#Thesis in punjab

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The Remarkable Academic Journey of Former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh?



Introduction 

Dr. Manmohan Singh, the 13th Prime Minister of India, is a name synonymous with economic reforms, political integrity, and intellectual prowess. 

Known for his quiet demeanor and unparalleled academic achievements, Dr. Singh is widely regarded as one of the most qualified leaders not just in India, but globally. 

This article delves into his educational journey, his professional milestones, and how his qualifications have profoundly shaped his political career and policymaking.

Early Life and Foundations of Learning

Manmohan Singh was born on September 26, 1932, in Gah, a village in Punjab (now in Pakistan). 

Despite being born into a modest family, his parents recognized the value of education and instilled in him the importance of academic excellence. 

This foundation set the tone for what would become one of the most illustrious academic careers in Indian history.

Dr. Singh exhibited an exceptional aptitude for learning from an early age. 

His determination to acquire knowledge was evident in his relentless pursuit of higher education, even during challenging times like the Partition of India, which displaced millions, including his family.

Primary and Secondary Education

Dr. Manmohan Singh completed his early schooling in Punjab. 

He excelled in his studies and quickly established himself as one of the brightest students in his school. 

His academic performance earned him several scholarships, which provided the financial support needed to pursue higher education.

During his school years, Dr. Singh developed a keen interest in economics, a subject that would later define his career and legacy. 

He understood the potential of economic policies in shaping a nation's future and aspired to make a difference in this field.

Undergraduate Studies: Government College, Lahore

Dr. Singh began his formal journey into higher education at Government College in Lahore, one of the most prestigious institutions in pre-Partition India. 

He pursued a bachelor’s degree in Economics and graduated with distinction. His stellar performance earned him accolades and recognition, setting the stage for further academic pursuits.

At Government College, Dr. Singh’s professors noticed his exceptional analytical skills and ability to comprehend complex economic theories. 

These qualities distinguished him from his peers and motivated him to explore advanced studies in economics.

Master’s Degree: Punjab University, Chandigarh

After completing his undergraduate degree, Dr. Singh moved to Punjab University, Chandigarh, where he pursued his master’s degree in Economics. 

Once again, he graduated with flying colors, securing the top position in his class. His time at Punjab University was marked by rigorous study and an unrelenting commitment to academic excellence.

During his postgraduate years, Dr. Singh’s interest in development economics deepened. 

He began exploring the challenges faced by developing nations, particularly India, and started formulating ideas to address these issues.

Doctoral Studies: University of Cambridge, UK

Dr. Singh’s thirst for knowledge led him to the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, where he pursued a second master’s degree in Economics. 

He attended St. John’s College, Cambridge, and was awarded the prestigious Adam Smith Prize for his outstanding performance.

At Cambridge, Dr. Singh studied under some of the greatest economic thinkers of the time, including Nicholas Kaldor and Joan Robinson. 

Their mentorship profoundly influenced his understanding of Keynesian economics and development policies. 

His thesis at Cambridge focused on “India’s Export Performance, 1951-1960,” which later became a reference point for scholars and policymakers alike.

Cambridge’s Impact on His Career

Cambridge not only sharpened Dr. Singh’s economic acumen but also instilled in him a global perspective on development and trade. 

He became increasingly aware of the interconnectedness of global economies and the role of international cooperation in fostering growth.

DPhil at the University of Oxford

After completing his studies at Cambridge, Dr. Singh went on to pursue a Doctorate of Philosophy (DPhil) in Economics at the University of Oxford. 

His dissertation, titled "India’s Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth," was groundbreaking. 

It provided a comprehensive analysis of India’s trade patterns and laid the groundwork for the liberalization policies he would later implement as the Finance Minister.

Oxford provided Dr. Singh with an opportunity to interact with some of the world’s most renowned economists. 

This exposure further enriched his knowledge and helped him develop a holistic understanding of economic systems.

Recognition of Academic Excellence

Dr. Singh’s work at Oxford was highly acclaimed. His thesis was later published as a book, which became a seminal work in the field of development economics. 

It also earned him a reputation as one of the leading economic thinkers of his generation.

Academic and Professional Career

Dr. Manmohan Singh’s academic qualifications were not just limited to degrees and accolades. 

His professional career also reflected his deep expertise in economics and policymaking.

Lecturer at Punjab University

After completing his doctoral studies, Dr. Singh returned to India and began his career as a lecturer at Punjab University. 

His teaching style was highly appreciated by students, and he quickly became known for his ability to explain complex economic concepts in simple terms.

Professor at the Delhi School of Economics

Dr. Singh later joined the Delhi School of Economics, one of India’s premier institutions for higher studies in economics. 

As a professor, he inspired a generation of students who went on to become economists, policymakers, and academics.

United Nations and World Bank

Dr. Singh’s expertise in economics earned him assignments with international organizations like the United Nations and the World Bank. 

These roles provided him with valuable insights into global economic systems and the challenges faced by developing nations.

Economic Advisor and Bureaucratic Roles

Dr. Singh’s transition from academia to bureaucracy was seamless. 

He served as the Chief Economic Advisor in the Ministry of Finance and later held key positions such as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India and the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.

Finance Minister of India

In 1991, India faced a severe economic crisis. Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao appointed Dr. Manmohan Singh as the Finance Minister, a decision that would prove to be transformative. 

Dr. Singh spearheaded a series of economic reforms that liberalized India’s economy, dismantled the License Raj, and opened up the country to foreign investment.

Prime Minister of India

Dr. Manmohan Singh’s qualifications and track record as an economist played a significant role in his appointment as the Prime Minister of India in 2004. 

During his tenure, he focused on inclusive growth, rural development, and infrastructure expansion.

Global Recognition of Dr. Singh’s Qualifications

Dr. Manmohan Singh’s academic and professional achievements have earned him global recognition. 

He has received honorary degrees from several prestigious universities, including the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford.

Awards and Honors

1. Adam Smith Prize

2. Padma Vibhushan (1987)

3. Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship

Dr. Singh’s Legacy: A Blend of Knowledge and Leadership

Dr. Manmohan Singh’s qualifications are not just a testament to his academic brilliance but also a reflection of his dedication to using knowledge for the betterment of society. 

His tenure as Prime Minister and Finance Minister demonstrated how academic expertise could be effectively translated into policymaking.

Conclusion

Dr. Manmohan Singh’s life is a beacon of inspiration for aspiring leaders and scholars. His qualifications, both academic and professional, underscore the importance of education in achieving excellence and driving societal progress. 

As one of the most qualified leaders in modern history, Dr. Singh’s legacy will continue to inspire generations to come.

[punjabassignmenthelpaus]

Top 5 Expert tips for Tackling University of Sydney Assignments in 2024

The University of Sydney has been known for their challenging programs of academics needing the students to get the top grades across various disciplines. For achieving success, you need to follow the below expert tips that has been tailored particularly for you students of USYD and these include:

You need to understand the assignment guidelines and rubrics of USYD. The university provides the assignment instructions and detailed rubrics for every task and these documentations outline the grading criteria, expectations, along with the particular requirements. The subjects like Future of Business and its assignments are required to be presented with structure arguments which would be backed to by examples. You need to analyse the rubrics for ensuring that the sections of the assignments are aligning with the learning outcomes.

You need to use the Canvas USYD Login efficiently. The Canvas USYD is the official LMS or learning management system and is the treasure trove of materials and resources. By the help of USYD Canvas, you could be able to access the submission portals, lecture notes, as well as discussion forums and feedback tools. For subjects like Psychology, the course offers additional quizzes and readings on USYD Canvas for enhancing the preparation of the assignments.

You need to engage with the support resources of USYD. You need to take the benefit of the Learning Hubs and Library Services of USYD in which the resources offer referencing guidelines, workshops regarding academics skills, as well as research consultations that have been tailored for several courses like digital marketing strategy. If you require external help related to assignment help Sydney, university assignment help, Sydney assignment help, online assignment help, dissertation writing services, and thesis writing services, the professional assignment writing services such as a Punjab Assignment Help is specialized to meet the academic standards of USYD.

You also should need to integrate the academic writing standards. The USYD also emphasizes concise, well referenced and clear writing. You need to adhere to Harvard and APA referencing styles which is crucial to avoid plagiarism. The University of Sydney Academy Writing Guide has been a valuable tool to master the standards.

You also need to plan ahead as well as seek feedback from the professors. You should begin early and also create the timeline for seeking feedback from the instructors which ensures timely revision and reduction of last minute stress. By leveraging the particular resources of USYD, you could be able to tackle all the assignments efficiently and boost the academic performance.

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You need to locate the tab called Assignment which is in the left and side of the menu and then opt for a particular assignment you need to submit.

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Why is Punjab Assignment Help the Best Choice for University of Sydney Assignments?

Punjab Assignment Help has been the go to service for the students like you at University of Sydney who seek expert academic assistance. Having more than 10 years experience, our experts are highly educated and well-versed with the academic standards of USYD, assignment formats, as well as grading rubrics. The expert order writers are also skilled in navigation of the platform of Canvas Login USYD where the students are assisted with understanding the protocols of submission, feedback procedure, as well as Turnitin checks for ensuring smooth experience. We also provide dissertation assignment help services along with thesis writing services for various subjects like Psychology and Introductory Macroeconomics. The diverse members of the team ensures subject particular assistance and guidance. Punjab assignment help also delivers contents which are well researched and original and aligns with the academic integrity policies of the University of Sydney. We also offer free revisions along with 24 hours and 7 days support for ensuring that the assignments are exceeding the expectations of the university. Our services also offer various subject ranges offered by the University of Sydney and these assignments are handled carefully by course and subject particular experts which makes sure relevant and higher quality content. Online Assignment Help has been combining reliability and expertise along with support for helping the students in excelling in their academics.

Some of the Subjects for which Punjab Assignment Help provide assignment Writing Services are following:-

Future of Business

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Yes, our experts offer unlimited revisions in the original instruction scope. If you are not feeling satisfied with the work we have, then we will be revising until you are fully satisfied.

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[blogs231]

Exploring the Journey of a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Program

The journey of a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program is a transformative experience that pushes the boundaries of knowledge and opens doors to groundbreaking research opportunities. For students aspiring to specialize in their chosen fields, a Ph.D. offers unparalleled depth, academic growth, and a chance to contribute to the advancement of society. This article delves into the essence of a Ph.D. program, highlighting its importance, structure, and the key considerations for Ph.D. admissions, especially in premier institutions like the best engineering college in Patiala or other top-tier engineering colleges in Punjab.

Understanding the Ph.D. Program

A Ph.D. program is the highest academic qualification one can achieve, signifying mastery over a subject and a commitment to research. Unlike undergraduate or master’s programs, a Ph.D. focuses on independent, original research rather than structured coursework. It is a pathway to becoming an expert in your domain and a respected scholar in academia or industry.

The program is characterized by:

Research-Driven Learning: Students delve into unexplored areas, presenting solutions to complex problems.

Thesis Development: The culmination of the program is a dissertation, which serves as a significant contribution to the existing body of knowledge.

Skill Enhancement: Beyond technical expertise, students develop critical thinking, analytical, and communication skills essential for academic and professional success.

Ph.D. Admissions: The Gateway to Excellence

The admission process for a Ph.D. program is rigorous, requiring a blend of academic credentials, research experience, and a strong passion for innovation. For those targeting reputed institutions, like an engineering college in Punjab known for academic excellence, here are some key steps to consider:

Eligibility Criteria: Most institutions require a master’s degree in a relevant field with a strong academic record. A background in research can significantly bolster your application.

Entrance Examinations: Many universities conduct entrance tests to assess the applicant’s aptitude for research and subject expertise.

Research Proposal: A well-structured research proposal is often a cornerstone of Ph.D. admissions, showcasing your understanding of the field and the significance of your proposed study.

Personal Interview: Interviews allow candidates to discuss their research interests and motivations with faculty members.

Funding Opportunities: Several institutions and funding bodies provide scholarships or assistantships, ensuring financial stability during the program.

Choosing the Right Institution

The choice of institution plays a pivotal role in shaping your Ph.D. journey. Opting for the best engineering college in Patiala or a reputed engineering college in Punjab can enhance your research experience. Leading institutions offer:

State-of-the-art laboratories and research facilities.

Access to a diverse pool of experienced faculty members.

Collaborations with industries and international universities.

A robust support system for publishing research in high-impact journals.

The Phases of a Ph.D. Journey

Embarking on a Ph.D. program is a multi-phase process, each step requiring dedication and perseverance:

1. Coursework and Literature Review

Though research is the primary focus, some programs include coursework to strengthen foundational knowledge. Simultaneously, students undertake an exhaustive literature review to understand the existing research in their field.

2. Research Design and Experimentation

Once the topic is finalized, students begin designing their experiments or frameworks. This phase involves hypothesizing, testing, and iterating, often in collaboration with supervisors and peers.

3. Data Analysis and Interpretation

Interpreting results is a critical part of the process. This stage often requires statistical tools, software, or modeling techniques to derive meaningful insights.

4. Dissertation Writing and Defense

The dissertation encapsulates years of research. Writing it demands clarity, precision, and adherence to academic standards. The defense, on the other hand, is an opportunity to present and validate findings before a panel of experts.

Challenges in a Ph.D. Program

Pursuing a Ph.D. is no easy feat. Students often encounter challenges such as:

Time Management: Balancing research, coursework, and personal commitments can be demanding.

Research Roadblocks: Experiments may not always yield expected results, necessitating alternative approaches.

Stress and Isolation: The intensive nature of the program can lead to stress, making it essential to seek support and maintain a healthy work-life balance.

However, these challenges are outweighed by the rewards—intellectual growth, career opportunities, and the satisfaction of contributing to your field.

Career Prospects After a Ph.D.

A Ph.D. opens doors to diverse career paths, including academia, research and development, consulting, and leadership roles in industries. Graduates from reputed institutions, such as an engineering college in Punjab, are often sought after for their expertise and innovative thinking.

Some popular career options include:

Academic Positions: Become a professor or lecturer, inspiring the next generation of students.

Industry Roles: Work in R&D departments, driving innovation in technology, healthcare, and other sectors.

Entrepreneurship: Leverage your expertise to start a venture or develop cutting-edge solutions.

Why Pursue a Ph.D. in Punjab?

Punjab is emerging as a hub for higher education, offering world-class institutions that attract students nationwide. The best engineering college in Patiala provides a conducive environment for advanced research and holistic development. The state’s emphasis on quality education, coupled with a rich cultural heritage, makes it an ideal destination for pursuing a Ph.D.

Conclusion

The journey of a Ph.D. program is a rewarding experience that goes beyond academic achievements. It shapes individuals into critical thinkers, innovators, and leaders ready to address global challenges. By choosing the right institution, such as a premier engineering college in Punjab, and committing to the process, students can make a lasting impact in their fields.

Ph.D. admissions mark the beginning of this transformative journey. For those ready to take the plunge, the road ahead promises intellectual fulfillment and professional success.

[amitypunjab]

Best College For B.Com Hons In Punjab— Curriculum, College & More!

Are you someone who is willing to start their own business in future? Then choosing a B.Com degree can be the right decision for you. And if you are a student from Punjab who is constantly hunting for the best B.Com honours colleges in Mohali Punjab, then this article is tailored for you.

In this article, we are going to look at the top reasons why a commerce student should choose B.Com Hons instead of regular B.Com, and which college reigns supreme in B.Com studies.

Difference Between a B.Com vs B.Com Hons

There are a lot of reasons why one should choose a B.Com Hons degree over a B.Com, and a few major ones are:

Diving Deeper

A B.Com Hons degree dives deeper into the subjects and provides a more specialized curriculum, as compared to the regular B.Com degree. You get to know the core knowledge about subjects like accounting, finance, and marketing. Gaining this kind of in-depth knowledge gives you a competitive edge in the job market.

Advanced Skills

A B.Com (Hons) program fills you with all the advanced skills like financial modelling, data analysis, business communication, and more. Such skills are highly sought-after by top companies and firms in the finance and consulting sectors.

Research Focus

B.Com (Hons) often includes research projects and thesis papers, which allows you to develop critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. This can be especially beneficial if you are considering pursuing higher studies like an MBA.

As we have understood the three major reasons why a B.Com Hons degree is one step ahead of a regular B.Com, let’s look at why choosing the right college is equally crucial.

Choosing The Right College

Now it's high time to address these burning questions: Which college reigns supreme in a B.Com degree? Is there any better option than B.com hons in Punjab University? Well, among the various options available—Amity University emerges as one of the finest universities that provides commerce education.

The comprehensive curriculum of Amity University, Mohali, dives deeper into the core concepts and teaches everything that is required to grow in the commerce sector. The university focuses on practical learning and provides world-class facilities to its students. Faculty here are well-read scholars in their respective fields, and they focus on the holistic development of the students.

The placement cell at Amity University also works tirelessly to get its students placed in some of the top companies and MNCs in the world. The university boasts a crazy placement record: In the session of 2022-23, more than 15,000 students were placed from Amity University in companies like Accenture, Wipro, TCS, PWD, etc.

These reasons make Amity truly a top contender when it comes to the best B.Com honours colleges in Mohali Punjab.

Final Remarks

Pursuing a B.Com Hons degree over a regular B.Com degree gives you an upper hand, when it comes to a commerce degree that is highly sought after. Additionally, Amity University ranks as the best college for b.com hons in Punjab and it is a viable option. Here you get a competitive edge here, and graduate becoming industry-ready. Admissions are open for sessions 2024-24.

Source: https://sites.google.com/view/best-college-for-bcom-mohali/home

[techsparks]

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You can also visit our website Techsparks and follow us on Google Plus, Pinterest, Facebook, Twitter YouTube and Linkedin for latest thesis blog.

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[thegravityblog]

Wednesday: Work, Investment Thesis and Laughing at the clowns.

Busy day, as usual. I got a new investment offer, let’s see how they respond. I am raising a private seed round worth $100,000 (Rs.8194835.00) for Dexa, to hire more tech talent, mostly backend engineers, solidity developers and iOS/Android Developers, an in-house community building and management team and a marketing team. I am working with Crowwd Labs for the marketing part, and will form a long-term partnership with them. I currently own 49.52% of the company and have the maximum voting rights. 

Here’s our cap table (Capitalization table). Hid the name of my angel investor as we are under a NDA and I cannot publicly mention him. Cap table is basically a legal document of a company where all the capital, investments and ownerships are put together. Every startup that’s funded, has one. So, with the new round all of the investors share will dilute, depending on the size of the cheque and equity deal. Let’s just hope for the best. My goal is to raise this seed round by the end of July. After the Series A, that’s most probably next year or by the end of this year, we’ll move our operations to Bengaluru, Silicon Valley where the real tech action is. Although, I am also one of the leaders in Punjab in the Blockchain/Web3 space who is taking the initiative with my fellow founders to put Punjab on the map when it comes to Web3. Long and tough route, but as I have mentioned earlier, if I set a goal, I want it. I’ll have it anyway. Pretty competitive but I can’t really see myself a loser who fears taking challenges. Everything is possible, all you need is the determination, drive, ambition and a threshold to sacrifice and bear pain.  My work day was comprised of Web3 related stuff mostly, and Dexa. We are minting tickets on Polygon now, and the next meetup event’s tickets are now on sale. They’re free though. Then I read about psychometric tests and stress resistors from the clinical psychology book for my AI therapist, moving on to researching and studying a couple of companies stocks I am planning to invest. After that, I again analyzed a couple of value based stocks for a client from my hedge fund that’ll be up and running by August 2023. I had 2 calls from my part time job as a consultant cloud engineer at Amazon Web Services, so did that and then went out to do some chores. While coming back I saw that classic clown, and I realized today that I have healed. I just couldn’t stop laughing seeing her hanging on to another guy. I saw my past when she used to rest her head on my shoulders, and I giggled so bad. My inner voice was like “You see? That’s a pattern”. Plus now she is also Sukanya/Poonam bhabhi, lol. If there is so much of a monetary crisis, could had asked me, I would donate. And those videos are literally cringe fest. The guy is using all his forces to fuck her, but still I am pretty sure he isn’t making her cum. I have fucked her, I know she is a beast. The guy hasn’t mastered the art of sex. There is a massage video, that while watching I couldn’t stop laughing. 0 Sensuality, just rubbing hands, no stroking no caressing, no rhythm changes, just bland plain cringefest. Again, I felt I have healed because it didn’t affect me or shook me the way it used to. I instead critiqued all the videos, the guy literally has no idea what he is doing.  And it’s even none of my business. Maybe the hunger of money is so bad, that they have to do it. Who knows and who cares? Aaj cam girl hai, kal kothe pe bhi baithegi. Kya pata, kabhi maine contact kia and aageh se isko bheje pimp. Now I think, where is all that decency? Hypocrisy at its best. So what kind of response would you expect? I just laugh on these clowns now. She left me just to be with losers who neither have a social status nor are anywhere sexually capable. But anyway, if she is happy in the dirt, let her. I have a long way to go, hence I shouldn’t be losing my focus. Chudegi toh chod denge, koi harz nahi. ;)  Anyway, I am not poonam bhabhi hence I have to dwell into work. Its time to look into the markets and see how each company is performing followed by some coding before sleeping. Mom has cooked a great curry today. Can’t wait to gorge my dinner. See ya!! 

[infantisimo]

reading in prison libraries

What do prisoners read, and what kinds of books are stored in prison libraries? Without exception, histories of libraries mention S. R. Ranganathan as instrumental in the establishment of Library Associations (1933 in Calcutta) or Library Systems, Development Plans, Committees and Acts prior to and after independence. These served not only to emphasize the need for systematic library programmes, but linked prison populations to the category of the public, as has been done in countries with vigorous library movements. (Libraries and Librarianship in India by Jashu Patel and Krishan Kumar). Since then, prison libraries flow in and out of public view from time to time, as the object of reforms.

Anupama on libraries in Himachal Pradesh

Scholars of library science have produced detailed accounts of prison libraries, such as Anupama whose PhD thesis on prison libraries in Himachal Pradesh indicates that after preliminary reforms of 1835 in the colonial period, the Prisons Act of 1870 and 1894 shape the existing prison system in India. Post-independence efforts to ensure access to libraries can be traced to library manuals, such as the All India Jail Manual Committee (I960) and the Punjab Government’s Manual for the Superintendence and Management of Jails (1963) in Punjab, which directly recommended that efforts be made to make libraries more accessible. Individual states and prisons arrived at their own levels of reform, with the issue acquiring popularity and visibility from time to time through figures like Kiran Bedi.

Anupama’s work provides a history and account of 14 prisons in every district of Himachal Pradesh, including information on prisoners. It notes that some prison libraries such as the ones in Kangra and Kullu districts, worked in coordination with the State District Libraries, allowing prisoners wider access to material, while many others do not. Lahaul and Spiti have no prison and therefore no prison library. Her accounts of being alone with prisoners, and of having to access remote prisons are a valuable record.

Nirmal Singh on Punjab

‘Inmates or information debarred? An overview of library services in prisons of Punjab (India)’ by Nirmal Singh who is Assistant Librarian, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, suggests that few prisons in Punjab have good libraries, often lacking even a newspaper, thereby locking their inmates away from any contact with goings on in the world.

Of the well-functioning libraries in various parts of the country, he mentions the Viyyur Central Jail (Kerala), which ‘has a separate library building with a collection of over 10,000 books in addition to newspapers and periodicals for 800 inmates (The Times of India, 2011)’, and the Central Prison, Poojappura which contains 15,000 books. Among other libraries that feature in his article are those of Bhondsi in Haryana, and Tihar in Delhi.

Singh also cites the Birla Institute of Management Technology (BIMTECH), Noida, which set up a library in Dasna Jail for prisoners. The library was stocked with over 4,000 titles by students ‘based on the survey of prisoners about their requirement for books as an extension of their social initiative under the Ranganathan Society for Social Welfare and Library Development.’, he states. ‘The institute also gifted two computers to the jail with library automation software uploaded’, and students trained prisoners to look after the library and the computers (The Times of India, 2012).

The Centre on the Death Penalty and libraries in Madhya Pradesh

The Death Penalty Research Project at the Centre on the Death Penalty at the National Law University, Delhi took up the question and included queries about the library as part of its research among prisoners, some on the death row.

As with other studies on prison libraries, these interviews mention classroom like rooms which seat between 8 and 10 people. The SC Bose Jabalpur Central Prison Library is a typical example of a functioning library which stores books on history, fiction, and law among other areas, and prisoners are allowed to borrow books for a fifteen day period.   It does not have any link with state libraries. Records of borrowing and a catalogue of books is preserved and literacy and skill training classes are conducted by programmes such as sarv shiksha abhiyaan and NGOS. IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) has a ubiquitous presence in teaching programmes in prison to service literacy programmes. Officials in the Hoshiangabad prison stated that ten percent of the inmates needed basic classes in literacy, and the prison also conducted BA level courses that 76 inmates had cleared, while in the prison in Ujjain, 150 prisoners had sat the IGNOU exam. As is possibly the case in other prisons, while the officials at Hoshiangabad said that the prison put in requests for unavailable books when prisoners asked for them, a prisoner suggests that such requests were obstructed.

Vocation over pleasure

This is perhaps unsurprising as the prison mentions that the budget for books is the same as the stationery budget. Though some libraries in the country are linked to their state district libraries, this is not the case with most prisons. Such links could circumvent the absence of funds which, in the case of those prisons that actually address these needs, would be directed towards vocational training and more instrumental courses. In a prison in Gwalior, an official noted that since most prisoners from the Chambal region had very little education, rarely was a desire expressed for books.

Excerpt from an interview with a prisoner on death row reproduced here:

I: Can you tell us about your experience in prison?

J: As far as I am concerned, prison has proved to be the world’s biggest university. There is no book here that I have not studied. It is true that I can no longer see the sights and spectacles of the outside world. However, when I read I can visualize the world outside within my mind’s eye.

I: When did you begin to cultivate the habit of reading?

J: It is only after I came to prison that I began to read.

I: Would you say that your understanding has expanded?

J: Yes, this has been a change that has influenced my life and my outlook.

I: This expansion of understanding- what is the reason for it?

J: All my perspectives have been enhanced by the books I borrow from the library. I have read almost 10,000 books since coming to this prison. However, it’s been four years since I last stepped foot inside this library.

I: Why is that?

J: After escaping prison, I haven’t been allowed to come here. I request books inside my cell and they are given to me.

I: Which kind of books do you find most engrossing?

J: If you must know, Eyadi is a book I’ve read several times. Then there’s Manushyan Oru Aamukham, Aarachar and Ajith Varkey’s new book.

I: We have heard that you enjoy reading philosophical works as well.

J: My cellmate … has many philosophical books. He has been allowed to keep them in the cell. He has books about the law as well. I have read them all.

[iamatiwari1]

Jun. 25th, 2020, 12:45PM

🇮🇳🇮🇳Who is Dr ManMohan Singh🇮🇳🇮🇳

He is one of the most qualified leader of the world.

Dr. Man Mohan Singh was born on 26th September 1932 in a small village Gah of Punjab which is now currently in Pakistan.

Qualifications:

First place in BA (Hons) Punjab University 1952.

First place in MA (Economics) in Punjab university 1954.

Wright's prize for Distinguished performance at St. Johns College, Cambridge 1955.

Wright's prize for Distinguished performance at St. Johns College, Cambridge 1957.

DPhil (Oxford), Dlitt (Honoris causa).

PhD in Economics from Oxford university with research thesis entitled 'India's Export competitiveness'.

Career:

Sr. lecturer Economics 1957 - 1959.

Reader Economics 1959 - 1963.

Prof. Economics Punjab University 1963 - 1965.

Worked for UN 1966 - 1969.

Prof. International Trade Delhi School of Economics 1969 - 1971.

Chief Economic Advisor 1972 - 1976.

Honorary prof Jawahar Lal Nehru University 1976.

Governor, Reserve Bank of India 1982 - 1985.

Deputy chairman of planning commission 1985 - 1987.

Secretary General of South Commission Geneva Switzerland 1987 - 1990.

Advisor to PM of India on Economic Affairs 1990 - 1991.

Finance Minister of India 1991 - 1996.

Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha 1998 - 2004.

14th PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA 2004 - 2014

He is only the second Prime Minister after Jawaharlal Nehru who was re-elected after completing his full five-year term.

Achievements:

Indians will remember him forever mainly for RTI (Right To Information Act)

India rises from 10th to 2nd position and became second largest economy in the World with GDP of 9% during his tenure as PM.

Entire world got hit with 3 major recessions but he made our country to stand straight and less affected.

Dr. ManMohan Singh was never a politician, he was pulled into this quagmire.

It was this man who liberalized the economy of India during the economic crisis which India suffered in 1991.

The then Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao appointed him as the Finance Minister in order to get India out of this crisis.

During the next few years he carried out some structural reforms the liberalized the Indian economy. His measures proved successful in order to overcome this crisis and this resulted in increasing his reputation globally as ‘A reform-minded economist’.

Dr. Singh though never had won a seat in the Lok Sabha election but people of India have always had faith in him.

According to BBC, he “has enjoyed massive popular support, not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations.”

During his tenure as a Finance Minister, he freed India from the License Raj which was the reason for India`s slow economic growth and corruption in the economy for many decades.

It was his economic policy through which India became the ‘second fastest growing major economy in the world’ in the year 2009 when India got its highest ever GDP growth rate of 9%.

He replaced Sales tax by Value Added Tax in the year 2005.

American economist Jeffrey Sachs praised his and his government`s initiative of starting the National rural Health Mission which has mobilized half a million community health workers.

During his tenure, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was also started which includes starting schools all over the country especially in rural areas and introducing the mid-day meals.

Several improvements were made in the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act(UAPA) and National Investigation Agency and Unique Identification Authority Of India were also created during his tenure.

The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act(NREGA) and the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament during his tenure.

The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act and Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act include the other legislations that were started during his tenure.

His foreign policy helped India maintain good relations with countries such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, United States, China, Japan, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Israel and Russia.

What world say's about him:

Obama: "When Singh speaks, world must listen to him Singh's knowledge will be useful for the entire world" in G-20 summit.

Chinese President: Dr. ManMohan Singh is a renowned statesman.

Russian President Vladimir Putin: praised him for the contribution to BRICS nations.

Dr. ManMohan Singh has been awarded as "World statesman Award".

‘The Independent’ described him as “one of the world’s most revered leaders” and “a man of uncommon decency and grace”.

The ‘Newsweek magazine’ recognized him as a world leader who is respected even by other heads of state and by other parties also, describing him as “the leader other leaders love.”

‘Henry Kissinger’ described Singh as “a statesman with vision, persistence and integrity”, and praised him for his “leadership, which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India.”

Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh “as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history.”

He also received the World Statesman Award in 2010 and was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the world’s most powerful people.

He is even considered the best Prime Minister India has ever had by many opposition leaders.

Dr. Singh was awarded the Doctor of Letters by the Punjab University in the year 1983 and an Honorary Doctor of Law Degree by the University of Alberta in the year 1997.

The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005 and the University of Cambridge followed with the same honour in the year 2006.

There is a PhD Scholarship after him, the Dr. Manmohan Singh Scholarship which has been honored upon him by the St. John`s College.

In the year 2008, he was awarded the honorary Doctor of Letters Degree by Banaras Hindu University and an honorary Doctorate Degree by University of Madras.

In the year 2010, he was awarded honorary Doctorate Degree by King Saud University.

In the year 2013, he was awarded honorary Doctorate Degree by Moscow State Institute of International Relations.

Despite of endless no. of persons who barked at him, he remained silent. He has often been mocked by the Indians as “The Silent P.M.” which is nothing but disrespect for a man of his stature.

In fact, he is ‘the highest qualified prime minister’ in the world. He is known for his integrity, honesty, knowledge and intelligence in economic and financial matters.

The most powerful quote: "..........................."

by Dr ManMohan Singh, which means 'Remain silent & Do your duty' !

History will be kind enough to Dr Manmohan Singh.

It will remember him as a Sikh who was nominated for prime ministership by a Christian Congress President and sworn in by a Muslim President in a country that is 82% Hindu.

“History will be kinder to me than the contemporary media and the opposition parties in Parliament”

– Dr. ManMohan Singh

Adarsh Tiwari

[theindiareview]

Why History Will Judge Dr. Manmohan Singh Very Kindly

The architect of India’s economic reforms will go down in Indian history as the most qualified Prime Minister who fulfilled electoral promises, brought reforms and established India’s economy under his multifaceted leadership. The unassuming person that he has been all through the journey of his life, it came as no surprise when, answering the question of a journalist during the last year of his term as Indian prime minister, he pointed out that history would judge him much more kindly than what his critics tend to believe. Indeed, history will judge benevolently Dr Manmohan Singh, most famously known as the first Sikh prime minister of the world’s largest democracy. There are many more facets of Dr Manmohan Singh which are largely unknown to the public. Dr Singh was born in undivided India (before the partition of India into Pakistan) to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur in Gah, Punjab. After the partition of India in 1947 when India gained independence, his family moved to the holy city Amritsar in state of Punjab in Northern India where he spent most of his childhood. He was raised by his paternal grandmother after the untimely demise of his mother when he was just a child. Growing up in a small village in Punjab in the 1940s, with no electricity and the nearest school being miles away, did not deter this young boy from education as he continued to walk these miles and kept studying under dim light of a kerosene lamp. Despite these adversities that he faced at a very young age, he was a bright student, always in the top of his class winning laurels and scholarships throughout his academic career. After completing his graduate and post graduate studies at the famous and respectable Punjab University in Chandigarh, India, he went on to pursue a second masters in economics at Cambridge University in the United Kingdom, also on scholarship. Subsequently, he pursued his doctoral studies at Oxford University in UK. His doctoral thesis titled ‘India’s export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications’ won him several prizes and honours and only strengthened his articulation for the economic situation in India. Extremely shy by nature, this boy became a favorite of the teachers and professors at Cambridge and Oxford. After receiving praises and accolades in the UK, Dr Manmohan Singh returned to India to his roots in Amritsar and started teaching at a local college. However, this bright and intelligent man was meant for greater things in life. During his subsequent stint at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development under the famous economist Raul Prebisch, Dr Manmohan Singh got an offer teaching at the reputed Delhi School of Economics in India’s capital city of New Delhi. Patriotic it may sound, he decided to return to India to which Raul Prebisch even taunted him saying he was making a foolish mistake by giving up a job which is a dream for economists. Undeterred, he returned to India and soon in the 1970s he became the first choice for the posts of economic advisory to the Prime Minster of India. This led to him becoming the Chief Economic Advisor, Head of Planning Commission and later Governor of the highly regarded and important Reserve Bank of India. It was very interesting how from being an economist he started his political career when he became the Finance Minister of India under late Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao In June 1991. That led to a new era for the country as he went on to become the architect of India’s much-needed economic reforms. It would not be incorrect to state that during this time in 1991, economy of India was in huge turmoil. There was minimal economic growth in majority of sectors especially the manufacturing sector which is very crucial. The job market was at its lowest point and employment rates were in negative. The economy of democratic India was in total unbalance as the fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 percent of the GDP (gross domestic product) of the nation. Simply said, India was facing a huge economic crisis and it was extremely challenging for any economist to bring back the economy to the right track. Hence, huge responsibility fell onto Dr Manmohan Singh’s shoulders. As a brilliant economist with immense knowledge, he explained to then then Prime Minster that the Indian economy was facing an unprecedented crisis and it would collapse if it’s not deregulated, which the PM gladly agreed to. Dr Singh adopted the policy of ‘Liberalisation, Privatization and Globalization’ and started the integration of India’s economy with the world. The steps which he took included elimination of permit raj, reduction of state control on the economy, reduction of high import taxes leading to the opening up of the nation to the outside world. He has the onus of transforming India’s economy from socialist to more capitalistic. Public sector companies were made open to privatization and he cleared the path for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). These steps not only provided a boost to India’s economy but also promoted globalization. These economic reforms proudly headed by Dr Singh are now an indelible part of India’s economic past. Such was the impact and reach of the reforms spearheaded by him that the entire nation stood by him when he was chosen to become the Prime Minster of India. This man, with no political background, but possessing immense capability, worldly knowledge and approach to drive a nation to success, was the chosen one in year 2004. During his tenure which spanned a decade from 2004 till 2014. Dr Singh’s government achieved significant milestones and his personal control is remarkable. He is the only prime minster under whom the nation’s economy enjoyed a sustained annual GDP growth rate of 8percent over a period of eight years. Apart from China, no other economy has touched this sort of growth rate. During the global recession of 2008, Indian economy was stable and largely unharmed due to his solid policies. He took many landmark decisions and the ones which stand out as historic are NREGA, RTI and UID. The NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005) guaranteed minimum wage to the poorest section of society and helped improve people’s lives. The extraordinary RTI (Right to Information Act, 2005), which is the undisputed and single powerful tool to get information in order to tackle corruption. Once this act was introduced, it is an important and inseparable part of millions of citizens of India. Finally, the UID (Unique Identification) which promised to be a universal database of citizens and would help in availing the many benefits of the government. Dr Singh is not only very highly educated, but he had vast administrative experiences in various governmental positions with direct personal involvement in policy making before he stepped in at the Prime Minster. Dr Singh, a man of few words, a simple person with high intellect was a messiah for the nation’s economy. He will go down in history as the most qualified Prime Minister who fulfilled electoral promises, brought reforms and established India’s economy under his multifaceted leadership. *** Read the full article

[purdahocad]

You want to take my photo and interview? But why? I am not really that important of a person. No one has ever asked for me to be photographed before. It feels strange, but I like it. 

I came to the big cities from a village in Punjab when I was a little girl. I have seen a lot of hardship in my life. My husband is unemployed and spends most of my hard earned money on gambling. I try to hide money inside the mattress for the kids because I am sending them to school. I don’t want them to see the life I have seen. I bought them a used TV. I want them to be connected with the rest of the world and not fall behind. This world can be a very cruel place.

I have never worn a niqab or a burqa, though there are some women in my family that wear it on their way to work. My journey from home to the wealthy houses I work in as a maid, is long and filled with lecherous men who harass me on a daily basis. I usually cover my hair with my dupatta (cloth used in South Asian cultures to cover the chest area and/or hair) and in some vicinities and bus stops I cover my face as well.  

Do I feel less harassed by covering my hair and face?

Not really! Men will be men, no matter what you’re wearing. 

If it was up to me, I would not veil my hair or face at all. I don’t like to do it, but I don’t have much of a choice. 

Sometimes I look at the western clothes that the beautiful, fair madams and their children wear in these big houses I clean all day for a living. Many of them bring clothes from their summer vacations abroad. In the colony I live in, the other maids are always passing judgmental remarks about the madams and their children. They say it is not a part of our culture or our religion to wear jeans with sleeveless tops. 

I agree with them, because I have to, but secretly, I wish I could try on a pair of jeans. 

Maybe in another lifetime.

Can you take another photo of me? This time I want you to take it with my face and hair uncovered. 

© Mariam Magsi

[truthshield]

Intellectual property rights | Enhanced research innovation incentives stand-outs in PECs new policy

Development of environment, enhancing incentives for research, discovery of new knowledge compatible with the institute’s mission are among the objectives of the intellectual property right (IPR) policy formulated by Punjab Engineering College (PEC). The policy was finalised in the last meeting of the PEC senate, which was held recently and it will now proceed for the final approval from the PEC’s Board of Governors (BoG). The new policy is expected to further the institute’s commitment for providing a scholarship- and innovation-friendly environment. The draft IPR policy was earlier accepted “in-principle” by the PEC senate in a meeting held in February this year, following which suggestions were invited from stakeholders. The policy will be followed in all matters related to IPRs at PEC and it will apply to all faculty members, students and staff including those working in sponsored research projects. Objectives of the policy The objective of the policy is to facilitate, encourage, promote research and technological investigations and other creative endeavours in all areas of engineering, humanities, sciences and technologies. It also aims to safeguard the interest of the faculty, students and staff of the institute and society by avoiding conflict of interest and lays down a transparent administrative system for ownership control and assignment of intellectual properties and sharing revenues generated by the same. The policy provides that the intellectual property created by the faculty, student or staff working at PEC, under sponsored research or other projects, is owned by the institute, if it is created within scope of employment, including work done using PEC grants, sponsored projects at the institute, industrial consultancy, thesis work and BTech project. The IPR cell of the institute will look after the evaluation, protection, marketing, licensing and managing the IP generated at the institute. Other decisions of senate The PEC senate, in its latest meeting, also decided to revise the course curriculum of MTech programmes and to focus on the core areas of the core subjects for the students to have in-depth knowledge. The agenda of trifurcation of the applied sciences department into three independent departments (physics, chemistry and mathematics) was also approved along with the approval of PEC’s academic calendar for the forthcoming semester. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dar Ovais is a Chandigarh-based Hindustan Times correspondent who covers higher education. …view detail https://ift.tt/tL1e3IH https://ift.tt/4MEqWDA

[amitypunjab]

Tech Titans: Discovering the Best Computer Application College in Punjab

Bachelor's of computer application focuses on computer application and software development. The top computer application college in Punjab, Amity University has this course of 3 years. It provides students with a strong foundation in computer science and software development.

Some key aspects covered in a BCA program are:

Software Engineering:

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Software Testing and Quality Assurance

Core Computer Science Subjects:

Data Structures

Algorithms

Computer Networks

Operating Systems

Programming Languages:

C

C++

Java

Python

Web Technologies:

HTML, CSS, JavaScript

Server-side scripting languages (e.g., PHP, ASP.NET)

Graduates of BCA programs can work in a variety of IT-related fields, such as database management, system analysis, software development, and more. The curriculum prepares students for professions in the quickly developing sector of information technology by bridging the gap between theoretical understanding and practical application.

Bachelor of Computer Applications (Honours / Research)

There are many Undergraduate Programs at Amity University Punjab, one being Bachelor of Computer Applications (Honours / Research). 

BCA(Honours) 

A BCA (Honours) program usually means that academic rigor, research, and specialization are given more weight. BCA (Honors) students may take on more difficult coursework, work on more complex projects, and study computer applications in greater detail.

BCA(Research)

The completion of a research thesis or dissertation, project work, and research methodology may receive more attention in a BCA (Research) program. This kind of curriculum is meant to develop research abilities, thus it can be appropriate for students who want to get involved in the scientific or business research community.

Let's have a look at some of the features of the program:

Research Projects

It can be necessary for students to work on research projects or take part in ongoing studies, which could result in presentations or publications.

Seminar Series

The program includes series, seminars, conferences, and workshops, where students share their research findings and advancements in the fields. 

Internships

Internships are a very important part of the students for the practical exposure and theoretical knowledge gained during the program.

The structure and criteria of the BCA program differ, therefore it's important to confirm the specifics supplied by the university or institution of interest. So while making your choice, do a thorough research for the same. Know more

Best Computer Application College in Punjab Source: https://topcollegepunjab.blogspot.com/2023/12/tech-titans-discovering-best-computer.html

[baddataanalysis]

How jobless are they?

On the afternoon of August 15, we attempted to visit the newly opened IKEA store in Hyderabad, only to be informed that there was a 2-hour wait to enter the store. Obviously, we turned back, but we couldn't help wondering about all those people who elected not to make the decision that seemed obvious to us. The reason why there was a 2 hour wait is that so many people did not mind waiting for those 2 hours. "Are they so jobless that they are willing to spend a holiday waiting in a queue to enter a furniture store?" I couldn't help wondering, but I had the good sense not to seek out data to validate my idle musings, much less contort the data I could find to fit my predetermined conclusions.

Unfortunately, such good sense was lacking in Mahesh Vyas, who heads the Centre for Monitoring of the Indian Economy (which I must admit is a reputable organization, one which has published fairly good quality data and research)

Vyas, like me, observed a socio-cultural phenenon he couldn't understand - the annual Kanwariya pilgrimage undertaken entirely on foot, concluded that those pilgrims must be jobless to undertake such a feat, and decided to find numbers that could back him up.

There are 3 crore Kanwariyas, the Kanwariya pilgrimage period is over a month, and to be able to walk those long distances, one needs to be a healthy young person, most likely a male. Therefore, we can infer that a substantial fraction of the working age population of the country is able to take a month off to go on a pilgrimage, which proves that they are unemployed, and from this, we can draw the conclusion that the jobs situation in India is dire. So goes Vyas's thesis.

Only problem with this? Just because a pilgrimage lasts an entire month, it doesn't mean that everyone starts on day one and finishes on the last day. The article itself says that most of the pilgrims are likely to be from the states of Delhi, Haryana Punjab, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. How long does the trek to Haridwar take? Google maps helpfully informs me that the walking distance from Delhi to Haridwar is 197 kilometres, which it rather optimistically believes can be covered on foot in 2 days. This of course assumes that the traveller is walking all the time. A more realistic estimate is that a young healthy person can walk 30-40km a day, which gives us a period of 5-6 days one way if starting from Delhi, and roughly 12 days if walking back as well. It is realistic to assume that those closer to the destination will undertake the pilgrimage more frequently and in greater numbers while those who stay in far off places like Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan or eastern UP will do it less often, so we can safely conclude that the median duration of the pilgrimage is closer to 10 days than to 30. This difference changes the nature of the analysis completely.

If 3 crore working age people are taking 30 days off every year, they are probably under employed. If they are taking 10 days off, it's probably a vacation. Spending your holiday walking through a scenic route filled with religious fervour is probably a healthier and more meaningful option than standing in a queue waiting to enter Ikea.

[infantisimo]

"The Kashmiris should have been happy today and should have celebrated. They have not. They have been promised more employment too. Interesting, unemployment is going up in the country.

The narrative that is being constructed around the thesis of development is very important. Reducing a state to the level of a union territory in the name of faster development is now the new development model. Earlier, big states were bifurcated, even trifurcated, for higher development. That narrative stands reversed.

Moreover, now any state can be reduced to union territory through what can be termed as constitutional dictatorship.

Development is the primary responsibility of those who are elected by the people to ‘serve’ them. In practice, they govern than with colonial mentality that India inherited in 1947. Development is not a favour to be showered on the people. The promises made to the people in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh have to be seen in this context.

There is another irony in the case of Jammu and Kashmir on the development front. The state has been under President’s rule and hence under the centre directly for months. For all practical purpose, a state under President’s rule is a union territory. Punjab has the record of having been under President’s rule continuously from May 1987 to March 1992. Where were the hurdles in fastening the pace of development in Jammu and Kashmir all these months?

Moreover, the BJP governed the state in alliance with PDP before that government was unceremoniously sacked. What stopped the BJP from accelerating development process then?

People in the Valley are in a shock and the state stands divided on this issue although loss of identity concerns every Kashmiri.

With a single stroke,  a major section of the pro-India people in the political spectrum of Jammu and Kashmir has been rendered irrelevant. Continuation of Article 370 was never an issue with the militants and that narrative remains unchanged.

Moreover, it is the Jammu region that might attract investment rather than the Valley."

[hk1417]

Mysterious Masroor

Our architectural inclination took us (H-K & family) to Mysterious Masroor temples in January 2018. Why mysterious? Because it has indistinct stories related to its existence. Lot of stories and questions came across by visiting this place and we bring it on to you for answers and for more inquisitiveness (Post in the comment box :) through our photographic journey.

Location: Masroor, Lahalpur, Himachal Pradesh which is 59.6 km from Jia village (Of course Jia is our reference point :)

Time taken: 1h 43min drive from Jia.

Altitude: 2500 ft above sea level. Jia is at 4114 ft.  This information actually helps in shedding off your layers :P.

 A great little drive with changing landscapes, even the sand color changes from brown to a reddish tone, made our way to these majestic rock cut temples. The temple complex caged in a metal railing boundary is accessed from the back side raising the curiosity of the visitor. The temples are set in the terrain in such a way that one doesn’t realize its magnificence until you see from the front. Moreover, the reflection of temple in the ‘kund’ opposite to it glorifies its presence.

It is stated that it was built for Draupadi, wife of Pandavas for her ablution purpose during their exile period from the kingdom. Really? These temples are that old and were built around 3081 BC? Let’s take a sneak peek into the other facts as well,

Story 1 (3081 BC) – Local tale narrates that around five thousand years ago; Pandavas of the Mahabharata built this temple and resided here during their incognito exile. The temples remain unfinished because they shifted from here as their identity and location was revealed.

Story 2 (Around 8 -9th Century AD) – It is assumed that these temples were built during the time same as of Kailasa temple at Ellora, Aurangabad, Maharashtra because of being rock cut in nature. It is suggested by scholars that this could be the work of unknown imperial rulers of Jalandhara kingdom of Punjab plains and might have remained as a capital-in-transit of the Jalandhara rulers and later the capital shifted to Nagarkot i.e. the Kangra Fort.

Story 3 (Tadda!!! - The Discovery) - The temples were first noted among the Objects of antiquarian interest in the Punjab and its dependencies, Lahore, 1875. However it continued to be hidden until 1913 H.L.Shuttleworth discovered and later description of these temples was published in 1915 by H. Heargreaves.

Story 4 (Shaivite converted to Vaishnavite in 1980’s?) – The main temple is known as the ‘Thakurdwara’ which means God’s (Thakur) place (dwara) i.e. the place of God. It enshrines stone images of Ram, Laxman and Sita which seems to of recent date. It is said that originally it was a Shiva temple because of the presence of Shiva on the doorway lintel of the central shrine and other Shaiv figural forms found in the temple complex.

But where’s the Nandi? Was it destroyed? Because presently a sacred Tulsi plant resides at the entrance of the temple shrine. Traditionally in Shiva temples, Nandi (the gate- guardian deity of Lord Shiva, depicted as a bull which also serves as the mount to the god Shiva) sits on a porch in front of the central temple.

Other visual thing that pops in our minds is the Buddha or Mahavira resembling figures on the Shikharas of the temples. Was there any relation to Buddhism or Jainism?

There might be some relation to Jainism because there is an ancient Jain temple of Lord Adinath present in the Kangra Fort also which was established by Raja Sansar Chand (I) in 1523 AD. So, there could be some influence.

OR

If these temples are built around the late medieval period under the Gupta patronage when Ajanta-Ellora caves were built then there could be some Buddhist influence as well on the artists while building this beauty.

The ‘May’ or ‘May not’ situation definitely got to dig us in to books like:

Architectural Heritage of Himachal Pradesh: Origin and development of Temple style -  S. Laxman Thakur

Coronation of Shiva-Rediscovering Masrur Temple – N.K. Singh

Temples of Himachal Pradesh – Shantilal Nagar

Surprisingly, very detailed information and references is provided in the Wikipedia link below which also provides drawings as documented by historians.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masrur_Temples

Architecturally, Masroor temples are one of the early phase temples built in Nagara style in Himachal Pradesh. Due to the remote locations and very secluded lifestyles of the people in the mountains there were very few shrines built in Nagara style temples before 8th century.

The main shrine faces north east and two cruciform shrines, which are independently carved from the main ridge, flank the both sides of the temple. In the present scenario it is difficult to identify the no. of Shikharas. According to various scholars fifteen or seventeen Shikharas of Valabhi type (rectangular buildings with a roof that rises into a vaulted chamber) are observed. 

Iconography on the temple walls and Shikharas has weathered a lot over the period of time. Efforts are being done by Archeological Survey of India (ASI) to conserve these temples. Would love to explore the techniques of restoration in our upcoming blogs.

The temple is carved out of a natural sandstone rock of size 148ft x 137ft. The ‘kund’ in front of the temple is around 165ft x 82ft. Height of the temple is varying from 40ft- 50ft ranging according to different shikharas (10 times of me :P). The photo below can give you idea of scale in relation to human beings.

Imagine a sight of lighting diyas (lamp) or water lilies in pink in the pool. What an abode to God! We are mesmerized :)

End Note: The Photographs included in the blog is solely H’s skill & talent and the writing content is researched by K and reproduced by going through  the following links and books:

 Ancient Monuments of Himachal Pradesh – O.C. Handa

 Kangra Darpan – Satish Bassi

Mountains and Temples- A study of Architectural Evolution of Hindu temples in Kangra (9th to 18th century A.D) – Unpublished Thesis, CEPT University – Karan Sharma

http://www.academia.edu/12616519/Architecture_of_the_Rock-Cut_Temples_of_Masroor

 http://123himachal.com/temple/masroor.htm

 http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/India/HimachalPradesh/Masroor.htm

http://www.mysteryofindia.com/2015/12/rock-cut-temples-masroor.html

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LPU Scientist becomes First Pharmacist to be honoured at 107th Indian Science Congress

Associate Professor at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Lovely Professional University Dr Sachin Kumar Singh becomes the first pharmacist to be awarded at 107th Indian Science Congress (ISC)-2020. ‘Dr B C Deb Memorial Award for Popularisation of Science’ is to be bestowed upon Dr Sachin in the form of a cash prize, a plaque and an illustrious citation. ISC is scheduled to be held at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore from January 3 to 7, 2020. Dr Sachin will also become the First person from the State of Punjab to receive this award in Pharmacy domain at ISC. Dr Sachin has been continuously working towards the development of diabetic medicines using herbal drugs in the form of nanoparticles to provide a safe, effective, and economical medicine to the society.

While congratulating Dr Sachin, LPU Senior Dean Dr Monica Gulati informs: “Dr Sachin is devoted and dedicated to his profession. He has developed himself with unique profile involving the interplay of research and teaching skills. He has completed four industrial projects, among which development and validation of dissolution method for a potent anti-diabetic is his remarkable translational research.”

Highlighting, Dr Sachin’s research work has got recognition from the Punjab State Council for Science and Technology and DST/SERB. He is also a recipient of Young Scientist Award by DST/SERB wherein, he received a grant of 24.3 Lakhs for the effective treatment of diabetes ‘mellitus’. He has also published more than 100 research papers in various national and international journals, and filed six patents. He is also a recipient of Bharat Shiksha Ratan Award. He has already supervised more than 30 MPharm projects, 6 PhD thesis, and currently guiding 2 MPharm projects along with 4 PhD Thesis.

Explaining that inspiration behind this achievement is Former President of India Late Dr A P J Abdul Kalam and his parents, Dr Sachin shares: “This award is an outcome of my team, particularly my students’ hard work since last seven years in the area of formulation development of poorly soluble drugs. It was towards reducing their dose and to improve upon their bioavailability.” Dr Sachin adds: “During any of the journeys, one always gets some challenges and failures. At that time, it is important that the people around you should trust and support you. LPU has always been supportive of me. It has always supported my research by providing appreciation awards as well as funds to carry out research. I am indebted to Hon’ble LPU Chancellor Mr Ashok Mittal, Worthy Pro-Chancellor Mrs Rashmi Mittal, who have always shown their unconditional support to me.”