#Toluene Database

[chemanalystdata]

Toluene Prices | Pricing | Trend | News | Database | Chart | Forecast

 Toluene prices have shown considerable volatility in recent years, reflecting the broader dynamics of the global chemical and petrochemical markets. Toluene, a crucial solvent and industrial feedstock, plays a significant role in the production of benzene, xylene, and other chemicals used in various applications, including paints, coatings, and pharmaceuticals. The fluctuations in toluene prices are influenced by several key factors, including supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical developments, and changes in crude oil prices.

One primary driver of toluene price fluctuations is the supply and demand balance. The demand for toluene is closely tied to the health of the global economy, particularly in industries such as automotive and construction, which use toluene in manufacturing processes. When economic conditions are robust, demand for toluene tends to increase, leading to higher prices. Conversely, during economic downturns or recessions, demand may weaken, causing prices to fall. Additionally, the production capacity of toluene also affects its prices. New production facilities or shutdowns of existing ones can significantly influence market supply and, consequently, prices.

Geopolitical events and changes in trade policies also play a crucial role in shaping toluene prices. For example, tensions in key oil-producing regions can impact crude oil prices, which in turn affect the cost of toluene production. Since toluene is derived from the refining of crude oil, fluctuations in oil prices can lead to corresponding changes in toluene prices. Furthermore, trade policies and tariffs imposed by governments can alter the flow of toluene between countries, impacting prices on a global scale.

Get Real Time Prices for Toluene: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/toluene-30

Crude oil prices are a critical factor in determining toluene prices due to the close relationship between these two commodities. As toluene is a byproduct of the refining process, changes in crude oil prices can have a direct effect on toluene production costs. When crude oil prices rise, the cost of producing toluene typically increases, leading to higher prices in the market. Conversely, when crude oil prices fall, the cost of toluene production decreases, which can lead to lower prices. This relationship underscores the sensitivity of toluene prices to fluctuations in the global oil market.

Another important factor influencing toluene prices is the availability of alternative feedstocks and chemicals. Advances in technology and changes in industry practices can lead to the development of new methods for producing toluene or alternative substances that can substitute for it. For instance, the growth of bio-based chemicals and alternative solvents can impact the demand for conventional toluene, influencing its price. The introduction of new production technologies can also alter the cost structure of toluene production, affecting market prices.

The regulatory environment is another element that impacts toluene prices. Environmental regulations and standards can influence the production processes and costs associated with toluene. Stringent regulations aimed at reducing emissions and improving safety standards can increase production costs, which may be reflected in higher toluene prices. Conversely, changes in regulations that favor more efficient or environmentally friendly production methods can lead to cost savings and potentially lower prices.

Market speculation and investor activity also contribute to price volatility. Traders and investors in commodity markets often react to news and forecasts related to toluene production and consumption, which can lead to short-term fluctuations in prices. Speculative activity can sometimes exacerbate price swings, creating additional volatility in the market.

In summary, toluene prices are subject to a complex interplay of factors including supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical developments, crude oil prices, alternative feedstocks, regulatory influences, and market speculation. The interconnected nature of these factors means that toluene prices can experience significant fluctuations in response to changes in any one of these elements. Understanding these factors and their interactions is crucial for stakeholders in the toluene market, from producers and consumers to investors and policymakers. As the global market continues to evolve, keeping abreast of these influences will be essential for navigating the uncertainties and opportunities in the toluene industry.

Get Real Time Prices for Toluene: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/toluene-30

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[aimarketresearch]

Global Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate, Toluene Diisocyanate and Polyurethane Market Market Size, Share, Trends, Growth Opportunities and Competitive Outlook

A Qualitative Research Study accomplished by Data Bridge Market research's database of 350 pages, titled as Global Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market with 100+ market data Tables, Pie Charts, Graphs & Figures spread through Pages and easy to understand detailed analysis. The rapidly revolutionizing market place demands the best market and business solutions to thrive in the market.

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market business report can be referred efficiently by both established and new players in the  industry for absolute understanding of the market. It covers various parameters that range from latest trends, market segmentation, new market entry, industry forecasting, target market analysis, future directions, opportunity identification, strategic analysis, insights to innovation. In this industry report, industry trends have been described on the macro level which makes it possible outline market landscape and probable future issues. The statistical and numerical data collected to generate this report is mostly denoted with the graphs, tables and charts as required which make this report more user-friendly.

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market, By Type (Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI), Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI)), Raw Material (Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Toluene, Benzene, Nitric Acid, Methanol, Chlorine, Others), Application (Polyurethane Foam, Polyurethane Elastomers, Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants, Polyurethane Coatings, Others), End Use (Footwear, Furniture, Automotive, Building And Construction, Home Appliances, Textile, Healthcare, Electrical and Electronics, Packaging, Industrial Machinery, Others) - Industry Trends and Forecast to 2030.

Access Full 350 Pages PDF Report @

The Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market competitive landscape provides details by the competitors. Details included are company overview, company financials, revenue generated, market potential, investment in research and development, new market initiatives, production sites and facilities, production capacities, company strengths and weaknesses, product launch, product width and breadth, and application dominance.

Major Points Covered in TOC:

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market Overview: It incorporates six sections, research scope, significant makers covered, market fragments by type, Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market portions by application, study goals, and years considered.

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market Landscape: Here, the opposition in the Worldwide Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market is dissected, by value, income, deals, and piece of the pie by organization, market rate, cutthroat circumstances Landscape, and most recent patterns, consolidation, development, obtaining, and portions of the overall industry of top organizations.

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Profiles of Manufacturers: Here, driving players of the worldwide Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market are considered dependent on deals region, key items, net edge, income, cost, and creation.

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market Status and Outlook by Region: In this segment, the report examines about net edge, deals, income, creation, portion of the overall industry, CAGR, and market size by locale. Here, the worldwide Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market is profoundly examined based on areas and nations like North America, Europe, China, India, Japan, and the MEA.

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Application or End User: This segment of the exploration study shows how extraordinary end-client/application sections add to the worldwide Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market.

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market Forecast: Production Side: In this piece of the report, the creators have zeroed in on creation and creation esteem conjecture, key makers gauge, and creation and creation esteem estimate by type.

Keyword: Research Findings and Conclusion: This is one of the last segments of the report where the discoveries of the investigators and the finish of the exploration study are given.

What to Expect from the Report, a 7-Pointer Guide

The Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market report dives into the holistic Strategy and Innovation for this market ecosystem

The Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market report keenly isolates and upholds notable prominent market drivers and barriers

The Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market report sets clarity in identifying technological standardization as well as the regulatory

framework, besides significantly assessing various implementation models besides evaluation of numerous use cases

The Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane Market report is also a rich repository of crucial information across the industry, highlighting details on novel investments as well as stakeholders and relevant contributors and market participants.

A through market analytical survey and forecast references through the forecast tenure, encapsulating details on historical developments, concurrent events as well as future growth probability.

Some of the major players operating in the global Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Polyurethane market are:

DuPont (U.S.)

Solvay (Belgium)

DAIKIN (Japan)

DOW (U.S.)

Huntsman International LLC (U.S.)

Bostik (France)

H.B. Fuller Company (U.S.)

Sika AG (Switzerland)

Cardolite Corporation (U.S.)

Kukdo Chemical Co., Ltd., (South Korea)

BASF SE (Germany)

Freudenberg SE (Germany)

Covestro AG (Germany)

LANXESS (Germany)

Mitsui Chemicals Inc. (Japan)

Wanhua (China)

Arkema (France)

Hexion (U.S.)

Woodbridge (Canada)

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[endrusmithreal]

Navigating the Formic Acid Market: Price Trends and Insights

Formic Acid (HCOOH) is a chemical compound comprising a carboxylic acid group attached to its base atom. It is also known as methanoic acid, which is the simplest acid that occurs naturally and is commonly found in ant stings or the venom of bees.

The boiling and melting point of methanoic acid measures around 100.8° C and 8.6° C, respectively. It is a fluid with a pungent odor and is soluble in water, ethyl alcohol, and benzene. It is also slightly corrosive in nature and is an organic synthetic reagent that is efficiently used as an intermediate in several chemical synthesis processes.

Request for Real-Time Formic Acid Prices: https://procurementresource.com/resource-center/formic-acid-price-trends/pricerequest

The key importing countries that import Formic Acid are India, the Netherlands, and Brazil. On the other hand, the key exporting countries for the same are Germany, Belgium, and China.

Key Details About the Formic Acid Price Trends:

Procurement Resource does an in-depth analysis of the price trend to bring forth the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly information on the Formic Acid price in its latest pricing dashboard. The detailed assessment deeply explores the facts about the product, price change over the weeks, months, and years, key players, industrial uses, and drivers propelling the market and price trends.

Each price record is linked to an easy-to-use graphing device dated back to 2014, which offers a series of functionalities; customization of price currencies and units and downloading of price information as excel files that can be used offline.

The Formic Acid Price Trends, including India Formic Acid price, USA formic acid prices, pricing database, and analysis can prove valuable for procurement managers, directors, and decision-makers to build up their strongly backed-up strategic insights to attain progress and profitability in the business.

Industrial Uses Impacting Formic Acid Price Trends:

Formic Acid, which is also known as methanoic acid, acts as a crucial intermediate in several chemical synthesis processes. It is primarily used as an antibacterial and preservative agent for producing livestock feeds. Due to its antibacterial properties, it is sprayed over fresh hays or silage, which helps the feed retain its nutritional values for longer.

Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry uses Formic Acid as foaming paste, local stimulation drugs, and astringent. It is also used as a raw material in manufacturing chemicals like camphor, caffeine, analgin, aminophylline, toluene imidazole drugs, vitamin B1, carbamazepine, and aminopyrin drugs. In the leather industry, Formic Acid is used as a leather depilation, ash removal, and soft and expansion agent, which is used in disinfection and dyeing.

Formic Acid is used in various applications, where it is used as a raw material in textile, chemical, pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural, electroplating, and leather industries.

Key Players:

BASF SE

Feicheng Acid Chemicals Co. Ltd

Taminco Corporation

Perstorp AB

News & Recent Development

Date: May 12, 2023- A study conducted by Tobias Erb, resulted in the development of an artificial metabolic pathway to produce formaldehyde, which is an intermediary product for artificial photosynthesis, using Formic Acid.

About Us:

Procurement Resource offers in-depth research on product pricing and market insights for more than 500 chemicals, commodities, and utilities updated daily, weekly, monthly, and annually. It is a cost-effective, one-stop solution for all your market research requirements, irrespective of which part of the value chain you represent.

We have a team of highly experienced analysts who perform comprehensive research to deliver our clients the newest and most up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which help in streamlining the procurement process for our clientele. Our team tracks the prices and production costs of a wide variety of goods and commodities, hence, providing you with the latest and consistent data.

To get real-time facts and insights to help our customers, we work with a varied range of procurement teams across industries. At Procurement Resource, we support our clients, with up-to-date and pioneering practices in the industry, to understand procurement methods, supply chain, and industry trends, so that they can build strategies to achieve maximum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource Contact Person: Chris Byrd Email: sales@procurementresource.com Toll-Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500 Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

[bestinworks]

Non-Toxic Nail Polish

As our fritters and toes go into hibernation under warm downtime gloves and closed toed shoes the mani- pedi business is still going strong. numerous are heading to gyms and salons for a little redundant coddling to ease the stress that comes on with the vacation season. Did you ever stop to question the safety of the polish you put on those nails?

After numerous times of mani- pedis, I stopped wearing polish altogether. I could not ignore the smell of the polish- a smell that reeks of poisonous chemicals. I also flash back my nails turning unheroic after wearing nail polish with argan oil for weeks without a break. That just did not feel healthy.

The good news utmost of the major nail polish companies no longer use the" poisonous triad", toluene, formaldehyde or dibutyl phthalate, which have been linked to asthma, cancer and reproductive problems.

The bad news some polishes still contain the" poisonous triad" and some contain other poisonous chemicals that can be absorbed into your blood sluice and your body. Long term exposure to these poisons can beget cancer and other serious illness.

further good news

There are safe, poison free nail polishes on the request- for you( men and women) and your kiddies. Then are two brands that I would recommend

1. Scotch Naturals and their kiddo line, Hopscotch Kids, got it right with their polish. Both water grounded polishes contain only three constituents- water, acrylic polymer conflation, and non poisonous colorings. They both entered a veritably low hazard score on the Skin Deep Cosmetic Safety Database. They come in veritably cool,eco-chic colors and there's no chemical smell!

2. Acquarella Nail Polish also got a veritably low hazard score on the Skin Deep point. It does not contain any poisonous chemicals- only three constituents acrylic polymer conflation, water, andnon-toxic colorings( No FD&C). Lots of enough colors to choose from.

So you do not have to give up your mani- pedi visits, just BYOP( Bring Your Own Polish) the coming time you get cockered!

print used under Creative Commons from James Lee

Always flash back to check out the safety of your polish and all other beauty care products on the Skin Deep Cosmetic Safety Database.

Do not forget to make sure your polish way is safe- check for specific product safety on Skin Deep.

[researge]

Global Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Market Study, 2014-2030

Analysis of the DIISOCYANATES & POLYISOCYANATES MARKET

A comprehensive market study on the DIISOCYANATES & POLYISOCYANATES MARKET Market provides an overview of the demand-supply and consumption patterns of Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Market across six different regions. This market study describes the Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Market Market, with focus on major countries and their subsequent demand for different segments. This report on the global Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Market market offers a complete overview of various factors impacting positively or negatively on the overall growth of the Keyword market.

Distinct market estimations and forecasts are presented in this comprehensive Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Market market study. Various secondary sources such as encyclopedia, directories, technical handbooks, company annual reports, industry association publications, magazine articles, world economic outlook, and databases have been referred to identify and collect information useful for this extensive commercial study of Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Market. Moreover, both micro-economic and macro-economic factors have been considered to arrive at growth rate and size estimation in the short and long-term forecast. Prismane Consulting supplements this with primary research. The primary sources are experts from related industries and suppliers. For market forecast, and production / plant operating rates, we assume numerous reasons that drive production including new production capacity is brought on-stream, Planned, and unplanned outages of existing capacities and Subdued demand from end-use applications.

Request Sample Report-

https://prismaneconsulting.com/report_request_sample?_token=xCiSJDFNtgAxnlJGiYys9OcWQu9UhHNnlrZfsdfq&report_id=310

The current COVID-19 pandemic is causing high and rising human costs worldwide. Isolation, nationwide lockdowns, and widespread closures to stop the spread of the virus have severely impacted the economy. As a result, the global economy declined by an around of -3.5% in 2020, much worse and below the 2008-2009 subprime mortgage crisis. The global economy has grown between 5% and 6% in 2021 and 2022 due to the normalization brought in the regional economic activities on back of the fading COVID-19 pandemic and stability in the crude oil prices. The economic activities have been aided by the new policies surrounding financial, agricultural, industrial, and manufacturing sector. The report on Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Market Market studies and outlines the impact of COVID-19 and presents the forecasts for the short, mid and long-term. The report also covers Macro-economic factors like GDP, Population and World Economic integration, Economic & Energy Outlook, Industry & Policy Developments, End-use Industry / Applications Market, Reasoning & Analysis, Insightful Commentary, Market Review, Comparative Analysis, Latest Trends and market developments, Key players, Strategic Issues and Recommendations, Business Opportunity Assessment and much more.

Global Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Demand Analysis By Type,

By Applications, (Volume, Value) (2014–2030)

      Strategic Issues

      Demand Analysis and Forecast (2014 – 2030)

Demand

Demand Growth Rate (%)

Driving Force Analysis

Global Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Market, By Type

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI)

Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI)

Polymeric MDI

Global Diisocyanates & Polyisocyanates Market, By Application

Rigid & Flexible Foam

Binders & Fillers

Adhesives & Sealants

Surface Coatings

Polyurethane Elastomers

Polyurethane Fibers

Others

Why Prismane Consulting?

Chemical Sciences, Engineering, Oil & Gas, Finance, Economics and Business backgrounds

Real-world industry, consulting, and market research experience

Average work experience of 10+ years

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About Prismane Consulting

Prismane Consulting is a unique global boutique consulting firm with an Indian origin. We present ourselves to the world outside providing management, economic and technical expertise to improve customer engagement, boost operational efficiency, reduce costs, and achieve superior business results. Prismane Consulting serves leading businesses in the field of Chemicals, Petrochemicals, Polymers, Materials, Environment and Energy. We have been advising clients on their key strategic issues solving their toughest and most critical business problems. To know more write to us on info@prismaneconsulting.com

Contact Us

Prismane Consulting

Office #519, Amanora Chambers, Amanora Park Town,

Hadapsar-Magarpatta Road,

Pune 411028

India

info@prismaneconsulting.com

[latest-market-reports-and-trends]

Isocyanates Market 2023 | Business Opportunity, Growth Strategies & Forecast Report By 2028

The Global Isocyanates Market Report, in its latest update, highlights the significant impacts and the recent strategical changes under the present socio-economic scenario. The Isocyanates industry growth avenues are deeply supported by exhaustive research by the top analysts of the industry. The report starts with the executive summary, followed by a value chain and marketing channels study. The report then estimates the CAGR and market revenue of the global and regional segments.

Base Year: 2021

Estimated Year: 2022

Forecast years : 2023 to 2028

The report classifies the market into different segments based on type and product. These segments are studied in detail, incorporating the market estimates and forecasts at regional and country levels. The segment analysis is helpful in understanding the growth areas and potential opportunities of the market.

Get | Download FREE Sample Report of Global Isocyanates Market @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/download-sample-16965

A special section is dedicated to the analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the growth of the Isocyanates market.  The impact is closely studied in terms of production, import, export, and supply.

The report covers the complete competitive landscape of the Worldwide Isocyanates market with company profiles of key players such as:

Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp.

BASF SE

Bayer Materialscience Ag

Chemtura Corporation

Dow Chemical Company

Evonik Industries

Hebei Cangzhou Dahua Group Co. Ltd.

Huntsman International Llc

Kumho Mitsui Chemicals Inc.

Mitsui Chemicals Inc.

Vencorex

Yantai Wanhua Polyurethanes Co. Ltd.

Want to add more Company Profiles to the Report? Write your Customized Requirements to us @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/get-custom-research-16965

Isocyanates Market Analysis by Type:

Methylene Diphenly DiIsocyanates (MDI)

Toluene DiIsocyanates (TDI)

Aliphatic Isocyanates

Others

Isocyanates Market Analysis by Applications:

Rigid foam

Flexible foam

Paints & coatings

Adhesives & sealants

Elastomers & binders

Others

Isocyanates Market Analysis by Geography:

North America (USA, Canada, and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Rest of Europe)

Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, South-East Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific)

Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Rest of Latin America)

The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Israel, South Africa, Rest of the Middle East and Africa)

Key questions answered in the report:

What is the expected growth of the Isocyanates market between 2023 to 2028?

Which application and type segment holds the maximum share in the Global Isocyanates market?

Which regional Isocyanates market shows the highest growth CAGR between 2023 to 2028?

What are the opportunities and challenges currently faced by the Isocyanates market?

Who are the leading market players and what are their Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT)?

What business strategies are the competitors considering to stay in the Isocyanates market?

Purchase the Complete Global Isocyanates Market Research Report @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/buy-now-16965

About Us:

DecisionDatabases.com is a global business research report provider, enriching decision-makers, and strategists with qualitative statistics. DecisionDatabases.com is proficient in providing syndicated research reports, customized research reports, company profiles, and industry databases across multiple domains. Our expert research analysts have been trained to map client’s research requirements to the correct research resource leading to a distinctive edge over its competitors. We provide intellectual, precise, and meaningful data at a lightning speed.

For more details: DecisionDatabases.com E-Mail: sales@decisiondatabases.com Phone: +91 90 28 057900 Web: https://www.decisiondatabases.com/

[newsmartmarketing]

Toluene Market 2022 | Business Opportunity, Growth Strategies & Forecast Report By 2028

The Toluene Market Report, in its latest update, highlights the significant impacts and the recent strategical changes under the present socio-economic scenario. The Toluene industry growth avenues are deeply supported by exhaustive research by the top analysts of the industry. The report starts with the executive summary, followed by a value chain and marketing channels study. The report then estimates the CAGR and market revenue of the Global and regional segments.

Base Year: 2021

Estimated Year: 2022

Forecast Till: 2022 to 2028

The report classifies the market into different segments based on type and product. These segments are studied in detail, incorporating the market estimates and forecasts at regional and country levels. The segment analysis is helpful in understanding the growth areas and potential opportunities of the market.

Get | Download FREE Sample Report of Global Toluene Market @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/download-sample-15049

A special section is dedicated to the analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the growth of the Toluene market.  The impact is closely studied in terms of production, import, export, and supply.

The report covers the complete competitive landscape of the Worldwide Toluene market with company profiles of key players such as:

BASF SE

BorsodChem

China National Petroleum Corporation

Dongjin Semichem co ltd

Exxon Mobil

Reliance Industries

Royal Dutch Shell PLC

Shanghai Dinghan Chemical co Ltd

Shell chemicals

Want to add more Company Profiles to the Report? Write your Customized Requirements to us @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/get-custom-research-15049

Toluene Market Analysis by Type:

Benzyl Chloride

Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

Benzaldehyde

Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI)

Benzoic Acid

Other

Toluene Market Analysis by Application:

Industrial Solvent

Production of Explosives

Production of Benzene

Gasoline Additive

Other

Toluene Market Analysis by Geography:

North America (USA, Canada, and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Rest of Europe)

Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, South-East Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific)

Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Rest of Latin America)

The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Israel, South Africa, Rest of the Middle East and Africa)

Key questions answered in the report:

 What is the expected growth of the Toluene market between 2022 to 2028?

Which application and type segment holds the maximum share in the Global Toluene market?

Which regional Toluene market shows the highest growth CAGR between 2022 to 2028?

What are the opportunities and challenges currently faced by the Toluene market?

Who are the leading market players and what are their Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT)?

What business strategies are the competitors considering to stay in the Toluene market?

Purchase the Complete Global Toluene Market Research Report @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/buy-now-15049

About Us:

DecisionDatabases.com is a global business research report provider, enriching decision-makers, and strategists with qualitative statistics. DecisionDatabases.com is proficient in providing syndicated research reports, customized research reports, company profiles, and industry databases across multiple domains. Our expert research analysts have been trained to map client’s research requirements to the correct research resource leading to a distinctive edge over its competitors. We provide intellectual, precise, and meaningful data at a lightning speed.

For more details: DecisionDatabases.com E-Mail: sales@decisiondatabases.com Phone: +91 90 28 057900 Web: https://www.decisiondatabases.com/

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Toluene Prices Trend, Pricing, Database, Index, News, Chart, Forecast

 Toluene Prices, a versatile and widely used petrochemical, is a significant component in the global chemical industry. Its prices are subject to various influences including crude oil prices, production costs, supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical events, and environmental regulations. In recent years, toluene prices have shown considerable volatility, reflecting broader trends in the petrochemical sector and global economic conditions.

As a derivative of crude oil, toluene's price is intrinsically linked to the fluctuations in crude oil markets. When crude oil prices rise, the cost of producing toluene also increases, leading to higher market prices. Conversely, a drop in crude oil prices generally results in lower toluene prices, although this relationship can be moderated by other factors such as refinery operation costs and logistical expenses. The global supply chain disruptions seen in the past few years, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, have further complicated this relationship, leading to unexpected price spikes and drops.

Demand for toluene is driven by its extensive use in various industries. It serves as a solvent in paint thinners, nail polish removers, and adhesives, and as a precursor to other chemicals such as benzene, xylene, and trinitrotoluene (TNT). The automotive and construction industries are major consumers of toluene-based products, influencing its market demand. When these industries experience growth, the demand for toluene increases, pushing prices up. Conversely, economic downturns in these sectors can lead to reduced demand and lower prices. For instance, the automotive industry's recent shift towards electric vehicles could potentially impact toluene demand, given the different materials and chemicals required for their production compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.

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Geopolitical factors also play a crucial role in determining toluene prices. Political instability in major oil-producing regions can lead to supply disruptions, causing crude oil prices to surge and subsequently affecting toluene prices. For example, tensions in the Middle East or trade disputes between major economies can result in sudden price changes due to anticipated or actual supply constraints. Additionally, changes in trade policies, such as tariffs on petrochemical imports or exports, can directly impact toluene prices by altering the balance of supply and demand on the global market.

Environmental regulations and sustainability initiatives are increasingly influencing toluene prices. Stricter environmental regulations can lead to higher production costs as manufacturers invest in cleaner technologies and processes to comply with new standards. This can result in higher prices for toluene. Moreover, the global push towards sustainability and reducing carbon footprints is encouraging the development of alternative, more eco-friendly solvents and chemicals. As industries adopt these alternatives, the demand for traditional solvents like toluene may decrease, potentially leading to lower prices over time. However, the transition to greener alternatives can also be slow and complex, meaning that in the short to medium term, traditional chemicals like toluene may continue to see robust demand and stable pricing.

In addition to these factors, seasonal variations can also affect toluene prices. Certain times of the year see higher demand for products that use toluene, such as paints and coatings in the summer months, which can lead to seasonal price increases. Conversely, demand may drop in the winter months, resulting in lower prices. These seasonal trends are often anticipated by market participants and can influence purchasing and inventory decisions within the industry.

The competitive landscape of the chemical industry further impacts toluene prices. Major producers and suppliers engage in strategic pricing, production adjustments, and marketing tactics to maintain or grow their market share. Mergers, acquisitions, and expansions within the industry can also alter the supply dynamics and influence pricing. For instance, a major acquisition of a toluene production facility by a leading chemical company can lead to changes in production capacity and pricing strategies that ripple through the market.

Technological advancements in the production and application of toluene also contribute to its pricing dynamics. Innovations that improve production efficiency or develop new applications for toluene can increase demand and affect prices. For example, advancements in catalytic processes or extraction techniques can lower production costs, potentially leading to lower market prices. Conversely, new high-value applications can drive up demand and prices.

In summary, toluene prices are shaped by a complex interplay of crude oil price fluctuations, supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical events, environmental regulations, seasonal variations, competitive industry practices, and technological advancements. Understanding these factors is crucial for stakeholders in the chemical industry to navigate the market effectively and make informed decisions. As the global economy and industry continue to evolve, toluene prices will likely continue to reflect these broader trends and shifts.

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Nitric Acid Market Is Anticipated To Attain Around $31.1 Billion By 2025

Increasing demand for adipic acid to formulate nylon resins and fibers for automotive interior manufacturing is identified as a key driver of nitric acid market. It is widely used as a precursor for the production of nylon 6,6, which is extensively used in the automotive sector globally.

The global nitric acid market size is projected to reach USD 31.1 billion by 2027, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc., registering a CAGR of 3.3% over the forecast period. Rising demand for nylon products from the automotive, construction, and textile industries is projected to be the key factor boosting the market growth. Moreover, one of the most important applications of nitric acid is fertilizer composition. Calcium ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate are the two key fertilizers derived from nitric acid which are extensively utilized in the agricultural sector.

Furthermore, the market for nitric acid is driven by the growing applications of polyurethane foams. Toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) is a nitric acid intermediate that is used for manufacturing elastomers, polyurethane foams, floor and wood coatings and finishes, foam plastics, lacquers, insulation materials, and polyurethane foam coated fabrics. Flexible foams account for over 85.0% of the total TDI consumption, whereas the remaining is used for other polyurethane products, including adhesives, sealants, coatings, and elastomers. Increasing consumption of polyurethane among end-use industries such as automotive, construction, and furniture is expected to drive the use of TDI, thus positively impacting the demand for nitric acid worldwide.

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Nitric Acid Market Report

Nitric Acid Market Report Highlights

U.S. and Japan dominated the global lightweight automotive materials market owing to technological advancements and the presence of numerous vehicle manufacturing companies operating in the respective countries.

The global nitric acid market is anticipated to register a CAGR of 1.6% from 2020 to 2027 in terms of volume, owing to the rising demand for fertilizers to increase agricultural product output.

The North America market is projected to witness significant growth over the forecast period owing to the presence of a large number of multinational chemical manufacturers in the U.S.

Central and Eastern Europe are among the largest producers of nitric acid, thereby driving the regional market. The growing chemical market in Poland and Russia is expected to drive the European market.

Companies such as CF Industries and Yara International are among the top industry players due to constant innovations and strategic alliances formed by the companies to sustain in the global ecosystem.

Key players in the market are – DuPont; BASF; Dow; Nutrien; Omnia Holdings; Apache Nitrogen Products Inc.; CF Industries; Dyno Nobel; Sasol; Angus Chemical Company; Enaex S.A.; J R Simplot.

Nitric Acid Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the global nitric acid market based on application and region:

Nitric Acid Application Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2016 – 2027)

Fertilizers

Nitrobenzene

Adipic Acid

Toluene di-isocyanate

Nitrochlorobenzene

Others

Ammonium Nitrate

Calcium Ammonium Nitrate

Others

Nitric Acid Regional Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2016 – 2027)

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Central & South America

Middle East & Africa

U.S.

Canada

Mexico

Russia

France

Poland

Ukraine

China

Uzbekistan

Kazakhstan

Thailand

Brazil

Egypt

About Grand View Research:

Grand View Research is a market research and consulting company, registered in the State of California and headquartered in San Francisco. The company offers comprehensive syndicated research reports, customized research studies, and consulting services to cater specific business needs. The database of Grand View Research is deployed by the world’s eminent academic institutions and Fortune 500 companies. The company assists its clients to strategize their objectives and gain a clearer picture about the global and regional business environment.

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Aromatic Solvents Market Size Analysis, Industry Outlook, & Region Forecast, 2020-2026

The global Aromatic Solvents market was valued at USD 7.3 Billion in 2018 and is expected to reach USD 9.06 Billion by year 2026, at a CAGR of 2.60%. Aromatic solvents are characterized by their solvating ability. This type of product is highly refined and completely lacks aliphatic components. Aromatic products generally are manufactured from feedstock rich in aromatics such as the reformate. Extractive distillation and the Udex process are both procedures involving fractional distillation in the presence of a solvent as means of removing aromatic compounds. Aromatic solvents such as toluene are commonly used in paints, varnishes, adhesives and as chemical intermediates.

The rising demand from the end use industries is a major factor driving the growth of the global aromatic solvents market. The rise in the energy demand has amplified the oil & gas sector’s performance which in turn is adding to the growth of the market due to its applications as a corrosion inhibitor in the oil & gas sector. Owing to the evolving industrialization in the developing countries it is expected that the Aromatic solvents market will receive a push in the future. The aromatic solvents market is a money-spinning market. It is predicted to grow at a decent CAGR during the forecast period which is due to the increasing application of aromatic solvents in the paints and coatings industry among others.

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Further key findings from the report suggest

Aromatic Solvents market is growing at a CAGR of 1% in Asia Pacific followed by Middle East & Africa and South America, with 2.3 % and 2.3% CAGR, respectively. Urbanization and industrial developments across the globe is the key factor to accelerate the market growth during forecast period across all regions

As of 2018, Toluene is the dominating Aromatic Solvents which holds 21% of the global market. APAC regional market is the chief revenue generating source for this product segment, followed by North America and European regions

Paints and coatings is expected to be the fastest growing market segment during forecast period 2019-2026 with a CAGR of 3.0%. However, associated costs issues and increasing demand and awareness for green solvents are major challenge for the market growth of this market segment.

Printing Inks application type segment was valued at USD 1.73 billion and is expected reach USD 2.22 billion by 2026

Asia Pacific is expected to account for the 45% of the total Aromatic Solvents market. Developing nations such China, South Korea and India are likely to witness high growth

Associated focus on green solvents and the stringent rules and regulations imposed by various governments is likely to hinder the market growth during the forecast period

Key participants include Royal Dutch Shell Plc, LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V, China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, BASF SE, SK Global Chemical Co., Ltd, China National Petroleum Corporation, Reliance Industries Limited, ExxonMobil Corporation, Chinese Petroleum Corporation.

To identify the key trends in the industry, click on the link below: https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/aromatic-solvents-market

For the purpose of this report, Reports and Data has segmented the Aromatic Solvents market on the basis of type, applications, and region:

Type (Revenue, USD Million; 2016–2026)

Toluene

Xylene

Ethylbenzene solvent

Application Type (Revenue, USD Million; 2016–2026)

Cleaning and Degreasing

Printing Inks

Adhesives

Paints and coatings

Others

Regional Outlook (Revenue in USD Million; 2016–2026)

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Middle East & Africa

Brazil

U.S.

Canada

Germany

France

UK

Spain

Italy

Rest of the Europe

China

India

Japan

Rest of Asia-Pacific

Latin America

Objectives of the report:

1.      To study the current impact of COVID-19 on leading segments of the industry and to project changes in the sector due to the pandemic.

2.      To calculate the market size, in both value and volume, and CAGR for the base year and the forecast period.

3.      To study the technological advancements in the sector in recent years and the technological pipeline and project the impact of the pandemic on technological advancements and spending by companies.

4.      To conduct a regional analysis by considering market presence in the leading regions.

5.      To study key trends observed in the historical analysis and speculate future trends.

6.      To assess the region expected to grow at a significant pace in the coming years and key factors contributing to the overall revenue.

7.      To highlight the existing growth opportunities, challenges, risks, drivers, and constraints expected to affect the market in the coming years.

8.      To profile leading companies in the industry, along with their product portfolios and strategic alliances.

Thank you for reading our report. For further details or to inquire about customization, please let us know and we will offer you the report as per your needs.

About Us:

Our in-house experts assist our clients with advice based on their proficiency in the market that helps them in creating a compendious database for the clients. Our team offers expert insights to clients to guide them through their business ventures. We put in rigorous efforts to keep our clientele satisfied and focus on fulfilling their demands to make sure that the end-product is what they desire. We excel in diverse fields of the market and with our services extending to competitive analysis, research and development analysis, and demand estimation among others, we can help you invest your funds in the most beneficial areas for research and development.

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Global Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Market Study Report 2014-2030

Analysis of the TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (TDI) MARKET

A comprehensive market study on the TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (TDI) MARKET Market provides an overview of the demand-supply and consumption patterns of Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Market across six different regions. This market study describes the Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Market Market, with focus on major countries and their subsequent demand for different segments. This report on the global Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Market market offers a complete overview of various factors impacting positively or negatively on the overall growth of the Keyword market.

Distinct market estimations and forecasts are presented in this comprehensive Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Market market study. Various secondary sources such as encyclopedia, directories, technical handbooks, company annual reports, industry association publications, magazine articles, world economic outlook, and databases have been referred to identify and collect information useful for this extensive commercial study of Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Market. Moreover, both micro-economic and macro-economic factors have been considered to arrive at growth rate and size estimation in the short and long-term forecast. Prismane Consulting supplements this with primary research. The primary sources are experts from related industries and suppliers. For market forecast, and production / plant operating rates, we assume numerous reasons that drive production including new production capacity is brought on-stream, Planned, and unplanned outages of existing capacities and Subdued demand from end-use applications.

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The current COVID-19 pandemic is causing high and rising human costs worldwide. Isolation, nationwide lockdowns, and widespread closures to stop the spread of the virus have severely impacted the economy. As a result, the global economy declined by an around of -3.5% in 2020, much worse and below the 2008-2009 subprime mortgage crisis. The global economy has grown between 5% and 6% in 2021 and 2022 due to the normalization brought in the regional economic activities on back of the fading COVID-19 pandemic and stability in the crude oil prices. The economic activities have been aided by the new policies surrounding financial, agricultural, industrial, and manufacturing sector. The report on Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Market Market studies and outlines the impact of COVID-19 and presents the forecasts for the short, mid and long-term. The report also covers Macro-economic factors like GDP, Population and World Economic integration, Economic & Energy Outlook, Industry & Policy Developments, End-use Industry / Applications Market, Reasoning & Analysis, Insightful Commentary, Market Review, Comparative Analysis, Latest Trends and market developments, Key players, Strategic Issues and Recommendations, Business Opportunity Assessment and much more.

Global Toluene Diisocyanate Demand Analysis By Applications, (Volume, Value) (2014–2030)

Strategic Issues

Demand Analysis and Forecast (2014 – 2030)

Demand

Demand Growth Rate (%)

Driving Force Analysis

Global Toluene Diisocyanate Market, By Application

Rigid Foam

Flexible Foam

Furniture

Transportation

Adhesives & Sealants

Surface Coatings

Polyurethane Elastomers

Others

Why Prismane Consulting?

Chemical Sciences, Engineering, Oil & Gas, Finance, Economics and Business backgrounds

Real-world industry, consulting, and market research experience

Average work experience of 10+ years

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About Prismane Consulting

Prismane Consulting is a unique global boutique consulting firm with an Indian origin. We present ourselves to the world outside providing management, economic and technical expertise to improve customer engagement, boost operational efficiency, reduce costs, and achieve superior business results. Prismane Consulting serves leading businesses in the field of Chemicals, Petrochemicals, Polymers, Materials, Environment and Energy. We have been advising clients on their key strategic issues solving their toughest and most critical business problems. To know more write to us on info@prismaneconsulting.com

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Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market is Booming Worldwide with Key Players| Key players- BASF, Spectrum Chemical, Sigma Aldrich and more

Data Lab Forecast Insights has recently updated its massive report catalogue by adding a fresh study titled “Global Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market – Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, & Forecast 2021 – 2027″. This business intelligence study encapsulates vital details about the market current as well as future status during the mentioned forecast period of 2027. The report also targets important facets such as market drivers, challenges, latest trends, and opportunities associated with the growth of manufacturers in the global market for Di Nitro Toluene (DNT). Along with these insights, the report provides the readers with crucial insights on the strategies implemented by leading companies to remain in the lead of this competitive market. Get the PDF Sample Copy of This Report @https://www.datalabforecast.com/request-sample/54213-di-nitro-toluene-dnt-market

Asia Pacific and Europe are projected to be Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) markets during the forecast period. This is primarily due to the presence of prominent industry in China, Germany, Japan, and India.

Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market report provides key statistics on the market status of the Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market manufacturers and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market Industry. The Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market Report also presents the vendor landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the major vendors operating in the market. Top Key Players Profiled in this report: BASF, Spectrum Chemical, Sigma Aldrich, Panoli Intermediates, TCI Chemicals, Toray Fine Chemicals (TFC), Lanxess Corporation, Biddle Sawyer Corporation, Haihang Company Industry, International labortary Detailed Segmentation: • Global Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market, By Product Type: • 2,3 DNT, 2,4 DNT, 2,5 DNT, 2,6 DNT, 3,4 DNT, 3,5 DNT. • Global Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market, By End User: • Application A, Application B, Application C. Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market Reports cover complete modest outlook with the market stake and company profiles of the important contestants working in the global market. The Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market offers a summary of product Information, production analysis, technology, product type, considering key features such as gross, gross margin, gross revenue, revenue, cost. Key Stakeholders Covered within this Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market Report • Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Manufacturers • Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Distributors/Traders/Wholesalers • Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) be component Manufacturers • Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Industry Association • Succeeding Vendors There is Multiple Chapter to display the Global Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market some of them as Follow Chapter 1, Definition, Specifications and Classification of Di Nitro Toluene (DNT), Applications of Di Nitro Toluene (DNT), Market Segment by Regions; Chapter 2, Manufacturing Cost Structure, Raw Materials, and Suppliers, Manufacturing Process, Industry Chain Structure; Chapter 3, Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Di Nitro Toluene (DNT), Capacity, and Commercial Production Date, Manufacturing Plants Distribution, R&D Status and Technology Source, Raw Materials Sources Analysis; Chapter 4, Overall Market Analysis, Capacity Analysis (Company Segment), Sales Analysis (Company Segment), Sales Price Analysis (Company Segment); Chapter 5 and 6, Regional Market Analysis that includes the United States, China, Europe, Japan, Korea & Taiwan, Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Segment Market Analysis (by Type); Chapter 7 and 8, The Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Segment Market Analysis (by Application) Major Manufacturers Analysis of Di Nitro Toluene (DNT); Chapter 9, Market Trend Analysis, Regional Market Trend, Market Trend by Product Type Natural preservative, Chemical preservative, Market Trend by Application; Chapter 10, Regional Marketing Type Analysis, International Trade Type Analysis, Supply Chain Analysis; Chapter 11, The Consumers Analysis of Global Di Nitro Toluene (DNT); Chapter 12, Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Research Findings and Conclusion, Appendix, methodology and data source; Chapter 13, 14 and 15, Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.

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Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market

Why this is Important Report to you? It helps  To analyze and study the Global Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market capacity, production, value, consumption, status Focuses on the Key Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) manufacturers, to study the capacity, production, value, market share and development plans in future.  Focuses on the global key manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the market competition landscape, SWOT analysis.  To define, describe and forecast the market by type, application, and region.  To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity, and challenge, restraints, and risks.  To identify significant trends and factors driving or inhibiting market growth.  To analyze the opportunities in the market for stakeholders by identifying the high growth segments.  To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market.  To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.  It provides a forward-looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining Market growth.  It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the Market is predicted to grow.  It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors.  It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights and by making an in-depth analysis of Market segment. We Offer Customized Report, Click @ https://www.datalabforecast.com/request-customization/54213-di-nitro-toluene-dnt-market Lastly, this report covers the market Outlook and its growth prospects over the coming years, the Report also brief deals with the product life cycle, comparing it to the significant products from across industries that had already been commercialized details the potential for various applications, discussing about recent product innovations and gives a short summary on potential regional market. About Us Transforming Information into Insights We pride ourselves in being a niche market intelligence and strategic consulting and reporting firm driven towards resulting in a powerful impact on businesses across the globe. Our accuracy estimation and forecasting models have earned recognition across majority of the business forum. We source online reports from some of the best publishers and keep updating our collection to offer you direct online access to the world’s most comprehensive and recent database with skilled perceptions on global industries, products, establishments and trends. We at ‘Data Lab Forecast’, wish to assist our clients to strategize and formulate business policies, and achieve formidable growth in their respective market domain. Data Lab Forecast is a one-stop solution provider right from data collection, outsourcing of data, to investment advice, business modelling, and strategic planning. The company reinforces client’s insight on factors such as strategies, future estimations, growth or fall forecasting, opportunity analysis, and consumer surveys, among others. Contact: Henry K Data Lab Forecast Felton Office Plaza 6375 Highway 8 Felton, California 95018, United States Phone: +1 917-725-5253 Email: sales@datalabforecast.com Website: https://www.datalabforecast.com/ Follow Us on: LinkedIN | Twitter | Data Lab Forecast, Di Nitro Toluene (DNT), Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market, Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market Size, Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market Trends, Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market Forecast, Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market CAGR, Di Nitro Toluene (DNT) Market, Google News, Market Strategies, BASF, Spectrum Chemical, Sigma Aldrich, Panoli Intermediates, TCI Chemicals, DLF

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Aromatic Solvents Market Demand, Size, Share, Scope & Forecast To 2026

Reports and Data’s newest report titled ‘Global Aromatic Solvents Market Forecast to 2026’ is inclusive of an all-encompassing study of the global Aromatic Solvents market. The authors of the report have offered necessary details on the ongoing market trends and the crucial parameters influencing both short-term and long-term market growth. The report offers a panoramic view of the Aromatic Solvents industry, and, at the same time, offers useful insights into the estimated Aromatic Solvents market size, revenue share, and sales & distribution networks over the forecast years (2021-2027). Such insights help readers outline the key outcomes of this industry in the near future and assist businesses involved in this sector in decision-making and formulating lucrative business plans. Venture capitalists are the primary addressees of this report, which gives them a vivid conception of the competitive spectrum of the global Aromatic Solvents market.

In the further segment of the report, researchers have provided the latest coverage of the profound impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the global Aromatic Solvents market. The coronavirus outbreak has led to drastic changes in the current Aromatic Solvents business landscape, limiting the growth opportunities for various manufacturers and buyers in this industry for the next few years. The report discusses the existing scenario of the market while making speculations about its post-COVID-19 scenario. Moreover, the report offers an exhaustive Aromatic Solvents market overview and elaborates on the financial standing of the leading players in the current market situation. Eventually, the report offers conclusive data related to market growth on both the regional and global levels.

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Global Aromatic Solvents Market Scope:

A broad Aromatic Solvents market segmentation is the focal point of the report that includes the product type gamut, application spectrum, end-user industry landscape, significant geographical regions, and the top market contenders. The report contains expert opinions on the current market scenario, past market performance, production & consumption rates, demand & supply ratio, and revenue generation forecasts over the estimated period. The report further assesses the financial positions of the key players, with a particular focus on their gross profits, sales volumes, sales revenue, manufacturing costs, and other financial ratios. Our expert team has employed several analytical tools like investment assessment, SWOT analysis, and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis to accurately evaluate the production capacity of the Aromatic Solvents market.

Major Companies Operating in the industry and profiled in the report are: Royal Dutch Shell Plc, LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V, China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, BASF SE, SK Global Chemical Co., Ltd, China National Petroleum Corporation, Reliance Industries Limited, ExxonMobil Corporation, Chinese Petroleum Corporation

Type (Revenue, USD Million; 2016–2026)

Toluene

Xylene

Ethylbenzene solvent

Application Type (Revenue, USD Million; 2016–2026)

Cleaning and Degreasing

Printing Inks

Adhesives

Paints and coatings

Others 

Regional Analysis of the Aromatic Solvents Market:

The global Aromatic Solvents market is categorized into several leading geographical regions, including North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East & Africa. The report emphasizes the demands and trends for the market, more essentially, in the global market that is spread across the major regions of the world. Under this section of the report, the global Aromatic Solvents market presence across the major regions in terms of the global market share, market size, revenue contribution, sales network, and distribution channels has been analyzed.

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Key questions addressed in the report:

What are the key factors driving the global Aromatic Solvents market?

Who are the key manufacturers in this market space?

Who are the distributors, traders, and dealers of this market?

What are the market opportunities and risks affecting the performance of the vendors in the global Aromatic Solvents market?

What are the sales and revenue estimations for the top manufacturers in this market over the projected timeline?

Highlights of the TOC: 

1. Report Overview  1.1 Research Scope 1.2 Key Aromatic Solvents market segments 1.3 Major players 1.4 Market analysis by product 1.5 Market analysis by application 1.6 Report timeline

2. Global Growth Trends  2.1 Global Aromatic Solvents market size 2.2 Latest Aromatic Solvents market trends 2.3 Key growth trends

3. Competitive Landscape  3.1 Global Aromatic Solvents market key players 3.2 Global Aromatic Solvents size by manufacturers 3.3 Products of major players 3.4 Entry barriers in the Aromatic Solvents market 3.5 Mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, and strategic alliances

Continue…

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Benzyl Chloride Prices | Pricing | Trend | News | Database | Chart | Forecast

 Benzyl Chloride Prices is a key chemical compound widely used across several industries, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and plastics. The price of benzyl chloride is influenced by several factors, including raw material costs, supply chain dynamics, manufacturing processes, and fluctuations in demand across various end-use industries. Over the years, the market for benzyl chloride has been shaped by global economic conditions, environmental regulations, and geopolitical factors, which in turn affect its pricing.

One of the primary factors that drive the price of benzyl chloride is the cost of its raw materials. Benzyl chloride is primarily derived from toluene, an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used in the chemical industry. The prices of toluene, therefore, play a significant role in determining the cost of producing benzyl chloride. When the price of toluene increases, it exerts upward pressure on benzyl chloride prices as manufacturers pass on the increased production costs to their customers. Additionally, the cost of chlorine, another essential input in benzyl chloride production, can also influence the price dynamics. Variations in the supply and demand for chlorine in other sectors such as water treatment and plastics manufacturing can lead to price volatility in benzyl chloride.

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Another important factor that affects benzyl chloride prices is the overall market demand. Benzyl chloride is a versatile chemical, used in the production of a variety of products such as benzyl alcohol, benzyl cyanide, and benzyl quaternary ammonium compounds. These products find applications in a wide range of industries, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, personal care products, and dyes. The growth of these industries significantly impacts the demand for benzyl chloride, thereby influencing its pricing. For example, the pharmaceutical sector has been a major consumer of benzyl chloride due to its use in the production of various drugs and intermediates. With the global rise in demand for pharmaceuticals, particularly in emerging economies, the demand for benzyl chloride has also increased, leading to price hikes in some regions.

Supply chain disruptions can also have a profound impact on benzyl chloride prices. Events such as natural disasters, political instability, or logistical challenges can disrupt the availability of raw materials or finished products. In such cases, the supply of benzyl chloride may become constrained, leading to a rise in prices as buyers compete for limited supplies. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected supply chains across the globe, leading to delays in production and distribution, which contributed to price volatility in the benzyl chloride market. With restrictions on movement and temporary shutdowns of manufacturing facilities, the supply of benzyl chloride was affected, causing price fluctuations in various markets.

Environmental regulations and safety standards also play a crucial role in influencing benzyl chloride prices. Benzyl chloride is classified as a hazardous chemical, and its production and transportation are subject to strict regulations in many regions. Compliance with environmental laws and safety standards adds to the cost of production for manufacturers, who often pass on these costs to the end consumer. Furthermore, companies must invest in technologies that minimize emissions and waste during the manufacturing process to meet regulatory requirements, further driving up costs. The stringent environmental policies in regions such as North America and Europe have led to higher production costs for benzyl chloride, which are reflected in its market prices.

Geopolitical factors and trade policies can further influence benzyl chloride pricing. For instance, tariffs and trade restrictions between countries can affect the flow of raw materials or finished products, leading to price fluctuations. Countries that are major producers of toluene or benzyl chloride, such as China, play a significant role in shaping the global market dynamics. Any disruption in production or changes in trade policies in these regions can create ripple effects across the global benzyl chloride market. Moreover, fluctuations in currency exchange rates can also impact the prices of benzyl chloride, especially in regions where the chemical is imported or exported in large quantities. A weaker currency in a major importing region could result in higher prices for benzyl chloride, while a stronger currency might lower the cost of imports.

Technological advancements in the production of benzyl chloride can also influence its pricing. The development of more efficient production processes or the use of alternative raw materials can reduce the cost of production, leading to lower prices for benzyl chloride. Conversely, if new technologies require significant capital investments, these costs may be passed on to consumers, resulting in higher prices. Additionally, advancements in logistics and distribution can help streamline the supply chain, potentially reducing transportation costs and stabilizing prices.

In conclusion, benzyl chloride prices are influenced by a complex interplay of factors including raw material costs, market demand, supply chain disruptions, environmental regulations, geopolitical factors, and technological advancements. As industries such as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals continue to grow, the demand for benzyl chloride is expected to rise, which could lead to further price fluctuations in the market. Moreover, with increasing regulatory pressure and potential supply chain challenges, benzyl chloride prices are likely to remain volatile in the coming years. Buyers and manufacturers must closely monitor these factors to better navigate the pricing trends and manage their costs effectively.

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[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid | Nutraceutical Potential of Parka Speciose (Stink Bean): A Current Review

Abstract

Background: Inadequate fruits and vegetables intake contributes to the prevalence of major diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Parkia speciosa [stink bean] is a common vegetable consumed in the Southeast Asia. Although it contains various phytochemicals that can help prevent disease development, the effort to develop a specific treatment or food products from Parkia speciosa remains a challenge. Here, we explore research works of the medicinal benefits of P. speciosa that can be used as a guide to develop future clinical studies.

Method: We conducted a database search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct using the keywords “medicinal benefits”, “Parkia speciosa” “antioxidant”, “hypoglycemic”, “antitumor”, “antimicrobial” and “cardiovascular effects”. We included clinical trial, in vitro and in vivo studies that were written in English or Malay; and excluded review articles with no time limitations.

Result: We reviewed a total of 28 research articles. No clinical trial was found. The articles were grouped into antioxidative, hypoglycemic, antitumor, antimicrobial and cardiovascular effects. Six articles had combination of the medicinal properties. Seeds and empty pods are the most common plants parts used. Each bioactivities differed depending on the plant parts, extracts, methods, cultivar and plantation site.

Conclusion: P. speciosa demonstrated antioxidative, hypoglycemic, antitumor, antimicrobial and cardiovascular effects that were contributed by its phytochemical compounds. This finding could be used as a database for future clinical studies. We recommended researchers to use the information from the articles reviewed for drug development and clinical trial.

Keywords: Medicinal Benefits; Parkia Speciosa; Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic; Antitumor; Antimicrobial; Cardiovascular Effects.

Background

P. speciosa or stink bean is a classic Malaysian favourite and is commonly grown and cultivated in Southeast Asia e.g. Indonesia, Malaysia, and some parts of North-Eastern India [1]. P. speciosa is also known as ‘petai’ in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia [2], ‘sator’ or ‘sataw’ in Thailand [3], ‘u’pang’ in Philippines [2], and ‘yongchak’ in India [4]. P. speciosa earned its nickname ‘stink bean’ from its strong and pungent odour. The plant belongs to the pea or bean family Fabaceae and placed in Leguminosae and Mimosaceae [4]. P. speciosa contained several phytochemical compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids [5,6], terpenoids [5,7,8], Alkaloids [5,7-10], saponins [7-10], steroids [7,8,10], tannins [7,9] and phytosterol [11,12]. Globally, the World Health Organization [WHO] reported that about 80% of the world population relies on traditional med icine to cure ailments [13]. In Malaysia, P. speciosa has been used traditionally to treat various diseases and ailments such as hypertension [4] and kidney disorders [14]. There is a limited data of medicinal benefits of P. speciosa especially on the cardiovascular and antioxidant effects. From the previous review articles, only two [15,16] research experiments were included for cardiovascular effects; and only seven [15] and nine [16] research experiments were included for antioxidant effects. The findings of the current review article could be used as a database for future clinical studies. This review aimed to explore the medicinal benefits of P. speciosa as to provide the foundational knowledge on the topic; so that the preclinical and clinical studies can be conducted for future drug development.

Methods

We conducted a literature search for medicinal benefits of P. speciosa using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct using the keywords “medicinal benefits”, “Parkia speciosa” “antioxidant”, “hypoglycemic”, “antitumor”, “antimicrobial” and “cardiovascular effects”. We included clinical trials, in vitro and in vivo studies; and exclude review articles. The literature search was limited to articles published in Malay and English without time limitations.

Results and Discussion

We found a total of 28 eligible articles: 23 in vitro and 5 in vivo studies. No clinical trial was found on this topic. Of the articles reviewed, 14 articles reported on antioxidant activity, 5 articles on hypoglycemic activity, 5 articles on antitumor activity, 6 articles on antimicrobial activity and 4 articles on cardiovascular effects. There were combinations of bioactivities studied in six articles reviewed: one article documented on the antioxidant, hypoglycemic and antimicrobial activities [6], one article performed research on antioxidant and antitumor effects [17], one article reported on antioxidant and antimicrobial effects [18], two studies described both the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [5,18] and one study combined antioxidant and cardiovascular effects [19].

Antioxidant activity

A total of 13 in vitro and 1 in vivo study on the antioxidative property of P. speciosa were reviewed. In most of the studies cited, the seeds of P. speciosa were used [5,19-22] (Table 1). Other studies analysed empty pods [6,17,23,24], pods [9,18] and seed coat and pericarp of the P. speciosa bean [25]. The commonly used tests for antioxidative activity are 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical [DPPH] scavenging and reducing ferric ion antioxidant potential [FRAP] assay. Other assays used are anti-lipid peroxidation, superoxide radical scavenging activity, 2,2’-azino-bis [3-ethylbenthiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid] [ABTS] radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. The relationship between total phenolic and flavonoid contents with antioxidant level was evaluated in four studies [5,20,22,26]. Two studies examined the antioxidant level indirectly [21,25], whereby the antioxidant level was related to hydrogen sulphide [H4S] in one study, and the other to Heinz body inhibition [aggregation of denatured hemoglobin in the red blood cell resulting from oxidative process]. Four studies compared the antioxidant level between P. speciosa and other plants [20,22,26]. Generally, the antioxidant level varies depending on the part of the plant, the extraction variables [solvent-extract ratio, time, temperature and solvent type] and the plantation location.

In vitro studies

Table 1: List of Abbreviations.

In a study by Balaji and co-workers [9], the flavonoids and phenolic content, as well as the antioxidant activity were evaluated. The flavonoids content estimation was carried out using the calorimetric method, while the phenolic content was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method. Reducing power assay and DPPH were used to examine the antioxidant activity. The study found that P. speciosa pod powder extract had 14.16±0.02 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram [GAE/g] dry weight total phenolic content and 5.28±0.03 mg rutin equivalents per gram [RE/g] dry weight total flavonoid content. Generally, the phenolic and flavonoid compounds are related to antioxidant activity of the plant. The extract also showed potent antioxidant activity as demonstrated by IC50 values of the extract in DPPH, 74.37μg/ml compared to the standard butylatedhydroxy toluene [BHT] 35.40 μg/ml. IC50 indicates the concentration of test extracts or positive controls that inhibit or scavenge the radical formation by 50% [23].

Although the DPPH radical scavenging activity was lower than BHT, it was evident that the extract contained a substance/s with proton-donating ability and was capable of inhibiting free radicals. Ko and coleague [23] evaluated the antioxidant activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. speciosa empty pods using several assays namely: anti-lipid peroxidation, superoxide radical scavenging activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power. It showed that the ethanol extracts possessed stronger antioxidant activity via all the assays except for superoxide radical scavenging activity. This finding is influenced by a higher level of polyphenols [phenols and flavonoids] in the ethanolic extract. The anti-lipid peroxidation IC50 was 5.02±1.06 μg/ml, DPPH radical scavenging activity was 64.2±3.46 μg/ml, ABTS radical scavenging 19.6±0.44 μg/ml, metal chelating activity 319 ± 26.3μg/ml and reducing power activity 274±16.1μg/ml. The extracts contained several polyphenolic constituents, the most abundant of which were gallic acid, catechin, ellagic acid and quercetin. Two types of P. speciosa in Thailand [‘Sataw- Khao’ and ‘Sataw-Dan’] were studied by Wonghirundecha and co-workers [18] for their total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. It was found that the extraction yield, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of ‘Sataw-Dan’ pod extracts were higher than that of ‘Sataw-Khao’ pod extracts. In contrast, ‘Sataw- Khao’ pod extracts showed higher DPPH [1218.07± 8.72 μmol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight [TE/g] vs 920.32±6.15 μmol TE/g dry weight], ABTS radical scavenging activity [1610.67±11.88μmol TE/g dry weight vs 1261.14±17.44μmol TE/g dry weight] and metal ion chelating activity [9.76±0.03 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/g dry weight [EDTAE/g] vs. 5.86±0.02 EDTAE/g dry weight] compared to Sataw-Dan pod extracts.

Thus, the authors concluded that there was no relationship between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in the PS extract, suggesting that other phytochemicals apart from polyphenols may contribute to the antioxidant activity. In addition, both extracts showed antimicrobial effect in the form of inhibition zone formation through the agar well diffusion assay. In a study by Aisha and co-workers [17], eight empty P. speciosa pod extracts were examined for phenolic content and antioxidant, cytotoxic and antiangiogenic activities. The results of the study showed that the methanolic sub-extract had the highest total phenolic content, 25.55± 1.57 GAE/100 mg. In the DPPH scavenging assay, antioxidant activity was also highest in the methanolic sub-extract, [IC50 26±3.0μg/ ml]. It can be visualized from all the extracts used that; the antioxidant level corresponded to the total phenols content.

Sonia and co-workers [6] further explored the antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, anti- diabetic and anti-microbial activity of P speciosa. The FRAP value of the hydromethanolic extract was higher than of the ascorbic acid controls (1.9mM Ferrous sulfate (FESO4)). Its strong antioxidant activity was supported by DPPH study, as it significantly decreased in vitro DPPH radical concentration (64.52±2.4 % inhibition, IC50315.75 μg/ml), and hydrogen peroxide (H4O2) assay [78.06 ± 5.7 % inhibition, IC50 166.3μg/ml]. The extract exhibited anti-inflammatory properties via inhibition of lipooxygenase activity (38.6±10.2 % inhibition, IC50 493.34 μg/ml; control 56.9 ± 11.4% inhibition , IC50 280.71 μg/ml], proteinase inhibitory activity (22.78±3.6 % inhibition, IC50 1142.3μg/ml; control 29.9±5.9 % inhibition, IC50 53.75 μg/ml ) and RBC membrane stabilization activity (99.21±12.6% inhibition, IC50 67.01μg/ml ;control 99.36±6.7 % inhibition, IC50 53.75μg/ml).

There is increasing demand for new ingredients from natural sources in the food industry. Moreover, there are suggestions to use agrowaste materials [in this case, P. speciosa empty pods] as functional food ingredients. Gan and Aishah [24] studied the physicochemical properties’ characterization, looking at the antioxidant property of P. speciosa as potential functional flour. Between two method of drying [freeze dried and oven dried], different functional properties can be seen. Higher antioxidative properties were shown in freeze dried P. speciosa pod (FDPSP) which consist total phenolic content (TPC) of 110.0mg GAE/g sample and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 8.5 mg pyrocatechol equivalents/g sample. These extracts [pre-diluted 50x] gave %DPPHsc, %ABTSsc and FRAP values of 65.3%, 77.4% and 1.9mM FESO4, respectively. Therefore, P. speciosa powder can be used as a substitute for commercial flour. Five Malay raw salads namely: leaves of Cosmos caudatus (‘Ulam Raja’), Oenanthe javanica (‘Selom’), Murraya koenigii [curry leaf], Centella asiatica (‘Pegaga) and the seeds of P. speciosa (‘Petai’) were studied by Reihani and Azhar [20] for their total phenolic content and antioxidant activities. The total phenolic content [mg GAE/g of plant on dry basis] were highest in Murraya koenigii (33.18) and lowest in P. speciosa (6.45). Pertaining to antioxidant property, Cosmos caudatus had the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (212.8) and Centella asiatica the lowest (32.4).

Oenanthe javanica and Cosmos caudatus demonstrated the highest ferric reducing activities: 199.96 μmol TE/g and 183.11μmol TE/g, respectively; while P. speciosa showed the lowest (44.67 μmol TE/g). It was found in this study that there was no significant correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. This may be due to steric hindrance and presence of other reducing agents in the extracts studied. Siow and Gan [19] examined the antioxidative bioactive peptides from P. speciosa seeds using alcalase. Prior to extraction, the P. speciosa seeds protein hydrolysate was analysed for amino acid composition. Glutamine and aspartic acid were found in the highest amounts, followed by cysteine (154, 132, 84.8 per 1000 amino acid residuals, respectively). Glutamine and aspartic acid are strong antioxidants as they act as electron donors [27]. In this study, the effects of temperature, substrate-to-enzyme ratio and incubation time were taken into consideration.

The highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity and FRAP activity (2.9 mg GAE/g and 11.7mM FeSO4, respectively) were demonstrated in a condition of 50℃, substrate/enzyme (S/E) ratio of 50 and 2hours incubation time. The high temperature causes unfolding of the protein molecules thus making the protein active site more accessible to the enzyme and exposes the protein donating residues. Partial hydrolysis of the proteins is essential to give higher DPPH value, compared to extensive protein hydrolysis caused by higher enzyme concentration. The DPPH values increased along with the incubation time. Upon fractionation of the protein hydrolysates that had the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity and FRAP activity, the peptide fraction of <10k Da showed the strongest bioactivities. Using advanced mass spectrometry, 29 peptide sequences were identified to be responsible for the potent bioactivities, that could be developed into novel nutraceuticals.

The production of phytochemicals in plants depends on the variety or species and external variables such as environmental conditions, agricultural practices and post-harvest handling [5]. A study by Ghasemzadeh and co-workers [5] compared the phytochemical constituents and biological activities of P. speciosa collected from 3 regions of Malaysia [Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Johor]. The result showed that the seeds (ethanol extract) collected from Perak contained highest phytochemical content at concentration of 100 μg/ mL, DPPH (66.29%) and FRAP (522.1 μM of Fe (II)/g) scavenging activity, followed by Negeri Sembilan and Johor. The authors analyzed the correlation between the parameters studied and found that the antioxidative activity was significantly correlated with flavonoid content. In another study, Maisuthisakul and co-workers

[26] analyzed the correlation between parameters [yield, radical scavenging activity 1/EC50, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, calcium, iron and vitamin C] of 28 Thai plants. EC50 is the concentration of extract necessary to decrease DPPH radical scavenging by 50%. Generally, the seeds of the plants studied had high energy, and P. speciosa seeds were among the plants with the highest energy content (441.5 Kcal/100g edible portion, db). It showed antiradical activity of 1.5 (1/EC50), total phenolics of 51.9 mg GAE/g db and total phenolics of 20.3mg RE/g db.

The yield of extractable compounds ranged from 0.6% to 4.5%. The yields from berries, fruit and seeds were higher than from other parts of the plants. In terms of correlation analysis, plants with high yield had high carbohydrate content and low fibre content. A high yield did not correspond to high content of phenolic compounds and high antioxidant activity. The study also revealed that plants with strong antioxidant activity had high total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Interestingly, Liang and co-workers [21] investigated the hydrogen sulphide [H4S] releasing capacity of ten organosulphur rich fruits and vegetables [garlic, red onion, yellow onion, scallion, shallot, leek, spring onion, Chinese chives, durian and stinky beans]. H4S is a gaseous signaling molecule that has several effects on human health including antioxidant effect [28]. To demonstrate the importance of this gas, the authors quoted previous studies to investigate how garlic has been used as an herbal remedy for thousands of years and having cardioprotective effect. Benavides and co-workers [29] from their work in rats proposed that the two major components of garlic extract, namely diallyl trisulphide [DATS] and diallyl disulphide [DADS] are converted to H4S resulting in relaxation of the rat aorta ring.

Similarly, Chuah and co-workers [30] showed that through H4S-dependent mechanism, S-allyl cysteine, the major compound of aged garlic was able to protect against myocardial infection. In the study by Dong Liang and colleagues [21], the H4S releasing capacity of plant essential oils was evaluated by fluorescent method using BCu [H4S selective and sensitive turn- on fluorescent probe] as probe and human breast cancer MCF- 7 cells as the medium. MCF-7 cells incubated with BCu for 3 hours were treated with H4S donors to produce H4S. Fluorescence produced by H4S captured by the probe was measured by a microplate reader. The results showed that P. speciosa had the highest DATS equivalent (DATS-E) value (158 mmol DATS/kg of raw material), followed by garlic (18.5mmol DATS/kg of raw material) and yellow onion (4.59 mmol DATS/kg of raw material).

DATS-E value is a concept introduced in which each plate was divided into two zones; one zone loaded with different concentrations of samples, and the other zone loaded with different concentration of DATS. This method was performed to enable data comparison among different groups. Among the reasons P. speciosa had the highest DATS- E value was because of its high sulphur content, and presumably its cyclic sulphur compounds could be converted to H4S more efficiently than linear compounds. This study indirectly relates the presence of H4S in P. speciosa to antioxidant bioactivities. Twentyfive edible tropical plants were examined by Wong and co-workers [22] for their antioxidant properties. The total polyphenol contents, free radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing (expressed as TEAC-Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and cupric ion chelating capabilities (CCA) were determined. The result showed that P. speciosa leaves extract had the highest TPC but showed low TEACDPPH and TEACFRAP. The non-correspondence between TPC and antioxidant activities is due to the fact that P. speciosa may contain other compounds that can oxidize the Folin-Ciocalteu, other than polyphenols. In addition, P. speciosa leaf extract chelated the cupric ions the most. This finding indicated that the extract had potential secondary compounds. TPC showed satisfactory correlation with TEACDPPH and TEACFRAP, indicating that polyphenols in the extracts were partly responsible for the antioxidant activities. Conversely, TPC correlated poorly with CCA, indicating that polyphenols might not be the main cupric ion chelators.

Indirect relationship between inhibitory activity of Heinz body induction and antioxidant activity was studied by Tunsaringkarn and co-workers [25]. Hemoglobin chains undergo denaturation process through oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species and produced Heinz body, an aggregation of denatured and precipitated hemoglobin within red blood cells [31]. Hence it can be a biomarker for oxidative damage in the body. In this study, P. speciosa seed coat extracts showed the highest activity of Heinz body inhibition (39.98%, IC25 2.68 mg/ml), followed by X. xylocarpa bark (42.75%, IC25 15.71 mg/ml), P. speciosa Hassk. pericarp (44.89%, IC25 28.14 mg/ml) and E. rheedii Spreng.seed coat (55.12%, IC25 33.20 mg/ ml) X. xylocarpa bark, E. rheedii seed coat, Hassk seed coat, and X. xylocarpa stem contained high tannin concentration. It has been shown that the percentage of Heinz body inhibition was correlated to tannin concentration. The previous study suggested that the antioxidant activity of tannin was mainly due to iron chelation rather than hydroxide radical scavenging [32]. This finding also supported the results of the study by Wong and co-workers [22] discussed before.

In vivo study

Al Batran and co-workers [1] studied antioxidant and antiulcer activity of P. speciosa ethanolic leaf extract in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups: Groups 1 and 2 received 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as vehicle; Group 3 received 20mg/kg omeprazole and groups 4-7 received ethanolic leaves extract of P. speciosa at doses of 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg. After 1 hour, CMC or absolute ethanol was administered to groups 2-7. The rats were euthanized after 1 hour and the gastric mucosa was examined for gastric juice acidity, gastric wall mucus, macroscopic gastric lesion evaluation, antioxidant activity, histological examination and immunohistochemical staining. Regarding the antioxidant activity, gastric tissue homogenate prepared from the groups that were treated with plant extract displayed significant antioxidant activity, with decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevated levels of total glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in response to oxidative stress due to ethanol treatment.

MDA is the final product of lipid peroxidation which causes a loss of membrane fluidity, impaired ion transport and membrane integrity resulting in loss of cellular function [33]. It was found that the groups treated with the plant extract reduced this process. GSH plays a role in determining ulcer severity and acts as tissue protective agent [34,35]. SOD converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide (H4O2), which is transformed into water by catalase in the lysosomes or by glutathione peroxidase in the mitochondria [36].

Hypoglycemic Activity

There were 5 articles that demonstrated the hypoglycemic property of P. speciosa, 2 in vitro and another 3 in vivo studies. One of the in vitro hypoglycemic studies has been discussed earlier by Sonia and co-workers [6] as part of their study. Two studies examined empty pods and seeds separately [37,38], one study examined seeds and pericarp separately [39] and two studies examined empty pod [6,11]. Among the assays used were α-glucosidase inhibition activity, alpha amylase inhibition activity, and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) inhibition assay and glucose oxidase method. All five studies exhibited a strong hypoglycemic activity of the plant. Two studies explored the compounds responsible for the hypoglycemic activity [11,38]. There was some inconsistency on parts of the plant that gives greater hypoglycemic effect. Tunsaringkarn and colleagues [39] found that the P. speciosa pericarp had a higher hypoglycemic activity than the seeds, but Jamaluddin and colleagues [37,38] had opposite findings. This inconsistency could be due to the cultivar, harvesting time and method, types of extract and assays performed.

In vitro study

A study by Tunsaringkarn and colleagues [39] evaluated twenty species of Thai plants of Mimosaceae family. α- glucosidase is the enzyme responsible for digestion of polysaccharide and oligosaccharide to monosaccharides [40]. Using α-glucosidase inhibition assay, P. speciosa pericarp was one of the plants that showed high inhibition activity; IC50 0.0581 mg/ml (89.46%). As a comparison, other plants had α-glucosidase inhibition of: Entada rheedii seed coat IC50 0.0043, Archidendron jiringa seed coat IC50 0.0054, Albizia lebbeck branch bark IC50 0.0397 and Albizia lebbeckoides bark IC50 0.0702mg/ml. P. speciosa seed showed lower percentage of α- glucosidase inhibition activity (45.72%).

Sonia and co-workers [6] studied the anti- diabetic activity of P. speciosa empty pods via two assays: alpha amylase inhibition and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) inhibitory assay. The alpha amylase acts to hydrolyze dietary starch [maltose] to glucose. In this study, the researchers explored how the P. speciosa pod extract can inhibit alpha amylase resulting in reduction of post prandial hyperglycemia. It was found that P. speciosa showed a maximum inhibition of 79.2% at 500ug/ml. The extract exhibited anti- diabetic property as the IC50 of P. speciosa were found to be 199.29μg/ml compared to standard acarbose (324.18μg/ml). From another aspect, pancreatic lipase functions to digest dietary fat, specifically hydrolyzing triacylglycerol to 2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acids. Through PPL inhibitory assay, the maximum inhibitory activity of P. speciosa extract at 500ug/ml was 89.5%; IC50196.61 μg/ml compared to Orlistat, 76.3%; IC50227.27μg/ml.

In vivo studies

Jamaludin & Mohamed [37] studied the hypoglycemic effect of P. speciosa extracts using glucose oxidase method. In this study, healthy Sprague Dawley rats were induced to be diabetic via intravenous injection of 60mg/kg alloxan. The two groups of normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were given the P. speciosa extract in the range of 25-500mg extract/ kg body weight (BW), together with 1g glucose/kg BW of rat. The result showed that only the chloroform extracts from both the empty pods and seeds had a strong hypoglycemic activity on diabetic rats. The seed had a higher hypoglycemic activity than the pod. The reduction of blood glucose in alloxan diabetic rats given 0.4g/ kg P. speciosa pod and seed were 36% and 57%, respectively. The hypoglycemic action took place as early as within an hour, best after 2 hours and lasted for at least 24 hours. The study also revealed the dose-response relationship of P. speciosa seed on blood glucose level. Maximum reduction of blood glucose was seen with 500mg/ kg BW [77% decrement]. Optimum dosage seen was 200mg/kg BW.

There was insignificant raise of blood glucose levels of normal rats fed with 0.4 g seed or pod extracts. As an extension of the above study, Jamaludin and co-workers [38] explored further on the actual compound contributing to the hypoglycemic effect of P. speciosa seeds. The hypoglycemic fraction S-9.4 was identified through chromatographic separation. The fraction showed 83% reduction of blood glucose at 100mg/kg BW, compared to 111% reduction of blood glucose at 5mg glibenclamide/kg BW. The minimum effective dose was 25mg/ kg BW. The fraction was found to contain mixture of β-sitosterol (66%) and stigmasterol (34%). Interestingly, the two sterols exhibited synergistic effect. No hypoglycemic effect produced when the sterols were tested individually. The similar author, Jamaludin and co-workers [11] identified component P-7.1 (stigmast- 4-en-3-one) as the compound responsible in producing hypoglycemic activity of pod extract. Compared to 111% blood glucose reduction by 5mg/ kg BW glibenclamide, 100mg/ kg BW of P-7.1 reduced the glucose levels by 84%. The minimum effective dose was 50mg empty pods/ kg. The extract at 400mg/ kg BW did not significantly change the blood glucose levels in normally fed rats.

Antitumor/Antimutagenicity

We found five articles highlighting the antitumor activity of the plant. Several terms including antimutagenicity, antiproliferation and antiangiogenic were combined as to describe antitumor activity. All of the articles were in vitro studies. One of the studies by Aisha and colleagues [17] has been mentioned earlier in antioxidant activity. Three articles used P. speciosa seed [41-43], one article used empty pods [17] and one article used pericarp and seed coat [44]. Various techniques have been used to demonstrate the antitumor activity such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) inhibitory assay [41], Ames preincubation method against Trp-P-1 in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 [42], thioproline determination [43], Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) culture and 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy- 4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) cell proliferation test [44]; and using rat aortic rings, matrigel matrix with Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells [HUVEC] and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) level [17]. Effect of thermal processing to the antitumor activity was assessed in two studies [42,43]. All articles demonstrated positive antitumor activity of P. speciosa.

In vitro studies

Murakami and colleagues [41] studied the antitumor activities of 114 methanol extracts of edible Malaysia plants for their antitumor activity towards tumor promoter HPA-induced Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)activation in Raji cells. EBV activation was evaluated by detecting early antigen (EA) which was stained with high titre EA- positive sera from nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. The results were ranked into 4 categories, based on inhibitory rate (IR) toward EBV activation and cell viability (CV): +++ strongly active (IR ≥70% and /or 50% >CV); ++ moderately active (70% > IR ≥ 50% and CV ≥ 50%); + weakly active (50% > IR ≥ 30% and CV ≥ 50%) and - inactive (30% > IR and CV ≥ 50%) P. speciosa showed weakly active inhibitory rate towards tumor promoter HPA-induced Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) activation, with 45% IR and>90% CV. Of the samples studied, 32% [37 samples] showed strongly active, 25% (28 samples) moderately active and 17% (19 samples) weakly active inhibitory action. Research study done by Tangkanakul and co-workers [42] examined 10 foods in central and southern Thailand containing local Thai vegetables. Methanol extracts of both the raw ingredients and homogenized foods were evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging assay and antimutagenic assay using Ames preincubation method (against Trp-P-1 in Salmonella typhimurium TA98).

Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin- Ciocalteau reagent. Raw P. speciosa showed antioxidant activity of 0.04 g vitamin C equivalent / 100g [VCE/100 g], total phenolic content of 0.13 g GAE/100 g and 31% inhibition against Trp-P-1. A strong antimutagenicity was demonstrated by galangal, lemongrass, wild betal, turmeric and kaffir lime leaf (87-97%). Both antioxidant activity and antimutagenicity increased after the plant was cooked. The antioxidant activity increased from 0.04 g VCE/100g to 0.14gVCE/100 g, and the the antimutagenic activity increased from 31%-69%. This result showed benefit of cooking to enhance both bioactivities. Thioproline or thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TCA) is a sulphur-containing amino acid, produced from condensation of formaldehyde and cysteine. It was documented as an effective nitrite- trapping agent in human body, thus inhibiting the endogenous formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds [45].

In this experiment, Suvachittanont and colleague [43] evaluated the formaldehyde, thiol and TCA level in various edible leguminous seeds in Thailand. The uncooked P. speciosa was found to have the highest level of formaldehyde [0.77 ± 0.07 mmol/100 g], which decreased upon boiling [0.25±0.18 mmol/100 g]. This observation could be due to volatilization of formaldehyde and formation of TCA upon boiling. Consistently, the TCA content of uncooked P. speciosa was <0.001 mmol/100 g dry beans and it increased to 0.14 ± 0.02 mmol/100 g dry beans after boiling. The highest level of TCA was found in Archidendron clypearia [‘Niang Nok’] both in uncooked and cooked status. In subsequent study, Tunsaringkarn and colleague [44] evaluated the antiproliferation activity of human white blood cells, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) with 21 Thai Mimosaceous plant extracts. P. speciosa pericarp and seed coat were among plants with high inhibitory cell proliferation (17.17% and 12.16%, respectively).

The researchers correlated the high inhibitory effect with tannin level, which was also consistently high, 250mg/g in Parkia speciosa pericarp and 350mg/g in Parkia speciosa seed coat. This finding suggested tannin as potential cancer therapeutic agent. In the assessments of antiangiogenic activity, the methanolic extract and all its sub-extracts showed more than 50% inhibition of rat aortic microvessel outgrowth [17]. P speciosa extracts also inhibited tube formation on matrigel matrix involving HUVECs (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells). Under light microscopy, the HUVECs treated with P. speciosa extracts showed formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles, which are markers of autophagy as a result of nutritional deprivation which is essential to maintain cell viability [46]. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration of treated HUVECs was also reduced, (36± 2.2pg/ml) compared to 51±1.6 pg/ml in untreated cells. The extracts did not show acute toxicity.

Antimicrobial activity

We found six articles on this bioactivity, and all were in vitro studies. Three studies have also experimented on the antioxidant studies described earlier [5,6,18]. Main methods used in the experiments were agar-well diffusion assay and disc diffusion method.

In vitro studies

Uyub and co-workers [47] reported that the extracts of P. speciosa seeds in petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol demonstrated antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori but none was found in the water extract. The activity was found highest in the chloroform extract followed by methanol and petroleum ether. In comparison, the chloroform extract of P. speciosa showed a moderate inhibition zone diameter to mg extract ratio (25.0), compared to other plant extracts where the ratios were in the range of 1.5- 117.5. In the study of Sakunpak and Panichayupakaranant [48], amongst the forty-four extracts of twenty-two Thai edible plants that were investigated for antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method, the methanolic P. speciosa seed extract was found be able to inhibit Helicobacter pylori growth, while the ethyl acetate extract was effective against Escherichia coli.

These extracts, however, had no inhibitory effect on Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella sonnei growth. According to Gmelin and co-worker [49], two cyclic polysulfide compounds, hexathionine and trithiolane in the P. speciosa seeds are contributing to its antibacterial property. In Thailand, the ‘Sataw’ or P. speciosa pods extract could be potentially used as a natural preservative [18]. Both ‘Sataw-Khao’ and ‘Sataw-Dan’ pod extracts under investigated by the same group of researchers showed antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae non O1/ non O139) and food spoilage bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens). Although there were no significant differences between ‘Sataw-Khao’ and ‘Sataw-Dan’ pod extracts against all the tested bacteria, but for Gram negative bacteria, the extracts exhibited a lower range of inhibition zone than Gram positive bacteria.

However, the result is not in favour for Vibrio cholerae which was the most susceptible strain in comparison with other tested Gram-negative bacteria. These results are in agreement with the findings of Musa and co-workers [50] who observed that P. speciosa extract could be effective against all Gram-positive bacteria [Streptococcus agalatiae, S. aeruginosa and S. aureus] and some Gram-negative bacteria (A. hydrophila and V. parahaemolyticus). However, the Gram-negative bacteria including Citrobacter freundii, Edwardsiella tarda, E. coli and V. alginolyticus were resisted to the extract. Similar findings were reported by Sonia and co-workers [6], whereby the methanolic extract of P. speciosa pod showed the inhibition against common pathogens [Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae]. The highest zone of inhibition was demonstrated for the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus at 10 mm. The bioactive compounds are responsible to effectively inhibit and/or stop microbial growth via disruption of the synthesis of microbial nucleic acids, proteins and cell walls [51]. According to the previous studies, P. speciosa pod extract could inhibit all tested pathogenic and spoilage bacteria compared to rambutan peel, mangosteen peel, palmyra peel and coconut husk [52], rambutan peel and seed [53], pomelo peel [54] and banana peel [55] which could only inhibit certain bacteria and their inhibition zones were reported to be inferior to the P. speciosa extract. Fatimah [56] studied the utilization of P. speciosa pod extract as reducing agent in silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesis and its potential as antimicrobial agent.

She reported that the microwave-assisted synthesis of Ag NPs using P. speciosa pod extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The specific compounds that act as reducing agents and support the antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs are generally flavonoids and polyphenol compounds. From the comparison study done by Ghasemzadeh and co-workers [5], P. speciosa extract from Perak had a strong inhibitory effect towards both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The bacterial strains that were most susceptible to P. speciosa extract were Staphylococcus aureus [7.2±0.346 mm inhibition zone, minimal inhibitory concentration of 40.0 μg/ml] and Bacillus subtilis [8.4±0.320mm inhibition zone, minimal inhibitory concentration of 40.0 μg/ml]. The Gram-negative bacteria were less sensitive to the extracts compared to Gram positive, due to the presence of a cell wall that prevents permeation of the extract into the cell. The antibacterial activity was correlated to the effect of gallic acid.

Effects on Cardiovascular system

Four articles were reviewed for the effects of P. speciosa on cardiovascular system. Three research studies done in vitro involving human umbilical vein endothelial cells [HUVECs], cardiomyocytes (cells of the heart) and Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) [19,57,58]. The other study was done in vivo [59]. One study also experimented antioxidant activity [described in the antioxidant section] [19]. Three of the articles used empty pod extracts [57-59] and one article used seed [19]. The chemical agents used apart from P. speciosa extract were tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), quercetin, nicardipine, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and ACE solution. Among the outcomes observed are the inflammatory protein expressions: nuclear factor kappa B cell (NFκB) p65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase [p38 MAPK) , inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) [57,58]; blood pressure level, plasma nitric oxide level, cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, NADPH oxidase activity and cardiac lipid peroxidation content [59]. The outcome proved cardioprotective effect of the P. speciosa extract.

In vitrom studies

As a basis of understanding, TNF- α is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been used in many in vitro studies to induce inflammation [57]. It stimulates inflammatory markers, such as iNOS, nitric oxide [NO], COX-2 and VCAM-1, through [NFκB] pathway activation [60]. NFκB induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy [61]. In addition, p38 MAPK was also described to be involved in the inflammatory process by triggering the synthesis of inflammatory regulators such as TNF- α and COX-2 [62]. Elevated p38 MAPK activity resulted in augmented inflammatory, hypertrophic and fibrotic processes in patients with end-stage heart failure and ischemic heart disease [63]. Mustafa and colleague [57] studied the anti-inflammatory activity of P. speciosa empty pod extract in human umbilical vein endothelial cells [HUVECs]. HUVECs were divided into four groups: HUVECs exposed to TNF- α [10 ng/ml] in the presence [25ug/ml] or absence of P. speciosa extract. Quercetin act as positive control while HUVECs without TNF- α served as negative control. The concentration of the P. speciosa extract was chosen at 25ug/ml because of its highest cell viability in HUVECs co-incubated with TNF- α. Quercetin was used as the positive control as it was present in the extract. All the inflammatory protein expressions were reduced in HUVECs with P. speciosa extract, namely NFκB p65, iNOS, COX-2 and VCAM-1, as determined with Western blot analysis.

The nitric oxide [NO] and reactive oxygen species [ROS] level were also decreased [10.24uM and 120%, respectively]. These effects were comparable to that of quercetin. This observation was demonstrated as P. speciosa extract attenuates TNF- α -induced inflammatory responses by blocking the activation of NFκB p65 and thus reduces the iNOS, COX-2 and VCAM-1 expressions as well as ROS and NO production. A relatively similar study design was performed by Gui and colleague [58], in which inflammation-induced cardiomyocytes were used to determine the anti-inflammatory property of P. speciosa extract. The researchers proposed that the anti-inflammatory effect of P. speciosa were due to modulation of NFκB and MAPK pathways. The cardiomyocytes were divided into four groups: negative control, cardiomyocytes exposed to TNF- α, cardiomyocytes exposed to P. speciosa extract and TNF- α and cardiomyocytes exposed to quercetin and TNF- α. The P. speciosa extract [500ug/ml] and quercetin [1000uM] used were different in quantity compared to the previous study. The NFκB p65 and p38 MAPK expression were reduced in cardiomyocytes pre-treated with P. speciosa extract or quercetin.

Similarly, the iNOS, COX-2 and VCAM-1 expression as well as NO and ROS levels were also reduced. This effect confirmed the postulation and could be attributable to the polyphenol content of P. speciosa, specifically quercetin. Using alcalase, Siow and Gan [19] examined the antihypertensive bioactive peptides from P. speciosa seeds. Amino acids such as isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine and tyrosine contributed to the angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE]- inhibitory activity. A comparison of the ACE-inhibitory activity was made between different temperature, substrate-to-enzyme [S/E] ratio and incubation time. The highest percentage of ACE- inhibitory activities [80.2%] were demonstrated in a condition of 50℃, S/E ratio of 50 and 2hours incubation time.

In vivo studies

Kamisah and colleague [59] experimented the effects of P. speciosa empty pod extract in rats given N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). L-NAME is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It reduces plasma nitric oxide and increases systolic blood pressure [due to relaxation of blood vessel], ACE and NADPH oxidase activities, as well as lipid peroxidation in the heart [59]. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 was given L-NAME (25mg/kg, intraperitoneally), Group 2 was given L-NAME and P. speciosa empty pods methanolic extract (800mg/ kg, orally), Group 3 was given L-NAME and nicardipine (3mg/kg, orally) and Group 4 served as negative control. The plasma nitric oxide reduction was inhibited in Group treated with P. speciosa (12.33%), but not with nicardipine (-29.29%). The blood pressure increase was prevented in groups given P. speciosa and nicardipine. However, no difference was seen between the two groups. Consistently, the cardiac ACE, NADPH oxidase activity, as well as cardiac lipid peroxidation content were reduced in groups given P. speciosa and nicardipine. These effects were the result of high polyphenol content in P. speciosa. As being reported in previous studies, quercetin exerted hypertensive effect by enhancing nitric oxide production via induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS] phosphorylation [64]. In addition, quercetin also was shown to reduce ACE protein level in endothelial cells [65] and inhibit myocardial NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide anion generation in hypertensive rats [64].

Conclusion

P. speciosa or known as stinky bean, is a plant found abundantly in Southeast Asia. Despite of its odorous smell, it has been used both as culinary ingredients and indirectly as a medicine to treat various diseases such as hypertension and urinary tract infection. Various parts of the plant were used, including seed, pod and seed coat. The health benefits of P. speciosa are mainly contributed by the phenolic and flavonoid content. The antioxidant property is due to the presence of phenols, flavonoids, hydrogen sulphide and tannin, although the levels differ based on the types of extracts, parts of the plant, plantation and post-harvest handling. P. speciosa also has hypoglycemic effect by inhibiting α-glucosidase, α-amylase and pancreatic lipase. The effect was due to the synergistic effect of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, and by a compound known as stigmast- 4-en-3-one. The antitumor activity was exhibited more in pericarp, seed coat and empty pods, compared to the seed of the plant. P. speciosa demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and negative pathogen, although the effect was less potent in the latter. P. speciosa inhibit inflammatory markers by blocking the NFκB and MAPK pathways, prevent plasma nitric oxide loss, as well as inhibiting heart angiotensin-converting enzyme. We found that limited animal study and absent of clinical trial was done in evaluating the medicinal effects of Parkia speciosa. Thus, future animal and human studies are needed to strengthen evidence of its medicinal effect.

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank the Director General of Health Malaysia for his permission to publish this article. We are also grateful to the Director of the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Kuala Lumpur, for the continuous support and encouragement. We thank Ms Sumarni Mohd Ghazali from Epidemiology and Bio-Statistic Unit, IMR for editing, proofreading and reviewing the manuscript.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume4/nutraceutical-potential-of-parka-speciose-stink-bean-a-current-review.000842.php

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Phosgene Market – Outlook, Analysis, Demand and Opportunity Forecast 2025

Phosgene is a colorless gas with applications in organic compounds and medicines. Major derivatives of phosgene are acid chlorides, isocyantes, chloroformates, and isocyanates. Global Phosgene Market report by Market Research Future (MRFR) contains valuable insights on the opportunities and trends for the period of 2019 to 2025 (forecast period). It has also considered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the industry.

Competitive Outlook:

Products, Paushak Ltd, VanDeMark Chemical Inc., Atul Ltd, UPL, Wanhua Chemical Group Co. Ltd, BASF SE, ISOCHEM, Vertellus Holdings LLC, and Bayer AG are key players of the Global Phosgene Market.

Segmentation:

Global Phosgene Market has been segmented based on Derivatives and Application.

On the basis of Derivatives, Global Phosgene Market has been segmented into carbamoyl chlorides, isocyanates, chloroformates, and others.

Based on Application, Global Phosgene Market has been segmented into dyes, specialty chemicals, agrochemicals, fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, polycarbonates, and others.

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Market Scope:

According to MRFR Analysis, Global Phosgene Market is estimated to reach USD 1.24 billion by the end of 2025 at a CAGR of 4.6% over the forecast period.

The growing demand from bedding and furniture sectors is expected to trigger the demand for Phosgene over the coming years. Rise in purchasing power of interior furniture by customers can bode well for the market. This is exemplified by the use of polyurethane. The use of toluene diisocyanate and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate in pesticide and insecticide formulations in Asia Pacific can induce the demand from its producers. Cultivation of cash crops, availability of arable land, and viable farmer database can foment growth in the region. Investments in production of phosgene derivatives are predicted to favor the Global Phosgene Market Greatly.

Regional Analysis:

Global Phosgene Market has been studied across five key regions, namely Asia Pacific (APAC), North America, Latin America, Europe, and the Middle East & Africa (MEA).

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The APAC Phosgene Market is expected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. This is largely attributed to the growing end-use industries of pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and automotive. Increasing consumption of Phosgene in medicines, agrochemicals, dyes, and specialty chemicals is likely to propel the regional market growth. The massive demand for the chemical in developing countries of APAC owing to wide consumption of phosgene derivatives can culminate in high earnings.

The European Market held the second-largest share in 2018 owing to the high consumption of phosgene in pharmaceuticals, dyes, and specialty chemicals applications, followed by North America. Germany leads in regional demand share followed by Spain, Italy, and France on account of growing budget for R&D and product innovation. However, strict regulations pertaining to the toxicity of phosgene are likely to hinder the regional market growth.

The North America Phosgene Market is likely to expand at a moderate CAGR during the assessment period owing to the recovery of the industrial sector as well as increasing investments in textile and healthcare sectors.

The Latin American market is likely to grow at a notable CAGR during the review period owing to the growing consumer spending on textile-driven products and increasing usage of phosgene on dyes. Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina are the regional contributors. Lastly, the MEA Phosgene Market is expected to register a moderate CAGR in the coming years owing to the growing investments in urban and industrial development.

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