#Transient voltage Surge suppression

[tmit2boyd]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/smcj30ca-13-f-diodes-incorporated-2140297

Transient Voltage Suppressor diode, TVS diode application, TVS diode circuit

SMCJ Series 30 V 1500 W SMT BI-directional Transient Voltage Suppressor

[kvin2phens]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/smcj150ca-littelfuse-4048927

High-voltage transients, TVS diode selection, Bi-Directional TVS Diode

SMCJ Series 6.5 W 185 V Bi-Directional Surface Mount TVS Diode - SMC

[jso2irguez]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/smcj150ca-e3-57t-vishay-1156661

TVS Zener diode, Bidirectional Zener diode, diode circuit, Diode arrays,

1500 W 167 V Bi Directional Surface Mount Transient Voltage Suppressor Diode

[vtor2utts]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/smaj40a-tr-stmicroelectronics-3018089

Diode arrays, Bidirectionnel diode, High-voltage transients, TVS diode selection

SMAJ Series 400 W 40 V Uni Directional Surface Mount TVS Diode - DO-214AC

[ctniu2leyy]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/sznup2105lt1g-onsemi-9035383

What is a transient voltage suppressor diode, TVS surge protection diode

SZNUP Series 350 W 32 V Surface Mount Dual Line CAN Bus Protector - SOT-23

[bri2takerr]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/sm6t36cay-stmicroelectronics-6152925

USB TVS diode, Bidirectional Zener diode, diode circuit, Diode arrays,

SM6T Series 600 W 36 V Bi Directional Transient Voltage Suppressor - DO-214AA

[rhic2cnel]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/pesd1can-215-nexperia-6297154

USB Zener diode, Transient voltage suppression, Bidirectional TVS diode

PESD1CAN Series 70 V 17 pF SMT CAN Bus ESD Protection Diode - SOT-23

[brndr2les]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/smda05-lf-protek-devices-4806410

Circuit Protection Devices, TVS Diodes, SMDA05-LF, ProTek Devices

SMDA05 Series 4 Channel 13.5 Vcl 6 Vbr 15 pF Unidirectional TVS Array - SOIC-8

[dmion2lls]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/pesd1ivn24-ax-nexperia-6133213

Nexperia, PESD1IVN24-AX, Circuit Protection Devices, TVS Diodes

PESD1IVN24 Series 24 V 14 pF SMT LIN Bus ESD Protection Diode - SOD-323

[noh2ksonn]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/smbj28cahe3-a-h-vishay-6142215

What is a TVS diode, transient voltage suppression diodes, TVS Zener diode

SMBJ28CAHE3_A/H 45.5V Clamp 13.2A Ipp Tvs Diode Surface Mount DO-214AA (SMBJ)

[vcit2ause]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/sm712-tct-semtech-1709229

Diode circuit, TVS zener diode, Transient voltage suppression

SM Series 12 V 400 W Asymmetrical TVS Diode for Extended Common-Mode - SOT-23

[hongjuelectronics]

Application and Design Essentials of Fuse Holders in Modern Automotive Electronic Systems

I. Introduction

As automotive electronics and intelligence advance, vehicle electrical systems are evolving from traditional 12 V low-voltage networks toward 48 V mild-hybrid and higher-voltage architectures. As core circuit-protection and isolation components, fuse holders must not only handle high currents and short-circuit capacities but also withstand severe mechanical shocks, electromagnetic interference, and harsh environmental conditions. This article analyzes fuse-holder applications in automotive electronics from three perspectives—high-impact testing in 12 V/48 V systems, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and water-proof ratings (IP 67/IP 69K)—and, through case examples, explores key design considerations and related technologies.

II. Challenges in 12 V and 48 V Systems

System Voltage and Current Levels 12 V systems: Traditional ICE vehicles’ main power rail, powering ignition, lighting, sensors, and body-control modules. Typical fuse ratings range from 5 A to 80 A. 48 V mild-hybrid systems: Widely adopted in recent mild-hybrid vehicles to support high-power motor starts, regenerative braking, and electric-assist steering. Peak currents can reach 200–300 A.

Short-Circuit Arc and Melting Characteristics When short-circuit currents spike to thousands of amperes, the fuse must melt in milliseconds while suppressing arc energy to protect adjacent components and the plastic housing. In 48 V systems, integrated metal-alloy fuse elements and fuse-holder designs are critical to rapidly form a melt point in a low-impedance path and isolate the arc.

High-Temperature Environment and Thermal Management Under-hood temperatures can exceed +110 °C. In 48 V circuits, sustained high currents generate significant heat. Both structural and material choices must balance heat resistance and conductivity.

III. High-Impact and Vibration Testing

1. Standards and Test Requirements

ISO 16750-3 “Road vehicles – Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment – Part 3: Mechanical loads” Shock tests: Half-sine pulses (e.g., 100 g, 18 ms) and full-vehicle collision simulations (e.g., 30 g, 6 ms multiple pulses). Vibration tests: Random vibration (5 Hz–2 kHz, peak 10 g) and sine sweep (10 Hz–500 Hz).

USP 7637-2 Transient Electrical Pulse (Electrical Surge) Testing Simulates line short-circuit or load disconnection over-voltage pulses on fuse-holder contacts.

2. Design Considerations and Examples

Housing and Pin Retention Use threaded locks or clip-style metal inserts to prevent pin loosening under ±100 g shocks. Example: A premium ECU fuse holder uses an integrated φ2 mm stainless-steel insert molded into the plastic housing; after six-axis shock testing, contact resistance changes by <2 mΩ.

Spring Preload and Contact Stability Spring material: nickel-plated chromium stainless steel (CTE ≈13 ×10⁻⁶/K), validated via 500 h creep test at 150 °C. By tuning wire diameter and coil count, insertion/extraction force remains constant under vibration, maintaining contact-resistance stability within ±5%.

Base and Support Structures Add alignment posts and support pillars on the PCB or metal bracket to share shock loads and prevent the fuse holder from separating under impact. Example: A 48 V starter-motor fuse module passed 72 h of 3 g sine vibration (10 Hz–100 Hz) with no solder-joint failures or housing cracks.

IV. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Design

1. Main Interference Types

Radiated Emission: High dI/dt during fuse melting induces electromagnetic noise in nearby metal structures.

Conducted Emission: Short-circuit or melt pulses can inject noise back into the vehicle power distribution network.

Immunity: Must withstand ISO 11452 (antenna-injection) and ISO 7637 (surge/transient) requirements.

2. Design Strategies and Examples

Shielding and Grounding Metallize the fuse-holder housing or line a module interior with tin-plated copper foil to ensure a robust flange-to-ground connection. Example: A body-control-module fuse holder with an inner copper-plated shell achieves grounding resistance <5 mΩ, reducing radiated emission by 8 dB.

Filtering and Arc Suppression Integrate miniaturized LC filters or clamping diodes within the holder to tame short-circuit transients. In 48 V high-current holders, combine multilayer ceramic capacitors and large-value inductors to suppress differential and common-mode noise from 1 MHz to 30 MHz.

Material Selection Choose UL 94 V-0 plastics and low-dielectric-loss materials (e.g., LCP) to limit high-frequency coupling. Use high-temperature, flame-retardant plastics loaded with ferrite particles for EMI absorption and mechanical strength.

V. Water-Proofing and Dust-Proofing: IP 67/IP 69K

1. Rating Definitions

IP 67: Dust-tight; immersion up to 1 m for 30 min.

IP 69K: High-temperature, high-pressure spray (80 °C, 8–10 MPa), simulating under-hood cleaning procedures.

2. Structural and Sealing Designs

Silicone O-Ring and Gasket Grooves Design U-grooves at the cover–base interface to house high-temperature silicone O-rings (–40 °C to +200 °C rated). Example: An engine-compartment fuse holder with dual-O-ring U-grooves passed 100 cycles of 80 °C high-pressure water spray with zero ingress.

Overmolded, Monolithic Construction Overmold fuse terminals directly in plastic, eliminating assembly interfaces and extra seals. Materials: LCP with flame-retardant additives reduces joint count and boosts IP 69K reliability.

Self-Sealing Wire Connectors Use waterproof contact caps or integrated cone seals at the wire-harness interface to ensure end-to-end protection from the holder through the harness.

VI. Additional Features and Future Trends

Intelligent Monitoring Integrate Hall-effect current and temperature sensors with CAN/LIN interfaces to stream real-time melt events, overcurrent warnings, and historical logs to the vehicle network.

Modularity and Serviceability Develop 12 V/48 V hybrid modules allowing swift fuse-holder replacement without swapping entire distribution boxes.

New Materials and Miniaturization Graphene-enhanced composites and high-thermal-conductivity ceramics will enable higher current density and lighter fuse-holder designs.

Digital-Twin and Virtual Testing Leverage CFD/FEA thermal simulations and virtual vibration trials to cut design-iteration cycles to under two weeks.

VII. Conclusion

As the “first line of defense” in automotive electronic circuits, fuse holders in 12 V and 48 V systems must overcome high shocks, strong EMI, and harsh environmental demands. By combining:

Mechanical-structure optimization (locking features, preload springs, support pillars);

Comprehensive EMC measures (shielding, filtering, material absorption);

Robust water- and dust-proofing (O-rings, overmolding);

Smart and modular evolutions,

automakers can ensure reliable, serviceable, and upgradable protection for engine compartments, chassis controls, body electronics, and mild-hybrid power systems. Looking ahead, rising demands for power density and connected intelligence will drive further integration, material innovation, and digital design of fuse holders—cementing their role as the bedrock of automotive electronic reliability.

en.dghongju.com

[atplblog]

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[ctniu2leyy]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--tvs-diodes/sznup2105lt1g-onsemi-9035383

What is a transient voltage suppressor diode, TVS surge protection diode

SZNUP Series 350 W 32 V Surface Mount Dual Line CAN Bus Protector - SOT-23

[tang168888]

SM15T27A ,#transientvoltagesuppression,

The SM15T27A is a 15W transient voltage suppression (TVS) diode designed to protect sensitive electronic components from voltage spikes and transients. It provides clamping protection for 27V applications, offering fast response time and low clamping voltage to safeguard circuits against ESD, lightning, and other voltage surges. The SM15T27A is commonly used in automotive, industrial, and telecommunications systems, ensuring reliable protection in power lines and signal paths. Its small, surface-mount DO-218 package is ideal for space-constrained designs requiring robust transient protection.

https://www.mobikechip.com/ Email: sales@mobikechip.com WhatsApp/Phone +86 13423753457

[axisindiaelectricals]

Safeguarding Your Electrical Systems with 3-Phase Surge Protectors

Introduction: 3-phase surge protectors are essential components in industrial and commercial electrical systems, designed to protect equipment and machinery from voltage spikes and transient surges that can cause damage, downtime, and safety hazards. In this article, we delve into the significance of 3-phase surge protectors, their functionality, key benefits, considerations for installation, and factors to keep in mind when selecting these critical devices.

Significance of 3-Phase Surge Protectors:

Voltage Regulation: 3-phase surge protectors help regulate and stabilize voltage levels in electrical systems, ensuring consistent power supply to sensitive equipment.

Equipment Protection: By diverting excess voltage and transient surges to the ground, these protectors safeguard machinery, control systems, and other devices from damage caused by electrical disturbances.

Safety: Ensuring the safety of personnel and preventing fire hazards by mitigating the risks associated with electrical surges and spikes in 3-phase systems.

Functionality of 3-Phase Surge Protectors: 3-phase surge protectors operate by detecting voltage spikes and diverting the excess energy to the ground, thereby protecting connected equipment from damage. These devices typically consist of metal oxide varistors (MOVs) or gas discharge tubes that act as voltage-limiting components to suppress surges and maintain the integrity of the electrical system.

Key Benefits of 3-Phase Surge Protectors:

Enhanced Equipment Lifespan: Protecting equipment from voltage fluctuations and surges can extend its operational lifespan and reduce maintenance costs.

Improved System Reliability: By minimizing downtime and equipment failures caused by electrical disturbances, 3-phase surge protectors enhance the overall reliability of electrical systems.

Cost Savings: Investing in surge protection can lead to cost savings by preventing costly repairs or replacements of damaged equipment due to voltage spikes.

Compliance: Meeting regulatory standards and safety requirements by incorporating surge protection devices into 3-phase electrical installations.

Considerations for Installation of 3-Phase Surge Protectors:

System Capacity: Ensure that the surge protector is rated to handle the maximum current and voltage levels of the 3-phase system to provide effective protection.

Location: Install surge protectors at critical points in the electrical distribution system to safeguard sensitive equipment and ensure comprehensive protection.

Grounding: Proper grounding of the surge protector is essential for effective dissipation of excess energy and ensuring the safety and integrity of the electrical system.

Maintenance: Regular inspection and maintenance of surge protectors are crucial to ensure their continued functionality and reliability in protecting equipment.

Professional Installation: Engage qualified electricians or technicians to install 3-phase surge protectors correctly and in accordance with manufacturer guidelines to maximize their effectiveness.

Factors to Consider When Selecting 3-Phase Surge Protectors:

Voltage Rating: Choose surge protectors with voltage ratings compatible with the 3-phase electrical system to ensure optimal protection.

Response Time: Consider the response time of the surge protector, as faster response times offer better protection against transient surges.

Clamping Voltage: Select surge protectors with appropriate clamping voltages that limit the peak voltage levels to safe thresholds during surges.

Durability and Reliability: Opt for surge protectors from reputable manufacturers known for producing durable and reliable devices that can withstand repeated surges.

Warranty and Support: Look for surge protectors that come with warranties and reliable customer support to address any issues or concerns that may arise during use.

In conclusion, 3-phase surge protectors play a vital role in safeguarding industrial and commercial electrical systems from voltage spikes and transient surges, thereby protecting equipment, ensuring system reliability, and enhancing safety. By understanding the functionality, benefits, installation considerations, and factors to consider when selecting these devices, organizations can effectively mitigate the risks associated with electrical disturbances and ensure the continued operation and longevity of their critical equipment and machinery.