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myrawjcsmicasereports · 2 months ago

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Covid-19 associated autoimmune encephalitis in Iraq. A Case Report by Faiq B. Basa in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstract

Covid-19 infection frequently causes neurological symptoms. One of the mechanisms of indirect nervous system involvement is through inflammatory response and immune dysregulation. There are few recorded cases of indirect involvement of CNS by auto-antibodies. We present a case of a 6-year-old Iraqi boy with anti–N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) autoimmune encephalitis, associated with Covid-19. He presented with recent repeated attacks of refractory focal seizures preceded by behavioral changes. Serum and CSF anti-NMDAR antibodies were positive. Early recognition and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis are crucial as the prognosis is promising with early immunotherapy. Autoimmune encephalitis should be included in the main differential diagnosis whenever refractory epilepsy or new onset status epilepticus is faced. In the era of COVID-19, high vigilance is required as a possible association may increase autoimmune encephalitis incidence.

Key Words: Autoimmune encephalitis, Covid-19, refractory seizures, Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.

Introduction

The new coronavirus disease (Covid-19) was initially detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [1]. There are now established Covid-19 cases with neurological symptoms, which developed either through direct harm of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), or via autoimmune processes [2, 3]. Several neurological complications have been described: encephalitis, meningitis, cerebrovascular diseases, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and encephalopathies [4, 5].

Encephalitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the brain. Its etiologies are diverse. There are two main types of immune mediated encephalitis: (1) the paraneoplastic encephalitis syndromes, often associated with antibodies against intracellular neuronal proteins (onconeuronal proteins) [6]; (2) encephalitis syndromes associated with antibodies against neuronal cell surface/synaptic proteins, known as autoimmune encephalitis (AE) [7]. While paraneoplastic encephalitis syndromes are invariably cancer-related, autoimmune encephalitis syndromes may occur in the presence or absence of cancer.

AE includes a spectrum of disorders depending on the type of autoantibodies that are directed against various receptors and synaptic receptors and channels. The most common type of AE is the anti–N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, which was first described by Dalmau and colleagues in 2008 [8].

More recently, many new antibodies targeting neuronal surface antigens and synaptic proteins causing different forms of AE have been discovered, including those caused by autoantibodies targeting GABAB-R, GABAA-R, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), and contactin associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2), leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1), dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein 6 (DPPX), Ig LON5, and others [9]. Additionally, AE might be the diagnosis behind new onset refractory seizure or status (NORSE), atypical movement disorders, rapidly progressive dementia of unknown etiology, or psychiatric and behavioral disturbances, sometimes mistaken for primary psychiatric illnesses [10].

In addition to the established association of AE with tumors like, e.g., ovarian teratoma in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, also the possibility of an association with SARS-CoV-2 infection arose. At present, there are few reported cases with positive anti-NMDAR encephalitis in association with COVID-19 [11, 12]. Nevertheless, this possible association will need more attention when neurologists, psychiatrists, and physicians face cases of unexplained refractory seizure and/or psychiatric manifestation.

Here, we report a unique case of a 6-year-old boy who presented with repeated attacks of refractory focal seizures, associated with autoimmune encephalitis.

Case Report Presentation

The parents of a 6-year-old boy from Erbil, Iraq, with normal perinatal and developmental history and no other known medical illnesses noticed an unusual decreased physical and cognitive activity, as new-emerging eating disorders. After a few days, while sleeping, the child developed abnormal body movements restricted to the left face and left body side with impaired consciousness. Therefore, he was taken to a pediatric emergency department.

After admission, the focal seizures, altered consciousness, and fever continued for two weeks. Consequently, he had to be intubated for 5 days in a Respiratory Care Unit (RCU), from which he was discharged after the seizures became less frequent. As per clinical findings, the patient was drowsy and mute, he had orofacial dyskinesia, and spastic quadriparesis, with infrequent focal seizures.

A brain MRI showed bilateral deep white matter cerebral hemisphere increased T2/FLAIR signal . EEG detected diffuse slowing and abnormal epileptic discharge .

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) was clear and colorless. CSF glucose level was 55.7 mg/dL, and CSF total protein 14.6 mg/dL. No abnormal cells were detected. CSF oligoclonal bands (OCB) were positive. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). Central Nervous System (CNS) tuberculosis and Viral Encephalitis were excluded by Cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction (CSF-PCR) assays. Serum and CSF anti-NMDA receptor IgG Ab were positive.

The therapeutic intervention started with intravenous (IV) methylprednisolone therapy (15 mg/kg/day) for 5 days, followed by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), according to the high-dose immunomodulatory therapy strategy (1,000 mg/kg), for 5 days [13]. Anti-seizure medication (ASM) was commenced as well.

In the following weeks a mild improvement in terms of enhanced consciousness, limbs movements, and weight gain was observed. Therefore, the nasogastric tube was removed, and oral feeding restarted. We monitored the child through regular evaluations and biochemical analyses until complete clinical recovery. ASM was not discontinued. The overall treatment was well tolerated.

Discussion

Autoimmune encephalitis is a condition that can be easily missed as it is not commonly considered in the differential diagnosis of various medical presentations. However, such diagnosis should be always taken into consideration when a person, particularly a child, presents with a new onset of refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and/or new behavioral or psychiatric conditions. An early diagnosis of AE is essential, as the treatment is different from other conditions. With correct timely interventions the outcome is frequently favorable.

Though SARS-Cov-2 virus rarely invades the nervous system, Covid-19 infection frequently causes neurological symptoms like headache, delirium, anosmia, and dysgeusia [14]. One of the mechanisms of indirect nervous system involvement is through inflammatory response and immune dysregulation. There are few recorded cases of indirect involvement of CNS by auto-antibodies that are directed against the surface and synaptic protein. This case is one of the rare cases of Anti NMDA antibody autoimmune encephalitis that is associated with Covid-19 infection [15]. It indicates that in the era of COVID-19, high vigilance is required as a possible association may increase AE incidence.

A recent systemic review that analyzed 16 studies, including a total of 161 patients with NORSE [16], showed that the most frequent cause was AE. In addition to the well-known association with teratoma and cancer, AE, and specifically Anti-NMDA receptor Ab encephalitis, could be associated with a SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, either concomitantly or as post-infection manifestation. In this reported case, immunotherapy, in addition to anti-seizure medication, showed to be effective.

The main limitation of this report is the relatively short follow-up period. Observation of the child is ongoing to detect possible medium- or long-term consequences.

Conclusion

This case demonstrated that autoimmune encephalitis should be always considered when facing a new onset of refractory epilepsy and/or abnormal behaviors, and that it could be associated with SARS-Cov2 infection. Early diagnosis of an autoimmune encephalitis and ensuing correct treatment can be lifesaving.

Statement of Ethics: The parents of the child involved in this study have given their written informed consent to publish his case (including the publication of images). Ethical approval is not required for this study in accordance with national guidelines.

Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Funding Sources: This case report required no funding.

#Autoimmune encephalitis #Covid-19 #refractory seizures #Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis #Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences publication fee.

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usafphantom2 · 3 years ago

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South Korean Air Force starts Soaring Eagle exercise

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 06/22/2022 - 12:00 PM in Military

The South Korean Air Force began a biannual air combat exercise on Monday, involving its F-35A poachers and dozens of other warplanes, in order to ensure a "firm" posture of readiness, the South Korean service said.

The five-day Soaring Eagle exercise began amid persistent tensions caused by North Korea's continuous ballistic missile launches and speculation that it completed preparations for what would be its seventh nuclear test.

Training began at the 29th Tactical Hunting Weapons Group in Cheongju, 137 kilometers south of Seoul. It mobilized about 200 people and about 70 warplanes, including F-35As, F-15Ks, KF-16s, F-4Es, F-5s, E-737 alert and control aircraft and CN-235 transport aircraft, according to the Republic of Korea Air Force (RoKAF).

"This exercise aims to ensure that we are equipped with resources to respond quickly to enemy provocations and with the best operational capabilities by verifying our ability to attack high-threatening targets," said Colonel Lee Chul-woo, head of the Air Force.

Under a scenario of large-scale enemy infiltrations, participants practiced operations to detect, identify and intercept hostile long-distance air targets, and conducted massive formation maneuvers to attack the main enemy forces and the origins of possible provocations.

The practice also involved the application of the Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation system, which provides real-time information necessary for pilots to accurately understand battle situations and thus improve their combat capabilities.

Launched in 2008, RoKAF conducts the Soaring Eagle twice a year.

Source: Yonhap

Tags: Military Aviationmilitary exercisesROKAF - Republic of Korea Air Force

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Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, he has participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Dayton Airshow and FIDAE. He has works published in a specialized aviation magazine in Brazil and abroad. He uses Canon equipment during his photographic work in the world of aviation.

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writingforfun0714 · 2 years ago

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This is my first Star Wars Clone Wars fic. I saw the show as a kid when it aired on Cartoon Network in the 2008 and was disappointed when it ended at season 5. I was excited to hear it come back for another season on Netflix sometime in the mid 2010’s, and when Disney announced season 7 back in like 2019. Now that Disney owns it, I love watching the entire series start to finish in a matter of days. Suffice to say Clone Wars was a large part of my life and Star Wars in general. The first SW thing I saw was Attack of the Clones. I loved it so much (I was 5, saw it a year after it came out) and had a crush on Anakin. He was my favorite character, even though my dad disliked him until Clone Wars. My dad watched it with me on CN when it came on every week and taped it for me (he was divorced and laid off so we had a VCR instead of DVD player). I was absolutely crushed to watch Anakin turn to the dark side and get his limbs chopped off and burned alive in Revenge of the Sith. RotS came out when I was 7, but I was 8 when I saw it air on TV a year later and definitely too young to see that.

I was 10 when the Clone Wars movie aired, just before the series. I was the right age to really get into the lore and characters. Anakin is my favorite for nostalgia, but I fell in love with Ahsoka Tano and the clones. One of the biggest improvements to Star Wars was giving the clones personalities, which the Clone Wars successfully pulled off. What was a mass of copies in AotC became a lovable, loyal, and honorable group of characters. I fell in love with Anakin’s blue and white armored 501st legion and Captain Rex specifically. I also grew to love the fan favorites like Domino Squad, 99, Wolffe (and the Wolffepack!), Cody, Waxer, Boil, Gregor, Gree, Ponds, Monnk, Cut Lawquane, Fox (I love Fox idc some people hate him), Bly, Thire, the Bad Batch, and so many others.

This story is how Anakin got his scar. They never show how he got it or the fact that he even acknowledges it and that, as a kid, always bugged me (especially once Clone Wars came out and had the opportunity to explain it but never did). I never read any of the Star Wars comics (extended universe) now called ‘Star Wars Legends’ and is no longer canon (since Disney bought SW) but I know a few well known things about some comics/books. I believe they did explain Anakin’s scar in one comic or graphic novel and that he got his scar from Ventress (like Commander Wolffe) but it’s not canon. I like that Wolffe went up against Ventress at some point but for me, I personally HC that Obi-wan gave Anakin that scar during training.

Warnings—Spoilers for CW and Obi-Wan, does not line up with SW Legends, headcanons, talk/depiction of mental illness, angst, has time skips, lemme know if I need more

*Takes place between Attack of the Clones and the Clone Wars animated movie and series*

Summary—During a typical training session, Obi-wan accidentally hurts his padawan Anakin.

I’m Sorry Anakin

3rd POV

Life at the Temple isn’t always easy. There’s rules to follow, studying to do and training to complete. It’s certainly a lot different from the life of a slaveboy from Tatooine. Anakin Skywalker has been a padawan for many years now and even though the rules were different and the studying was hard, he found he enjoyed life as a Jedi. After reuniting with his childhood crush, Padmé Amidala, the 2 married just as the Clone War began. Because of the War, Anakin is required to do more training. The Jedi Council agreed that for the War, more padawans should be made Jedi Knights to help serve the Republic. And with Anakin being the ‘supposed’ Chosen One, well, it was obvious the Council wanted him prepped and ready early.

Anakin finds Master Kenobi in one of the training rooms, sitting with his legs crossed and his eyes shut peacefully, though Anakin knew his master better than that.

“I’m sorry I’m late Master-“ Anakin apologizes to Obi-wan’s sigh.

“Anakin, we’ve talked about this. You need to dedicate yourself to your studies and training now more than ever. Didn’t you listen to Master Yoda?” Obi-wan scolds.

“I’m sorry Master-“

“Then mean it,” Obi-wan counters to his padawan’s somewhat lazy attempt at an apology. Anakin looks at him and Obi-wan just sends him back a stern look.

“I do Master. I’m sorry…” Anakin repeats, “I’m sorry, I just…lost track of time, that’s all.” Obi-wan sighs again.

“If this happens again you’ll be on security detail for Madame Jocasta in the library for a whole rotation,” Obi-wan threatens. Anakin nods as his master stands.

“Well better late than never, I suppose. Go through Forms 3 and 5,” Obi-wan instructs and Anakin nods, getting into a ready position with his lightsaber in hand, though not ignited.

“Yes Master,” Anakin says, shifting, holding the metal hilt with both hands, testing out his grip with the new robotic hand. Obi-wan gets into a ready position as well and the two share a look before Anakin moves to strike first.

After going back and forth, blocking, dodging, and countering endlessly, Obi-wan manages to get the upper hand. He counters Anakin’s blue blade with his own before using his free hand to Force-push the blade harder. Anakin is still getting used to his robotic hand. That’s when Anakin sees his lightsaber start to shift out of his robotic fingers. The pressure forces Anakin’s grip to give out. Obi-wan, unprepared, doesn’t let up in time. Anakin manages to drop his saber , shutting it off, but Obi-wan’s blue blade suddenly connects with his face, slicing over his right eye and eyebrow.

“GAAAHHH!!!” Anakin cries out in pain, jerking back so only the tip of the blade touches his skin. Obi-wan manages to shut off his lightsaber almost immediately. Anakin falls to the ground, clutching his face and Obi-wan gasps, almost frozen for a moment before he snaps out of it and races to his padawan’s side.

“Anakin! I’m so sorry—Anakin are you alright?!” Obi-wan panics instantly. This is pretty much rule 1 of being in charge of a padawan. Do not hurt your padawan. Standard stuff…and Obi-wan broke it.

Anakin breathes and groans through it, still clutching his injured right side of his face.

“Y-Yeah-I’m…I’m ok-“ Anakin says as he tries to sit up. Obi-wan helps him and keeps a gentle but strong hold on the young man.

“Let me see Anakin-“ Obi-wan says, trying to push Anakin’s hand away from his face.

“No-you’re gonna touch it-“ Anakin whines.

“I won’t-I just need to see the damage-“ Obi-wan tells him. Anakin moves his hand and winces in pain as Obi-wan moves closer to inspect the sizzling line of flesh going over the young man’s right eyebrow and eye. His eye is red and irritated but isn’t bleeding or anything, still, Obi-wan frowns with concern.

“Can you still see?” Obi-wan asks, offering a hand, which Anakin gratefully takes.

“Y-yeah but it’s mostly one big spot from the light of your saber-“ Anakin explains as Obi-wan hauls him up to his feet.

“Let’s get you to the medwing and have a droid look you over,” Obi-wan says, gently guiding his padawan with both hands on Anakin’s shoulders.

“Obi-wan-I’m fine-it’ll heal-“ Anakin says.

“Then humor me,” Obi-wan insists. Anakin knows better than to argue, so he merely nods.

“Ok Master,” he replies quietly as he gingerly touches the skin around the burn slice.

“Don’t mess with it-“ Obi-wan gripes, slapping Anakin’s hand gently.

The two finally make it to the medbay and a droid motions them over.

“I am A-LN394, your assigned medical droid. I will scan you now,” he says, not even waiting for a reply.

“He wastes no time huh?” Anakin asks with a small chuckle as the droid’s scanner moves up and down his body.

“Droids,” Obi-wan shakes his head lightly.

“Scan complete. I’ve detected a small 1st degree burn on the right side of your face, please, hold still while I apply aloe ointment to aid in the healing process-“ the droid tells Anakin. The droid covers a bandage with a small amount of ointment before covering the sensitive, burned skin.

“You are lucky you were not blinded-“ the droid tells Anakin. Although the droid didn’t mean to, Obi-wan feels his heart clench at the droid’s words. He could’ve seriously hurt his padawan. The boy he promised his master he’d protect. Had Obi-wan hurt Anakin even worse than he did…he wouldn’t be able to forgive himself.

“Master?…Master!” Anakin says, getting Obi-wan’s attention.

“Hm? Oh-y-yes Anakin?” Obi-wan asks, snapping out of his spiraling thoughts.

“Are you ok?” Anakin asks him. Obi-wan blinks stupidly at his padawan’s question.

“Because you know it was an accident-right?” Anakin asks. Obi-wan sighs and nods.

“Still, I am sorry,” Obi-wan apologizes. Anakin gives his master a small crooked smile.

“Don’t worry Master, I’m ok. Really. Watto used to hurt me worse-“ Anakin replies off-handedly but stops when he realizes what slipped out of his mouth. Obi-wan blinks in surprise. Usually Anakin doesn’t want to talk about his past.

“Anakin, you are not a slave anymore. You are a Jedi-“ Obi-wan tells him.

“I know Master-“ Anakin glances away. Obi-wan looks at his padawan and decides not to push him. So the Jedi Master sighs wearily.

“Get some rest. You’ll need it for your studies tomorrow-“ Obi-wan tells Anakin as he walks out.

“What? But you said I had saber training all week-“

“I know what I said. Now I’m telling you something different. You’re off training until you heal,” Obi-wan says. Anakin sighs. Normally he would complain. But he knows that the extra saber training is just for him to get used to his new prosthetic hand. Anakin knows he’s already one of the best duelists out of all the padawans training to be knights.

“Yes Master,” Anakin says as Obi-wan walks out. The droid finishes wrapping the bandage covering his right eye.

“Your eye should completely heal within 2 weeks. If it becomes infected or you have any problems, please come back to me. Patient is finished, goodbye,” the droid says and goes back to cleaning up. Anakin sits up and slides off the bed before walking back to his quarters.

In the months that followed, Anakin was granted the rank of Jedi Knight and as such, has been given command over the 501st battalion. Anakin and Obi-wan are on their way to meet the head of the 501st, CT-7567.

“So, are you ready?” Obi-wan asks. Anakin nods.

“Of course Master, I’m ready for anything,” he says.

“Good because I heard from Commander Cody that your battalion…” Obi-wan trails off with a smirk. Anakin raises the eyebrow with the scar cutting through it.

“What? What about them?” Anakin asks.

“They’re loyal, brave men that have a tendency to…” Obi-wan tries to find the right words, “get into trouble.”

“Trouble?” Anakin asks. Obi-wan nods.

“And Master Yoda and Master Shaak Ti both agreed that the 501st would suit you perfectly,” Obi-wan says, earning a playful shove from Anakin.

“Oh they did huh?” The younger man asks.

They arrive at the hangar and spot a whole legion of clones standing at the ready. Most are in white armor but some do have blue paint on them. The clone in front has a blue upswept pauldron, black and blue trim kama at his waist and blue jaig eyes painted on his helmet.

“Attention!” The captain announces and everyone steps together in sync. Anakin watches on in awe. Obi-wan and Anakin walk up to the captain.

“Hello Captain,” Obi-wan greets happily.

“Hello General,” the captain replies. The formality and helmet hides the captain’s happiness well.

“Captain I’d like you to meet my padawan-“ Obi-wan says.

“I’m a Jedi Knight now Master-“ Anakin corrects.

“Yes, but you will always be my padawan,” Obi-wan argues calmly. The captain looks between the 2 jedi. The captain, being friends with Commander Cody, has heard all about General Kenobi and his padawan, Commander Skywalker. Though, he supposed it was General Skywalker now.

“This is Anakin Skywalker,” Obi-wan says. Anakin holds his hand out and the 2 shake hands firmly, though Anakin is careful with his grip.

“I am CT-7567, Captain Rex at your command General,” the captain, Rex as he’s called, salutes.

“Don’t do that around him too much Captain, you’ll give your new general a swelled head-“ Obi-wan warns, though the two are already not listening. Instead, Rex is introducing Anakin to a few other clones in the first line up.

“General, meet Jesse, Kix, Tup, Dogma, Hardcase, Ax, and Hawk, some of the best soldiers I’ve worked with and I’m proud to be their CO,” Rex introduces. They all stand at attention, making Anakin uncomfortable. He’s always been the padawan. The one to take orders, not to give them.

“Uh—at ease guys. No need for all that formal stuff with me,” Anakin tells them. The men look to Rex, unsure if he’s serious.

“Are uh…you sure General Skywalker?” Rex asks.

“Sure, whatever makes you guys feel comfortable,” Anakin assures his captain with a crooked smirk.

“Y-Yes sir,” Rex says, straightening. Anakin merely chuckles quietly before shaking his head lightly.

“You’re a lot like Commander Cody,” Anakin comments to Rex off-handedly. Rex nods.

“We’ve worked together for a long time. We trained together on Kamino,” Rex explains and Anakin nods.

“I’ll do my best to keep you and all your men safe Captain, I give you my word,” Anakin promises. Rex blinks at the young general’s sheer determination in his voice.

“I..Thank you, sir. I’m honored to fight this war with you and I hope my boys and I will earn your trust and respect,” Rex tells Anakin. The young general smiles and nods before turning to the one they call ‘Jesse’.

“So, you’re Jesse, right? You trained with Rex too?” Anakin asks.

“Yes sir. I’ve been lookin’ up to Rex my whole life…hope to make ARC trooper someday,” Jesse tells him. Anakin gives him a nod.

“I’ll be there when it happens,” Anakin tells Jesse, and the two share a determined smirk.

“And you? Hawk, isn’t it? You wanna be an ARC trooper too?” Anakin asks.

“No sir, I’m trained to be a pilot. I want to fly sir,” Hawk tells Anakin, who nods.

“I’ll make that happen-don’t worry,” Anakin assures the clone. Hawk looks to Jesse, who gives him a thumbs up.

As Anakin goes through the men Rex introduced him to, getting to know them, Obi-wan stands and watches, thinking to himself. Most Jedi do not do this. The Jedi know their commanders, their captains, but not every clone in their battalion. That’s why it was easier to assign the clones numbers. But Anakin is getting to know them as men, as people who have dreams, and likes and dislikes. They’re all currently gathered around the young man as Obi-wan watches silently.

“So General, do you mind if I ask you how you got that scar?” The one called Ax, asks. Obi-wan’s eyes widen as his memory assaults him. Flashes of what happened appear in his mind before hearing Anakin’s cry of pain echo in his head.

“Oh-this? I was on Geonosis when my Master and Senator Amidala were chained to this pole-“ Anakin begins to lie. Anakin knows Obi-wan is obsessing over his injury and the fact that it was he who gave Anakin his scar. Obi-wan hurries out while Anakin finishes the story with breaking out of the chains, killing the animals attacking them and the reinforcements coming to get them, missing his Master exiting the hangar to be alone.

Months pass though it’s just one long, seemingly endless battle to the Jedi. Brothers have become enemies as war raged around them. Their battle-weary soldiers turned on the Jedi and executed them. The last time Obi-wan had seen Anakin…Anakin-Anakin…was when he told his padawan to update the Chancellor while he was to report to the Council. He had seen him again…only…after reuniting with Master Yoda, did Obi-wan learn of Anakin’s fall to the Dark Side. Holorecordings of the Temple showed Anakin, already turned, kill Younglings. Nearly all of the Jedi still at the Temple were killed by Anakin’s 501st battalion, thanks to the inhibitor chips implanted in every clones’ head. Anakin went to Mustafar to kill the remaining Separatists. Padmé, Anakin’s wife, tried to stop him, unaware Obi-wan snuck aboard her ship. Anakin, his in rage, mortally wounded his wife by Force-choking her, forcing Obi-wan to step in and battle his fallen padawan. Lava and heat…and anger. So much anger. Obi-wan was overwhelmed by it. Each block took everything out of the man as Anakin roared in frustration. Through the smoke of the collapsing facility, Obi-wan makes out Anakin’s face, his once sky-blue eyes are now a golden yellow, the eyes of the Sith. His scar accentuates his harsh glare and the anger that radiates from him.

Obi-wan sees his opening and leaps onto the black rocky glass that touches the river of lava.

“It’s over Anakin!!! I have the high ground!” Obi-wan warns once.

“You underestimate my power!” Anakin snarls back.

“Don’t try it!” Obi-wan begs.

“RAAAAUUUGHH!!!!” Anakin yells as he leaps. He flips just as Obi-wan swings. The sound of his lightsaber connecting with flesh pierces his ears before Anakin’s scream of pain.

“GAAAAHHHH!!!” Anakin screams as he tumbles to the ground, in pieces. Most of him, his torso, head, and right arm are still in tact while his legs, cut at mid-thigh, and left arm are smoldering where the lightsaber cut. Obi-wan shuts off his lightsaber as he watches his former padawan struggle and groan in pain. Obi-wan shuts his eyes angrily as his Master’s words echo in his mind.

“YOU WERE THE CHOSEN ONE!!! IT WAS SAID THAT YOU’D DESTROY THE SITH-NOT JOIN THEM!! BRING BALANCE TO THE FORCE!!!! NOT LEAVE IT IN DARKNESS!!” Obi-wan yells at him as tears stream down his face. Quigon died for you, Obi-wan wanted to say, but he held his tongue. Anakin lifts his head to glare angrily at his former master.

“I HATE YOU!!!!” Anakin yells at him as he struggles.

“YOU WERE MY BROTHER ANAKIN!!! I LOVED YOU!!” Obi-wan yells back. The steep incline and Anakin’s struggling has actually made him closer to the river of lava and once he’s close enough, he starts screaming from the pain of the heat. That’s when what’s left of his thighs suddenly catch on fire.

“AAAUUUGHHHH!!! AAAAAAUUUUGGGGGHHHHH!!!!!!!!” Anakin screams as he’s burned alive. Obi-wan, watching the for the first couple seconds, eventually has to look away, unable to watch the man he considered to be his little brother, be in so much pain. He picks up Anakin’s deactivated lightsaber as flashes of that day in training intrude his mind. He takes a breath and hurries back to the ship to check on Padmé as Anakin’s screams being burned alive echo behind him.

Years pass. Both Skywalker twins have been placed in loving, but separate homes, for their own good. Obi-wan has decided to look after Luke since he knew Bail and his family were the safest place for Leia and wouldn’t be needed. How he was wrong. It was about 10 years until his friend, Senator Organa contacted him to help him rescue Leia. Obi-wan, begrudgingly obliged, and now, after finally getting the girl to a ship home, after getting so close, Darth Vader has stopped them. Obi-wan knew that Vader is only interested in him, so, Obi-wan chooses to fight him alone, instructing Haja, a trusted thief and Roken, a leader in the rebellion, to protect Leia. Obi-wan decided to take a small shuttle ship.

He finds a small, remote area and lands before waiting for Vader. Obi-wan sticks his hand in his pocket and feels something cold and metal. He pulls the object out and smiles when he sees it’s Lola, Leia’s droid pal. He puts the droid on the dashboard before heading out.

Obi-wan sees an Imperial ship land before it opens. Out walks a tall, menacing figure all in black. Buttons cover the chest plate and a black cape billows behind the masked figure and the sound of a ventilator happens every few seconds, indicating breathing.

“Have you come to destroy me, Obi-wan?” Vader asks.

“I will do what I must-“ Obi-wan says, igniting his blue lightsaber before dropping into his familiar stance, pointing 2 fingers at his former apprentice.

The two fight and at first, it seems neither will gain the upper hand. That is, until Vader manages to bury Obi-wan. The older man manages to stop from getting crushed by using the Force. Thoughts of Leia and even Luke flash through his mind. His love for his padawan may be gone, but the Obi-wan has love for his ‘brother’s’ children. And that’s what helped him get free. His love for Luke and Leia made him stronger. He raced after Vader, hoping to catch him before he left for the others, and luckily, he did, though his sneak attack didn’t quite work.

The former master and padawan duel until Obi-wan manages to slash the small beeping console on Vader’s chest.

“GAH!” Vader screams in pain though it sounds warped and distorted…robotic. Obi-wan takes his moment to slash Vader’s helmet, breaking it to expose what’s underneath.

Obi-wan watches in horror as Vader straightens to face him.

“Anakin,” Obi-wan’s breath catches in his throat. Tears form in his eyes and threaten to spill over when he sees what’s happened to his former brother.

“Anakin’s gone. I am what remains,” Vader responds, straightening. Obi-wan shakes his head ever so slightly.

“I’m sorry…I’m sorry Anakin…for all of it,” Obi-wan apologizes.

“I am not your failure, Obi-wan. You didn’t kill Anakin Skywalker…I did,” Vader tells the older man, his voice mixing with his robotic ventilator. Obi-wan’s watery, pleading look changes into pure sadness.

“Then my friend is truly dead,” Obi-wan realizes. He shuts off his lightsaber.

“Goodbye…Darth,” Obi-wan acknowledges Vader and walks away.

“Obi-wan!!!” Vader yells before collapsing to a knee. He watches Obi-wan leave, abandoning him again.

“OBI-WAAAAAAN!!!!!!” Vader screams as Obi-wan leaves him behind. All Obi-wan can think of, is how sorry he is.

End

#star wars #star wars fanfiction #star wars clone wars #clone wars fanfiction #sw cw #sw cw fanfic #clone wars fanfic #clone wars #angst #fanfic #Star Wars fanfic #sw fanfic

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ncfan-1 · 6 years ago

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Revisiting ‘Thrown Away’

For a long, long time, I have wondered exactly what was up with ‘Thrown Away.’ I mean, I suspect we’ll never know exactly what was going on in that story, but I was left scratching my head as to which Power was involved in the episode. It’s the fifth episode of The Magnus Archives, and it continues to be an enigma in many respects. It’s told to us from the perspective of a complete outsider who has absolutely no insight into what’s going on; literally the only information he has is the stuff the culprit was throwing away in these trash bags.

But thinking about it, I think I can pinpoint which of the Powers was involved in this episode.

I think ‘Thrown Away’ was a Flesh episode.

If there have been other meta posts positing this theory, than I apologize for my lack of originality. But I’ve spotted a lot of parallels between ‘Thrown Away’ and episodes we know are Flesh episodes, enough that I really do feel like I can say I think ‘Thrown Away’ should be counted with them. There’s also the timeline to take into consideration—and given relatively recent revelations regarding the Flesh and its ritual, I think the timing of this particular episode might be significant. But let me put my money where my mouth is, so you can decide for yourself whether or not I actually seem like I know what I’m talking about.

[CN/TW: cannibalism, mutilation]

Recurring Theme 1: Christianity

Christianity is a recurring theme in Flesh episodes; agents of the Flesh are very fond of appropriating Christian imagery when going about their business, and seem rather preoccupied with Christianity in general.

‘Confession’ and ‘Desecrated Host’ from Season 1 are kinda ambiguous. There are some people who think they’re Flesh episodes, other people who think they’re Spiral episodes, and I think I’ve seen it theorized that they might contain a combination of the two Powers. Personally, I do think of these two as Flesh episodes, but since it’s ambiguous as to what exactly was going on here, I’m going to touch on the episodes that are unambiguously connected with the Flesh, and that also borrow motifs from Christianity.

- ‘Trail Rations’ features cannibal Eustace Wick entrancing Benjamin Carlisle by chanting a bastardized version of the Lutheran grace.

- ‘Takeaway’ features Tom Haan hiding out in his uncle’s old takeaway shop with a load of bibles, getting very irritated over the finer points of Christian history, i.e. whether or not early Christians really were cannibals as the rumors claimed. And given that Tom Haan tried carrying out The Last Feast nearly a year before this episode was set, it’s possible his studies involved him trying to reevaluate things after the explosives-induced failure of the ritual.

- And, of course, ‘Meat’ sees Tom Haan trying to carry out The Last Feast in the ruins of an ancient Gnostic temple.

The second trash bag found by Keiran Woodward and his coworkers at 93 Lancaster Road was full of a single strip of paper with the Lord’s Prayer written on it over and over again, and burned in places as if it had been held over a candle. In light of all of this, that does imply a connection.

Recurring Theme 2: Self-Replicating Body Parts

The third trash bag found at 93 Lancaster Road was full of, as we learn from Jon’s comments, 2,780 teeth, in varying states of decay, and all of which were genetically the same tooth. Not just teeth from the same mouth—the very same tooth. Boy, does that sound familiar.

- We return to ‘Takeaway’, where we saw a pile of severed fingers in the old takeaway shop. When Tom Haan severs three of Craig Goodall’s fingers with a knife and adds to them to the pile, Goodall later discovers that his hand is apparently uninjured, and yet his fingers are still on the pile; one of them is wearing a heavy ring he wore into the shop, while the corresponding finger on his hand is bare.

- In ‘Taking Stock,’ Mikaele Salesa walks in on Cook grinding himself up a new arm with the cursed meat grinder, having severed one of his arms and laid it out for cooking with.

We don’t really see self-replicating body parts with any of the other Powers, not like this. It’s not entirely clear what was happening with Jon’s finger when he kept trying to cut it off in ‘Flesh’; it may have been regenerating, and he had a pile of severed fingers out in front of him, or, given Melanie’s relatively unpanicked reaction to finding him in that situation, it’s possible that the finger was either automatically reattaching itself, or that the Beholding just wouldn’t let him maim himself like this.

Recurring Theme 3: Body Parts in General

A preoccupation with body parts separated from the whole, of taking the human body as just being a collection of consumable parts, is such an oft-recurring theme in Flesh episodes that I won’t even try listing all the Flesh episodes that cover it. You’ve got the teeth, and less directly, the doll’s heads and the crudely fashioned and yet very realistic metal heart Woodward found in the last trash bag at 93 Lancaster Road, after Alan Parfitt went missing. Yeah, the latter two are artificial and not actually human, but it still strikes a Flesh chord with me, especially given the detail about the heart being made to resemble an actual human heart, rather than a Valentine’s Day heart.

The Timeline

As mentioned previously, The Last Feast was attempted at some point in October of 2008, only to be foiled by Gertrude. In her comments in ‘Meat,’ Gertrude specifically singles out the need to watch out for ‘esoteric fall-out’ from the failed ritual, such as what was going on with Toby Carlisle from ‘The Man Upstairs.’ She also singles out Tom Haan as someone she potentially needed to watch out for; she was hopeful that he would just burn himself out, but was also aware that he might become erratic and lash out.

Alan Parfitt disappeared on August 8th, 2008, at a little after two in the morning. Gertrude felt the need to make printouts of the texts exchanged between Woodward and Parfitt. That she regarded this as important enough to take documentation beyond the simple statement makes me think that this was something connected to one of the things she was already keeping an eye on; we know she was watching out for The Unknowing and Sunken Sky, but that she was also watching out for The Last Feast, for the ‘esoteric fall-out’ from its failure, and for the buildup.

The culminating incident of ‘Thrown Away’ occurred around two months before the attempt at the Flesh’s ritual, and we know from the Stranger and The Unknowing that incidents and attacks involving a certain Power tend to ramp up as the date of their ritual approaches. We also know that a fair amount of preparation goes into getting ready for a ritual attempt.

One more thing. I was using the wiki as a resource in making this post, and at the end of the article for ‘Thrown Away,’ there is a note. The incident locations for ‘Thrown Away’ and ‘Takeaway’ are apparently quite close to one another. Before the takeaway shop closed in 2004, it was run by Tom Haan’s uncle, who took him on as an employee in the weeks before it was discovered that he had murdered his wife, Lan Ying, and was feeding parts of her body to his customers. What was left of Lan Ying’s body was found to have far fewer defensive wounds than would have been expected, and some of the wounds appeared to have been self-inflicted—which puts me very much in mind of ‘Trail Rations,’ and the death of Benjamin Carlisle.

The two sites are very close together. This may not be a coincidence.

#The Magnus Archives #Meta

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djemerald · 5 years ago

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My ‘sweetest’ Favorite 2019

もはやただのメモ！だけど、今年もやっぱりやっておこう。ということで、2019年のスウィートな音楽をずらりと。画像はアルバム・LP・EPのみの分をコレクションしてみました。去年書いた「過去最高のスピードで世界中の音楽が聴けるようになった」のは、今年も継続中。ただ、画面の中で自動的にレコメンドされるよりも、周りの友達に「これよかったよ〜」とか、「これ好きそう」とか教えてもらう方が、断然、うれしい。ジャンルは相変わらずいろいろだけど、ジャズ的な要素が増えた気がする。（dublab.jpの影響か、原雅明さんの影響かしら、どうかしら）あと、今年はアルバム通して聴く機会が多かった、というか、その方がフィットしてた。もともとCDを買っていた��きの感覚に戻ったようで、なんだかしみじみしちゃう。そして、11月あたりからじんわりとミニマルハウス〜テクノに惹かれ中。シンプルがゆえに、好みを見つけるのがむずかしい、でも楽しい。新しい境地。 DJ MIXはほとんど聴かなかったなぁ。音楽の聴き方って、1年の間にこんなにも変わるものなのね。 dublab.jpでラジオ番組をはじめたことも大きいかな。ありがとう、グッドバイ2019年。 2020年は、審美眼を磨きつつ、軽快に。生身の肌で感じたい。 *アルファベット順です *今年リリース以外のものも多くあります *Vanessa Paradis、Marlene Dietrichは常時アイコンなのではぶきます＊ - My ‘sweetest’ Favorite 2019 - ▽▼▽ ALBUM / LP / EP ▽▼▽ AFK & Bludwork / Loyalty N Service [100% Silk] Akira Rabelais / CXVI [Boomkat Editions] Alexis Le-Tan & Jess present / Space Oddities [Permanent Vacation] Amazondotcom / Mirror River [SUBREAL] Ambien Baby / En Transito [FATi Records] Ana Roxanne / ~~~ [Leaving Records] Anna Homler ‎/ Deliquium In C [Präsens Editionen] Archie Shepp, Jasper Van't Hof ‎/ Mama Rose [SteepleChase] Bartosz Kruczynski, Poly Chain / Pulses [Into The Light Records] Basil Kirchin / I Start Counting [Trunk Records] Basil Kirchin / Primitive London [Trunk Records] Black Boboi / Agate [BINDIVIDUAL] C.Tappin / Ashes to Ashes [Melting Pot Music] Charlie Haden & Pat Metheny / Beyond The Missouri Sky [Verve Records] Chihei Hatakeyama(畠山地平) / Void XIX [White Paddy Mountain] Chocolate Lips / Chocolate Lips [Sony Music] Derric Gobourne Jr. / Supremacy [P-Vine Records] Deweekend / Deweekend [OutOfStock] Dome / Dome 2 [Editions Mego] Eberhard Weber / Encore [ECM Records] Eleventeen Eston / Delta Horizon [Growing Bin Records] Emahoy Tsegué-Maryam Guèbrou / Ethiopiques, Vol. 21 [Buda Musique] Eric Serra ‎/ Le Grand Bleu (Bande Originale Du Film) [Virgin] G.S. Schray / First Appearance [Last Resort] Giovanni Guidi / Avec Le Temps [ECM Records] h hunt / Playing Piano for Dad [Tasty Morsels] Helena Deland ‎– Altogether Unaccompanied Vol. III [Luminelle Recordings] Holdie Gawn｜Micawber ‎/ Gleech Huis｜Parsec Telemetry [Sylphe] infinite bisous / Period [Tasty Morsels] Ion Ludwig / A Better Future To Long [Metereze] J!N /pink stm & wite ptl [Hizz] JAB / Erg Herbe [Shelter Press] Jacqueline Humbert & David Rosenboom / Daytime Viewing [Unseen Worlds] Jai Paul / Do You Love Her Now｜He [XL Recordings] jan and naomi / Fracture [cutting edge] Jan Jelinek / Loop-Finding-Jazz-Records [~scape] Jeff Majors / Yoka Boka (For Us All) [Invisible City Editions] Joao Gilberto / Amoroso [Warner Bros. Records] Joe Tossini and Friends / Lady of Mine [Joe Tossini Music] Joseph Shabason / Anne, EP [Western Vinyl] Juan Hidalgo / Rrose Sélavy [Discos Transgénero] Kali Malone / The Sacrificial Code [iDEAL Recordings] Khotin / Beautiful You [Ghostly International] Kit Sebastian / Mantra Moderne [Mr Bongo] Leech / Data Horde [Peak Oil] Leonardo Marques / Early Bird [180g x Disk Union] Leonore Boulanger / Practice Chanter [Le Saule] Les Yeux Orange / Ghost Dog [Good Plus] Lifted / 2 [PAN] Liv.e / ::hoopdreams:: [Not On Label] Lloyd Miller / A Lifetime In Oriental Jazz [Jazzman] Loren Connors / Evangeline [Recital] Loving / Lately In Another Time [Last Gang Records] Lucas Arruda / Onda Nova [Favorite Recordings] Lunz / Lunz 3 [Curious Music] Mary Lattimore / Hundreds Of Days [Ghostly International] Mega Bog / Dolphine [Paradise Of Bachelors] Meitei(冥丁) / Komachi [Métron Records] melodiesinfonie / A Journey to You [JAKARTA] Molinaro / What The Future Was [Apron Records] Nadia Reid / Preservation [Basin Rock] Neu Balance / In My Life, I've Loved Them All [Budget Cuts] Nia Andrews / No Place Is Safe [rings] Nico Rico / Primitive Thinking EP [Not On Label] Nina Keith / MARANASATI 19111 [Grind Select] Nitai Hershkovits / Lemon the Moon [AGATE / Inpartmaint] Normal Brain / Lady Maid [Vanity Records] Olsen / Dream Operator [100%Silk] Operating Theatre / Miss Mauger [Allchival] Pejzaż / Pejzaż Remiksy [The Very Polish Cut-Outs] Powder / Powder In Space [Beats In Space Records] Priori & RAMZi / Jumanjí [FATi Records] Profit Prison ‎/ Six Strange Passions [Avant!] RAMZi / Multiquest Niveau 1: Camouflé [FATi Records] Regularfantasy /Sunsets & Sublets [Total Stasis] Repetentes 2008 / Galaxia Fini [Superconscious Records] Repetentes 2008 / Gelo Gerônimo [Gop Tun] RIP Swirl / 9TEEN90 [Public Possession] Robert Minden Ensemble / Long Journey Home [Otter Bay Recordings] Robert Minden Ensemble / The Boy Who Wanted To Talk To Whales [Otter Bay Recordings] Robert Minden Ensemble / Whisper in My Ear [Otter Bay Recordings] Robert Wyatt / Shleep [Domino] Rupert Clervaux / After Masterpieces [Whities] Santilli / Surface [Into The Light Records] Sarah Davachi / Pale Bloom [W.25th] Sebastian Gandera / Le Raccourci [Efficient Space] Simone De Kunovich / Mondo Nuovo Vol. 1 [Superconscious Records] Sipprell / I Could Be Loved [Sipprell] Sonia Sanchez / Full Moon Of Sonia [VIA International Artists] Sonny Sharrock / Black Woman [Vortex Records] Soundwalk Collective / What We Leave Behind | Jean-Luc Godard Archives [mAtter] Sparrows / Berries [flau] St. Joseph / Player Nr. 1 EP [Dokutoku Records] Stephen Steinbrink ‎/ Utopia Teased [Western Vinyl/Melodic Records] Takayuki Shiraishi / Missing Link [Studio Mule] Tamaryn / Dreaming The Dark [Dero Arcade] Teebs / Anicca [Brainfeeder] Teiji Ito / Music For Maya [Tzadik] The Caretaker / An empty bliss beyond this World [History Always Favours The Winners] Tim Hecker / Anoyo [Kranky] Tujiko Noriko / Kuro(OST) [PAN] Unknown Mobile / Daucile Moon [Pacific Rhythm] Vanishing Twin / The Age of Immunology [Fire Records] Various ‎/ I Am The Center (Private Issue New Age Music In America, 1950-1990) [Light In The Attic] Various / Visible & Invisible Persons Distributed In Space [Numero Group] Various / Wys! V&a Ep [WYS! Recordings] Various / زمان يا سكر = Zamaan Ya Sukkar - Exotic Love Songs And Instrumentals From The Egyptian 60’s [Radio Martiko] Various Artists / 4 Down [Deek Recordings] Various Artists / Turkish Hamam House Disco [Arsivplak] Viola Klein / A Passport And A Visa Stamped By The Holy Ghost [Meakusma] Violet / Togetherness [Togetherness] Voices In Latin / Voices In Latin [Morgan] Wilson Tanner / II [Efficient Space] Yasuaki Shimizu / Music For Commercials [Crammed Discs] Yohuna / Mirroring [fear of missing out records] Yoshiharu Takeda / Aspiration [METANESOS Records] Yoshinori Hayashi / γ [Smalltown Supersound] Zenit / Straight Ahead [P-Vine Records] 元ちとせ / 元唄幽玄～元ちとせ奄美シマ唄REMIX～ (Remixes) [Au(g)tunes] 孔雀眼 JADE EYES / 渴望 [香港商黑市音樂股份有限公司台灣分公司] ∞σ / DG Hadi [Hizz] ⣎⡇ꉺლ༽இ•̛)ྀ◞ ༎ຶ ༽ৣৢ؞ৢ؞ؖ ꉺლ / ⣎⡇ꉺლ༽இ•̛)ྀ◞ ༎ຶ ༽ৣৢ؞ৢ؞ؖ ꉺლのʅ͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡(ƟӨ)ʃ͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡ ꐑ(ཀ ඊູ ఠీੂ೧ູ࿃ूੂ✧ළඕั࿃ूੂ࿃ूੂੂ࿃ूੂළඕั✧ı̴̴̡ ̡̡͡|̲̲̲͡ ̲̲̲͡͡π̲̲͡͡ ɵੂ≢࿃ूੂ೧ູఠీੂ ඊູཀ ꐑ(ʅ͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡(ƟӨ)ʃ͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡͡ [༈೧ູ≢)ꐑʅ(Ɵↂↂ. l̡̡̡ ̡͌l̡*̡̡ ̴̡ı̴̴̡ ̡̡͡| ̲̲͡ π̲̲͡͡.̸̸̨̨ ఠీੂ)༼ू༈೧ູ࿃ूੂ༽(ଳծູ l̡̡̡ ̡͌l̡*̡̡ ̴̡ı̴̴̡ ̡̡͡| ̲̲͡ π̲̲͡͡ ɵੂ≢)_̴ı ̡͌ ̲|̡̡̡ ̡ ̴̡ı̴̡̡ ̡͌l̡̡̡ꐑ*:･✧(ཽ๑ඕัළඕั)ꐑʅ(Ɵↂ๑)✧*:･ı̴̴̡ ̡̡͡| ̲̲͡ π̲̲͡͡.̸̸̨̨ ఠీੂ)༼ू༈೧ູʅ(ƟӨ)ʃ ꐑ(ཀ ඊູ ఠీੂ)༼ू༈೧ູ࿃ूੂ༽(ଳծູɵੂ≢ↂ. l̡̡̡ ̡͌l̡*̡̡ ̴̡.]

▽▼▽ SONG ▽▼▽ Akis / New Age Rising (Part VIII) [Into The Light Records] Anatolian Weapons / Ofiodaimon (Tolouse Low Trax vs Anatolian Weapons Remix) [Beats In Space Records] Anna Karina / Pierrot Le Fou-Jamais Je Ne T'Ai Dit Que Je T'Aimerai Toujours (いつまでも愛するとは言わなかった) [Barclay] Baba Stiltz / Showtime [XL Recordings] Bartosz Kruczyński / Pastoral Sequences [Growing Bin Records] Beatrice Dillon / Workaround Two [PAN] Bee Gees / How Deep Is Your Love [RSO] Bell Biv DeVoe ‎/ Poison [MCA Records] Betonkust, Palmbomen II / Rejected Demo Tape [Dekmantel] Blue Gas / Shadows From Nowhere [Archeo / Best Record] Bobby Hutcherson / Tranquillity [Blue Note] Bohren & und Club of Gore - Karin [[PIAS] Recordings] Cécile McLorin Salvant / One Step Ahead [Mack Avenue Records] Cigarettes After Sex / Heavenly [Partisan Records] Cleaners From Venus / Corridor of Dreams [Man At The Off Licence] De Beren Gieren / Broensgebuzze 8.2 [Sdban Ultra] Dolphins Into The Future & Lieven Marten Moana / Lava (Long Version) [Edições Cn] DOS / Need U [Nerang Recordings] Dove, Le Makeup / Angel Diaries [Pure Voyage] Duval Timothy / DYE [NTS Radio] Eliza Dickson, Braxton Cook, Lauren Desberg / Gold [Tokyo Dawn Records] Emilie Levienaise-Farrouch / End Scene [130701 (FatCat Records)] Empress Of / When I’m With Him (Perfume Genius Cover) [Terrible Records] Fafá de Belém / Aconteceu Você [Som Livre] Gary Burton / Las Vegas Tango [Atlantic] Hanne Mjøen / Sounds Good To Me [Spinnin' Deep] Haruomi Hosono (細野晴臣) / 薔薇と野獣(New ver.) [Speedstar] Jay Som / Superbike [Lucky Number] John Cameron / Half-Forgotten Daydreams [KPM Music] John McLaughlin, Mahavishnu Orchestra / You Know, You Know [Columbia] Joni Mitchell / Shine [Hear Music] Karen Gwyer / Ian on Fire [Don't Be Afraid] Kelsey Lu / I’m Not In Love [Columbia] Klein Zage / Womanhood (DJ Python Remix) [Orphan Records] Kllo - Back To You [PLANCHA] Laurie Anderson, Tenzin Choegyal, Jesse Paris Smith / Lotus Born, No Need to Fear [Smithsonian Folkways] Laurie Spiegel / The Unquestioned Answer [Unseen Worlds] Leon Vynehall / I, Cavallo [Ninja Tune] Lucrecia Dalt / Tar (Jan Jelinek Remix) [Rvng Intl.] mabanua / Call on Me feat. Chara (Knxwledge Remix) [Lawson Entertainment] Madeline Kenney / Nick of Time [Not On Label] Marc Johnson, Eliane Elias / Swept Away [ECM Records] Marcella Bella / Nell'aria [CBS] Mary Lou Williams / It Ain’t Necessarily So [Jazzman] Matthew Halsall, The Gondwana Orchestra, Josephine Oniyama / Into Forever (feat. Josephine Oniyama) [Gondwana Records] Mehmet Aslan / Beat Two Chase [Highlife] Mehmet Aslan / Lobster Is Coincidence [Planisphere Music] Men I Trust / I Hope to Be Around [Men i Trust] Michael Andrews / I’m Not Following You [Everloving] millennium parade / Plankton [PERIMETRON] Murlo / Ferment (Yamaneko’s Flashback) [Coil Records] Noname / Self [Not On Label] Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan / Mustt Mustt (Massive Attack Remix) [‎Real World Records] O Terno / volta e meia [Risco] Octo Octa / I Need You [Technicolour] Ralph Tresvant / Sensitivity [MCA Records] Ratna Das / Rajuan Bulan [Rice Records] Roberto Musci / The Advent of Rose + Croix [Les Disques Victo] Ronald Langestraat / Lowdown [South of North] Salami Rose Joe Louis / Nostalgic Montage [Brainfeeder] Simon Hinter / Makros [Purveyor Underground] SKRS / Dub Shoulda Known [Ancient Monarchy] Smoke Trees / Man in the Moon [Urban Waves Records] Steve Hauschildt ‎/ Strands [Kranky] Tash Sultana / Salvation [Mom + Pop] Tei Shi / Even If It Hurts (feat. Blood Orange) [Downtown] The Golden Filter / Autonomy [4GN3S] Tyme./Tatsuya Yamada / Catch A Fire [astrollage] Unknown Mortal Orchestra / Hanoi 6 [Jagjaguwar] Will Saul / Room 9 [Aus Music] WONK / Sweeter, More Bitter [EPISTROPH] Yo La Tengo / Eight Candles [Verve Forecast] ギターウルフ / バッテラ惑星 [GuitarWolf Records] ちあきなおみ / 泣かせるぜ [TEICHIKU ENTERTAINMENT] んoon / Gum [Flake Sounds] 近田春夫 / 超冗談だから [Victor Entertainment] 佐藤千亜妃 / Lovin' You [EMI Records] 小沢健二 / 彗星 [Universal Music] 大貫妙子 / タンタンの冒険 [Dear Heart] 中原理恵 / ヒーローはあなた [CBS/Sony] 優河 / June [P-Vine Records] (Sandy) Alex G / So [Lucky Number] ▽▼▽ DJ / LIVE ▽▼▽ Sapphire Slows at SUPER DOMMUNE [28 Nov] Nia Andrews at Blue Note Tokyo [31 Oct] Julianna Barwick / Mary Lattimore / DJ Shhhhh at Shibuya WWW ［1 Jul］ Meakusma X dublab.jp at Shimokitazawa Cage LỒNG VÀ QUÁN [28 Apr] 東京楽所第12回定期公演「奉祝の雅楽」 at サントリーホール［2 Feb］ 12月25日のdublab.jpの番組《In Every Second Dream》内で、一部楽曲をON AIRしたのでそちらも是非◎ アーカイヴはこちらから↓

愛を込めてxxx DJ Emerald

#sweetest #2019

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animation-recaps-by-sean · 6 years ago

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Adventure Time-Come Along With Me Recap

The fun will never end it’s adventure time! Spoilers below.

After Sym Bionic Titan wasn’t renewed for a second season, a coworker told me that Adventure Time better turn into something great. Little did he know. Adventure Time came right when we needed it. This is bittersweet for me. My first review for this blog was for the season six episode “Breezy”. It’s still my least favorite episode. And the rest of season 6 didn’t really help matters. But the show bounced back, next season. And was still one of the best on tv to the end.

Due to a series of circumstances involving Aqua Teen Hunger Force, a lightbright, and the city of Boston, Cartoon Network got a new head executive who wanted to move the channel in a new direction. He greenlight a series of reality shows and launched CN Real in 2008 planning to move away from cartoons completely. This move was universally hated by everybody and cost the channel millions. Fast forward to 2010 had Cartoon Network premiering it’s first cartoon since the failure of CN Real. It didn’t just save Cartoon Network it saved cartoons. Cartoons were kind of fading from television. Nick and Disney didn’t have a lot of animated shows at the time. And there was a lot of stuff like Adventure Time at the well... time. It’s hard to image since how cartoons have built off it’s style, but Adventure Time really was a breath of fresh air. If we didn’t have Adventure Time we wouldn’t have had Gravity Falls, Steven Universe and so on and so on. It showed everyone that cartoons could be funny and smart too.

It did have issues. Particularly in season six when the show started to by its own hype. And the gave everyone daddy issues. And I mean everyone. Finn, Marceline, Lemonhope, Jake, Jake’s kids, Jake’s brother, Jake’s grandkids. But they did improve season seven going onward by grounding the lore and the story based on the characters. I think deciding ending the series forced them to address interesting lore points.

Speaking of the ending, let’s talk about the finale. It begins a thousand years in Ooo’s future, seen in Lemonhope and Graybles 1000 +. We join Shermy and Beth, who looks like a decedent of Jake and Ladycorn, as they try to topple a Prize Guard Guardian. They fail but gain the ire of a futuristic banana guard. The duo also find an old metal arm. Finn’s metal arm. The return to their house, which is Marceline's house. The two decide to find the King of Ooo to see if he knows anything about it.

The duo travels up a mountain to the King’s house, who turns out to be BMO with a crown and a sheet tied to his face to mimic a beard. Shermy and Beth look around the room breaking a lot of stuff. BMO asks them to leave but the show him Finn’s arm. BMO remembers his old friend and how he lost his arm at the end.

We go back a thousand years. Finn and Jake see King Man and Betty doing something with the unconscious Maja. The three disappear. They report it to Bubblegum who is planning a defense against Gumbald and his army. Both Finn and Marceline warn Bubblegum about the war. The show is framing them in the right but I disagree. Look, war is bad, I get that. But you gotta defend yourself. This isn’t a cold war equal power kind of deal. Gumbald is gunning for Bubblegum. Ask Neville Chamberlain how well appeasement works.

Bubblegum discovers a spy forcing her to launch the attack now. Gumbald, who knows his spy was caught, knows what she would do launches an attack himself. Before the two forces duke it out Finn throws a potion he got from Nightmare Princess back from that episode set between the island and elementals mini series. Finn, Jake, Gumbald, Fern, and Bubblegum are hit and trapped in a shared dream. Finn tries to get Gumbald and Bubblegum to talk it out but the two fly off to dream fight. So Finn tries to get Fern to listen to him, but that’s not working out for him either. Jake meanwhile, conjuring up his brother, goes looking for something in there shared minds. He finds what he’s looking for. Finn’s vault. Finn tries to explain that he has issues just like Fern but Fern insists that he’s the only one who angsted. Trust me Fern, Finn have angsted plenty, just watch season six.

Jake comes in with the vault and opens it releasing a bunch of bad memories. Fern sees that Finn does suffer and Finn and Jake are transported into Fern’s head. The episode does rush past the bad memories without much thought. But I get they only have so much time for the episode. They find that grass octopus holding Sword Finn. Finn kills the grass ocotpuss and frees his time displaced counterpart.

Meanwhile, Gumbald gets to experience running the candy kingdom while Bubblegum lives turning into a candy person. The two get a better feel for each other.

The five of them meet up at the beach. Fern starts to distagrate but Jake assures him it’s just a dream. They wake; but Fern is still disintegrating. Can I just say I love LSP’s “Oh no, there dead! Oh wait there fine.” It just really cracked me up. Gumbald and Bubblegum go to hug it out but at the last moment he pulls out the candy juice. But Lolly trips him and it spills all over Gumbald turning him back into punchbowl, saving Bubblegum. Guys, I feel so validated.

We cut back to the future and Beth thinks that BMO meant the end of the war, but no BMO meant the end of Ooo. Because as soon Aunt Lolly and Bubblegum makes peace, King Man comes crashing down, telling everyone he donked up. Bad. The chaos demon Golb comes down with an unconscious Maja and Betty in a trance. Somewhere deep in Ice King, Simon flashes back to him and Betty discussing GOLB. Back in the present, GOLB turns a bunch of people into a giant monster. The army Gumbald had recruited flees. Boy they were pointless to bring back. Bubblegum turns to the banana guards. She asks them if the will obey her orders. When the yes, she orders them to run away for their lives. Which they do.

King Man and Finn bring Ice King to Betty hoping he can snap her out of trance. Ice King sings the Fiona song. We never got an answer for that Fiona transmision plot line did we? Betty is not happy but that frees Maja who laugh at her chance of revenge. She is promptly overloaded by GOLB’s power and explodes. GOLB than eats Betty, Ice King, and Finn. Biting off Finn’s robot arm in the process.

The monster goes on a rampage and smashes Bubblegum, sending Marceline into a rage. She knocks back the monster and attend to Bonnie. After the two talk, the girlfriends kiss. Good for them. It was never my ship but it was a huge part of the fandom and they deserve to be canon.

Jake fights the monster, who smashes the tree house and BMO’s face. BMO picks up a smashed tiny Jake and sings ‘Time Adventure’ the last song Rebecca Sugar wrote for the show. While singing the monster couldn’t attack them. Bubblegum realizes that creatures of GOLB are creatures of disharmony. And thus are hurt by harmony. So the cast begins to sing.

Meanwhile, trapped in his stomach, Betty and Simon are reverted to their premagic selves. The crown itself also switches to it’s prewish state. Betty and Simon are finally reunited, only to have to face of death. Finn fruitlessly punches the walls. But the song gets through and opens up GOLB’s stomach. Simon and Finn escape while Betty ops to stay behind to use the wish crown. She wishes for what she always wanted, Simon safe. Betty fuses with GOLB and disappears. The crown falls with a clang. I feel the show was a little harsh towards Betty’s quest to save Simon. It’s not her fault that Magic Man transferred his insanity into her.

Gunther picks up the Ice King’s crown and Jake reminders everyone that Gunther is a powerful space demon. But the crown just turns him into a smaller version of the Ice King head from the Garybales episode. Fern distagrates for real and Finn and Jake planet him were the tree house was.

BKO finishes his story. Beth and Shermy thought it was a story about the end of Ooo. BMO tells them it was. They asked what happened to everyone. BMO says they lived their lives. As the two leave and giant Sweet P can be seen walking in the background. They walk to the giant tree and Sherny pulls the Finn sword at of the top.

We cut back to Finn and Jake at the song hole, who sings the ending theme. We see flashes of everyone. Gunther marries Turtle Princess. LSP is crowned queen of Lumpy Space, Simon tries to find Betty, Marceline and Bubblegum cuddling on the couch, Susan and Frieda are still exploring, and Minerva leading the humans to Ooo.

I am bummed that we didn’t get anything with Finn and Huntress Wizard. I thought they worked as a couple and we spent a good chunk of the series dealing with Finn’s love life and would have liked some resolution to that. Also, why are the candy people in stasis in the future?

I think the final episode could have used another 15 minutes to flesh some stuff out. Other than that it was a great ending. I was a little worried we were gonna get a bad or strange ending, but I was happily wrong. It was bittersweet in some ways but did right by most of the main cast.

3 ½ out of 4

#adventure time #adventure time spoilers #adventure time finale #come along with me #the ultimate adventure #finn and jake #princess bubblegum #Marceline the Vampire Queen #ice king #cartoon network #animation recaps by sean

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seeksstaronmewni · 6 years ago

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12 WAYS THAT WALT DISNEY AND HIS EMPIRE COMPANY BECAME A PART OF MY WORLD

Happy 117th Birthday, Walt Disney! (Tweet about this here)

I grew up mostly on @cartoonnetwork, but a lot of CN Studios’ creatives became a part of Disney Television Animation (including @crackmccraigen and Paul Rudish), and Lucasfilm Ltd., including Skywalker Sound and @starwars were absorbed.

First, I began with Winnie the Pooh: The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Masterpiece Collection VHS), The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (ABC Saturday Mornings in the 2000s, Tigger-ific Tales VHS), Pooh whistles, giant stuffed Pooh head, Pooh toys (like Tigger’s treehouse), and so on.

@disneypixar‘s Toy Story is a film whose dialogue is almost perfectly integrated into my mind. Definitely the finest of Tom Hanks, and the sound design by Gary Rydstrom (and his assistant, Tom Myers) of Skywalker Sound is equally memorable.

When a relative gave me the 1997 Masterpiece Collection of Bambi, I was introduced to one of Lucasfilm’s finest divisions, THX Ltd. (now owned by Razer). Just a blue outline, geeky jargon text reading “Digitally mastered for optimal video and audio performance”, a loud (and creepy, but eventually I found to be awesome) whirring sound, and some shiny bars reading “THX” *shine* ... I loved it but went through “THXPhobia” until Disney Channel’s final airing of their 4x3 print of Monsters, Inc. on the morning of October 13th, 2008, A.D. I somewhat recall playing the THX logo repetitively, however, listening to the Deep Note played 2 pitches higher than the original, on my VHS of Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace. Now THX Ltd. is over 35 years old!

Relative to Lucasfilm’s quality control division is Star Wars, and I grew up a lot on that... mostly merchandise, VHS tapes and DVDs in THX. I have little memory of when Genndy Tartakovsky’s Star Wars: Clone Wars came out, but I did watch Dave Filoni’s Star Wars: The Clone Wars on CN. The sound design of Return of the Jedi is some of the coolest ever done, including that of Ben Burtt and Skywalker Sound, but The Force Awakens is the ultimate Star Wars movie (my favorite, and with like 6 or 7 sound designers), and The Phantom Menace & Attack of the Clones are the ultimate in quality, featuring THX Digital Mastering, Dolby Digital Surround EX, TAP Quality Assurance Services, and THX in select theatres. Star Wars: Clone Wars, which I got on DVD in late Spring 2010 from a local Movie Gallery closing, features amazing talent by Cartoon Network Studios and Skywalker Sound... in THX!

I also grew up on Disney’s Sing-Along Songs VHS tapes, at least of The Lion King and Mulan. Very memorable Disney moments. It was foolish of me to tape over one of them in Summer 2009, but I think that I lacked record VHS tapes in the moment.

Also part of ABC’s Saturday Mornings was House of Mouse, namely the Mickey Mouse Works segments within. Warner Bros. Sound’s division, Audio Circus, did very good sound design for it.

For Christmas of 2002, we got Monsters Inc. on DVD and were opened to the amazing world of “bonus features” (that is supplemental material)... including outtakes and a sound effects only track!

For Christmas of 2009, I decided to get the platinum edition DVD of Bambi, of course in THX, and it was then that I began to understand the emotional value of the film, of life and death and of romance. It became a very big inspiration (as was revisiting All Dogs Go to Heaven on Atlanta’s CW69 in 2011, created by a former Disney creative, Don Bluth), and it felt more new to me as I remembered little of the film from the 1997 VHS... which I eventually destroyed due to THXphobia (but replaced in Summer 2013). For my sake, though, the dramatic parts, like the “Bambi eyes” scene and Bambi’s fight, were blanked out; I doubt that those would bother me then, and put the blame on the 2+ pitched Deep Note.

I was familiar with the works of Ben Burtt on Star Wars and Indiana Jones, and I enjoyed the sounds of Toy Story, Monsters Inc. and Terminator 2: Judgement Day, but January 2010 brought my revelation of appreciating sound design... of not cartoon sound but the action-y stuff (explosions, electricity, gunfire, crashes... that stuff) -- and that was specifically with another fine division of Lucasfilm Ltd., Skywalker Sound. The sound of Volcano, Titan A.E., Mars Attacks!, Forrest Gump and The Terminator (which I found was remixed from mono to 5.1 Dolby EX with sound effects by Skywalker Sound) were some titles that featured amazing sounds, by Christopher Boyes, Matthew Wood, Chris Scarabosio, Randy Thom, Gary Rydstrom, Steve Boeddeker and more. In 2011, I researched a lot more about Skywalker Sound and made lists of their lesser projects and their staff (In 2017 I began my extensive IMDb list of their 500+ staff). I recognized so many individual sounds and sound effects clusters (or combos) that I could pinpoint, and some guys on the Sound Effects Wiki are pointing some out (along with myself). Eventually, this led me to appreciate lots of sound designers, mostly those of cartoons, like Joel Valentine and Jeffrey Hutchins, who also worked on Disney shows.

Paul Rudish’s envision of Mickey Mouse is amazing and hilarious, and it brought a lot of Cartoon Network Studios creatives into Disney Television Animation. I know not why Advantage Audio (whose creatives usually seem to have a sound design style that sounds... “limiting”) worked on it as compared to Audio Circus or Hacienda Post, but Robert Poole II did expand his sound design palate for this series.

Of course, @crackmccraigen‘s finest cartoon yet, Wander Over Yonder, introduced us to a cartoon that excelled at not only humor--both slapstack and, well, “modern”--but also heart, including some very important life lessons.

A creative on Craig’s team for the aforementioned show, @daronnefcy, created one of the cutest dolls ever, Star Butterfly of Star vs. the Forces of Evil! From excelling at cartoon physics on the visual medium (that is catchlights, heart-shaped pupils, etc.) to such a great act of love at the risk--if not cost--of life, Star is in heart the perfect woman for me. The amazing talents of @cheyennecurtisart and Mercury Filmworks (of Wander Over Yonder, The Powerpuff Girls Movie and Mickey Mouse), plus Mercury’s @littledigits, @brettvaron and @brianwithanh made amazing contributions to Disney’s finest franchise yet! I wish that Joel Valentine and other sound creatives (among visual creatives) would contribute to SvTFOE, though.

These shows, cartoons, companies, studios, and assembled creatives are a part of what is arguably the empire of studios and cartoons, the studios of Walt Disney. For your inspiration and contributions, may God bless all of you for all of your days!

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ao3feed-obikin · 7 years ago

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Honor Is All We Know

read it on the AO3 at https://ift.tt/2JwQ8JU

by Icse

An attack on a Republic cruiser by a figure in Mandalorian armor spreads rumors of a conspiracy between the Council of Neutral Systems and the Separatists. The Jedi Council sends Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi to investigate the legitimacy of these rumors with hopes that his history with the newly elected leader of the CNS, Duchess Satine Kryze of Mandalore, will help him discover the truth behind the disturbing rumor of a secret army being built for the Separatist cause.

Despite the tension caused by the investigation, the Duchess welcomes Obi-Wan to Mandalore as an old friend. During a stroll of the palace gardens, the Duchess assures him that Mandalore’s violent ways are buried in the past, but expresses her growing concerns that the rogue warrior cult, Death Watch, might have returned from the shadows they had faded into many years ago. When a bombing happens bearing the sigil of Death Watch, the Duchess urges Obi-Wan to go to Concordia and sends along her most trusted Royal Guardsman, Anakin Kryze.

Words: 2712, Chapters: 1/1, Language: English

Fandoms: Star Wars - All Media Types, Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) - All Media Types, Star Wars Prequel Trilogy

Rating: Mature

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: M/M

Characters: Anakin Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Satine Kryze, Pre Vizsla

Relationships: Obi-Wan Kenobi/Anakin Skywalker

Additional Tags: Anakin Skywalker is Not a Jedi, Past Obi-Wan Kenobi/Satine Kryze - Freeform, Mandalorian Anakin Skywalker, Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi, Maybe some angst, But not my usual level, Alternate Universe - Canon Divergence, Obikin Big Bang 2018, Canon-Typical Violence

read it on the AO3 at https://ift.tt/2JwQ8JU

#IFTTT #ao3feed #fanfic #obikin #star wars

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hempoilfrog1 · 5 years ago

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Hemp oil vs. CBD Oil For Dogs: What’s The Difference?

For both humans and animals, medicine tends to have a high-tech trend. And one of the most promising drug therapies incorporates ingredients derived from the Cannabis plant.

Given the recent positive publicity of medicinal cannabis in human medicine, it is a natural progression to want to provide the same benefits for ailing fur-babies, particularly those with painful illnesses.

So, we have put together an in-depth guide about the use of the cannabis plant for dogs for all the dog parents out there! First off, let’s clear some confusion about the Cannabis plant.

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Cannabis Plant: Marijuana or Hemp?

The Cannabis sativa plant has been used for millennia. Although most people think of the Cannabis plant as Marijuana, it is in fact, just a variety of the Cannabis plant. Another cannabis variety, the hemp, has also been used to produce clothing and rope throughout history, but now getting more popular in the medicinal industry.

Both plants contain CBD and THC among other cannabinoids, working on the endogenous cannabinoid receptor system. This system is responsible for helping the body to recover from stress and regulating muscle tension, blood pressure, and other physiological processes. Read Here: Full-Spectrum Hemp Oils vs. CBD Isolates – What’s The Difference?

What makes marijuana and hemp different are the CBD and THC levels. CBD is the non-psychoactive substance of the cannabis plant while the THC or tetrahydrocannabinol is the substance that provides the high feeling that we attribute with marijuana.

Marijuana contains over 0.3 percent THC while the hemp variety only has less than 0.3 percent THC. CBD from the cannabis plant has shown evidence of efficacy in managing behavioral and medical disorders in both humans and dogs.

Hemp oil vs. CBD Oil For Dogs: What’s The Difference?

Full-Spectrum Hemp Oils vs. CBD Isolates – What’s The Difference?

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Hemp oil vs. CBD Oil For Dogs: What’s The Difference?

The next confusion would be between hemp oil and CBD oil. Although these terms are used interchangeably, they are slightly different than each other.

CBD oil and hemp oil come from the same cannabis plant– hemp. However, they come from different parts. Hemp oil is extracted from the seeds of hemp plants while CBD oil is extracted from the leaves, stalks, and flowers of the same plant.

In addition, they have very different compositions. Hemp seed oils only contain a trace amount of CBD and are mostly used as a nutritional supplement. Meanwhile, CBD oil contains more cannabidiol in order to treat certain health problems.

This means that both oils are great for your pet. However, CBD oil is much better. While your dog can benefit from the omega-3 fatty acids and other essential nutrients of the hemp oil contains, CBD oil can provide far more health benefits for your doggo thanks to the more potent cannabidiol content.

CBD And Its Effects on Dogs

Human studies revealed that CBD can help in reducing pain, inflammation, and even tumor size while also lessening severity and seizure frequency. CBD influences numerous neurological and physiological processes within the CNS (central nervous system) of mammal via the endocannabinoid system.

While studies into how CBD can affect dogs are still lacking, humans and dogs have the same endocannabinoid system. So, in theory, CBD can work the same on dogs. Take note, however, that dogs may have more receptors which make them more sensitive to CBD than us, humans.

Is It Safe For Dogs?

CBD is now hailed as a wonder drug. But is it safe for your furry friend?

Well, CBD is generally considered safe for both animals and humans, and dogs respond in a similar way to humans. Initial studies have suggested that CBD is indeed safe for dogs, although further studies are required in order to establish a firm fact. AS mentioned before, dogs can be more sensitive to the effects of CBD, thus you will need to speak with your vet first.

Benefits of CBD for Dogs

So, now that we have covered the basics about CBD, it is time to find out what CBD can do for your pooch. Although studies into CBD as a treatment for dogs is limited, there are several benefits that can possibly be extrapolated from human studies.

Also, CBD or hemp oil is not yet approved by the AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) because of the lack of supporting scientific research. However, anecdotally CBD offered some strong positive results. Here are some of the benefits of CBD for your furry friend.

1) Treating Epilepsy and Seizures

One of the most common neurological illnesses that vets see in dogs is seizure with seizures being distressing for both fur-parent and dogs alike.

In 2017, the AKC or American Kennel Club and CHF or Canine Health Foundation launched a CBD research drive to improving knowledge in this area. Studies revealed that CBD can reduce the frequency of seizure.

In some cases, those suffering from epilepsy have entered remission from a seizure while taking CBD. A research group is currently investigating the use of CBD oils in epileptic dogs and obtaining positive initial results.

2) Relieving Pain

Probably the best uses for both medical marijuana and hemp is its pain-relieving attributes. CBD is an active component in the suppression of inflammation and pain. Human studies don’t have conclusive proof of the pain-relief in clinical cases yet.

However, the PCR or Phytocannabinoid rich CBD oil has been shown to reduce inflammation by reducing the inflammatory cytokines in your pup’s body. This less inflammation can help in reducing pain and preventing disease in your pooch.

In addition, pancreatitis can be a potentially fatal disease for dogs. One component of its treatment is pain control which tends to be challenging in severe cases. CBD can provide another pain-relief modality for vets.

A study in mice revealed that CBD treatment has reduced enzyme activity in cases of acute pancreatic inflammation. Despite the less positive clinical evidence supporting CBD, pre-clinical trials have seen promising results in both humans and animals.

3) Prevent and Fight Cancer

Cancer is another disease that proponents of medical marijuana and CBD claim can be treated. A 2016 study of cervical cancer therapy has shown that purified CBD can cause an increase in the death of cervical cancer cells.

This is coupled with the results from another study in 2014, showing that cannabinoids can increase the destruction of lung cancer cells, thus suggesting the possible anti-tumorigenic effects of CBD and other cannabinoids.

4) Reducing Stiffness and Arthritis

Probably the most painful and common diseases in aging dogs are arthritis. And most of the recommended medications for pain management can have a nasty side effect on dogs, especially on their kidney and liver.

In a recent study conducted by Cornell University revealed that CBD given two times a day can help improve the mobility and comfort of dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. The same study showed that 55% of other studies involving NSAIDs caused adverse effects. While CBD reported no side effects, making them a better alternative treatment option.

5) Easing Anxiety

Some dogs tend to develop severe separation anxiety, leading to distress and behavioral problems when left alone. Human research in social anxiety disorder revealed that CBD has some anxiolytic properties with patients reporting lower anxiety levels after being treated with CBD or hemp oil.

Now, you can find CBD-infused dog treats that claim to have the same anti-anxiety effects, however, conclusive evidence has yet to be published.

6) Treating Auto-Immune Disease

Although studies have yielded positive results of CBD in cases of chronic pain and inflammation in cancer patients, more recent findings have shown that it can also be useful in treating auto-immune diseases like multiple sclerosis.

These studies may be in their infancy, however, there are some promising results being published that can help sufferers of autoimmune diseases including dogs.

7) Prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Another common disease in both dogs and humans alike, gut inflammation can be helped with NSAIDs in reducing the associated inflammation and pain. However, in dogs, NSAID can cause diarrhea and upset stomach which is quite counter-intuitive.

Part of the pain-relieving attributes that these medicines offer is the anti-inflammatory properties, which CBD also possesses. A study in 2008 shoes the CBD can selectively reduce inflammation in mouse intestines, indicating another possible application of CBD in dogs.

8) Ensuring Cardiovascular Health

CBD has been shown to protect against damage to blood vessels in diabetic people. In fact, CBD has shown positive results in reducing acute damage caused by a heart attack in rats.

Further research is still ongoing but the positive initial results mean that it is more likely applicable to dogs and humans.

9) Protecting the Nervous System

Dogs tend to live longer now than their ancestors, thus we are seeing more cases of possible neuro-degenerative disorders or senility in aging dogs.

Prevention and management of such disorders need more extensive investigations in dogs. However, there are promising signs for using CBD in treating and protecting the nervous system.

For one, Alzheimer’s disease has been studied extensively with some research revealing the CBD offers protective activity on neuronal tissues.

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Side Effects of CBD on Dogs

1) Tremors

Some pets may experience tremors or extreme shaking after taking CBD. You will need to consult your vet is you see this sign, particularly if you’re using CBD or hemp oil to control your doggo’s seizures.

2) Gastrointestinal Distress

Diarrhea and vomiting are some of the most common side effects that you will see when feeding your pup CBD. This is particularly true if your dog has a sensitive stomach. If so, make sure to use the smallest dosage at first to see how your pup copes.

3) Dry Mouth

CBD has also been shown to reduce saliva production. Thus, you might find yourself always filling up your dog’s water bowl more frequently.

4) Drowsiness or Lethargy

Dog parents using CBD to reduce their dog’s anxiety have found that their pups become lethargic or sleepy at higher doses.

5) Low Blood Pressure

CBD in high doses has been known to cause a significant drop in blood temperature temporarily. In dogs, this could create a brief feeling of light-headedness even in small drops.

Tips To Choosing The Best Hemp or CBD Oil For Your Dog

1) Go Organic

As possible, you need to go with organic CBD oil to make sure that there are no pesticides or herbicides that can harm your dog. If you cannot find an organic CBD or hemp oil, then make sure that there are no additives or artificial ingredients added to the supplement in order to reduce the risks to your pet.

2) Verification and Analysis

The CBD or hemp oil should have a list of all ingredients used in the product. Also, you should be able to check the manufacturing site for the certificate showing how much CBD levels are in the oil. Also, make sure to take a look at 3rd party, independent testing results to ensure that you are giving only the highest quality product to your fur-baby.

3. Palatability

Finding a high-quality product for your dog can be daunting, especially for the picky eaters. Commercially available treats may contain lots of additives for taste and very little CBD.

The good news is that you can find different forms of CBD available including tinctures which are potent and highly concentrated forms of CBD you can mix or add to your pet’s favorite treats or meals.

Introducing CBD and Hemp Oil To Your Dog

CBD and hemp oil for dogs come in various forms. These include:

1) Oils and Tinctures

The most common form is in potent oil and tincture that allow you to control the dose by a single drop for your pup to ingest or mixed in your pup’s food. Your dog will not even notice the addition of CBD or hemp oil to their water bowl or kibble.

2) Capsule

Capsules containing CBD oils are another way to introduce your pup to CBD. These can be trickier, particularly for smaller pooches. Your dog can bite and break the capsules, creating mess and waste of the contents.

Also, getting your pet to take the capsule by actually placing it into your dog’s throat can be quite stressful for both you and your pooch.

3) Topicals

For painful skin problems, topicals infused with CBD oil is a great option. These massage and cream oils can be massaged onto your pet’s skin. Just make sure that the ingredients of the product are safe for ingesting since your pooch will most likely lick and get a taste of what you’re rubbing onto his body.

4) CBD Treats

Lastly, commercial treats can offer you an easy and convenient method of providing CBD oil to your dog.

These are tasty morsels that your dog will surely love and will often do anything to get a bite. If you have a picky pooch, then CBD treats can help entice them to try CBD, starting with one treat per day depending on your dog’s weight and size.

Finding The Right Dosage

It is always recommended that you speak with your dog’s veterinarian before giving your dog CBD oil or hemp oil. Research conducted to date has shown that dogs have more CBD receptors into their CNS, making them more sensitive to the effects of CBD. This means careful and accurate dosing is even more crucial for your pooch’s safety.

It is always recommended that you start at the lowest dose possible, working up to a dose that offers the desired effects on your pooch. Like humans, dogs react in various ways to CBD, so you also need to factor in your pup’s size and weight.

However, if you have a sensitive dog, then you do not even need to use too much dosage as it will immediately show results. Otherwise, you can slowly increase the dose that you are giving over a few weeks. If you notice any negative side effects then you need to reduce the dose or stop it altogether.

One company suggests that you give your dog 1mg – 5mg per 10 pounds of weight during the first week. So, if your pet has never tasted any CBD containing products, then you can start at the lowest end of this range. If there’s no ill effect after using it for a week, then you can increase the dosage.

Meanwhile, studies on using CBD for treating seizures and arthritis in dogs use between 2mg – 8mg per kilo of weight, with most papers using the lower side of that estimate, at least 1mg 2mg per pound of body weight, two times a day. This dosage is considered safe and effective for just the conditions studied.

Now, if you’re using CBD to treat painful conditions of your dog, then you can give it at least 3 times per day. However, you need to start with once a day dosing, taking up to a number of weeks to reach the recommended therapeutic doses for dogs.

The Dangers of CBD Overdosing in Dogs

There are many claims saying that it is impossible to overdose on CBD. However, it is actually possible to overdose on anything, including water.

FDA states that if you think you overdosed your dog with CBD or hemp oil, then you need to contact your vet immediately. THC and CBD can cause fatal toxicities in huge amounts, especially for your already-sensitive pooch.

Thus, it is always recommended that you only use the non-THC containing hemp oil or less potent CBD oil when treating your pup.

Some of the signs you need to watch for that indicate an overdose include:

Tremors

Restlessness or agitation

Depression or lethargy

Strange behaviors like unusual aggression or staring at the walls

Vomiting

Increased drooling

Can Vets Prescribe CBD For Dogs?

A recent online survey conducted by the Veterinary Information Network found out that 2/3 of respondents said that clients ask about the use of CBD oil and hemp oil for pets at least once a month.

There’s quite the mystery surrounding cannabis products and their possible applications in animal therapy. This is mainly because cannabis is, federally speaking, an illegal drug. Access and funding to cannabis have been limited for research because of the legal minefield around it.

Thus, the AVMA or American Veterinary Medical Association can’t take a firm stance on CBD use in pets without such research with some vets risking their medical license by just discussing CBD’s possible therapeutic indications for dogs.

US vets are still forbidden from dispensing or prescribing CBD and can’t instruct or encourage clients to purchase CBD products for dogs.

They can now, however, freely talk to you about the potential benefits and risks of a treatment plan that you may have devised on your own. So, if you’re considering giving your pooch CBD, then make sure to speak to your vet as well to a vet with experience in CBD.

Also, in February 2019, the AVMA published a document entitled “Cannabis: What Veterinarians Need to Know”. This document help vets advise their clients if asked about CBD oil and hemp oil for pets. It also contains more information in treating pets who may have exposure or intoxication to CBD.

Hemp oil vs. CBD Oil For Dogs: What’s The Difference?

Full-Spectrum Hemp Oils vs. CBD Isolates – What’s The Difference?

15 Tips on How to Deal With Your Coronavirus Anxiety

Top Reasons Why CTFO is One of the Best Affiliate Marketing Programs

Make Money Taking Surveys and Tips for Avoiding Scams

Final Thoughts

CBD oil and hemp oil for humans are still at the early stages of research. And its application for dogs is farther away to conclusive evidence, providing g efficacy and safety in treating ailments. With that said, these early indications are all returning positive and there’s anecdotal evidence of CBD oil and hemp oil efficacy in both humans and dogs.

Further research is still required to provide more precise information for vets and healthcare professionals to advise their clients about their dog’s health and a solid role of CBD in treating a wide range of conditions and diseases. Check our shop now

The post Hemp oil vs. CBD Oil For Dogs: What’s The Difference? appeared first on Sell CBD Oils.

from https://hempoilfrog.com/hemp-oil-vs-cbd-oil-for-dogs/

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intrepidirony-blog · 7 years ago

Text

#marijuana lyfe

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS

Short-term memory problems Severe anxiety, including fear that one is being watched or followed (paranoia) Very strange behavior, seeing, hearing or smelling things that aren’t there, not being able to tell imagination from reality (psychosis) Panic Hallucinations Loss of sense of personal identity Lowered reaction time Increased heart rate (risk of heart attack) Increased risk of stroke Problems with coordination (impairing safe driving or playing sports) Sexual problems (for males) Up to seven times more likely to contract sexually transmitted infections than non-users (for females) 22,32 & 33 LONG-TERM EFFECTS Decline in IQ (up to 8 points if prolonged use started in adolescent age) Poor school performance and higher chance of dropping out Impaired thinking and ability to learn and perform complex tasks Lower life satisfaction Addiction (about 9% of adults and 17% of people who started smoking as teens) Potential development of opiate abuse Relationship problems, intimate partner violence Antisocial behavior including stealing money or lying Financial difficulties Increased welfare dependence REFERENCES THE TRUTH ABOUT MARIJUANA REFERENCES “What Chemicals Are in Marijuana and Its Byproducts,” Charles Ksir, PhD “DrugFacts: Is Marijuana Medicine?” National Institute on Drug Abuse, Jul 2015 “DrugFacts: Marijuana,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, Dec 2012 “What’s Wrong With Marijuana?” the Trumpet, Feb 2013 “Additional Marijuana Facts,” University of Southern California, May 2015 “Cannabis in the workplace,” National Cannabis Prevention and Information Center, Oct 2011 “Study: Young Adults’ Casual Marijuana Use Causes Brain Changes,” CommonHealth, Apr 2014 “‘Dabbing’ the new drug of choice for teens?” ABC 15 Arizona, Sept 2013 “Officials warn of dangers with earwax marijuana,” KCRA, Nov 2013 “20 Cannabis Strains High in THC,” TheChillBud.com “Marijuana Supply, Sales and Seizures—Potency,” CEDRO Mehmedic et al, 2010 (graph) “Cannabis Substance Profile and Its Health Impact,” UNODC Mehmedic et al, 2010 (graph) “Psychoactive Drugs Notes—Marijuana” Sinsemilla, M. Plonsky PhD “DrugFacts: Marijuana,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, Jan 2014 “Does marijuana use affect driving?” National Institute on Drug Abuse, March 2016 “Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use,” NCBI “Marijuana Use Increases Risk of Traffic Crashes and Deaths,” Potsdam University “More Colorado drivers in fatal crashes positive for pot, study says,” The Denver Post, May 2014 “Percentage of California Drivers Testing Positive for Marijuana, Involved in a Fatal Crash,” FARS 2005–2013 “Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use,” NBCI, Feb 2004 “Stoned Drivers Are Killing More and More Innocent Victims,” CNS NEWS, Oct 2013 “DrugFacts: Marijuana,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, March 2016 “Marijuana Use and Panic Psychopathology Among a Representative Sample of Adults,” NCBI, Apr 2010 “How long does cannabis stay in the body after smoking?” NHS.uk “Smoked Marijuana as cause of lung injury,” NCBI, Jun 2005 “Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use,” NCBI, Jun 2008 “Casual marijuana use linked to brain abnormalities in students: Dramatic effects of small time use; more ‘joints’ equal more damage,” ScienceDaily, Apr 2014 “How Marijuana May Drive the Brain into Psychosis,” LiveScience, Jan 2012 “The Cannabis-Psychosis Link,” Psychiatric Times, Jan 2012 “Effects Of Marijuana: Smoking Pot Burns Out Sperm Count For Men By A Third, Harming Fertility,” Medical Daily, Sep 2015 “Acute, short-term, and chronic effects of marijuana on the female primate reproductive function,” NCBI “DrugFacts: Marijuana,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, Dec 2012 “Understanding the harmful effects of marijuana use,” AWAREmed, Dr. Akoury, June 2015 “Why Isn’t the Marijuana Plant FDA-Approved Medicine,” NIDA, Dec 2014 “Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis,” Maria Ellengren, Karolinska University, Feb 2007 “What are marijuana’s effects on general physical health?” NIDA, Mar 2016 “Recreational marijuana use and acute ischemic stroke: A population-based analysis of hospitalized patients in the United States,” NCBI, May 2016 “What are marijuana effects?” NIDA, Mar 2016 “Drop in IQ linked to heavy teenage cannabis use,” Nature magazine, Aug 2012 “How does marijuana produce its effects?” NIDA, Mar 2016 “Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife,” NCBI, Oct 201 “Heavy, persistent pot use linked to economic, social problems at midlife,” ScienceDaily, Mar 2016 “Marijuana and the developing brain,” American Psychological Association, Nov 2015 “Why Isn’t the Marijuana Plant FDA-Approved Medicine,” NIDA, Dec 2014 “Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife,” PNAS, Aug 2012 “Regular marijuana usage robs men of sexual highs,” NewScientist, Aug 2009 “Localization and Function of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Corpus Cavaernosum,” European Urology, Sexual Medicine, Feb 2010 “Impact of Cannabis Use on Male Sexual Health,” by Rany Shamloul MD and Anthony J. Bella MD, Jan 2011 “Cannabis Use and Sexual Health,” International Society for Sexual Medicine, Aug 2009 “Does Marijuana Affect Sex Drive?” Prostate.net, March 2011 “National Study Shows “Gateway” Drugs Lead to Cocaine Use,” Columbia University, Nov 1994 “Addiction Related Statistics,” In Balance Intensive Outpatient “Marijuana,” NIDA New York “Medical Marijuana in the Workplace,” NCBI, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 2015 Swann study in 2000 on fatally injured drivers on THC “The health and psychological consequences of cannabis use,” Department of Health Australia, 1999

#Marijuana #weed #joint #socool #brain damageisfun

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tuyetthienduong · 6 years ago

Text

Help j

Tum han

Ko wua

Help me loi nguyen phai tjich trais cua do ah biet nen nhanh vl ne ah diet 0s sc hy

Ahbtwam sao st so goc helo foi cho

Help me nho hoc lop 1. O ct

M lanh ngay dau het noi roi helo me help mr help me tum bh ni moi hqy ngay dau luon 4 ty tim bh ngay dau too help vua cung qua hehe sui sui mui help nhu vu am nhieu con ko 118 nganh muc 10689 thu sc0s by fungs nh ly nua ha pp xiu roi ghe cm

C,, heatr attack copy

Vl thay em pho phsc luon cl tui ghe hon nhieu hay ko rm a

E uong ko noi bun xao cho cm doi tjieu vl nl

Healo teM di ubg do nha dc nguoi ne vl dien hihi nl

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Tuyu

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Vsi cons hoc lo luon noi nguoc rm dung a

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Thois help us ....

J soc oi nha

Help tu tin 2 fua tum hrlo nl

Drink bo tay ngy dua beic lon

Helo ta copy

Hai menkia ganh hay toi gio rhoi elekit. Oi ganj

Tra thu xong cho hai me hat nhu cho

Nhap vuen qua bs khoc cm lo

Team bd o ke em mang em can

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Hrlo thoi moi em sap chet tjois cao cho qua help her nl

Bd ganh lau hehe mbh

Xiu hai luot hay vl

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Cn im la biet co deohyun ko du dap cut do cua rm a

Linh karl max lo ma nguu heko cmm fan

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Bao ton hai dua anh nuoi vo i ba nuoi o dia ngu. Gium rm ngay fau bg

Helo nh caant walk to lr xao cm help nl

I cac noi heo nhuc wua l oroi

Hirn mr no di

Sid no ide day lai

J do bwo ve em khoi longs team hihi mbm

Linh nua

E nh hoi kbn ha lings vung ma nhuc chi hihu ml nhuc wua hihi

....

Vl em xiu nha

Ong dr nhieu vay hoi cb thoi 90000 pk ranh tt a ah biet xiu

Hieu chua M 2 bh js

Bai name nam 1999 ma M tr sao ki vay gia nua

J help fans clun

Vl dung noi la moi 1999-12

Em tr

Nam ko am vl do cm

Bhj vk idol cua tien gioi ne quen bi xiu do ghen do rtc

Em doan ls 1988 lau toi hai fua hrlp cmm fan

Why team ba

Im tesm so cm

Su that vl do ba dua team jan

Helo rm co loi vl bun xao tjieu vua ma

Jelo ba dua cuu tam a

Team helo

2008 gio by ba

2020 roi dung ngay rm het tank

Xiu nha teM do dau

Do rm hai bai nay q976 gian hai

Team biet roi hau longs i lai

Nhieu lau deo cac 22h

Hai va mit vay moi wua thoi moi duoc no lo cm ganh hmboi hai con ndo nhat ... Cong lsi ma ko noi thoi moi dap wuuebro ne dr em tinh fsy lai

Vsi zl team

Jelp ba fua s goctema 2955

Rrd ne idol too mot nguoi di nha gian

Chuen wua 2355 dungb het tank 25000 dunga roi wuat ve day nh cm

Trum

Helo vis team cua Ms con nuoi helo M longs rtv tezm ke roi xiu het roi con em voi cn a

M con minh vl em biet ma

Help minh

Trum nagy dau dolo ma ko roi ai nua dungb xong lam di

Toi dunga ve cm

Dunga roo noi rm la vua giong no ma nhu truyen vl ziu nha do xm

Nh hien nha lay thang j kia do ...

Hp songsinh em ti cua ma 17 xiu nha dungb

Helo sendr bun cao cho helo tui kia kia

Nguu ngay dau ganh thuong binh linh cua karl max noi hoan ho van tue duc thanh chi vsn hanh

Tiens gioi fc damr hihi livr di

Longs nguc cm doo co hsi anh vung du dr nhin dung a all ne

Help em len vua roi nao kk bun di nhien

S goc phan qia

Nha vu kard rtc copy

Lam biet choi ko do xuc xac la ein att

Vl co con vo dich a nl vua hay

E. Mai lam gi

Xiu do cm do gia

E kbn gloxina helo huhu nl

Bun3 mirmg gje wua vua do that co tai max no vay a

E mai lsm gi

Jn hrlp do that hon. Mmko du nsy

E maaii...

Bu ngoi mot cho nhu hom nay di gio nao ko hmbiet hrlp me kia o do chbg vay a ma im

Helo me heart attac k vui

Lo cm hien

Iet kr tueu nhay tra lai danh du cho E

Qua

Xiu cm tesm noi tieeng roi

E nh...

Bh helo y chan co mo toi khach cuoi nhu cho cho de

E bh noi vhuyen vui wua a jn dr fc

Helo lo cm nhuc nk

E doi gjen hihi ssch me kia a

Helo y vhang vu that noi chuyen ngoai tinh ma nhu di choi do that helo

E ny ...

Ny helo fan vua kick thang kia y chang hau cung hehe mbh

E pp dau

Bh xiu ht cm hieu sung ma helo sung that

Hlp sung tu tin. Again

Em gelo em ngay dau

Help nh huhuhu

La tu di vo. Duyeb cm nt im la ko du abt

Vsi gi vhsc fan ro dap cho nr

Mbh att

Helo leb le bun hekp choi sang ma dr gan

Help helo help

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Vl csng ung cang. Deo tsm tr unh ly noi di di di helo me me doi raht not sc

E mai...

Bh helo cmm do that

E ishit pahn ai ganh M twam

Sbteam ganh

Loa ai

Vl vua co mo duoc dau em r21 a

La sso tema

J la no dd cho p31 xiu hay vl karmax dc

Vl vua ngji vhan co muc dich dung la nguoi that hihi live di

J elp do

Binh phong yeam ko di voo vua ganh du

E moy lo ko vo roi cac khanh o dau chu nhoa that ong la o aw rki do

Ri help do that do

Vl mot bia xan ca cai tp do hay bang linh km a

Dushitt do

Chusjit sp

Nhin insect dau da de cac khanh dap tram thay rat vui

Help cl that gia huhu nl cmm

Help xiu ghe qua vi vay ht

Em help ko biet la no ganh cua minh that 100% nk de cm

Vl do help us dt

Em deo dy de nam hehe mbm

Bh jn help rrd a fan cmm

J biet hehe mbh doi nhiey lau

Vua e hem thois tinh coi

Rhois copy bh jn 20h

Rage 0h

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Thoi em len lam vua all tram nhiep cc agan cho dung luat

Bh jn gelp y chang cmm

Thoi rm co mun lam r2 jn ko hihi ko buet ml

Muon doi hehe mbh em lo bc ko nhan hehe

Jt kbn help cmm j helo so

Dia nguc co ko rm lo cm

Cop copy

Help giay o nha di ko noi nua

Wua tui trung thanh att

Tran muon di choo tram moi 11 tuoi thoi nl cho suong

J helo noi doc cm

Nt ngu tram ve nha do my guarfs att

Bh jn fc rrd full mr van sc voi em hihi nk

Tele cac tram tam tjoi bao het gio dua lai cho cac. Ung

Team do help giong hihi nl cmm cyl etc

Nguu dot p16 tay insect o do va tp co gian diep 0%

Bh hel rrd. Ao jn nl di roi vl de cm toan kiem du thu hihi noi kbn hihi nl huhu nhuc wua

Bh tim di ht con xiu ud yoo vl

Bh dd jn noi p do qua o do di ht keys vl ko du abt .. Nheko

Khau trabgnii fo wua co sac mui ko du ko wuan tam chut nao

J helo bua varr hihi nk

Help ht lo dqu buon cua p M tr vl why

Em vua ke nghirp 0s sc ma help M cm

J help do lo ganh insevr tim att

Tram helo mb bub tr

Bh nghe xiu cm doi

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Ciu do

Hai me thay phan wia

Ha nhuc wua lo hihi ml

Em help khoc

Bun tr dau ling hehe mbh

Ni 8 ty linh cua yh gie tui cu chua hai thang song lai bh

Linh cua drll whete

Hey mabhry a

Di doa ct hihi lay p dudu nhao vien toi

M o nha dn ko co di vien

Nguu tr

Bhjn rdd lebel dv ne help minh

Lo mot dam ganh cho dv team nh dot no dv team

Deo cc dd cfam xiu ba nguoi dot gien gio same maximum luon

Tram van hi vong minh se o p21 nam 2020 dung ngay roi hihi ko wua 4/3 moi la trong ngay 3/3

Help bh do doi full k team o kia fo

K team vai plan B dap het oin roi vl du sjit xiu lau roi

Lo team can dot nhat sot truox roi xu dau tui len

Cl long ngoc doy cm biw

Vai do vua sang tac insext ma co hay ko cubg nhu nhau khoc

Hieu chua nghebai team ganh khuc nay a oie

Linh cu cm do yu nhien mat het cai may la biet trinh ma king bang

New cac ganh ma ngat dau

Soc nt helo oi

Thanh dd hehe mbm

Helo p21 nl twam

Dsc tuyet dia nguc va thien thai

Bhjn. Xuu la diet het a

Heko vua

List street etc

Koi longs gje qua helo us twam lam nen

Team lan nen hh cmm

E j nt em co lon ko vay team lam beb no hubg du hn ha j em tu helo chuy theo phe minh att

J e vua so longs a lon roi

Jxiu j22 21 ne vl

Longs noi vua khoc hay wua de ne

J help do thei huhu de j ra

Vl help ct het cach dat ct hihi ko co tay trong la k team con nl chubt

Dan sinh do do cm

Em sibh binh thuong dien thoi

Long bgoc tr thang kia jhoc do wua en cuu anh

Me long kia bat tai lo ro luon j tr nhuc gium hay vu ko do lo anh23 em len tr

Chu gi nua full team rhoi kahng hi a huong ke rm ko a

J helo nhuc team dang biz

J nii anh thua xa di nha em nguoc nguoc wuay kai

Vl ngjiep em ganh cua tui cho dr ha

Cap cua tui ziu do that a tu gabh het noi dua cay ganh ma dang doy co long lay giua giua nen ra vl

See 3 dua cw

Help 4 dua dunga nya do gox why M ehy

Tema trabf tu dau deo trai nbu mr hoi nay ghen by nh

Dao luon dung la dao cua trang tu an truyen xai lo luon di theo em tiens phan roi hien gf

Dungb ra xiu ca dka roi

Dao doi hoai a st team dubg theo em chua len level 1 tribg poke nua

Gf la ko the theo a

Hieu chua lay cua tyi nay ko cm do

Em dit tiep

0 notes

didanawisgi · 8 years ago

Link

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease, and its etiology remains unknown. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the possible association between MS and vitamin D deficiency. Here, we review the current literature between MS and vitamin D, showing clear evidence that vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for MS despite the lack of direct evidence for the effects of vitamin D in MS progression.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, and demyelinating disorder that affects the CNS.1 Multiple sclerosis is a common neurologic disorder; the estimated number of individuals with MS has increased from 2.1 million in 2008 to 2.3 million in 2013.2 Based on the 1975 Kurtzke classification,3 the Arabian Gulf Region is located in a low-risk zone for MS; however, recent studies suggest a moderate-to-high prevalence of MS in this region (31-55 MS patients per 100,000 individuals).4 The risk of MS is determined by genetic and environmental factors. One of the latter is vitamin D deficiency, which has attracted increased attention in the last decade.5 Entering the words “multiple sclerosis” and “vitamin D” as a PubMed search yields approximately 790 results in the last 10 years alone. Approximately one billion people worldwide have vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency.6 In a retrospective observational study of 10,709 patients in tertiary hospital clinics in Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was found to be 83.6%, which is high.7 The present article reviews the correlation between MS and vitamin D, considering updated studies from the literature.

Vitamin D metabolism

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin; its 2 main forms are ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), which is of plant origin, and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), which is of animal origin. Vitamin D2 is considered less bioactive than vitamin D3. Vitamin D can be obtained from food, such as fatty fish, fortified foods, and vitamin supplements. However, the diet provides only a small percentage of human vitamin D intake, and the main source is skin exposure to sunlight. Total-body sun exposure easily provides the equivalent of 250 µg (10000 IU) vitamin D/d.8 In the skin, 7-dehydrocholesterol is photolyzed by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun and converted to pre-vitamin D3, which is isomerized to vitamin D3.9 The vitamin D binding protein transports vitamin D3 through the blood to the liver, where vitamin D is hydroxylated by one or more cytochrome P450 vitamin D 25-hydroxylases, resulting in the formation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3).10 Vitamin D status is reflected by serum levels of 25(OH)D3, which is the longest-living vitamin D metabolite (in terms of half-life).11 The 25(OH)D3 metabolite is further hydroxylated by renal CYP27B1 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D; calcitriol], which is the most bioactive vitamin D metabolite. Vitamin D signaling is mediated by calcitriol binding to the vitamin D receptor, which forms a nuclear heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor. This complex is capable of binding to genomic vitamin D response elements, modulating the expression of a variety of genes.12 Also, like many other hormones, vitamin D can exert rapid actions at a cellular level (non-genomic effects), these actions are mediated within seconds to minutes.13 It is through these pathways that vitamin D modulates calcium hemostasis and performs its immunomodulatory functions.

Vitamin D as an immunomodulator

Vitamin D receptor expression has been reported in most immune cells,14 as well as in CNS tissues.15 Additionally, the rate-limiting enzyme for vitamin D synthesis, 25(OH)D3-1alfa-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), is expressed in immune cells. These cells are therefore, able to synthesize and secrete active vitamin D in both an autocrine and paracrine fashion,16 indicating that vitamin D plays a role in the immune system. The in vitro addition of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) to antigen-presenting cells (namely, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells) inhibits the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex II-complexed antigens, and of costimulatory molecules, leading to reduced T cell stimulatory capacity. Additionally, 1,25(OH)2D3 directly exerts its immunomodulatory effects on T lymphocytes by inhibiting the production of Type 1 helper T cell cytokines (considered to be the key mediators in graft rejection and autoimmune diseases) and stimulating the production of Type 2 helper T cell cytokines, which have immunoregulatory functions.17 Furthermore, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits T cell and B cell proliferation and blocks B cell differentiation and immunoglobulin secretion. This compound also affects T cell maturation, inducing a shift away from the inflammatory T-helper 17 cells phenotype and facilitating the production of regulatory T cells.18 All of these immunomodulatory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 can lead to the protection of target tissue in autoimmune diseases and transplantation. However, experimental studies have reported that the observed immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D only occur at hyper-physiologic concentrations, which causes hypercalcemia in humans.17 Therefore, the development of novel vitamin D analogs that have immunosuppressive effects, but do not cause significant hypercalcemia is required. Many clinical trials have been, or are currently being conducted to test the therapeutic application of vitamin D or its analogs in inflammatory processes.19

Vitamin D and MS risk

It is well known that MS is more prevalent in higher latitudes, where sunlight is of lower intensity than in lower latitudes. Recent meta-analyses20 supported a latitude gradient in MS prevalence. Several recent studies found that increased body exposure to sunlight, and hence a decreased susceptibility to vitamin D deficiency, is also associated with a decreased risk of MS,21-26 especially if the sun exposure occurred during childhood and adolescence. Studies have also shown that the birth month is correlated with MS risk; individuals born in the fall (namely, whose mothers were exposed to summer sunlight) have a low MS risk, whereas individuals born in the spring have a higher risk of MS. This observation indicates the presence of an association among maternal sunlight exposure during pregnancy, vitamin D status, and the risk of MS. In 2013, a systematic review27 analyzed published data on the effects of birth month for 151,978 MS patients born in the Northern Hemisphere. The results of this analysis demonstrated a significant increase of MS risk among individuals who were born in April and a reduction in risk in people who were born in October and November. However, sunlight also has an immunosuppressive effect,28 and UVR was recently found to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.29,30 Therefore, the effects of sunlight on MS risk could be related to sunlight itself; instead of vitamin D. Studies that evaluate either serum vitamin D levels or vitamin D intake, are needed to determine whether vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for MS independent of sun exposure. The strongest evidence in this regard came from a large prospective case-control study31 of more than 7 million US military personnel from whom serum samples were obtained before any appearance of MS symptoms. This study concluded that, among Caucasians, there was a 41% decrease in MS risk for every 50-nmol/L increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D; the effect was stronger for samples taken before the age of 20. Another case-control study32 prospectively collected blood samples from 192 MS patients and showed that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels ≥ 75 (versus < 75) nmol/L in the blood were associated with a 61% decrease in the risk of MS. A recent study concluded that sun exposure and vitamin D status independently affect the risk of MS.24 Vitamin D intake and the risk of developing MS were assessed in a large prospective cohort that included approximately 200,000 women.33 In this study, the incidence of MS was 41% lower among women with a vitamin D intake of ≥ 400 IU/day, compared with women who did not take supplements.33 Another 2 studies concluded that the intake of fatty fish was associated with a decreased risk of MS, even at higher latitudes.34,35 Mirzaei et al36 studied a large cohort and analyzed the association between maternal milk intake, maternal dietary vitamin D intake, and predicted maternal serum 25(OH)D during pregnancy and their daughters risk of developing MS. The study showed that the relative risk of MS was significantly lower in women whose mothers had high milk or vitamin D intake during pregnancy than in women born to low-intake mothers.36 However, another study of a large cohort of US women showed that total vitamin D intake during adolescence was not associated with the risk for MS in adulthood.37 In addition, 25(OH)D levels during the neonatal period were not associated with the risk of MS in a large population-based case-control study.38 This data may support the hypothesis that vitamin D consumption throughout an individual’s entire lifespan, rather than over a short period of time, may contribute to the risk of MS.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is clear from observational studies that vitamin D deficiency is a modifiable risk factor for MS. Therefore, persons who are at risk for MS (for example, first-degree relatives of MS patients, or patients with a single episode demyelinating attack) should be screened for vitamin D deficiency. As stated previously, evidence for the effect of vitamin D on disease progression is lacking, but it is known that MS patients have an increased prevalence for vitamin D deficiency (due to for example, immobility, sun avoidance, corticosteroids, and anti-epileptic use). These patients are also susceptible to osteoporosis.70 Therefore, vitamin D levels should be determined, and deficiency should be treated. The optimal serum vitamin D levels for exerting immunomodulatory effects have not been clinically established. Based on bone health criteria, the US and Canadian Institute of Medicine (IOM) recently stated that individuals are vitamin D sufficient at 25OHD levels ≥ 50 nmol/L; levels above 75 nmol/L have not consistently been associated with an increased benefit. Although risks have been identified for some outcomes at levels above 125 nmol/L, it has been suggested that up to 4000 IU/day of vitamin D intake is unlikely to cause toxicity, even in healthy individuals.71 Some experts favor maintaining 25(OH)D levels between 75 to 125 nmol/L in MS patients, as these levels are still within the safe range of the IOM report, and immunomodulatory effects have been observed in hyper-physiologic ranges in experimental studies. However, the long-term effects of such high levels are unknown.

#vitamin d #Multiple Sclerosis #family medicine #prevention #integrative medicine

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