#Southwest Basins and Ranges

[thorsenmark]

To Stand in Wonder in Carlsbad Caverns National Park by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: Big Room Trail-44 An image captured while walking the Big Room Trail in Carlsbad Caverns National Park with a view towards an amazing display of underground formations.

[kradogsrats]

So I just wanna talk about this and the Sea of the Castout for a sec:

Here's the Sea of the Castout and its surroundings on the map:

We have the Sparklepuff Squad coming from the north down one of the rivers (red arrows), and the Dragang coming from either the east... or there is a slight possibility that Finnegrin, not having any particular urgency about getting there, chose to go all the way around the Far Reaches to give Callum some time to think things over.

(Could he have taken it even slower and gone all the way around to enter past the ruins of Elarion, thereby putting the statues of Aaravos and the Merciful One there? My opinion is that at that point Sea Legs would have to be going fast enough that the speed would be hard to ignore. The Ruthless is similar to a sloop and so would probably have a normal cruising speed of around 6-8 mph. Sea Legs can supposedly go faster than that, but sailing around to approach the Sea of the Castout from the southwest would add like... rough estimate 100 miles or more to the trip, so either they take an entire day or more doing only that or Sea Legs is going at constant top speed and that speed is really fucking fast.)

As the Dragang make their way into the Sea, we can still see the rocky horizon behind them, but not ahead:

Claudia and Terry, however, can see the shoreline in at least three directions from the center:

We also cannot see the opposite shore when Claudia enters the water:

Assuming you can see the same distance in Xadia as you can here on earth (which is a big assumption, but also a reasonable one to make), that's about 3 miles—as in, the furthest away you can see something as tall as you are before the curvature of the earth obscures it is about 3 miles. However, the rocky sides of the Sea of the Castout are a lot taller than any of the characters, so they can be seen from further away. Based on extremely unscientific googling, the Sea of the Castout is probably in the range of 20-30 miles-ish across, which is consistent with the fact that it's around the same size on the map as the distance between Katolis castle and the Moon Nexus, and that's a reasonable distance for the trio to have gone in the time it takes them to get there.

We also have a shore that looks like this oh god don't look too closely at it, that's a horrible render:

Now, you may consider how much of the edges of the Sea of the Castout appears to be mountainous, then look at the map again and wonder what the hell is going on. Well, first of all, those aren't mountains.

The basin of the Sea of the Castout was presumably created by a catastrophic impact. If it's based visually on a real place, I'd bet it's somewhere like Crater Lake in Oregon:

Crater Lake is a volcanic crater, not an impact crater, but same concept applies: instead of being a natural point of low elevation in the landscape, it's a reservoir that was violently punched out of the ground. That elevated rocky horizon isn't mountains, it's the edge of the hole. Crater Lake is quite a bit smaller than the Sea of the Castout probably is (only 5-6 miles across), but the elevation between its surface and the caldera rim is about 1,000 feet, which looks plenty high.

Impact crater lakes do exist, of course, but they tend to be either a lot smaller or a lot older. On earth, all the impact craters the size of the Sea of the Castout are hundreds of millions of years old. Lakes formed in older craters are also more likely to have connected with the surrounding water features, similar to the Sea of the Castout. Crater Lake is less than 10,000 years old and not connected to any rivers or other lakes (unsurprising, given that it used to be the top of a mountain).

So yeah, it's absolutely possible that Aaravos is at the Sea of the Castout. But let's take a look at the opening:

Yes, that's definitely the same place as Aaravos. Is it literally the Sea of the Castout? Well, the thing is that every other time we see this place, it's in a very... metaphorical or symbolic context. Like the opening. Or here:

Or here:

We also have that Aaravos is kneeling practically on the surface:

Which suggests that either the "OG Aaravos was gigantic" theory is correct, or this is not a normal place where water and lakes behave normally. I'm not a huge (ha) fan of the giant Aaravos theory, but as I've said before... if I had a nickel for every Aaravos-related thing we all assumed was metaphorical but turned out to be literal, I'd have etc.

Basically, this is definitely a place that is connected to the Sea of the Castout thematically and possibly magically, but I don't think Aaravos is literally kneeling in the literal Sea of the Castout on the mortal plane of Xadia.

After all, where do the fabled Great Ones hide?

[typhlonectes]

BIG NEWS IN SALAMANDER TAXONOMY!

Unraveling Siren (Caudata: Sirenidae) systematics and description of a small, seepage specialist

Fedler, Enge, and Moler

Abstract

For approximately four decades, scientists have known of the existence of several undescribed species of Siren in the southeastern United States Coastal Plain. 

One of these species, S. reticulata, was recently described, but a small, seepage-dwelling species has remained undescribed until now. 

To resolve outstanding questions concerning the phylogeny of Siren, we collected sequence and morphometric data from specimens across the range of Siren. 

We found S. lacertina and S. reticulata to represent strongly supported monophyletic groups, with S. reticulata having a sister relationship to all other Siren. Additionally, we found five distinct mtDNA lineages within what has been recognized as S. intermedia. Siren lacertina and type-locality S. intermedia (lineage A) are sister mtDNA lineages, whereas S. intermedia lineages B and C show a high level of mitogenomic divergence from type-locality S. intermedia. 

Analyses of two scnDNA loci revealed that S. lacertina is monophyletic but nested with low positional support in a clade including the three S. intermedia mtDNA lineages. Further study is needed to determine whether S. intermedia lineages A, B, and C represent distinct species or incompletely sorted lineages. 

We restrict the range of S. intermedia to the region from the Escambia and Perdido river drainages of Florida and Alabama eastward through Virginia (the combined ranges of lineages A, B, and C). 

We also elevate S. i. nettingi (lineage E) to species status and include the larger S. i. texana form in that taxon, generating a species that occurs from the Mobile Bay drainages westward through the Mississippi Basin and southwest into northeastern Mexico. 

Lastly, we describe a new miniature species, S. sphagnicola, that ranges from the Florida Parishes of Louisiana eastward to the westernmost tributary creeks of Choctawhatchee Bay in the western Florida panhandle.

Read more here:

https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5258.4.1

[nmnomad]

Lonesome highway across San Augustin Plains. The plains extend roughly northeast-southwest, with a length of about 55 miles and a width varying between 5–15 miles. The basin is bounded on the south by the Luera Mountains and Pelona Mountain (outliers of the Black Range); on the west by the Tularosa Mountains; on the north by the Mangas, Crosby, Datil, and Gallinas Mountains; and on the east by the San Mateo Mountains.

[thomaswaynewolf]

In the 1880s Apache Country, below the Mogollon Rim of Arizona a combination of events involving cattle rustlers, sheep herders, outlaws, cowboys, sharp shooters, Mormons, mountain lions, Confederates, half Indians, hooded vigilantes, lawmen, and Wild West legends culminated in the largest, most violent, and most unbelievable vendetta, feud, and range war in all of American history. This is the story of the Pleasant Valley War aka the Graham Tewksbury Feud aka the Tonto Basin War that would consume over 50 victims. It’s cinematic, heroic, tragic, and often times unbelievable. It’s filled with out-of-this-world characters, important themes, and jaw dropping, melodramatic, heartbreaking Wild West anecdotes.

[oaresearchpaper]

Discovery of Carasobarbus Sublimus in Al-Diwaniya River, Iraq

Abstract

During a fish survey from 2016 to 2017, we captured 83 specimens of the cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus from the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq. This is the first report of the occurrence of this species in this locality. Fish were captured by gill nets and electro-fishing equipment. Twenty two morphometric and eleven meristic measurements were applied to describe the species. The range of total length in the present specimens (130.4-250.1mm) is larger than the range quoted for C. sublimus. The indices characters to standard length (SL) varied from 7.4 % to 121.0 %, and the head characters to head length (HL) from 27.4% to 93.2%. The growth rate between body characters and SL varied from 0.085 to 1.118 and between head characters and HL from 0.210 to 1.091.The numbers of scales in lateral line and around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle are 27-29 and 12, respectively. The biometric data were successful in identifying of C. sublimus and confirm the presence of the species in the Al-Diwaniya River. This is the second record of the species in the Iraqi freshwaters. Based on this finding, the case would be interesting and open to discussion about the distributions of C. sublimus in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.

Introduction

According to Borkenhagen and Krupp (2013), the cyprinid genus Carasobarbus Karaman, 1971 (the himri) belong to the family Cyprinidae, subfamily Barbinae are distributed across southwest Asia and northwest Africa. They occur in all major river systems of the Levant, Mesopotamia, southern Iran, western and south-western Arabian Peninsula and in northern Morocco. 

Also, Borkenhagen and Krupp (2013) revised and expanded Karaman’s (1971) diagnosis of the genus that now contains the nine following species: Carasobarbus apoensis, C. canis, C. chantrei, C. exulatus, C. fritschii, C. harterti, C. kosswigi, C. luteus and C. sublimus.

Three species from the genus, C. luteus, C. kosswigi and C. sublimus have been reported from Iranian waters (Borkenhagen and Krupp, 2013) and C. chantrei, C. kosswigi and C. luteus from Turkish waters (Çiçek et al., 2015), while C. luteus, C. kosswigi and C. sublimes were found in Iraqi waters (Coad, 2010; Mohamed et al., 2017).

C. sublimus was first described and reported by Coad and Najafpour in 1997 from Khuzestan waters, southwestern Iran. C. sublimus formerly placed in the genus Kosswigobarbus Berg, 1916, but Borkenhagen et al. (2011) placed this species in Carasobarbus.

Coad and Najafpour (1997) and Esmaeil et al. (2006) have rectified the species by comparing it with C. kosswigi and C. luteus on the basis of their morphology in Iran, while, Mohamed et al. (2017) described and compared C. sublimus obtained from the Shatt Al-Arab River for the first time in Iraq with C. luteus in Iraqi waters.

During the ichthyofauna survey for the Al-Diwania River (a branch from the Euphrates River, middle of Iraq) during November 2016 - October 2017, several specimens of cyprinid fish, C. sublimus have been caught for the first time from south the Daghghara barrier on this river. 

The predominant vegetations on the both banks of this locality were reed, Phragmites australis and cattail, Typha domingensis, whereas hornwort, Ceratophyllum demersum was dominant in the deeper areas.

The water temperature of the river varied from 10.2oC in March to 32.8oC in August, dissolved oxygen fluctuated from 5.0mg/l in August to 9.6mg/l cm in February, salinity values ranged from 0.55‰ in April to 0.79‰ in October (Mohamed and Al-Jubouri, 2017). 

So, the purpose of this paper is to describe the morphometric and meristic characters of C. sublimus for the first time in the middle of Iraq. Examined specimens had been placed in the fish collection of the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq.

Source Occurrence of cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus in the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq

[yugonora-comic]

Map of Milo

The mainland, and where most of the series takes place. It is a small continent in the process of splitting over millions of years. With two mountain ranges on either side, sandwiched between them is a large plain with scattered forests and a river basin down the middle. It has a desert to the northwest that had only recently been charted by humans, and another desert to the southeast, raked by vicious sandstorms. Humans and dwarves have lived on this land for as long as history can remember, with elves recently joining them as they regularly migrate from Merith.

We’ll be seeing some of these towns and landmarks as the adventure goes on, but for now, why not learn a little more about them? (Under a read more cuz it’s a bit lengthy)

Towns and Cities

Humans States of Astral

Westhill

- Small farming village where Yugo Nora was raised in

Edgefront

- Port town on the southwestern peninsula that buys crops from Westhill and exports them to other port towns

Stone Yard

- Industrial town and the leading place for innovation and technological development

Lough

- Small village that specializes in growing grapes. Part of a three town union with Tailwind and Yellow City

Tailwind

- Town that specializes in creating wine from the grapes traded to them from Lough

Yellow City

- Port city that trades wine with other states and returns profits to Tailwind and Lough

Astral

- Capital city of the human states. A bustling town rich with culture and literature

Loremaster Castle

- Bastion at the edge of the desert where scholars train and study to become Lorekeepers

Basinmoor

- Large town in the center of Milo within the river basin. Trades goods from Astral to Ridgehaven

Salamander Bay

- Port city specializing in seafaring, though heavily populated by pirates and bootleggers

Logging Town

- Lumber town near the Monster Paradise

Mineral Town

- Village in the Iron Mountains specializing in mining

Elven Empire of Merith

Clearing Town

- Elven settlement in the middle of the Western Forest. A haven for what limited magic exists

Cape Town

- Coastal city in the southern jungle, the first and largest mainland settlement of elves

Lithri

- Village in the southern jungle and a town made of scribes and merchants

Mistwall

- Mountain settlement and mining town founded by caravaneers

Merith

- Capital of the elven empire on the southern island of the same name, and the birthplace of magical scholarship

Ulirion

- Academic town on the island of Merith that trades knowledge with humans

Dwarven Kingdom of Ridgehaven

Ridgehaven

- Large capital city inside the Iron Mountains with a specialty in smithing

Vurn Buldar

- Small mining town in the mountains that transports rare materials to Ridgehaven

Magmadir

- Village inside the mountains that is built around volcanic activity

Dunesettlers

Village Village

- Small village in an oasis in the White Desert populated by a desert-dwelling offshoot of elves

Monster Settlements

Mouse Hollow

- Small village in the unofficial kingdom of Rodentia made up entirely of rodents

The Great Cougar Clan

- Nomadic clan of big cat-like monsters that travel throughout the Plains of Mankind

Hiddenhaven

- A village in a forest by the sea protected by mountains that has remained almost entirely untouched by man

Monster Paradise

- A beautiful forest belonging to sprite monsters

Landmarks

Forests

Western Forest

- Medium sized forest on the southwest peninsula that separates the Fertile Plains. The elven towns of Mistwall and Clearing Town reside in this forest, as well as the unofficial kingdom of Rodentia. It is home to many monsters, leaving humans to typically steer clear of the forest whenever they can help it

The Secret Valley

- A coastal valley forest protected by the Diverged Range convinces most travelers to avoid them, making it a virtually untouched haven for monsters and wildlife. It is also known as Hiddenhaven

Southern Jungle

- A large, warm, semi-tropical forest on the south peninsula populated mostly by elf colonies that settle on the mainland from the island of Merith

Monster Paradise

- The largest forest on the eastern half of Milo, only recently discovered by humans. The trees in these woods are hardy and strong, making for great building material. It is home to a rare class of monsters known as sprites

Plains

Fertile Plains

- Small plains split by the Western Forest with great soil for farming

Plains of Mankind

- The largest prairie and defining feature of Milo, it stretches from the Diverged Range to the eastern coastline, and is split in the middle by a river basin

Mountains

Diverged Range

- The western mountain range that separates the two plains, and is split in two itself on the northern end

Iron Mountains

- Homeland of the dwarves, it is a super volcano that is rich in raw materials. It is the only place where dwarven cities reside

Deserts

White Desert

- Northwestern desert comprised of light colored sands. It is home to Dunesettlers, who live in an oasis within the sands

Red Desert

- Southeastern desert raked with sandstorms. It has barely been explored, and lacking in records, though rumors of ancient temples and treasures tempt adventurers into the dark desert, though most usually meet an untimely end

Islands

Merith

- Southern, tropical island and home of the elves covered almost entirely with jungles. Due to its small size, the growing population of elves often migrate to mainland Milo to prevent overcrowding

Lando

- A small mountain jutting out of the northern sea to form an island. It is shrouded in mystery, as it was where the now extinct dragons and dragon people lived. Rough seas deter most sailors, but rumors of ancient temples and vast treasure still tempt those seeking fortune.

[southwestern-witchery]

Wandlore: Tamarix ramosissima, AKA: Tamarisk, or Salt Cedar.

The science:

The Tamarisk, also called the Salt Cedar, is a shrubby, red barked tree native to some parts of Eurasia and Northern Africa. Tamarisk is known for sapping salt up from any water source near it into the soil around it, as its one of the only plants capable of surviving and thriving under those conditions. In the spring, it blooms a magenta, almost lilac pink in many places.

The Tamarisk tree was introduced to the Colorado River Basin in the late 1800s in an effort to stop soil erosion and keep trails clean. Unfortunately, the Tamarisk tree is Rhizomous, which means it can spread underground as well as through seed, and cuttings or fallen limbs from the tree can also root themselves. Accompanied by its tendency to increase the PH of the soil it lands in, the Tamarisk tree became a rapid menace to the southwestern ecosystem.

Because of this, if you take a river raft down the Colorado you are more than likely going to see hundreds or thousands of these trees along the banks. Places where native Cottonwoods or Willows would normally be are filled to the brim with salty earth and red tamarisk trees.

Luckily, there is a small glimmer of hope. The tamarisk beetle, a small golden yellow weevil, no bigger than the head of a pin, eats exclusively tamarisk trees. Careful introduction of the tamarisk beetle to these trees has begun to curb their expanse. Unfortunately, there are still precious few plants that can survive the salty soil the trees leave in their wake, and the thousands of dead trees alongside the river feel an awful lot like walking through a Grove of ghosts.

Ethnobotany and Mythology:

The tamarisk tree has a vast and ancient set of mythological and religious symbolism behind it. In its native range, the tamarisk tree has long been connected to death and rebirth through the story of Osiris's death in Egyptian paganism. When Osiris is killed, his body is hidden inside the trunk of a massive tamarisk tree, for Isis to find and revive.

This connection to hidden things is also noteworthy, as in the Iliad, Odysseus and diomedes hide some of their spoils from the war inside a Tamarisk. In another Greek myth, a young woman or girl is turned into a Tamarisk tree, along with her siblings. However, it should be noted that many diffrent women, girls, nymphs and goddesses turn into trees, plants and shrubs in mythology, and they are often mixed with each other at one point or another.

In abrahamic religions, many characters are said to gain important knowlage under tamarisk trees ( such as the ever present abraham) or have been buried underneath them (Samuel)

In Islam, they take on a more spiteful turn, as Allah converts the gardens of the saba people to Tamarisk and bitter fruits as punishment.

In the southwest, where they have taken root, they symbolize that same sort of spite as well as a stubbornness for life.

In both their native and invasive ranges, the tamarisk tree is used for making sturdy and durable goods. Things like furniture, wagon wheels, and boxes. The wood itself is beautiful, if occasionally difficult to work with. Medicinally, the tree has been used in traditional practices to treat digestive issues, gut problems, diabetes and dental issues to varying degrees of success. It has also been used in soaking and purifying baths well into ancient times, as its mentioned that gilgamesh's mother took a bath in a Tamarisk soak before sending her son and his partner on their quest.

The magic

Taking all of these sources into account, it's safe to say that the tamarisk tree would have a very specific arcane niche to fill: stubbornness, secrets, and toxicity. The protective aspects of the tree are numerous of course, but often come in unexpected ways. Wands or other foci made with Tamarisk would likely do an average job with standard protective magics, but astonishingly well at protecting those who are already dead, or secrets that one would wish to hide for eternity. These Foci will aslo do an excellent job with purifying Charms and intense purification rituals, perhaps even exorcism if done correctly.

It should also be noted that the high salt content of the Tamarisk tree is two fold: it will aid in its protectiveness, of course, but it may also be a sign that the owner of the foci in question may drive others away in their personal lives. They will be steadfast and stubborn, and good at what they set themselves to task over, but God's forbid they form a true lasting relationship with anyone who isn't exactly like them. This may present itself as a mild sort of closed mindedness at best, or outright hatred of others at worst. They may be xenophobic, religious zealots, or even simply abrasive. This isn't to say every person who possesses a tamarisk foci is an asshole in this way, but it would be fair to say they are more likely to hold their own opinions in the highest regard before any other.

These will be the people who work very hard at what they do, but never really make any real connections. The people you meet who will gruffly get the job done, but demand solitude or like minded individuals in order to work at all.

Let it be known that these individuals, no matter how strong they appear to be, will have at least one glaring weakness to them, and they may be extremely suseptable to failure if they confront it. Due to their stubbornness, this could very well be their downfall if they refuse help.

These foci will pair best with others who have connections to Tamarisk, and will likely pair worst with those who have willow, cottonwood, fruit tree, or other stereotypically sweet or less hardy woods.

[cosmiccerebellum]

Sea lamprey facts (cause scronkle)

The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is a parasitic lamprey native to the Northern Hemisphere. It is sometimes referred to as the "vampire fish".

The sea lamprey has an eel-like body without paired fins. Its mouth is jawless, round and sucker-like, and as wide or wider than the head; sharp teeth are arranged in many concentric circular rows.

Its mouth is jawless, round and sucker-like, and as wide or wider than the head; sharp teeth are arranged in many concentric circular rows.

There are seven branchial or gill-like openings behind the eye. Sea lampreys are olive or brown-yellow on the dorsal and lateral part of the body, with some black marblings, with lighter coloration on the belly. Adults can reach a length of up to 120 cm (47 in) and a body weight up to 2.3 kg (5.1 lb).

The etymology of the genus name Petromyzon is from petro- "stone" and myzon "sucking"; marinus is Latin for "of the sea".

The species is found in the northern and western Atlantic Ocean along the shores of Europe and North America, in the western Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and as an invasive species in the shores of the Great Lakes.

They have been found at depths up to 4000 meters and can tolerate temperatures of 1–20 °C (34–68 °F).

In North America, they are native to the Connecticut River basin in the United States.

The largest European populations of sea lampreys are located throughout the southwestern areas of Europe (north-central Portugal, north-northwest of Spain, and west–southwest of France).These countries also support the main fisheries of the species.

Sea lampreys are anadromous; from their lake or sea habitats, they migrate up rivers to spawn. Females deposit a large number of eggs in nests made by males in the substrate of streams with moderately strong current. Spawning is followed by the death of the adults. Larvae burrow in the sand and silt bottom in quiet water downstream from spawning areas and filter-feed on plankton and detritus.

After several years in freshwater habitats, the larvae undergo a metamorphosis that allows young, post-metamorphic lampreys to migrate to the sea or lakes, and start the adult hematophagous method of feeding

The lamprey uses its suction cup-like mouth to attach itself to the skin of a fish and rasps away tissue with its sharp, probing tongue and keratinized teeth. A fluid produced in the lamprey's mouth, called lamphredin prevents the victim's blood from clotting. Victims typically die from excessive blood loss or infection. After one year of hematophagous feeding, lampreys return to the river to spawn and die, a year and a half after the completion of metamorphosis

Lampreys are considered a delicacy in some parts of Europe, and are seasonally available in France, Spain, and Portugal. They are served pickled in Finland.

Due to its lifecycle that switches between fresh and salt water, the sea lamprey is adapted to tolerate a wide range of salinities. Cell membranes on the surface of the gills are major contributors to ionoregulation. Changes in membrane composition influence the movement of different ions across the membrane, changing amounts of components to change the membranes' environment.

the larvae are called ammocoetes

Lampreys also maintain acid-base homeostasis. When introduced to higher levels of acids, they are able to excrete excess acids at higher rates than most other saltwater fishes, and in much shorter times, with the majority of the transfer of ions occurring at the gill surface.

The lamprey genome may serve as a model for developmental biology and evolution studies involving transposition of repetitive sequences. The lamprey genome undergoes drastic rearrangements during early embryogenesis in which about 20% of the germline DNA from somatic tissues is shed. The genome is highly repetitive. About 35% of the current genome assembly is composed of repetitive elements with high sequence identity.

Sea lampreys are considered a pest in the Great Lakes region. The species is native to the inland Finger Lakes and Lake Champlain in New York and Vermont. Whether it is native to Lake Ontario, where it was first noticed in the 1830s, or whether it was introduced through the Erie Canal which opened in 1825 is not clear.

[rabbitcruiser]

Cañon Pintado National Historic District, CO (No. 1)

The land is what makes the town of Rangely's history interesting. The land is the base from which all human events unfold, whether it is the geology that brought the miners and oil men, or the water that brought the Fremonts, the Utes, the explorers, the ranchers.

To tell the story we must start back in the earlier history of the earth when a shallow sea encompassed most of the area around Rangely, 300 million years ago in what is labeled as the Pennsylvania  and Permian geologic periods. During this time marine creatures would become fossils and can actually still be discovered around Rangely. Huge dunes were formed on the edges of this sea and became porous rock that is now known as the Weber formation. This formed what is called an "anticline." Anticline is a ridge-shaped fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope downward from the crest. Then, as the sea receded, dinosaurs left bones and the extensive plant growth became oil and coal.

The innumerable canyons, draws, and gullies of the area held creeks, rivers and streams which attracted the early Fremont and Ute peoples. The Fremont people migrated to the Rangely area from the Great Basin in south-central Utah between 400 B.C. - 650 A.D. What we know about the Fremont comes from the artifacts they left in the area and from their homes and campsites which we find in the nearby canyons. Evidence of the Fremont people is plentiful in and around Rangely; for example, the rock art on Colorado 139 and Dragon Trail are both examples of Fremont Art. A Fremont dwelling in Texas Creek Overlook was an atypical dwelling for the Fremont people.

In many places around Rangely the art echoes images from other sites in the southwest. The art of the historical Utes records their history of conflict with the white settlers who began moving into the area in the 1800s. Their art is also the first to include horses originally brought by the Spanish.

The first recorded white settlers making a permanent home in the area were Mr. Joseph Studer and C.P. Hill who came in 1882, the same year the Ute people were to be confined to reservations in southern Colorado and eastern Utah. Some time later Mr. Hill was joined by his relatives, among them a cousin, Lee S. Chase, who named the town after Rangeley, Maine. Mr. Hill began ranching and opened a trading post. All supplies were freighted—first from Salt Lake City, Utah, by team and wagon, then from Grand Junction, Colorado, via Douglas Pass. By 1913 there were enough ranching and farming families in the area to necessitate the building of a large one-room school house (now located in the Rangely Outdoor Museum).

Source: Wikipedia    

[scholarlypidgeot]

if you were to live in your fantasy world, which of your cities/towns/areas of countryside would you like to live in and why?

bonus: where do you thing you would actually get stuck if you were born/grew up etc. that world

So after a small overhaul I have the much needed name of my setting's supercontinent: Rokaaur. For those interested in the geopolitical interworkings of this continent and its two major empires, click here and here! For those interested in something else, click here.

The area I'd most like to live in is the idyllic countryside of Brydlen on the Western side of the sea. It's a hilly countryside full mostly of free range ranches of various kinds of animals, from normal cattle and sheep to deer and perytons to aurochs (medium to large sauropods) and oversized spiders (bred for silk). Not to put too fine a point on it - I'd like to live in a quiet place with vast expanses and Big Tame Animals.

Based on my own real-life experiences I would have actually grown up in the Southeast Basin area (a loosely Wild West American countryside, ecologically somewhat like the Mojave on most of the continent but much more like the damp American Southeast and Appalachia along a mountain range), and if not there, I would've likely grown up in one of the few city centers, like the Seat of the Iron and Silver or a merchant port in Noshor (on the northern part of the inland sea), since I grew up in the Southwest US in a suburb.

Thank you for the ask and sorry it took me so long to get back to you!

[thorsenmark]

Any Excuse to Visit White Sands National Park by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: A lone yucca plant I came across while walking the Dune Life Nature Trail in White Sands National Park. I decided to take advantage of the open area around that yucca plant to more highlight it with the white sands present.

[libraryofcirclaria]

23 October 1281

Library of Circlaria

Third Level Society: First Version

Story Six: Meona Bell

Two days ago, news broke of the capture of Ceri Mains. She is in custody now, no longer on the run.

Some people, like Kara Martins, see this as good news, while others, such as myself and Ivella Ogden, see this as bad news.

Regardless, here is what we know about the story having transpired since September 6.

It turns out that immediately after everything happened, Ceri illegally crossed the fence boundary into Gentry County Airfield and took a custom-made rogue airship which cable-dropped her into Lerutan. We believe at this point that she took on yet another unknown disguise and boarded a cable-train to West Terredon, where she took another cable-train across the border into the Great North. There, she traveled to Terredon Airfield, where she took an airship across the Ocean to the Acrean Republic, landing in its capital, Arlemn.

This was an overnight flight; so Ceri landed in Arlemn on the morning of September 7. And it was in Arlemn that she was believed to have met with an anonymous disguise artist who form-fitted her into a vibrant figure named Rachel Marie Clymer. As Rachel Marie Clymer, she took a rail line, then traveling car, to Oberhell, a rural village located in the Northeasternmost part of the Republic. She had secret darkfire contacts stationed along the way who pipelined resources to her location in the little town, where she and her friends set to work to construct a secret granular plane housing a replica of Cabotton University.

And apparently, as part of this construction, they also built some sort of escape route in the case that they were raided.

But there are some factors. First of all, darkfire is legal in the Acrean Republic. In fact, darkfire legalization was the catalyst for the revolution against the old Kingdom in the first place.

Then there was the political situation with the town of Oberhell, itself. Over the generations, the village became dominated by two family factions: one faction roughly in the North part, who was pro-Royalist, and one roughly in the South part who was anti-Royalist.

And the stakes were high with this because of the structure of Oberhell. To the Northeast of the town stood a range of low mountains on the other side of which stood the coast of the Circlarian Ocean. The village, in fact, lies atop the slopes of this range going down in the direction of the Southwest, and is lined with a "cascade-lake" system, which flows into a geographical region known as the Eastern Acrean Water Basin.

The village utilizes this water system through what is known as branch irrigation. At the very top of this system, geographically speaking, stands a farm which has the largest lake of the cascade system and holds the chief canal which branches off into the smaller irrigation canals to the smaller farms with the smaller ponds. Whoever is in control of this property at the top is effectively in control of Oberhell.

Since 1086, this top property was community-owned, with the inhabitants consisting of the Town Leader, who is elected democratically from year-to-year to a one-year term.

As mentioned before, there are two factions: the pro-Royalists and anti-Royalists. And they, for the past several generations, and more intensely since the 1275 Treaty between Retun and Acrea, have been volleying to each have a figure from their faction serve as the elected Town Leader.

And may I mention that an issue hotly contested during this time was the issue of the darkfire quarry in the area, for darkfire has been legalized in Acrea since the establishment of the Acrean Republic, a move very much opposed by the pro-Royalists.

Just last year, for their 1280 election, an anti-Royalist won the Town Leader position by, I believe, a margin of about 10 votes; for context, Oberhell has a total population of about 800 to 900 people. The opposing pro-Royalist side claimed that the town's Ballot House was rigged because it had been administered by an anti-Royalist family. This was brought as a contest toward the Judge of the town, who ordered both a pro-Royalist committee and anti-Royalist committee to count the same ballots in a blind-screen fashion to rule out bias. The outcome from both committees was both the same, favoring the victory of the anti-Royalist as the Town Leader. Needless to say, the pro-Royalists were quite unhappy with this, to the point that street scuffles started breaking out.

Of note was an incident involving the transaction of a local bird known as a heneagle. The story goes that an anti-Royalist man gave a fully-grown, adult heneagle to a woman of a pro-Royalist family as a gift. The woman's father was upset with this and snatched the heneagle and chopped off its head. The man having given the gift was named Qwar; he and the woman, named Bella, ran off in fear. However, Qwar ran to his older brother, the original owner of the heneagle, and told him of the incident. The brother retaliated and confronted Bella's father in the Oberhell Market Square, getting into a tussle proving to be a public spectacle. The Oberhell Police got involved, jailing both Qwar's brother and Bella's brother, and the Court hearing that followed imposed ten days of jail time to both people.

It turned out that Bella's father was the brother of a business owner who was the employer for both Qwar and his brother. And thus, Qwar and his brother were both fired from their jobs. Qwar, his brother, and their friends retaliated on September 8 of this year by confronting the boss in the Oberhell Market Square and roughing him up. The boss, expecting this, had himself a bunch of ruffians for protection. And thus, a town-wide rumble broke out.

This was when Ceri Mains intervened. Disguised as Rachel Marie Clymer, Ceri made her debut with her unusually loud and vibrant voice to stop the fighting. Now here, I do suspect that darkfire was involved, for the mass of street fighters was quite swayed by Rachel's call to stop. The next day, September 9, Rachel performed the public act of taking a paint stick and drawing a vibrant white line through the middle of the Market Square, and through the entire town via the Main Path, and stated that pro-Royalists shall remain North of this line, and anti-Royalists to the South. She emphasized no one could cross over that line, even to communicate with each other; in fact, the only way to communicate was through the Town Council or the Judge.

The government of the Town was very much influenced by this and approved of Rachel's move. And then on September 10, the Town Council voted to split into two Councils: the North Town Council consisting of the pro-Royalists and the South Town Council consisting of the anti-Royalists. Only the position of Town Leader and Judge remained undivided.

The next day, there was quickly built a canvas-fence running along the line drawn by Ceri, disguised as Rachel. Whether or not Ceri pushed for that remains unclear. However, an issue arose when, on September 12, Rachel was approached by Mara Ferlink from the pro-Royalist side, who stated that this divide separated her from her romantic partner, Esther Young, from the anti-Royalist side. Rachel facilitated their reunion under special circumstances, as Rachel relocated her abode, at this time, to the property where lived the Town Leader. As part of this arrangement, Mara and Esther were said to have joined Ceri Mains in assisting her in the granular plane effort.

On September 13, Esther agreed to travel to Cabotton University to begin recruiting students here. It is said that Dyla Cormick was ultimately the one to assist Esther, but Dyla will not confirm this, not even with me.

Meanwhile, back in Oberhell, serious construction began on the escape route from the granular plane. This involved a replica of the submarine prototype that Ceri Mains had used to escape from the Mount Carris Perimeter back in June. So the granular plane, where sat the replica of the Cabotton University campus, bore the same replica of the University Lake with this version opening to an underground canal led through a granular string corridor away from the granular plane in Oberhell and into the Circlarian Ocean Northeast of the hills. This very same route was also planned to serve the opposite purpose: to help others in the Mount Carris Perimeter to escape in the same fashion as Ceri Mains and then to sail out of the Inland Sea, across the vast Circlarian Ocean, and then to finally go back up the granular string corridor to the University granular plane replica underneath Oberhell. Construction for this was very quick and was expected to be fully operational by November 1.

The only issue was the speculation on whether or not the Retunian government, knowing now of Ceri Mains' escape route, closed the underwater route out of Lake Maern. So while Esther Young was in Cabotton, Ceri dispatched Mara to go to the Mount Carris Perimeter to report on what she saw there.

That was on September 14. On September 17, Daniel Carter and Stephen Martins, having followed Ceri Mains' trail, arrived in Oberhell; although they could not reach Ceri Mains, because she had gotten the Town Leader to protect her. Both factions and the government of Oberhell were convinced, at this point, that Rachel Marie Clymer was a genuine identity and not another individual in disguise, though Carter and Martins had begun spreading sentiment among primarily the pro-Royalist faction. On September 18, the Royalists went to the Town Leader, stating that Rachel Marie Clymer was, in fact, the notorious Ceri Mains, and demanded to have her handed over to Carter and Martins.

The Town Leader refused, though, and instead had Rachel Marie Clymer's abode moved to a more protected location on the Town Leader property.

Roughly between the dates of September 19 through 24 came a long-lasting rain storm, as is normal for the local climate at that time of the year. And the pro-Royalists, disgruntled by the anti-Royalist Town Leader's stubborn refusal to give up the refuge of Rachel Marie Clymer, decided that the circumstances were ripe for a perfect act of retaliation; they began damming up the lakes and canals on their side as to cause flooding on the other side.

The first of these stone-clay dams began going up on September 19. The next day, both the North and South Councils convened in the hopes of achieving mutual consolation and de-escalation, but talks failed. As a result, the anti-Royalists began diking up their lakes and canals to protect themselves from catastrophic flooding. Pro-Royalists responded to this by crossing over and destroying these dikes. On September 21, amid the rains and rising water levels, the anti-Royalists crossed over and destroyed the pro-Royalist dams. During that act, pro-Royalists confronted them, and spell discharge fights broke out. Police intervened and many were arrested. Then the Judge ordered the dividing fence to be fortified and to have each of the two sections of town hemmed in with fencing surrounding it.

Between September 22 and 24, the rains took their toll. The canals and lakes overflowed their banks, and catastrophic flooding struck both the North and South sides of Oberhell, killing 123 people.

Daniel Carter and Stephen Martins came out to claim that this was the fault of a darkfire act carried out by Ceri Mains, disguised as Rachel Marie Clymer. Though only half of the population of Oberhell believed this, Carter was actually able to convince the Retunian Department of State. He succeeded in calling a special conference with them on the Galapolgis Island of Reinar on October 10.

On October 4, Mara Ferlink is said to have returned to Oberhell, where she told Ceri Mains that the underwater route she had originally took out of the Mount Carris Perimeter was now blocked by an underwater grate. Ceri resolved that this could be bypassed with an underwater corridor on a granular string, very much like the one being built in Oberhell.

There, however, stood the issue of recruiting helpers with this Mount Carris pipeline. And this, I believe, was what Ceri was stuck on when she was finally captured.

Now I need to address how Daniel Carter was able to capture Ceri Mains despite darkfire being legal in the Acrean Republic.

Carter may be elderly at this point, but he is still strong physically and mentally. He is a seasoned veteran when it comes to hunting down darkfire figures, a vocation I continue to view with more and more disgust. He was, nevertheless, anticipating a retirement from his career, and was determined to have one more "big hunt" to signal this departure. Thus, he saw Ceri Mains as an ideal opportunity.

Carter was one of the first people to note how Ceri Mains happened to carry out her escape just as the violence of the Weyne-North feud was reaching its fever pitch. In the days after Ceri's escape, Carter traveled from town to town, speaking with family members and friends not directly involved but still in the know of the feud. He was, therefore, able to map out a good diagram of the Weyne, North, and Kormann families and where each member stood in the feud. And under the impression that Ceri used the feud the leverage her escape, Carter studied his diagram to narrow down those who were most likely Ceri Mains conspirators, and suspected three people: Arlen Weyne age 23, Charles Kormann age 23, and Karla North age 19.

Carter then set out to Shon County in the province of Gymia where lived Arlen Weyne. He found Arlen Weyne but could not find evidence connecting him to Ceri Mains, meaning the trip out to Shon County had come to a dead end. He then set out to Joseph County in Gymia, where he met with a local barber who knew Charles Kormann. There, Carter learned that Kormann had apparently stopped over for a haircut recently, and that he had asked to keep a lock of his own hair. Carter mentally drew on his knowledge of darkfire disguise and remembered that some of the more basic and easy-to-implement disguise models involved the use of one's hair. Carter realized that he had a lead with Charles Kormann. He then met with a few of Charles' former classmates and discovered that Charles had made friends with a somewhat shady figure named Kevin Mains.

Carter looked through records and archives on Kevin Mains and discovered that he was, indeed, related to Ceri, as a first cousin. Carter also found Kevin Mains' postal address in Ebony Valley.

Carter then traveled to the town of Ebony Valley and met with the manager of the hotel Standler, who also described Kevin Mains as a "shady fella," and that Kevin Mains was believed to be seeing some woman in the small town of Vale, located in the North part of Gentry County.

On September 5, Daniel Carter went to Vale, where he learned from the owner of a local grocer that Kevin was spotted seeing some seclusive individual in a fenced-in property. Carter went to said property and found it locked and deserted, thus a dead end.

However, this gave Carter reason to believe that Kevin Mains was somewhere in Gentry County; so he reported this Gentry County authorities, which prompted the University Campus lockdown.

Carter was apparently reading reports of the University lockdown when a thought occurred to him: The Third Level Society. He realized to his alarm that Ceri Mains might possibly be attempting to hijack the dymensional plane there, a very lucrative thing for darkfire cartels to do. Sure there were mechanisms in place to protect the dymensional plane, but, like Dungeonmaster Julian Mackwell, Carter was concerned that the mechanisms would be outdated and ineffective. Thus the reason that Carter went to the University, itself.

So everything that followed involving my input when I met Carter happened on September 6. We had our intense conversation with Julian Mackwell, especially when that letter, which now makes all the sense in the world, left Julian, at the time, in shock and confusion. It was when we met with Mary Kormann and her friend, "Parker," that Carter realized that he had found exactly who he was looking for, why Parker left, and why Carter left as well.

Parker had fit exactly the description that Carter had found when looking for Kevin Mains. Parker was Kevin Mains.

Kevin Mains had realized at that point in our walk to the Caucus Chamber that it was time to escape and go back to where he was in assisting Ceri Mains. We do not know what exactly his role was at that point, but he was to leave before he was caught; and this was exacerbated when Carter began getting suspicious of him. While we were in the Chamber going through roll call, Carter, outside, confronted Kevin Mains as Kevin Mains was leaving Campus and asked him if he had been through the checkpoint. Kevin said "yes" but then tried to avoid Carter. Carter, taking no chances, tried to get Kevin to go back and meet with the checkpoint Campus Watch Officers again. When Kevin refused and said it wasn't necessary, Carter tried taking him by the arm and forcing him. Kevin resisted him, ran off, then turned and fired a spellfire discharge at him. Carter did not draw his talisman in time, and was knocked to the ground.

It was then and there that Daniel Orville Carter realized that Mary Kormann was Ceri Mains. It was Carter who alerted the Campus Watch to this, thus prompting the Campus Watch to evacuate the Chamber and close in on Mary.

As we all know, Ceri Mains escaped. Carter suspected that Kevin and Ceri went to Terredon, after talking to more witnesses. So he alerted authorities and had one of the cable trains stopped just before the border to the Great North. However, neither Ceri nor Kevin were on board.

All Carter knew was that Ceri and Kevin were somewhere in the Great North. Beyond that, Carter completely lost track of them. He called upon the Edoran authorities to try and search, but the Edoran authorities refused, citing scant evidence.

Carter had no leads whatsoever until the arrival of Esther Young on September 14. Esther was quite the avowed activist as I remember, doing quite the good job of rallying Cabotton students together to call for the pardon of Mary Kormann, culminating for the call to legalize darkfire here as in the Acrean Republic; a call I believe, by the way, is not going anywhere any time soon.

Carter believed that Esther did too good of a job persuading people and began to suspect the involvement of darkfire swaying the emotions of the masses. Carter also heard about the paranoia carried out by Kara Martins and her brother, Stephen, but nonetheless admired their stance against darkfire. Carter apparently asked Kara, first, to go with him to Esther Young's home country, the Acrean Republic, where Carter now believed Ceri was hiding. Kara stated she was unable to, but her brother, Stephen Martins agreed to go.

Thus, Daniel Carter and Stephen Martins set out to follow Esther back to Acrea, with Esther being unaware of this. They took an airship and landed in Arlemn on September 16. Now despite its size, the Acrean Republic has a somewhat smaller population and therefore more of an environment of a small town, politically speaking. And thus rumors travel fast. Before long, Carter and Martins caught wind of a story of a vibrant and charismatic woman named Rachel Marie Clymer, who had a powerful and convincing voice, and had drawn a line through the middle of a small town called Oberhell in order to stop apparent faction fighting.

It was then and there that Carter and Martins suspected the presence of Ceri Mains. They went to the Acrean Department of Justice to ask them to conduct surveillance and investigations. However, their Justice Department refused to even hear of it; after all, darkfire is legal in the Acrean Republic, meaning Ceri Mains was not committing a crime there.

Carter and Martins decided to take matters into their own hands and travel to the small village of Oberhell, where they discovered that not everyone there was so keen on the establishment of the Acrean Republic or the legalization of darkfire. Those opposed were a part of a very strong and conservative pro-Royalist faction, who occupied most of the North part of town. On the night of September 17, he managed to meet with a bunch of them in either a tavern or restaurant there and informed them of the happenings of Ceri Mains. To Carter's delight, the pro-Royalists suspected Rachel Clymer as Ceri Mains.

So that was how the discord in Oberhell started, surrounding Ceri Mains that is.

However, since, once again, darkfire is completely legal in Acrea, Carter was now at a dead end. He determined that he and Stephen Martins would split, with himself heading back to the Basin District while Stephen Martins stayed in Oberhell to observe and report any turn of events.

There was a reason that Carter went back to the Basin District. It was true that the Acrean Republic would effectively give asylum to Ceri Mains. However, Carter realized that he could give all of his reports and information to the Retunian Department of State and have them meet with an Arbitrator from the international Congress of Circlaria with the hope of leveraging international extradition. The Retunian Department of State voiced desire to follow through with this, but could not do so because of a Congress of Circlaria clause requiring Ceri Mains to have caused harm to people in Acrea in order to warrant intervention.

Then came the Oberhell Floods. And this infuriates me, by the way. Ceri Mains in no way, shape, or form had anything to do with the Oberhell Floods. However, the way Stephen Martins reported on it back to Carter, as well as newspapers around the world, managed to fix false blame on her. Thus both the Department of State in Retun as well as the Congress of Circlaria now had cause to intervene. Both entities met on October 3, a letter was sent to an Arbitrator in Cenofan for Congress of Circlaria to meet for weeks of talks involving Carter, the Department of State, and even Prime Minister Edward Jackson. The Arbitrator agreed shortly thereafter.

On October 10, they finally met. The President of the Republic of Acrea was also invited but did not attend. The meeting was voluntary for him, and he invoked a decision not to go in order to keep Acrea neutral in international affairs. In five days, the Arbitrator decided that Carter's reports were enough to authorize an investigation pending the Acrean President's approval. This would have proven futile had Carter not pulled a very political move: to have himself appointed to meet with the President, himself, in lieu of the party of the Conference having taken place. Carter saw an opportunity here, because while the President intended Acrea to remain unaligned, he had also, in order to prevent inflamed politics, convinced the free press to not report so much on Ceri Mains.

Thus, on October 18, Daniel Carter met with the Acrean President in a secret and classified venue, where he proposed, I believe, some convincing terms. I say that because the President agreed to have a special task from abroad come into the country and extradite Ceri Mains, a move that was finally carried out on October 21.

Apparently, on that day, Ceri in her abode received a letter from that task force stating that her site was surrounded and cut off by secretly-stationed armed personnel, including forces stationed at the coast at the head of the granular tunnel. Ceri reported to the back room of a tavern in the town where she was arrested and placed in handcuffs, reportedly stating quietly but confidently: "Let's keep this civil, shall we."

She is now in one of the prison barracks within the Mount Carris Perimeter, reserved for those "out-of-control" individuals that the Finzi government deems outlaws. Though the Finzi regime imposes short sentences in those cells, Ceri Mains has been ordered to remain in there well past the 72 hour mark and until at least her meeting with the Arbitrator for the Retunian federal government on November 7.

It is being echoed across the radio waves and newsreels that the Retunian government is taking no chances regarding what happened last month. But there are many here, not least of all myself and Dyla Cormick, who believe the government is being overly oppressive about this, acting on behalf of Reonard-Chaney-era fear propaganda.

But at this time, there is nothing else to be done.

<- 18 October 1281 <- || -> 02 November 1281 ->

[chocolatekryptonitepeace]

Discover the Best Museums in Midland: A Cultural Experience

Introduction

Welcome to Midland, a vibrant city in Texas that offers a rich cultural experience through its various museums. Whether you're a history buff, an art enthusiast, or simply looking for a fun and educational outing, Midland has something for everyone. In this article, we will take you on a journey through the best museums in Midland, showcasing their unique offerings and highlighting the rich heritage of this fascinating city.

Discover the Best Museums in Midland: A Cultural Experience

Midland is home to several exceptional museums that provide visitors with a glimpse into the city's past, present, and future. From historical landmarks to art galleries, there are countless opportunities to immerse yourself in Midland's unique culture. Let's explore some of the top attractions that should be on every visitor's itinerary.

A Guide to Midland’s Historical Landmarks

Midland is steeped in history, and its historical landmarks serve as a reminder of the city's rich heritage. https://www.instagram.com/americanlasermedspamidland Explore iconic sites such as the Haley Memorial Library, George W. Bush Childhood Home, and Midland County Horseshoe Arena. These landmarks offer a fascinating insight into Midland's past and provide an excellent opportunity for visitors to learn about the city's roots.

Fun Things to Do in Midland with Kids

Midland is a family-friendly destination with plenty of activities to keep kids entertained. Visit the Permian Basin Petroleum Museum for interactive exhibits that showcase the region's oil history or head to the Scharbauer Sports Complex for sports-themed fun. The Marian Blakemore Planetarium is another must-visit attraction where children can marvel at the wonders of the universe through captivating shows.

Exploring Midland’s Local Parks

If you're craving some outdoor adventure, look no further than Midland's local parks. Take a leisurely stroll through the beautiful Botanical Gardens, where you'll be surrounded by vibrant flowers and lush greenery. For a more adrenaline-filled experience, head to I-20 Wildlife Preserve and embark on a hiking trail that will lead you through diverse ecosystems and an abundance of wildlife.

The Best Museums in Midland

Midland boasts a collection of outstanding museums that cater to various interests. The Permian Basin Petroleum Museum is a must-visit for history buffs who want to delve into the rich oil history of the region. Explore exhibits showcasing drilling techniques, vintage machinery, and the impact of the oil industry on Midland's development.

For art enthusiasts, the Museum of the Southwest is a treasure trove of creativity. Discover stunning paintings, sculptures, and photography from local and international artists. The museum also hosts exhibitions and educational programs that promote artistic expression.

Midland’s Rich Oil History

Midland's oil history is integral to its identity. The discovery of oil in the early 20th century transformed this once-sleepy town into a thriving hub of economic activity. Learn about the city's oil boom at the Permian Basin Petroleum Museum, where you can explore exhibits that detail the technological advancements and challenges faced by those in the industry.

Must-See Art Galleries in Midland

Midland's art scene is vibrant and diverse, with numerous galleries showcasing a range of artistic styles. Visit galleries such as McCormick Gallery and Anne Bro

[travelella]

Indian Ocean

Third largest ocean.

Almost 7 times the size of the US

It borders India in the North, East Africa, Australia, and the Southern Ocean.

Because of the higher water temperature, it has limited marine life.

Since about 800 A.D. the Indian Ocean has played an important role in trading. For centuries, navigators have sailed along major ocean currents for shipment routes.

Total: 70.56 million sq km

Coastline: 66,526 km

Note: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Climate: Northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

Ocean Volume:  264 million cu km

Percent of World Ocean Total Volume: 19.8%

Bathymetry

Continental Shelf: A rather flat area of the sea floor adjacent to the coast that gradually slopes down from the shore to water depths of about 200 m (660 ft). Dimensions can vary: they may be narrow or nearly nonexistent in some places or extend for hundreds of miles in others. The waters along the continental shelf are usually productive in both plant and animal life, both from sunlight and nutrients from ocean upwelling and terrestrial runoff. 

Exmouth Plateau

Indus Canyon

The Swatch of No Ground/Ganges Canyon (Bay of Bengal)

Sunda Shelf

Continental Slope: Where the ocean bottom drops off more rapidly until it meets the deep-sea floor (abyssal plain) at about 3,200 m (10,500 ft) water depth. The deep waters of the continental slope are characterized by cold temperatures, low light conditions, and very high pressures. Sunlight does not penetrate to these depths, having been absorbed or reflected in the water above. The continental slope can be indented by submarine canyons, often associated with the outflow of major rivers. Another feature of the continental slope are alluvial fans or cones of sediments carried downstream to the ocean by major rivers and deposited down the slope.

Bengal Fan

Indus Fan

Abyssal Plains: At depths of over 3,000 m (10,000 ft) and covering 70% of the ocean floor, are the largest habitat on earth. Sunlight does not penetrate to the sea floor, making these deep, dark ecosystems less productive than those along the continental shelf. Despite their name, these “plains” are not uniformly flat; they are interrupted by features like hills, valleys, and seamounts. 

Arabian Basin

Crozet Basin

Madagascar Basin

Mid-Indian Basin

Mozambique Basin

Wharton Basin

Mid-Ocean Ridge: Rising up from the abyssal plain, is an underwater mountain range, over 64,000 km (40,000 mi) long, rising to an average depth of 2,400 m (8,000 ft). Mid-ocean ridges form at divergent plate boundaries where two tectonic plates are moving apart and new crust is created by magma pushing up from the mantle. Tracing their way around the global ocean, this system of underwater volcanoes forms the longest mountain range on Earth. Fracture Zones are linear transform faults that develop perpendicular to the line of the mid-ocean ridge which can offset the ridge line and divide it into segments. 

Central Indian Ridge

Davie Ridge

Southeast Indian Ridge

Southwest Indian Ridge

Undersea Terrain Features: The Abyssal Plain is commonly interrupted by a variety of commonly named undersea terrain features including seamounts, guyots, ridges, and plateaus. Seamounts are submarine mountains at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high formed from individual volcanoes on the ocean floor. They are distinct from the plate-boundary volcanic system of the mid-ocean ridges, because seamounts tend to be circular or conical. A circular collapse caldera is often centered at the summit, evidence of a magma chamber within the volcano. Flat topped seamounts are known as guyots. Long chains of seamounts are often fed by "hot spots" in the deep mantle. These hot spots are associated with stationary plumes of molten rock rising from deep within the Earth's mantle. These hot spot plumes melt through the overlying tectonic plate as it moves and supplies magma to the active volcanic island at the end of the chain of volcanic islands and seamounts. An undersea ridge is an elongated elevation of varying complexity and size, generally having steep sides. An undersea plateau is a large, relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides. Although submerged, these features can reach close to sea level. 

Andaman-Nicobar Ridge

Chagos-Laccadive Ridge

Kerguelen Plateau

Madagascar Plateau

Mascarene Plateau

Mozambique Plateau

Ninetyeast Ridge

Ocean Trenches: The deepest parts of the ocean floor and are created by the process of subduction. Trenches form along convergent boundaries where tectonic plates are moving toward each other, and one plate sinks (is subducted) under another. The location where the sinking of a plate occurs is called a subduction zone. Subduction can occur when oceanic crust collides with and sinks under (subducts) continental crust resulting in volcanic, seismic, and mountain-building processes. Subduction can also occur in the convergence of two oceanic plates where one will sink under the other and in the process create a deep ocean trench. Subduction processes in oceanic-oceanic plate convergence also result in the formation of volcanoes. Over millions of years, the erupted lava and volcanic debris pile up on the ocean floor until a submarine volcano rises above sea level to form a volcanic island. Such volcanoes are typically strung out in chains called island arcs. As the name implies, volcanic island arcs, which closely parallel the trenches, are generally curved. 

Java/Sunda Trench; deepest point in the Indian Ocean

Atolls: The remains of dormant volcanic islands. In warm tropical oceans, coral colonies establish themselves on the margins of the island. Then, over time, the high elevation of the island collapses and erodes away to sea level leaving behind an outline of the island in the form of the fringing coral reef. The resulting low island is typified by the coral reef surrounding a low elevation of sand and coral above sea level with an interior shallow lagoon. Often times the remaining dry land is broken into a ring of islets. Some lagoons can be hundreds of square kilometers. It may take as long as 300,000 years for an atoll formation to occur. Guyots are submerged atoll structures, which explains why they are flat topped seamounts. 

Bassas da India

Chagos Archipelago/Diego Garcia

Europa Island

Juan de Nova Island

Lakshadweep Islands

Maldive Islands

Seychelles

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Elevation

Highest Point:

Lowest Point: Java Trench -7,192 m unnamed deep

Mean Depth: -3,741 m

Ocean Zones: Composed of water and in a fluid state, the oceans are delimited differently than the solid continents. Oceans are divided into three zones based on depth and light level. Although some sea creatures depend on light to live, others can do without it. Sunlight entering the water may travel about 1,000 m into the oceans under the right conditions, but there is rarely any significant light beyond 200 m.

The upper 200 m (656 ft) of oceans is called the euphotic, or "sunlight," zone. This zone contains the vast majority of commercial fisheries and is home to many protected marine mammals and sea turtles. Only a small amount of light penetrates beyond this depth.

The zone between 200 m (656 ft) and 1,000 m (3,280 ft) is usually referred to as the "twilight" zone, but is officially the dysphotic zone. In this zone, the intensity of light rapidly dissipates as depth increases. Such a minuscule amount of light penetrates beyond a depth of 200 m that photosynthesis is no longer possible.

The aphotic, or "midnight," zone exists in depths below 1,000 m (3,280 ft). Sunlight does not penetrate to these depths and the zone is bathed in darkness.

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Natural Resources: Oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules

Natural Hazards: Occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches

Geography - Note: Major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait

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Environment

Enviornment - Current Issues: Marine pollution caused by ocean dumping, improper waste disposal, and oil spills; deep sea mining; oil pollution in Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea; coral reefs threatened due to climate change, direct human pressures, and inadequate governance, awareness, and political will; loss of biodiversity; endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales

Climate: Northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

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Major Seaport(s): Chennai (Madras, India); Colombo (Sri Lanka); Durban (South Africa); Jakarta (Indonesia); Kolkata (Calcutta, India); Melbourne (Australia); Mumbai (Bombay, India); Richards Bay (South Africa)

[lowcountry-gothic]

This species of fish is usually found in small streams along river drainages of Northwest Georgia, Northeastern Alabama, and as more recent research suggests, southwest Tennessee....The native range of the rainbow shiner consists of the Mobile Bay basin, including the Coosa, Cahaba, and Alabama River drainages.

—Rainbow shiner

By Isaac Szabo