#Theodor Bergmann

[sanguinesky-if]

Sanguine Sky

DEMO [Public] [Updated 11/05/2024] genres: romance, modern-fantasy, supernatural, mystery, dark-fantasy.

Sanguine Sky is a work-in-progress modern dark-fantasy interactive novel. The story is heavily focused on romance, characters, and relationships.

The story rated 18+, contains mature and distressing content that may be triggering to certain individuals. It is recommend to check the full list of warnings before you proceed to the story. Please exercise caution and take care of yourself.

Word count [Public]: 96k [excl. code] | 116k words [incl. code] Word count [Patreon]: 180k [excl. code] [Updated 09/11/2024]

You are a detective, tasked with investigating mysterious murders that have taken place in your normally quiet and peaceful hometown, Fallenmor. 

With two victims confirmed already, the initial one being your former mentor, Detective Bergmann, the situation couldn't seem more dire. Or so you thought until you received the news of another body, a possible third victim, discovered at the police station. In your very own office. 

An accident, a mere coincidence, a straightforward warning, a looming threat, or something entirely else… Whatever is happening, you feel it affecting you, awakening something both significantly familiar and distinctly foreign inside of you.

If only you knew that this was just the beginning… Things could have been different. 

But back then, in your ignorance, your singular concern lay with a pressing question: if you failed to find the murderer, who would become the next victim?

➤ Play as male, female, non-binary or trans; straight, gay, or bisexual.

➤ Customize your appearance and shape your personality.

➤ Take on the role of a detective, immerse yourself in the work of the police station.

➤ Embrace the mystery of your existence, or reject that inner sight of you.

➤ Seven romance options to choose from. Select their gender, be shy or bold, or focus on your goal without pursuing anyone.

All ROs are player-sexual and gender-selectable [M/F].

Kyle / Keira Moreno

Your colleague, a police inspector, and one of the rudest people you have ever met. Sharp and stern, K is surprisingly perceptive, and they use it to really see you. The good, the bad. Everything. Appearance: icy blue eyes, dark red hair, very pale skin.

Alexis 'Lex / Lexie' Conlan

Your best friend, and also your former partner from times when you were just a patrol officer. With a heart of gold and an approachable attitude, L always chooses you over the others. Appearance: forest green eyes, copper hair, beige freckled skin.

Morgan Schoivell

Your other colleague, a highly-skilled lab technician. M is rather reserved when it comes to emotions, and after almost a year of working together, M is still a walking mystery for you. Appearance: dark brown eyes, ash blonde hair, light skin.

Roderick / Rebecca Reyes

The commanding agent of the Criminal Investigative Division (CID) team sent to catch the killer. Overbearing and ruthless, R has their own way of getting things done. Appearance: gray eyes, blonde hair, pale skin.

Theodore 'Theo' / Theresa 'Tess' Vazquez

Another member of the CID team. With a cocky smile, T is full of flirts and sneering comments, regardless of the occasion. T has no doubts about what they want and isn't afraid to vocalize it. Appearance: dark green eyes, black curly hair, rich brown skin.

Isaac / Iris Brailsford

I looks the most mature and approachable of CID's fellow agents. Looks can be deceiving, though. Working behind the scene and watching from afar, I carries all the scars within. Appearance: hazel eyes, dark brown hair, olive skin.

Sebastian / Selena Goldstein

Someone new and temporary, S has a velvety voice and a perfect smile that doesn't reach their eyes. You're not sure if your paths will cross in the future, but something tells you S can't be trusted. Appearance: black eyes, long black wavy hair, bronze skin.

Other notable characters:

Your twin-sister: Your sweet, kind, caring, and gentle twin sister. She always tries to be there for you, and show how much she appreciates you, no matter what. Chief of Police, Kendrick Nash: Your boss, who is not handling his job so well after the recent death of his husband, Klemens Bergmann. Detective Klemens Bergmann: Police chief's husband, who happened to be a senior detective and your mentor. He was the first victim, murdered under mysterious circumstances.

A full list of warnings is available in the demo before beginning of the story. I recommend to check it before you proceed to reading.

Links: DEMO | CoG Forum | Q&A | Romance | Tags & Links | Patreon | Ko-Fi | Error Reports |

Thank you for your interest ♥

[korrektheiten]

Verdienstkreuz für Alena Buyx: Der Tag der deutschen Falschheit

Tichy:»Machen wir ganz kurz eine klitzekleine Zeitreise: Es ist Mittwoch, der 19. September 1951, da verleiht der damalige Bundespräsident Theodor Heuss dem Bergmann Franz Brandl das allererste „Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande“ der noch jungen Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Der Kumpel aus Nentershausen in Ost-Hessen war Heimatvertriebener und Spätheimkehrer – ein vom Krieg und insgesamt vom Schicksal gezeichneter Mann Der Beitrag Verdienstkreuz für Alena Buyx: Der Tag der deutschen Falschheit erschien zuerst auf Tichys Einblick. http://dlvr.it/TDyGqn «

[brookston]

Holidays 12.17

Holidays

Accession Day (Bahrain)

Australian Christmas (in “Team Fortress 2”)

Clean Air Day

Cork Day (French Republic)

Day of Ancient Briton

Declaration of the Rights of Peasants Anniversary Day

Depp Movie Night

Druk Gyalpo National Day (Bhutan)

Flag Day (Kurdistan)

International Day To End Violence Against Sex Workers

International Jewish Book Day [5th Day of Tevet]

International Talk with a Fake British Accent Day

John Greenleaf Whittier Day

Kurdish Flag Day

Loki’s Birthday

MegaMan Day

National Day (Bahrain, Bhutan, Qatar)

National Device Appreciation Day

National Heroes and Heroines Day (Anguilla)

National Pensioners Day (India)

Pan American Aviation Day

Revolution and Youth Day (Tunisia)

The Simpsons Day

Sow Day (Orkney Islands)

Take a New Year’s Resolution to Stop Smoking

Wright Brothers Day

Yuletide Lad #6 arrives (Askasleikir or Bowl-Licker; Iceland)

Food & Drink Celebrations

Cookie Cutter Day

National Growler Day [dates varies]

National Maple Syrup Day

3rd Sunday in December

Hammock Day (Australia) [3rd Sunday]

Hang the Mistletoe Day [3rd Sunday]

3rd Sunday in Advent [2nd Sunday before Xmas] (a.k.a. ... 

Advent Sunday

Detinjci (Serbia)

Gaudete Sunday

Joy Sunday

Rose Sunday

Zoology Day [3rd Sunday]

Independence Days

Altavia (Declared; 2019) [unrecognized]

El Dorado (Declared; 2007) [unrecognized]

Ellesmere (Declared; 2018) [unrecognized]

Zenrax (Declared; 1999) [unrecognized]

Feast Days

Barbaras (Christian; Saint)

Begga (Christian; Saint)

Bergmann (Positivist; Saint)

Daniel the Prophet (Christian; Saint)

Feast of Babalu Aye (Healer of Deadly Diseases; Yoruba/Santeria)

Feast of the Fairy Godmothers

Hagoita Ichi (Sensoji Temple, Japan)

Josep Manyanet i Vives (Christian; Saint)

Lazarus of Bethany (Cuba; Christian; Saint)

Little Bird (Muppetism)

Martyrdom Day of Sri Guru Tag Bahadur Ji (Punjab, India)

Martyrdom of Hazrat Fatemeh (Iran)

Olympias the Deaconess (Christian; Saint)

O Sapientia (1st O Antiphon or Great Advent Antiphon; Christian) [O Wisdom; 1 of 7]

Paul Cadmus (Artology)

Paul César Helleu (Artology)

Procession of Agnios Dionysios (Greece)

Wivina (Christian; Saint)

Sacco & Vanzetti Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Saturnalia begins (Ancient Rome) [thru 12.23]

Saturnalia Day 1: Day of Saturn (Pagan)

Sloth Day (Pastafarian)

Sturm (Christian; Saint)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Friday the 17th (Unlucky Day; Italy) [Friday the 17th]

Perilous Day (13th Century England) [32 of 32]

Sakimake (先負 Japan) [Bad luck in the morning, good luck in the afternoon.]

Premieres

All That Glitters or Baby, It’s Gold Outside (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S5, Ep. 239; 1963)

An American Tragedy, by Theodore Dreiser (Novel; 1925)

Behind the Green Door (Adult Film; 1972)

Boris Wheels and Deals or A Profit Without Honor (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S5, Ep. 240; 1963)

Bosko’s Woodland Daze (WB LT Cartoon; 1932)

Chicken Little (Disney Cartoon; 1943)

Count Me Out (WB MM Cartoon; 1938)

The Dark Crystal (Film; 1982)

Diamonds Are Forever (US Film; 1971) [James Bond #7]

The Front Page (Film; 1974)

Heart of a Dog, by Mikhail Bulgakov (Novel; 1925)

The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (Film; 2014) [Hobbit #3]

Hunky Dory, by David Bowie (Album; 1971)

King Kong (Film; 1976)

Lassie Come-Home by Eric Knight (Short Story; 1938)

Laughter in the Dark, by Vladimir Nabokov (Novel; 1932)

Life on Mars, by David Bowie (Song; 1971)

Lighter Than Hare (WB MM Cartoon; 1960)

Magnolia (Film; 1999)

The Man Who Would Be King (Film; 1975)

Monster (Film; 2003)

Mother/Android (Film; 2021)

A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (TV Special; 2008)

Nightmare Alley (Film; 2021)

Pappy’s Puppy (WB MM Cartoon; 1955)

Porky the Gob (WB LT Cartoon; 1938)

Rabid Rider (WB LT Cartoon; 2010)

Radio, Radio, by Elvis Costello, performed live on SNL instead of the approved Less Than Zero, getting himself banned (Song; 1977)

The Return of the King (Film; 2003) [Lord of the Rings #3]

The Simpsons (Animated TV Series; 1989)

Sleeper (Film; 1973)

Spanglish (Film; 2004)

Spider-Man: No Way Home (Film; 2021)

The Stand (TV Mini-Series; 2020)

Stuart Little (Film; 1999)

Symphony No. 8 (a.k.a. the Unfinished Symphony), by Franz Schubert (Symphony; 1865)

The Tender Bar (Film; 2021)

Tobacco Road, by Erskine Caldwell (Novel; 1932)

Tootsie (Film; 1982)

Trail of the Pink Panther (Film; 1982)

Iron: Legacy (Film; 2010)

The Wanting Seed, by Anthony Burgess (Novel; 1962)

What’s Eating Gilbert Grape (Film; 1989)

Wind & Wuthering, by Genesis (Album; 1976)

Yes Man (Film; 2008)

Yogi Bear (Film; 2010)

Today’s Name Days

Jolanda, Lazarus, Viviana (Austria)

Dana, Danail, Danaila, Daniela (Bulgaria)

Hijacint, Lazar, Modest (Croatia)

Daniel (Czech Republic)

Albina (Denmark)

Rahel, Raili (Estonia)

Raakel (Finland)

Adélaïde, Gaël, Judicaël, Olympe (France)

Jolanda, Lazarus, Viviana (Germany)

Daniel, Dionysis, Iakhos (Greece)

Lázár, Olimpia (Hungary)

Lazzaro (Italy)

Brunhilde, Hilda, Teiksma (Latvia)

Drovydė, Jolanta, Mantgailas, Olimpija (Lithuania)

Inga, Inge (Norway)

Florian, Jolanta, Łazarz, Olimpia, Warwara, Żyrosław (Poland)

Daniel (Romania)

Varvara (Russia)

Kornélia (Slovakia)

Lázaro, Yolanda (Spain)

Stig (Sweden)

Daniel (Ukraine)

Eleazar, Lazar, Lazaro, Lazarus, Olympia, Orval, Orville, Storm, Stormie, Stormy, Wilbert, Wilberta, Wilbur (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 351 of 2024; 14 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 7 of week 50 of 2023

Celtic Tree Calendar: Ruis (Elder) [Day 20 of 28]

Chinese: Month 12 (Jia-Zi), Day 5 (Ji-You)

Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)

Hebrew: 5 Teveth 5784

Islamic: 4 Jumada II 1445

J Cal: 21 Zima; Sevenday [21 of 30]

Julian: 4 December 2023

Moon: 28%: Waxing Crescent

Positivist: 15 Bichat (13th Month) [Bergmann]

Runic Half Month: Jara (Year) [Day 7 of 15]

Season: Autumn (Day 85 of 89)

Zodiac: Sagittarius (Day 26 of 30)

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 12.17

Holidays

Accession Day (Bahrain)

Australian Christmas (in “Team Fortress 2”)

Clean Air Day

Cork Day (French Republic)

Day of Ancient Briton

Declaration of the Rights of Peasants Anniversary Day

Depp Movie Night

Druk Gyalpo National Day (Bhutan)

Flag Day (Kurdistan)

International Day To End Violence Against Sex Workers

International Jewish Book Day [5th Day of Tevet]

International Talk with a Fake British Accent Day

John Greenleaf Whittier Day

Kurdish Flag Day

Loki’s Birthday

MegaMan Day

National Day (Bahrain, Bhutan, Qatar)

National Device Appreciation Day

National Heroes and Heroines Day (Anguilla)

National Pensioners Day (India)

Pan American Aviation Day

Revolution and Youth Day (Tunisia)

The Simpsons Day

Sow Day (Orkney Islands)

Take a New Year’s Resolution to Stop Smoking

Wright Brothers Day

Yuletide Lad #6 arrives (Askasleikir or Bowl-Licker; Iceland)

Food & Drink Celebrations

Cookie Cutter Day

National Growler Day [dates varies]

National Maple Syrup Day

3rd Sunday in December

Hammock Day (Australia) [3rd Sunday]

Hang the Mistletoe Day [3rd Sunday]

3rd Sunday in Advent [2nd Sunday before Xmas] (a.k.a. ... 

Advent Sunday

Detinjci (Serbia)

Gaudete Sunday

Joy Sunday

Rose Sunday

Zoology Day [3rd Sunday]

Independence Days

Altavia (Declared; 2019) [unrecognized]

El Dorado (Declared; 2007) [unrecognized]

Ellesmere (Declared; 2018) [unrecognized]

Zenrax (Declared; 1999) [unrecognized]

Feast Days

Barbaras (Christian; Saint)

Begga (Christian; Saint)

Bergmann (Positivist; Saint)

Daniel the Prophet (Christian; Saint)

Feast of Babalu Aye (Healer of Deadly Diseases; Yoruba/Santeria)

Feast of the Fairy Godmothers

Hagoita Ichi (Sensoji Temple, Japan)

Josep Manyanet i Vives (Christian; Saint)

Lazarus of Bethany (Cuba; Christian; Saint)

Little Bird (Muppetism)

Martyrdom Day of Sri Guru Tag Bahadur Ji (Punjab, India)

Martyrdom of Hazrat Fatemeh (Iran)

Olympias the Deaconess (Christian; Saint)

O Sapientia (1st O Antiphon or Great Advent Antiphon; Christian) [O Wisdom; 1 of 7]

Paul Cadmus (Artology)

Paul César Helleu (Artology)

Procession of Agnios Dionysios (Greece)

Wivina (Christian; Saint)

Sacco & Vanzetti Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Saturnalia begins (Ancient Rome) [thru 12.23]

Saturnalia Day 1: Day of Saturn (Pagan)

Sloth Day (Pastafarian)

Sturm (Christian; Saint)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Friday the 17th (Unlucky Day; Italy) [Friday the 17th]

Perilous Day (13th Century England) [32 of 32]

Sakimake (先負 Japan) [Bad luck in the morning, good luck in the afternoon.]

Premieres

All That Glitters or Baby, It’s Gold Outside (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S5, Ep. 239; 1963)

An American Tragedy, by Theodore Dreiser (Novel; 1925)

Behind the Green Door (Adult Film; 1972)

Boris Wheels and Deals or A Profit Without Honor (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S5, Ep. 240; 1963)

Bosko’s Woodland Daze (WB LT Cartoon; 1932)

Chicken Little (Disney Cartoon; 1943)

Count Me Out (WB MM Cartoon; 1938)

The Dark Crystal (Film; 1982)

Diamonds Are Forever (US Film; 1971) [James Bond #7]

The Front Page (Film; 1974)

Heart of a Dog, by Mikhail Bulgakov (Novel; 1925)

The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (Film; 2014) [Hobbit #3]

Hunky Dory, by David Bowie (Album; 1971)

King Kong (Film; 1976)

Lassie Come-Home by Eric Knight (Short Story; 1938)

Laughter in the Dark, by Vladimir Nabokov (Novel; 1932)

Life on Mars, by David Bowie (Song; 1971)

Lighter Than Hare (WB MM Cartoon; 1960)

Magnolia (Film; 1999)

The Man Who Would Be King (Film; 1975)

Monster (Film; 2003)

Mother/Android (Film; 2021)

A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (TV Special; 2008)

Nightmare Alley (Film; 2021)

Pappy’s Puppy (WB MM Cartoon; 1955)

Porky the Gob (WB LT Cartoon; 1938)

Rabid Rider (WB LT Cartoon; 2010)

Radio, Radio, by Elvis Costello, performed live on SNL instead of the approved Less Than Zero, getting himself banned (Song; 1977)

The Return of the King (Film; 2003) [Lord of the Rings #3]

The Simpsons (Animated TV Series; 1989)

Sleeper (Film; 1973)

Spanglish (Film; 2004)

Spider-Man: No Way Home (Film; 2021)

The Stand (TV Mini-Series; 2020)

Stuart Little (Film; 1999)

Symphony No. 8 (a.k.a. the Unfinished Symphony), by Franz Schubert (Symphony; 1865)

The Tender Bar (Film; 2021)

Tobacco Road, by Erskine Caldwell (Novel; 1932)

Tootsie (Film; 1982)

Trail of the Pink Panther (Film; 1982)

Iron: Legacy (Film; 2010)

The Wanting Seed, by Anthony Burgess (Novel; 1962)

What’s Eating Gilbert Grape (Film; 1989)

Wind & Wuthering, by Genesis (Album; 1976)

Yes Man (Film; 2008)

Yogi Bear (Film; 2010)

Today’s Name Days

Jolanda, Lazarus, Viviana (Austria)

Dana, Danail, Danaila, Daniela (Bulgaria)

Hijacint, Lazar, Modest (Croatia)

Daniel (Czech Republic)

Albina (Denmark)

Rahel, Raili (Estonia)

Raakel (Finland)

Adélaïde, Gaël, Judicaël, Olympe (France)

Jolanda, Lazarus, Viviana (Germany)

Daniel, Dionysis, Iakhos (Greece)

Lázár, Olimpia (Hungary)

Lazzaro (Italy)

Brunhilde, Hilda, Teiksma (Latvia)

Drovydė, Jolanta, Mantgailas, Olimpija (Lithuania)

Inga, Inge (Norway)

Florian, Jolanta, Łazarz, Olimpia, Warwara, Żyrosław (Poland)

Daniel (Romania)

Varvara (Russia)

Kornélia (Slovakia)

Lázaro, Yolanda (Spain)

Stig (Sweden)

Daniel (Ukraine)

Eleazar, Lazar, Lazaro, Lazarus, Olympia, Orval, Orville, Storm, Stormie, Stormy, Wilbert, Wilberta, Wilbur (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 351 of 2024; 14 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 7 of week 50 of 2023

Celtic Tree Calendar: Ruis (Elder) [Day 20 of 28]

Chinese: Month 12 (Jia-Zi), Day 5 (Ji-You)

Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)

Hebrew: 5 Teveth 5784

Islamic: 4 Jumada II 1445

J Cal: 21 Zima; Sevenday [21 of 30]

Julian: 4 December 2023

Moon: 28%: Waxing Crescent

Positivist: 15 Bichat (13th Month) [Bergmann]

Runic Half Month: Jara (Year) [Day 7 of 15]

Season: Autumn (Day 85 of 89)

Zodiac: Sagittarius (Day 26 of 30)

[historicalfirearms]

Bergmann MP18,I

By 1915, the Imperial German Army had begun developing infiltration tactics to overcome the stalemate of the Western Front. The formation of dedicated, specialist Sturmtruppen units in 1915-16 saw the army call for new light weapons suitable for the rapid assaults and close quarter fighting that Sturmtruppen found themselves engaged in.  

The German Army asked the Gewehr-Prüfungs-Kommission (GPK) to begin a programme to select a new lightweight, fully automatic assault weapon. The weapon, chambered in 9x19mm, would later come to be commonly known as the submachine gun. A number of manufacturers developed and submitted designs including Mauser, Rhinemetall, Walther, Bergmann and Schwarzlose.

The GPK’s specification called for a fully automatic weapon that fired from closed-bolt. Despite firing from an open bolt, using a blowback action, the Bergmann MP18,I’s simplicity impressed the GPK and the army adopted the Bergmann at the end of 1917, ordering 50,000. The MP18,I was first issued in 1918, seeing action during the 1918 Spring Offensive. 

MP18,I with a Trommelmagazin, without an over insertion sleeve (source)

Designed by a team lead by Hugo Schmeisser at Bergmann Industriewerke, the MP18,I became the basis for a whole family of submachine guns. Initial prototypes fed from a box magazine, however, it seems that this was changed to  the 32-round Trommelmagazin, which had entered production in late 1916. This suffered from feed issues in the mud of the western front. The ‘snail drums’ were also tedious to load and not an ideal shape for carrying. The MP18,I’s magazine housing was angled at 60 degrees to enable proper feeding. The housing, however, is shorter than a Luger P08′s grip and a special sleeve had to be issued to prevent over insertion which could lead to jams and damage to the feed lips.

Schmeisser’s design was protected by two patents filed in 1917 and early 1918, however, they were placed under the owner of the company, Theodor Bergmann’s name. The MP18,I used a blowback action with a simple trigger mechanism. Its only safety was a safety notch marked ‘S’ into which the retracted bolt could be placed. Schmeisser patented this under his own name in 1920, after he left Bergmann Wekre. These were features that continued to be seen in subsequent submachine guns for decades to come.

Stormtrooper with an MP18,I (source)

The second patent covered the weapon’s hinged receiver design, which allowed it to be easily disassembled, with the disassembly catch at the rear of the receiver tube. The weapon had a 20cm (8 inch) barrel inside a perforated barrel jacket for cooling and a simple tangent rear sight. The MP18,I’s rate of fire was relatively slow at ~450 rounds per minute and despite not having a select fire capability an experienced user could fire single shots. While handy, with an overall length of 81.3cm (32 inches), the MP18,I was heavy weighing 4.17kg (9lb 3oz). 

When the MP18,I was first issued to Sturmtruppen, each submachine gunner was assigned one or two ammunition bearers, although sources suggest ammunition carriers were not always necessary. Combined with hand grenades, pistol carbines, light machine guns like the MG15nA and the MG08/15 and handy carbines like the K98a the Sturmtruppen were extremely well equipped. While these new units made remarkable progress during the Spring Offensive, Germany was unable to maintain the momentum and by the end of the year the Army on the Western Front had collapsed and an armistice was signed.  

By the end of World War One only 17,677 MP18,Is of the 50,000 ordered had been delivered. Despite this the MP18,I began a long line of submachine guns which were developed throughout the interwar period including the MP28,II as well as copies such as the British Lanchester and the Spanish Modelo 1929. Schmeisser’s MP18,I remained in service with German police for decades and influenced many of the submachine gun designs that followed it. 

Sources:

Images: 1 2 3 4 5 6

The Schmeisser Myth - German Submachine Guns Through Two World Wars, M. Helebrant (2016)

‘Maschinenpistole mit Traegheitsverschluss’, T Bergmann, German Patent #319035, 16/12/1920, (source)

‘Maschinenpistole mit Traegheitsverschluss’, T. Bergmann, German Patent #334450, 16/03/1921, (source)

‘Sicherung an selbsttaetigen Feuerwaffen‘, H. Schmeisser, German Patent #351621, 29/031922, (source)

If you enjoy the content please consider supporting Historical Firearms through Patreon!

[augfc]

Bergmann submachine gun variants

The Bergmann M.P.18,I submachine gun is widely considered to have been the first successful submachine gun, and as a consequence many variants of the design were made. This post covers the main derivatives of the Bergmann submachine gun which retained the basic elements of the design (variants like the Schmeisser M.K.36,III and Haenel MP41 are excluded for deviating too far from the original M.P.18,I).

Comparison of the various types of Bergmann magazine feed - M.P.18,I on the left; M.P.18,I police issue/M.P.28,II in the center; and SIG-Bergmann on the right.

The Bergmann M.P.18,I (military issue)

The original production version of the Bergmann M.P.18,I submachine gun was developed in 1918 by Hugo Schmeisser, then-employed by Theodor Bergmann. It operated on a basic blowback action upon which the bolt rode on a spring-loaded guide rod, and employed a canted magazine feed, taking the 32-round “Trommelmagazin” originally designed for the Artillery Luger carbine. The M.P.18,I had fired only in full-auto and had no mechanical safety whatsoever; the only safety provision was a catch in the cocking slot which could be used to manually hold the bolt in the rearward position. The gun was chambered in the standard German pistol cartridge, 9x19mm Parabellum.

The M.P.18,I was adopted by the German Army and first issued during the Summer of 1918, seeing some combat use during the later stages of World War I. It is estimated that some 35,000 M.P.18,Is were produced in total, although only a few thousand were actually issued during the war and the vast majority of examples were probably produced after the Armistice. Production lasted from 1918 - 1920.

It is often said that the M.P.18,I made such an impact on Allied troops that it was specifically singled out in the Treaty of Versailles. This is not actually true; submachine guns like the M.P.18,I actually fell under the rather ambiguous category of “light machine guns” and “automatic rifles”, and are never actually mentioned by name in the Treaty. Actual primary sources from the wartime period indicate that the M.P.18,I was not particularly valued by Allied authorities.

The Bergmann M.P.18,I (police issue)

After the enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles, the German Army was subjected to severe restrictions on the number of automatic weapons and machine guns that they were allowed to issue, and as a consequence the M.P.18,I was retracted from service. Some came into circulation with veteran’s militias like the Freikorps, although the vast majority were simply pressed into service with the German police, at a rate of about 1 gun per 20 men.

Schmeisser, now working at C.G. Haenel, continued to make improvements to the design after World War I and in 1920 he developed a new type of magazine feed for the M.P.18,I that would take straight box magazines of 32 or 20 rounds. On behalf of the German police, a large quantity of M.P.18,I submachine guns were converted to this new system by Haenel during the 1920s.

Police-issue M.P.18,Is are also often fitted with a safety switch on the forward receiver, which locks the bolt in place when flipped. These are the same type of safety switches that are commonly seen examples of the Erma EMP submachine gun.

The SIG-Bergmann Model 1920

Waffenfabrik Bergmann was one of many German armaments manufacturers that was closed after the enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles in 1920. Production of the M.P.18,I in Germany therefore came to an end, but Theodor Bergmann wanted to continue promoting the weapon and therefore sold the production rights to SIG in Switzerland, where manufacture could go ahead without running foul of the Versailles restrictions.

The SIG-Bergmann submachine was not, however, a straight copy of the Bergmann M.P.18,I. It featured several modifications made in-house at SIG, including a proprietary type of magazine feed taking 50-round straight box magazines. This feed was distinct from the Schmeisser-type straight feed, with the magazine catch being placed on the underside of the housing, and it could not take Schmeisser magazines.

Several other detail modifications were also made to the design. The fixed notch sights of the M.P.18,I were replaced by an adjustable tangent graduating to 1,000 meters. The cocking handle was a rounded knob rather than a curved lever, and the bolt lugs were added to the barrel collar. The SIG-Bergmann was not chambered in 9x19mm Parabellum, but instead only offered in 7.65mm Parabellum and 7.63mm Mauser.

The SIG-Bergmann submachine gun saw limited use by the Swiss Army and was also offered for export, with significant sales to Finland (in 7.65mm), China, and Japan (both in 7.63mm). It was used extensively in China in the 1930s and 40s, and was adopted by the Imperial Japanese Navy as the Type Be (”Be” for “Beruguman”). Production of the SIG-Bergmann lasted from 1920 - 1927, although it continued to be sold into the early 1930s.

The Tallinn Arsenal M/23

From 1923 - 1930, an unlicensed copy of the SIG-Bergmann submachine gun was produced in Estonia by Tallinn Arsenal. This gun, known as the Model 1923 or M/23, was probably based on Finnish examples of the SIG-Bergmann. The M/23 was designed by Johannes Teiman and was constructed from original components, making it visually distinct from other Bergmann variants, particularly in its distinctive stock design and rectangular barrel vents. The M/23 took 40-round box magazines and was chambered in 9x20mm Browning Long, a rare cartridge for SMGs.

It is estimated that only about 570 Tallinn Arsenal M/23 submachine guns were produced, and the majority of these were later sold off to the Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939). Some examples were captured and used by the Italian CTV (Corpo Truppe Volontarie) during this conflict.

The Tsing Tao & Dagu Arsenal SMGs

Following the sale of SIG-Bergmann submachine guns to China in the 1920s, domestic copies of the design began to be produced at various factories, the primary manufacturers being the Tsing Tao Naval Arsenal and the Dagu Arsenal. The Chinese Bergmann was a straight copy of the SIG-Bergmann with the magazine housing rotated to a vertical feed rather than a horizontal feed; otherwise the design was essentially unchanged, and all the elements that distinguish the SIG-Bergmann from the M.P.18,I can be seen on the Chinese Bergmanns. The same long, 50-round magazines were used, making the Chinese copies awkward to use from a prone position.

The Tsing Tao & Dagu submachine guns were produced in relatively large quantities and used extensively during the Chinese Civil Wars and the Sino-Japanese War. It should also be noted that some Chinese Bergmanns were produced without the vertical magazine, and are basically identical to the original SIG-Bergmann except for the markings.

The production dates of the Chinese Bergmann copies are impossible to pin down, as manufacture was decentralized across many different factories. However, it is likely that several thousand were produced during the interwar years.

The Haenel M.P.28,II

Throughout the 1920s, Schmeisser made further improvements to the M.P.18,I, culminating in 1928 with the development of the successor to the Bergmann, the M.P.28,II. This gun was based on the police-issue M.P.18,I but included several new features, most notably a cross-bolt fire selector and safety button placed above the trigger group. This is the feature from which the M.P.28,II is instantly identifiable from other Bergmann derivatives. The M.P.28,II also replaced the old M.P.18,I bolt with an entirely new type, with a separate firing pin. The new bolt travelled freely in the receiver against a wide diameter recoil spring, instead of riding on a spring-loaded guide rod. The M.P.28,II also had adjustable tangent sights similar to the SIG-Bergmann.

The M.P.28,II was produced at C.G. Haenel and was chambered in 9x19mm Parabellum by standard, but was also offered in a variety of calibers for export, including 9x25mm Mauser, 7.65mm Parabellum, and even .45 ACP. It was sold to Belgium, Bolivia, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Romania, among many other countries. In Germany, it was used by police forces and various paramilitary factions, including the Waffen-SS, but was never adopted by the Wehrmacht. Production lasted from 1928 - 1940, whereupon it was succeeded by the MP41 submachine gun, which utilized some components from the M.P.28,II.

The Bayard Mi34

In 1934, the M.P.28,II was adopted by the Belgian Army and it was produced under license by Anciens Etablissements Pieper, trading under the name “Bayard”. This gun, known in Belgian service as the Mi34 Schmeisser-Bayard, was identical in most aspects to the original M.P.28,II and differed only in the manufacturer’s markings and the redesign of the bolt handle from a curved lever to a long, straight handle with a rounded knob on the end, somewhat similar to that seen on the SIG-Bergmann. The Bayard Mi34 was produced from 1934 - 1940.

The “Naranjero”

The so-called “Naranjero” was an unlicensed copy of the M.P.28,II produced in Spain during the Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939) by Republican factories in Valencia; it apparently gained its name from the orange trees that grew around the city. This variant was basically a straight clone of the M.P.28,II except for the bolt, which was made from brass and featured a distinctive, oversized, circular cocking handle. These bolts were weaker than the original steel bolts of the M.P.28,II. On some examples, the magazine housing is also made from brass. A bayonet catch was also added to the underside of the barrel jacket.

The Naranjero was produced from about 1937 - 1939. Total production figures are unknown but were probably in the low thousands. It has been speculated that the British copy of the M.P.28,II - the Lanchester - was actually based on a Naranjero submachine gun from Spain, although this is difficult to prove.

The Lanchester Mk.I

In 1940, after years of inaction regarding the adoption of a submachine gun, the British government finally decided that a domestically-manufactured SMG was required. Initially the Royal Air Force requested a copy of the German MP38, but it was decided to instead produce a copy of the more expensive M.P.28,II - the logic behind this decision is not really clear. The design of this copy was handled by George Herbert Lanchester of the Sterling Armaments Company and the final production gun was named after him. It was adopted by the RAF and the Royal Navy for the protection of airstrips and naval vessels, but was not adopted by the Army, who were set on the cheaper Sten gun.

Despite being a copy of the M.P.28,II, the Lanchester Mk.I used no parts from the German gun and deviated in some elements of the design. The fire selector/safety switch was relocated to forward of the trigger group and the disassembly catch was placed on the rear receiver, behind the end cap. Proprietary 50-round magazines were used and a bayonet catch was fitted to the barrel. All in all, it may have ended up being more expensive to produce than the M.P.28,II. This was addressed to an extent with the introduction of a simplified variant in 1941, known as the Lanchester Mk.I*, which replaced the rear tangent sight with a basic flip-notch and saw the total removal of the fire selector, giving only fully-automatic fire. From 1942, many Mk.I Lanchesters had their fire selectors removed and their trigger mechanisms simplified.

The Lanchester was only in production during the war years and saw little actual use in combat. Just short of 100,000 were produced in total and it officially remained in Naval service until 1960, whereupon it was finally declared obsolete, although some examples remained aboard British vessels until the 1970s.

[nebris]

Theodor Oberländer (1 May 1905 – 4 May 1998) was a Nazi German politician who after the Second World War served as Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees and Victims of War in West Germany from 1953 to 1960, and as a Member of the Bundestag from 1953 to 1961 and from 1963 to 1965.

Oberländer earned a doctorate in agriculture in 1929 and a second doctorate in economics in 1930. He spent time in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and early 1930s, including as an employee of DRUSAG, a German company involved in developing Soviet agriculture in cooperation with the Soviet government. Subsequently, he became active in Ostforschung, area studies of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states, Poland and other countries of Eastern and Central Europe, advocating elimination of Jews and subjugation of Polish people in Poland which in his writings he described as having "eight million inhabitants too many". In 1933, he became Director of the Institute for East German Economy in Königsberg, and in 1938 he became Professor of Agriculture at the University of Greifswald. He served as a lieutenant in the German military intelligence service in the Soviet Union during the Second World War and was promoted to captain of the reserve before his discharge in 1943; in the same year he became Director of the Institute for Economic Sciences. From 1944, he was affiliated with the staff of Andrey Vlasov's anti-Stalinist Russian Liberation Army. He became a member of the Nazi Party in 1933. However, from 1937 until the end of Nazi rule, he was under surveillance by the Sicherheitsdienst, as he was suspected of being disloyal to the Nazi cause.[1] In 1940, he endorsed ethnic cleansing of Poland. He later became the leader of the mixed German and Caucasian Bergmann Battalion, which was active in anti-partisan warfare. Both groups were later claimed to have participated in war crimes.

After the war, he worked for American intelligence as an expert on Eastern Europe until 1949.[2] He entered politics for the liberal Free Democratic Party from 1948. In 1950, he was a co-founder of the All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights and served as its chairman from 1954 to 1955. He served as a member of the Parliament of Bavaria from 1950 to 1953 and as Secretary of State for Refugee Affairs in the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior from 1951 to 1953. He then served as Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees and Victims of War in the Second and Third Cabinets of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer from 1953 to 1960, and as a Member of the Bundestag from 1953 to 1961 and from 1963 to 1965, during which time he represented Hildesheim from 1957 to 1961. In 1956, Oberländer became a member of the Christian Democratic Union. Oberländer was one of the most staunch anti-communists in the German government. He received the Grand Cross of Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Bavarian Order of Merit and the Legion of Honour.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder

[azspot]

Everything in our society today is swindle and betrayal. Even the words are lies. “Social market economy,” “people’s shares,” “capital formation in workers’ hands” — everything is a lie today, there are no true words left. The “social market economy” is gone, now we have the “new social market economy.” Everything is a lie!

Theodor Bergmann

[wpristav]

«Бергманн-Баярд» – пистолет в маузеровском стиле

Начнем с биографии этого поистине незаурядного человека. Родился Теодор Бергманн (Theodor Bergmann) 21 мая 1850 года в семье далеко не самой продвинутой в смысле образования: в семье трактирщика и пивовара Иоганна Адама Бергманна, проживавшего в Баварии, в общине Зайлауф, в районе Ашаффенбург. Получил начальное образование в школе общины, затем обучался в ремесленном училище в городе Ашаффенбург. ... Читать дальше »

[ifknorrkoping]

Allsvenskan, omgång 24 (18:e oktober 2020, Påskbergsvallen, Varberg)

Varbergs BoIS - IFK Norrköping 1-3 (1-2)

0-1 Jonathan Levi (25′) 0-2 Jonathan Levi (38′) 1-2 Astrit Selmani (45+1′) 1-2 Jonathan Levi (71′)

Varningar: IFK: Isak Pettersson, Linus Wahlqvist VAR: Jesper Modig, Gustaf Norlin Domare: Fredrik Klitte Publik: 0

IFK Norrköping:  1. Isak Pettersson (MV) 2. Henrik Castegren 4. Lars Krogh Gerson 5. Christoffer Nyman 6. Eric Smith 7. Alexander Fransson (K) 10. Jonathan Levi (83′, 9. Maic Sema) 18. Linus Wahlqvist 25. Filip Dagerstål (77′, 14. Egzon Binaku) 27. Ísak Bergmann Jóhannesson (90+1′, 17. Theodore Rask) 99. Sead Haksabanovic (90+1′, Manasse Kusu)

Ej inbytta: 29. Julius Lindgren (MV), 11. Christopher Telo, 13. Abdulrazaq Ishaq

[friendeel9-blog]

Dr. Lloyd's Sanitarium - 6-8 St. Nicholas Place

In 1884 John Fink commissioned architect Richard S. Rosenstock to design a commodious suburban home in the area that would later be dubbed Sugar Hill.  The principal in the pork packing firm of John Fink & Son, his new residence would reflect his significant personal wealth. Rosenstock designed a three-story, freestanding residence in the trendy Queen Anne Style.  Although his plans called for a "brown stone front dwelling," only the basement and first floor were faced in rough cut stone.  The second floor was clad in brick and the top floor in wood.  True to the Queen Anne style, the house featured a riot of angles, shapes, and colors.  Dormers poked through the fanciful jerkinhead gables, and a corner tower clung to the two upper floors.  A profusion of stained glass and scattered carvings delighted the eye.  The cost of construction would be equal to about $924,000 today.

Carved portrait keystones and stained glass transoms survive at the northern corner.

Located at No. 8 St. Nicholas Place, on the northeast corner of 150th Street, Fink's stylish home and its bucolic hilltop location may have been a deciding factor in James A. Bailey's decision to built his imposing mansion on across the street, at No. 10.  The Real Estate Record & Builders' Guide, on January 16, 1896, commented "One of handsomest residences on this avenue is that of John W. Fink, son of Commissioner Fink of railroad fame.  It is situated o the northeast corner of One Hundred and Fiftieth street, and is a three-story ornate stone front building, having all the modern improvements."

The original entrance porch with its sideways stoop is evident in this early photo, as is the wonderful turret.  Directly behind is the James A. Bailey house.  from the collection of the Museum of the City of New York 

An avid boater, Fink was active among the wealthy sportsmen of northern Manhattan.  On May 29, 1888, for instance, The Evening World commented, "John W. Fink, of the Friendship Boat Club, is said to be the probable winner of the junior singles of the Harlem River regatta."

The construction date is worked into the elaborate carving on the first floor chimney back.

A delightful detail is Stein's continuing the gable level over the chambered rear corner.

That same year Fink sold the house, along with the vacant property extending east to Edgecomb Avenue, to real estate operator Charles E. Runk and his wife, Aurelia.  Runk was also the treasurer of the Washington Heights Taxpayers' Association, and a partner in the Oneota Fertilizer and Chemical Co. The Runks' ownership would be short-lived.  On March 9, 1891 they sold No. 8 to Sigmund Bergmann for $31,750, just over $900,000 today.  Bergmann was a partner with Edward H. Johnson and Thomas Alva Edison in the Bergmann Electric & Gas Fixture Co.

Sigmund Bergmann was a partner with inventor Thomas A. Edison.  Electrical Review and Western Electrician, December 21, 1912 (copyright expired)

Bergmann had left his native Germany in 1870 at the age of 21, already trained as an engineer.  The Electrical Review and Western Electrician later explained "He was associated with Edison for several years and being imbued with the idea that he should turn his talents in a direction that would insure to him the greatest possible personal reward he established a business of his own."  That move did not injure his friendship with Edison nor their businesses connections.  His lifelong friend, Francis Jehl, later said "many of Edison's experiments were made in the Bergmann shop, while the phonograph was to a great extent developed with Bergmann's assistance." In 1893 Charles Runk sold the undeveloped eastern plot and at the same time removed the restrictive covenants John Fink had originally built into the deeds.  It was a move that would have serious impact on No. 8 a few decades later. Simultaneously Jacob P. Baiter and his wife, Kate, began construction on their upscale residence next door at No. 6.  Their architect, Theodore G. Stein, file plans on May 26 for a 25-foot wide, four story brick dwelling to cost $35,000 (or about $1 million today).  Completed the following year, it could not have been more different than its neighbor.

Stein had turned to the more formal Renaissance Revival style with undeniable Romanesque Revival influences.  He embellished the beige brick with terra cotta decorations and included a rounded bay at the second floor.  The top floor took the form of a steep mansard, its gabled dormer ornamented with an intricate panel of tangled bows, wreaths and swags. Jacob Baiter was the East Coast manager of the Fleischmann Yeast Company, and so it is most likely not a coincidence that Max Fleischmann would soon live almost directly across the street at No. 400 West 149th Street.  Yeast was an important part in the making of alcohol, and both men were involved, as well, in the Ridgewood Distillery, the Eastern Distilling Co., and the Somerset Distilling Co.

Originally a high sideways stoop led to the doorway.

Jacob and Kate had two sons, Charles William Grevell and Louis J. Baiter.  Kate Baiter died in the house on October 26, 1898.  Her funeral was held here three days later. Jacob's grief was rather short lived.  The following year he married and transferred title to No. 6 to his new wife, Carrie.  The Evening Post Record of Real Estate Sales listed the transaction as "gift." In 1909, the same year that Charles Baiter was married, Dr. Henry William Lloyd purchased No. 8.  Charles Runk's removal of the deed restrictions allowed Lloyd to convert the house to The Audubon Sanitarium.  Having a private hospital next door may have been too much for the Baiters, and in October 1911 they sold their home to Dr. Lloyd for $75,000.  The Sun reported that he "will use it for his own occupancy." And, indeed, he did--for a few months.  In 1912 he joined the two structures with a somewhat ungainly addition.  A new entrance was established within the new portion.

In 1942 the former Baiter house still retained its stoop.  via the Office for Metropolitan History

Things inside the upscale sanitarium did not always go smoothly, sometimes resulting in unwanted publicity.  On March 18, 1912, for instance, The Sun reported on the investigation by Coroner Holzhauser and the police into "the death of Miss Alice Anderson in the sanitarium of Dr. Henry W. Lloyd at 8 St. Nicholas place early yesterday morning." The article carefully tip-toed around the fact that Alice, who was 30-years-old, had come for an abortion.  According to Dr. Lloyd, she had already received a botched procedure and that he told her "that she probably would not survive the second operation."  So certain was he that his patient would die, before starting the procedure he sent for a priest to hear her confession.  Before she died she "told her three sisters who was responsible for her condition," said The Sun. Five months later a journalist from The Sun was back, this time at the request of Mrs. Sarah Harris.  The 34-year-old, referred to as "the sufferer" by the newspaper, had been stricken with a "strange malady" three years earlier which paralyzed her from the neck down.  Able to move only her head, she had lain in the same position the entire time. On August 31, 1912 the newspaper entitled its article "Woman Paralytic Begs State To End Her Life."  In it Sarah pleaded "We have our Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which put out of their agony injured and sick animals, but human beings for whom medicine can do nothing are kept on in their torture.  Why should this be?" Mrs. Harris did not get her wish and in 1915, when Dr. Lloyd hired architect George H. Hardway to enlarge the sanitarium, she was still a patient.  The addition housed a "new maternity hospital," as described by The New York Times.

Close inspection reveals a winged, terra cotta rampant lion atop the gable.  The stylized sunflower on the metal facing below is a familiar Queen Anne motif.

Dr. Lloyd's Audubon Sanitarium saw celebrated figures come and go.  In 1917 the wife of preacher Billy Sunday received an emergency appendectomy.  The operation removed a "strangulated tumor" as well.  On May 20 The New York Times noted "Though deeply distressed by his wife's illness, Billy Sunday preached last night to 22,000 persons." The same operation was performed on Lucien Muratore, principal tenor of the Chicago Opera Company in February 1922.  Newspapers carried updates on his condition for days. Dr. Henry W. Lloyd sold the properties in January 1925 to the Louis H. Low Syndicate.  There were 100 rooms in the complex at the time.  The new owners, according to The Times on January 24, had already leased it to the newly-formed Lloyd's Sanitarium, Inc. (headed by Dr. Victor Low) "who will continue the operation of same after extensive alterations and improvements."  Architect Henry F. Schlumbohn, Jr. was called upon to update the hospital and dispensary. By 1935 the name had been changed to The Community Hospital.  The admission fee was 35 cents and a "revisit fee" was a quarter. The clinic was gone by mid-century, when the mish-mash of buildings was operated as a 53-room hotel.  As the neighborhood declined, so did the the property and by 1983 it was run by the city's welfare program as the Dawn Hotel, "housing formerly homeless families," according to The New York Times on August 25 that year.

The Dawn Hotel sat within what had become a gritty neighborhood.  Late on the night of December 6 a man entered the lobby and got into an argument with the clerk.  At around 1:00 on the morning he returned, armed with a pistol  and, according to police, "shot the clerk in the chest and fled from the hotel."  

As the Sugar Hill neighborhood improved in the 21st century, the Dawn Hotel did not.  A New York Senate report in January 2017 on the State's "unclean, unsafe, dangerous temporary shelter system" awarded the Dawn Hotel the uncomplimentary title of No. 1 in the top ten hotel violators in the state.  The facility was closed by 2018.

The once handsome houses have been sorely abused throughout their various connected uses.  And yet glimpses of their former splendor still manage to seep through. photographs by the author

Source: http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2019/07/dr-lloyds-sanitarium-6-8-st-nicholas.html

[todayclassical]

June 14 in Music History

1594 Death of Flemish composer Orlando di Lassus in Munich. 

1691 Birth of composer Jan Francisci.

1710 Death of German composer Johann Friedrich Alberti. 

1730 Birth of Italian composer Antonio Sacchini in Florence. 

1747 FP of Hasse's "La Spartana generosa, ovvero Archidamia" Dresden.

1760 Birth of composer Candido Jose Ruano.

1763 Birth of German composer Johannes Simon Mayr in Mendorf, Bavaria.

1769 Birth of French composer Pierre-Antoine Dominique Della-Maria.

1769 Birth of French tenor Jean Elleviou in Paris. 

1784 Birth of Italian composer Francesco Morlacchi in Perugia.

1813 FP of Isouard's "Français À Venise" Paris.

1820 FP of Schubert's "Die Zwillingsbrüder" singspiel, Vienna.

1854 Birth of composer Frederik Rung. 

1865 Birth of composer Auguste Jean Maria Charles Serieyx.

1867 Birth of German band conductor and composer Roland Forrest Seitz.

1872 Birth of soprano Irene Abendroth. 

1876 FP of Leo Delibes ballet Sylvia, in Paris.

1877 Birth of French mezzo-soprano Jane Bathori in Paris.

1881 The player piano was patented by John McTammany, Jr. of Cambridge, MA.

1882 Birth of composer Michael Zadora. 

1884 Birth of Irish-born American tenor John McCormack in Athlone. 

1891 Birth of tenor Karel Hruska in Plzen.

1897 Birth of French bass Pierre Froumenty in Agen. 

1900 Birth of French baritone Roger Bourdin in Levallois. 

1901 Birth of Dutch composer Emmy Frensel Wegener.

1904 Birth of composer Benno Ammann.

1908 Birth of German tenor Bernd Aldenhoff in Duisburg. 

1910 Birth of German conductor Rudolph Kempe.

1911 Death of Norwegian composer Johan Severin Svendsen.

1913 Birth of Czech baritone Beno Blachut in Ostrava-Vitlovice.

1913 Birth of English conductor, arranger, pianist and composer Stanley Black.

1916 Birth of composer Karl-Rudi Griesbach.

1918 Birth of composer Carter Harman.

1920 Birth of composer Helmer-Rayner Sinisalo.

1923 Birth of American conductor Theodore Bloomfield in Cleveland. 

1926 Birth of German baritone Walter Raninger in Wieselburg. T

1927 FP of Gliere's The Red Poppy, in Moscow.

1932 Birth of American composer and conductor Coleridge-Taylor Perkinson.

1937 Birth of American composer Burton Greene in Chicago, IL.

1940 Birth of American trombonist and composer Dary John Mizelle.

1942 FP of Sir Benjamin Britten's A Ceremony of Carols, for treble voices and harp, at Aldeburgh, England.

1947 Death of soprano Mizzi Zwerenz at age 57.

1947 Death of soprano Anny Krull. 

1948 Death of Scottish composer John Blackwood McEwan in London.

1949 FP of Britten's "The Little Sweep, or Let's Make an Opera" an entertainment for young people, in Aldeburgh.

1952 FP in USAmerica of Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera as translated by Marx Blitzstein at Brandeis University's first Festival of the Creative Arts, with Leonard Bernstein conducting at campus, South Street, Waltham, MA.

1954 Death of American contralto Roberta Dodd Crawford in Dallas, TX.

1954 Death of Italian baritone Luigi Montesanto.

1962 FP of Igor Stravinsky's The Flood in the US on CBS Television broadcast.

1965 Birth of Austrian bass-baritone Rupert Bergmann in Graz, Austria. 

1968 Death of Swedish composer Karl-Birger Blomdahl. 

1968 FP of Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 12, by the Beethoven Quartet in Moscow.

1982 Birth of Chinese concert pianist Lang Lang in Shenyang, Liaoning, China.

1985 FP of John Harbison's Concerto for Oboe, Clarinet and Strings. Sarah Bloom, oboe and Charles Russo, clarinet. New College Festival Orchestra, Paul Wolfe conducting, in Sarasota, FL.

1986 Death of Italian tenor Augusto Ferranto. 

1990 Death of German soprano Erna Berger. 

1991 Death of American baritone Frank Valentino. 

1994 Death of American composer, conductor Henry Mancini in Beverly Hills, CA. 

2001 FP of Daniel S. Godfrey´s revised String Quartet No. 3, by the Cassett Quartet at the Seal Bay Music Festival in Rockport, ME.

2005 Death of Italian conductor Carlo Maria Giulini.

[karldietz]

Tweeted

I've just posted a new blog: Theodor Bergmann Lectures am 28.06.2020 in Stuttgart https://t.co/8FxhvhB2mQ

— karldietz (@karldietz) March 7, 2020

[linksfilter]

07.10.2019: Theodor Bergmann, the last surviving member of the pre–World War II German Communist movement, spoke to Jacobin.