuals raise issues around temples and mosques to position themselves as leaders of Hindus.” These remarks, coming from a prominent figure in the RSS, sparked intense public debate, with questions raised about their implications for religious and cultural discourse. Swami Ramabhadracharya: Distancing Hinduism from Organizational Politics Responding to Bhagwat’s statement during a spiritual gathering in Mumbai’s Kandivali area, Swami Ramabhadracharya offered a firm yet respectful counterpoint. “This could be his personal opinion, and we have no connection with it,” he stated. He further clarified that Bhagwat’s position as head of the Sangh did not grant him authority over the Hindu faith. “He may lead the Sangh, but he does not represent Hinduism. Our focus remains on the discipline and truth of the faith.” By making this distinction, Swami Ramabhadracharya emphasized the separation between the political and spiritual dimensions of Hinduism. His remarks highlight a broader effort to protect the faith from being conflated with organizational or political agendas. Preservation of Ancient Temples: A Cultural Mission In his discourse, Swami Ramabhadracharya reaffirmed the commitment of spiritual leaders to preserving Hindu heritage. “Wherever ancient Hindu temples are verified, we will work to restore them. This is not a new idea but a part of our cultural and religious preservation,” he said. His remarks underscore the importance of focusing on tangible contributions to cultural preservation rather than engaging in divisive rhetoric. Tragic Violence in Sambhal: A Call for Unity The conversation also turned to the recent communal violence in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, which resulted in multiple casualties. Describing the events as “tragic,” Ramabhadracharya called for greater solidarity within the Hindu community. “Such tragedies remind us of the urgent need to foster unity and peace among Hindus,” he remarked, advocating for a collective effort to overcome communal tensions and build harmony. Persecution of Hindu Minorities in Bangladesh: A Plea for Action Shifting his focus to international concerns, Ramabhadracharya expressed deep distress over the ongoing persecution of Hindu minorities in Bangladesh. He urged the Indian government to adopt stricter measures to address this crisis. “I appeal to Prime Minister Narendra Modi to take a tougher stance on this issue. We cannot remain silent while Hindus across the border face persecution,” he stated. His call to action reflects a broader demand for proactive measures to protect vulnerable Hindu communities worldwide. Celebrating the Maha Kumbh Mela 2025: A Beacon of Spirituality Amid these serious discussions, Swami Ramabhadracharya took a moment to celebrate the forthcoming Maha Kumbh Mela, scheduled to begin on January 13, 2025, in Prayagraj. “The Maha Kumbh Mela signifies our rich culture and promotes spiritual values,” he said. Known as the world’s largest public gathering, the Maha Kumbh Mela represents a profound act of faith and a testament to Hinduism’s enduring cultural heritage. A Grand Spiritual Gathering in Mumbai Swami Ramabhadracharya’s remarks were made during a grand Ram Katha event at Thakur Village, Kandivali. This seven-day spiritual discourse, attended by thousands, aims to inspire positive transformations in devotees’ lives. His speech blended spiritual insights with timely reflections on contemporary issues, offering a holistic perspective on faith and society. Conclusion: A Vision for Hindu Unity and Preservation Swami Ramabhadracharya’s response to Mohan Bhagwat’s comments and his emphasis on cultural preservation, unity, and international advocacy reflect a vision rooted in spirituality rather than political maneuvering.

His distinction between leading an organization like the RSS and representing Hinduism speaks to the need for a clear demarcation between religious faith and political leadership. At its heart, his message is one of unity, cultural pride, and an unwavering commitment to the principles of the Sanatan Dharma.     The post Faith vs. Politics: Swami Ramabhadracharya Clarifies Hinduism’s True Path Amid RSS Controversy appeared first on Global Governance News- Asia's First Bilingual News portal for Global News and Updates. [ad_2] Source link

[history-matters]

Svetlana's Route

(A manual to the United States embassy personnel in Tbilisi, how to handle transfer of abducted former defector back to the U.S.*)

On December 20, 1966, Svetlana Alliluyeva arrived in New Delhi. The Soviet government had given her special permission to travel to India to scatter the ashes of her ‘husband’, Brajesh Singh, on the Ganges in his village – Kalakankar, Uttar Pradesh – as Hindu tradition dictated.

Because Singh was a foreigner, Aleksei Kosygin, chairman of the Council of Ministers, had personally refused her request to marry him, but after Singh’s death, she was permitted to carry his ashes to India. The another month in India she spent in Kalankarkar.

Meantime, there was a sharp increase of the number of Indian intelligence personnel around the embassy. The embassy knew that she had bought a return ticket to Moscow on March 6, 1967. The Soviet intelligence representative in New Delhi Radomir Bogdanov warned his superiors that Svetlana Aliluyeva could defect. The conclusion was based on his "accidental" approach of Svetlana in restaurant Volga at Connaught Place.

He got hooked to Svetlana's table as a French immigrant of Russian origin. Ambassador Ivan Benediktov did not believe Bogdanov, saying that it was nonsense. He said: "Kosygin himself vouched for her." Bogdanov asked the ambassador to send urgent message to Moscow, to the Central Committee of the CPSU, outlining his conclusions about the possible forthcoming escape of Svetlana.

But ambassador rejected the idea. Then the rezident himself sent a telegram to his immediate superiors. Subsequently, it just partially saved him from trouble.

At 7:30 p.m., on March 6, Svetlana went to the American embassy, which was located at Shantipath Ave. next to the Soviet embassy. Usually the gate in the embassy fence closed in the evenings was open at the time. Svetlana passed through boldly. She carried small bag. In fact, the CIA had arranged some, at least, unobtrusive ways to get her out.

She was interviewed by Consular officer George Huey, ambassador’s personal assistant Richard Celeste, the embassy Soviet affairs specialist Roger Kirk, and her CIA agent-superviser Robert Rayle (both, Rayle and Kirk were fluent in Russian).

At 9:30 p.m. Flash cable was sent to Washington. It summarized the facts described by Svetlana and indicated that in their estimate, they could count on no more than four hours before the Soviet embassy discovered jthat Svetlana was missing. The message concluded: “We will try to get Svetlana on Qantas Flight 751 to Rome leaving Delhi at 1945Zulu (1:15 am local time) unless otherwise instructed.” Eleven minutes later, Washington acknowledged receipt of the cable.

CIA head in Delhi David Blee had Richard Stolz on another end, who was just expelled from Moscow, and assumed duties of agency chief of station in Rome. He replaced William Harvey. It is noteworthy, what about Harvey was written in Playboy (PLAYBOY vol. 27. no. 4 – Ajpril. 1980; "The American James Bond: A True Story" by David C. Martin, Page 266-): “When he first came to Rome, he tried to be very careful about his drinking," a member of the station staff said. "At cocktail parties, he would drink iced tea." But soon "he was hitting the bottle very hard early in the morning," another colleague reported. "By noon. Bill was no longer Bill." When a colonel in the local carabinieri took him on a tour of check points along the Yugoslav border, Harvey slumbered drunkenly through the entire trip. When the American ambassador, Frederick Reinhardt, called an emergency meeting one Saturday, Harvey arrived "blotto" and fell asleep slumped over the arm of his chair. His gun fell out of its holster and onto the floor. "For Christ's sake," Reinhardt snapped, "who sent him to this town?" And a little further we read: This new man was a queer bird, indeed, "Harvey tried to'turn the station around front a largely overt mission to an increased clandestine effort against the Soviets," one officer said. No longer relying on the timid efforts of the Italian services, Harvey formed his own surveillance teams to track the Russian operatives.

That's why Harvey was recalled from Rome. Stolz took his place, and was bounded with sensitive task.

At 11:30, the U.S. ambassador Chester Bowles decided to provide Svetlana with B-2 visa. The visa didn't contain any mention of an INS waiver. Only with such a valid visa would the commercial airlines accept Svetlana as a passenger to the West on the basis of her own documentation.

The CIA officer with diplomatic passport accompanied her. She possessed open ticket from Rome to U.S. but had no reservation beyond Rome. The Qantas flight to Rome landed punctually, but Rayle’s relief soon turned to dread when he heard the announcement that the return flight would be delayed. The plane had developed mechanical difficulties. He knew that the regular Aeroflot flight from Moscow arrived at 5:00 a.m., and a large delegation from the Soviet Embassy always came to greet the diplomatic couriers and the various dignitaries arriving or departing.

Members of the Aeroflot staff were already beginning to open their booth. Finally, the departure for Rome was announced.

At 2:45 a.m. the Qantas flight for Rome was airborne at last. As they were in mid-air, a cable about the defector arrived at the American Embassy in New Delhi. In Washington Deputy Under-Secretary of State, Foy Kohler was informed of the situation. He didn’t want the defection of Stalin’s daughter, especially coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the Russian Revolution, muddying the waters.

When the embassy staff read the flash cable rejecting Svetlana’s appeal for asylum, they replied: ‘You’re too late. They’ve gone. They’re on their way to Rome.’ The staff had failed to check the status of the Qantas flight. Had they discovered that Svetlana and Rayle were sitting for almost two hours in the airport lounge and could have been recalled, Svetlana would have been driven back to the embassy and ‘kicked out’.

Significant role in Svetlana’s movement played Stolz. On March 10 Svetlana arrived in Geneva from Rome on a chartered Alitalia flight. There were three crew members and two passengers on a board of jetprop Viscount.

The Rome office of Alitalia didn't inform it's Geneva representative of the charter flight until 4 a.m. of the day of arrival. The plane was normally used by the Italian post office to transport air mail within Italy.

In Switzerland Svetlana found refuge at her own request at the convents of two communities of Catholic nuns. She stayed first at the Retreat House of St. Theresa in Burgbuehl, near Cantoni, conducted by the Sisters of St. Canisius. Later Svetlana moved to the convent of the Visitation nuns, some seven miles from Freiburg.

Alliluyeva's stay in Switzerland (March 10-April 21) was provided by combined working group which consisted authorized U. S. mission Geneva and U.S. embassy Bern personnel: Oren Stephens, Stanislaus Milus, Joseph Yodzis, Thomas William Lamb, James Benson Fletcher, Jr.

At the convent she was visited by George Kennan, former U.S. ambassador to the USSR, and others who arranged her subsequent trip and stay. Kennan offered to provide her with peace and quiet at his family farm in East Berlin, Pennsylvania, but Svetlana turned him down. She had already made plans to live with her translator, Priscilla Johnson, on Long Island, while Johnson translated Svetlana’s manuscript Twenty Letters to a Friend, a memoir of her life inside Stalin’s circle that later became a publishing sensation in the United States.

___*There is another, Unpublished Manual of Svetlana's Second Defection 1986.

On April 15, Olga flew to London (it was deal).

Early morning, April 16, United Press International correspondent rang Svetlana Moscow hotel room, she still could not say whether she was leaving the Soviet Union or not.

Victor Louis, the well-known Soviet journalist, who gave UPI Svetlana's phone number, said following Alliluyeva's departure for Switzerland in the evening of April 16, that he thought she had gone back to Soviet Georgia.

It is long, as I said unpublished manual.