#Solid Laminar Air Flow

[amrfeo]

Understanding Skin Friction: Key Concepts and Applications

Skin friction is a critical factor in various engineering and scientific fields, impacting everything from structural stability to the efficiency of fluid dynamics. In this blog, we’ll delve into what skin friction is, how it affects different processes, and why it matters in practical applications. We’ll also highlight how Amrfeo’s expertise can help address challenges related to skin friction.

What is Skin Friction?

Skin friction, also known as wall shear stress, refers to the frictional force exerted by a fluid on the surface of a solid boundary. It occurs due to the viscous properties of the fluid, which create a drag force as the fluid flows over the surface. Skin friction is a crucial consideration in fields such as fluid mechanics, civil engineering, and structural analysis.

Factors Affecting Skin Friction

Several factors influence skin friction, including:

1. Fluid Properties

The viscosity of the fluid significantly affects skin friction. Higher viscosity fluids, such as oil or syrup, exhibit greater resistance to flow and, consequently, higher skin friction compared to lower viscosity fluids like water or air.

2. Surface Roughness

The texture of the surface in contact with the fluid also plays a vital role. Rough surfaces increase skin friction because they create more turbulence and drag. Conversely, smooth surfaces reduce skin friction by allowing the fluid to flow more smoothly.

3. Flow Velocity

The speed at which the fluid flows over the surface impacts skin friction. In general, higher flow velocities increase the skin friction force due to the greater interaction between the fluid and the surface.

4. Boundary Layer Characteristics

The behavior of the boundary layer, which is the thin layer of fluid adjacent to the surface, affects skin friction. A turbulent boundary layer typically results in higher skin friction compared to a laminar boundary layer.

Applications of Skin Friction

Understanding and managing skin friction is essential in various applications:

1. Aerospace Engineering

In aerospace engineering, skin friction affects the performance and efficiency of aircraft and spacecraft. Engineers must account for skin friction to design aerodynamic surfaces that minimize drag and improve fuel efficiency.

2. Civil Engineering

In civil engineering, skin friction is crucial in the design of piles and foundations. Accurate estimation of skin friction helps ensure that structures remain stable and can support the loads applied to them.

3. Automotive Industry

For automotive designers, managing skin friction is key to improving vehicle performance and fuel efficiency. Streamlined vehicle designs that reduce skin friction contribute to better aerodynamics and lower fuel consumption.

4. Oil and Gas Industry

In the oil and gas industry, skin friction plays a role in the design and operation of pipelines and drilling equipment. Understanding skin friction helps optimize fluid transport and reduce energy consumption.

Measuring and Reducing Skin Friction

1. Measurement Techniques

Skin friction can be measured using various techniques, including:

Direct Measurement: Using sensors or devices attached to surfaces to record frictional forces.

Indirect Measurement: Calculating skin friction based on fluid flow characteristics and empirical formulas.

2. Reducing Skin Friction

To minimize skin friction, several strategies can be employed:

Surface Smoothing: Polishing or coating surfaces to reduce roughness and turbulence.

Flow Management: Designing systems to control flow velocity and boundary layer behavior.

Using Lubricants: Applying lubricants to reduce fluid viscosity and lower frictional forces.

Conclusion

Skin friction is a fundamental concept with significant implications across various industries. Understanding its effects and how to manage it can lead to improvements in efficiency, performance, and safety. Amrfeo is dedicated to providing expertise and solutions related to skin friction. Whether you are involved in aerospace, civil engineering, automotive design, or the oil and gas industry, Amrfeo’s knowledge and experience can help you address skin friction challenges effectively. Trust Amrfeo for innovative solutions and comprehensive support in managing skin friction and optimizing your projects.

[clean-air-india]

Best Laminar Airflow Manufacturers in Chennai, India

Laminar airflow systems play a pivotal role in maintaining sterile and controlled environments across various industries. From hospitals and laboratories to manufacturing units, the need for quality airflow is undeniable. In this article, we'll delve into the world of laminar airflow and explore the best manufacturers in Chennai, India.

Introduction

Imagine a space where the air moves with precision, ensuring a clean and controlled environment. This is the essence of laminar airflow. In industries where air quality is paramount, such as medical facilities and laboratories, laminar airflow systems have become indispensable. Let's embark on a journey to discover the best laminar airflow manufacturers in Chennai, India.

What is Laminar Airflow?

Laminar airflow refers to the controlled, uniform flow of air in a single direction, minimizing the presence of airborne contaminants. This system is designed to provide a particle-free environment, crucial for activities like medical surgeries, research, and manufacturing processes.

Applications of Laminar Airflow

Medical Facilities

Hospitals and clinics leverage laminar airflow to maintain sterile operating rooms, reducing the risk of infections during surgeries.

Laboratories

Research laboratories benefit from laminar airflow to protect sensitive experiments and ensure the integrity of results.

Manufacturing Environments

Industries producing electronics or pharmaceuticals rely on laminar airflow to safeguard the quality of their products during production.

Significance in Chennai, India

Chennai, with its tropical climate, poses unique challenges for industries requiring controlled environments. Laminar airflow becomes particularly crucial in sectors such as pharmaceuticals and electronics manufacturing, where maintaining specific temperature and air quality is imperative.

Key Features to Look for in Laminar Airflow Systems

When considering laminar airflow systems, certain features should not be overlooked.

Air Cleanliness Standards

Ensure the system complies with industry standards for air cleanliness, such as ISO classifications.

Energy Efficiency

Opt for systems that balance effective airflow with energy efficiency, reducing operational costs.

Maintenance Requirements

Choose systems with manageable maintenance needs, ensuring consistent performance over time.

Top Considerations When Choosing a Manufacturer

Reputation and Experience

Look for manufacturers with a solid reputation and extensive experience in producing laminar airflow systems.

Compliance with Industry Standards

Verify that the manufacturer adheres to industry standards and regulations for air quality control.

Customer Reviews and Testimonials

Explore customer feedback to gauge satisfaction levels and the real-world performance of the systems.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the choice of a laminar airflow system and its manufacturer significantly impacts the quality of controlled environments. Chennai, with its diverse industries, requires reliable solutions, and the highlighted manufacturers stand out in delivering excellence. As technology evolves, the future promises even more advanced and sustainable laminar airflow solutions.

[aryanengineers]

Elevating Industrial Processes with Trusted Equipment from Aryan Engineers

In the ever-evolving landscape of industrial manufacturing, the selection of reliable equipment plays a pivotal role in achieving operational excellence. Aryan Engineers, a renowned name in the industry, specializes in providing high-quality solutions for liquid manufacturing plants, laminar air flow systems, bag filters, and cartridge filter housings.

Empowering Operations with Liquid Manufacturing Plants

Liquid manufacturing plants form the backbone of various industries, facilitating the production of liquids across diverse sectors. Aryan Engineers, as a distinguished liquid manufacturing plant manufacturer, offers advanced solutions designed to optimize production processes. The precision and reliability of Aryan Engineers liquid manufacturing plants ensure seamless operations, meeting the stringent demands of modern industrial processes.

Ensuring Clean and Controlled Environments with Laminar Air Flow Systems

In industries such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and electronics manufacturing, maintaining sterile and particle-free workspaces is paramount. Laminar air flow systems are instrumental in upholding cleanliness standards, contributing to product integrity and employee safety. Aryan Engineers, recognized for its expertise in laminar air flow manufacturers, stands as a reliable partner for businesses seeking to ensure clean and controlled environments within their facilities.

Enhancing Process Efficiency with Bag Filters and Cartridge Filter Housings

Solid-liquid separation is a critical aspect of many industrial processes, and bag filters along with cartridge filter housings play a vital role in achieving this separation efficiently. Aryan Engineers, a trusted bag filter manufacturer in India and cartridge filter housing supplier in India, offers cutting-edge solutions designed to meet the diverse filtration needs of industries. The precision engineering and robust construction of Aryan Engineers filtration equipment contribute significantly to enhancing process efficiency and ensuring product quality.

[kdmglobal]

KDM Global is renowned as a leading manufacturer and retailer of this excellent assortment of laboratory autoclaves, glass distillation, laminar air flow, ice lined refrigerators, tray dryers, hospital autoclaves &sterilisers, hot air ovens, biosafety cabinets, electric tray dryers, laboratory hot air ovens, drying ovens, laboratory refrigerators, stability chambers, and other related products.

Bomb Calorimeter Applications

bomb thermometer a device that is mostly used to measure combustion temperatures. The reaction occurs in a sealed area known as the calorimeter proper, in constant thermal contact with its surroundings (the jacket).

A highly active test tool known as a digital bomb calorimeter is frequently used to calculate the amount of heat produced during the combustion of test samples that are both solid and liquid. Due to its small size, superior precision, and low power usage, it is highly sought after. This device's digital display provides output in legible form. A supply capacity of 20 pieces per month is available to our customers for the offered Digital Bomb Calorimeter.

SALIENT COMPONENTS:

Manual Calculation & Measurement

Temperature Accuracy 0.1 degrees Celsius Starting Temperature Increase & Fall 3 Digital LED Display

Note: Due to ongoing development, appearance and specifications are subject to change.

For more  details contact us:

Website: https://kdmglobal.business.site

Email : saleskdmglobal@gmail.com

Website : https://sites.google.com/view/kdmglobal/home

Contact :8218470498

[usafphantom2]

Ronnie Bell Following

Prototype Douglas A/B-26 Invader

The A-26 Invader originally began as a private venture on the part of the Douglas plant at El Segundo, California. The Douglas XA-26 was designed as an improved and updated successor to the Douglas A-20 Havoc.

The aircraft was based on the common light attack/medium bomber configuration: twin-engine, shoulder-mounted wings and tricycle landing gear.

It was one of very few aircraft to be entirely conceived, designed, developed, produced in quantity and used in large numbers, all during World War II. The whole programme was terminated after VJ-Day and anyone might have judged the aircraft finished. With new jets under development, Douglas made no effort to retain any design team on Invader development, neither did the Army Air Force show any interest. Yet this aircraft proved to be of vital importance in the Korean War and again in Vietnam and, by 1963, was urgently being remanufactured for arduous front-line service. Many remain in combat units 30 years after they were first delivered, a record no other kind of aircraft can equal.

The design was prepared by Ed Heinemann at El Segundo as a natural successor to the DB-7 family, using the powerful new R-2800 engine. The Army Air Corps ordered three prototypes in May 1941, one with 75 mm gun, one with four 20 mm forward-firing cannon and four 0.5 in guns in an upper turret, with radar nose, and the third as an attack bomber with optical sighting station in the nose and two defensive turrets. In the event it was the bomber that was bought first, designated A-26B. Much faster than other tactical bombers with the exception of the Mosquito, it was 700 lb lighter than estimate, and capable of carrying twice the specified bomb load. It was the first bomber to use a NACA laminar-flow airfoil, double-slotted flaps and remote-control turrets.

The A-26 was an unusual design for an attack bomber of the early 1940s period, as it was designed as a single-pilot aircraft (sharing this characteristic with the RAF's de Havilland Mosquito, among others). The aircraft was designed by Edward Heinemann, Robert Donovan and Ted R. Smith.

Three prototypes were built. The XA-26 (serial number 41-19504) was first to be completed, and resembled the A-26C, with a Plexiglas bombardier's nose. It was armed with the remote control upper and lower turrets and was used for most of the early flight tests of the Invader.

The second prototype, the XA-26A (serial number 41-19505) was for the night-fighter version of the Invader. Douglas line drawing show it with a four gun mid-upper turret, but it was built with four 20mm cannons carried in a ventral tray below the bomb bay, a longer radar carrying nose, two crewmen and no turrets. The XA-26A was abandoned when tests showed that it was no better than the Northrop XP-61 Black Widow, which had been undergoing flight tests for two months by the time the XA-26 made its maiden flight.

The third prototype, the XA-26B (serial number 41-19588) was added to the program just after the first two, carried a crew of three and was armed with a solid nose that could carry a wide number of different guns, from .50in machine guns up to a massive 75mm cannon. The XA-26B was the only aircraft to carry the 75mm gun, on the right side of the nose and protected by a retractable cover. The same 75mm gun was installed on the B-25 Mitchell, and proved to be disappointing in service, partly because of its slow rate of fire and partly because suitable targets were often rare.

The Douglas XA-26 prototype (41-19504) first flew on 10 July 1942 at Mines Field, El Segundo, with test pilot Benny Howard at the controls. Flight tests revealed excellent performance and handling, but there were problems with engine cooling which led to cowling changes and omission of the propeller spinners on production aircraft, plus modification of the nose landing gear after repeated collapses during testing.

The A-26 was originally built in two different configurations. The A-26B had a "solid" nose, which normally housed six (or later eight) .50 caliber machine guns, officially termed the "all-purpose nose", later commonly known as the "six-gun nose" or "eight-gun nose". The A-26C's "glass" nose, officially termed the "Bombardier nose", contained a Norden bombsight for medium altitude precision bombing. The A-26C nose section included two fixed M-2 guns, later replaced by underwing gun packs or internal guns in the wings.

After about 1,570 production aircraft, three guns were installed in each wing, coinciding with the introduction of the "eight-gun nose" for A-26Bs, giving some configurations as many as 14 .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in a fixed forward mount. An A-26C nose section could be exchanged for an A-26B nose section, or vice versa, in a few man-hours, thus physically (and officially) changing the designation and operational role. The "flat-topped" canopy was changed in late 1944 after about 820 production aircraft, to a clamshell style with greatly improved visibility.

Alongside the pilot in an A-26B, a crew member typically served as navigator and gun loader for the pilot-operated nose guns. In an A-26C, that crew member served as navigator and bombardier, and relocated to the nose section for the bombing phase of an operation. A small number of A-26Cs were fitted with dual flight controls, some parts of which could be disabled in flight to allow limited access to the nose section. A tractor-style "jump seat" was located behind the "navigator's seat." In most missions, a third crew member in the rear gunner's compartment operated the remotely-controlled dorsal and ventral gun turrets, with access to and from the cockpit only possible via the bomb bay when that was empty.

Via Flickr

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Understanding how fluids heat or cool surfaces

Textbook formulas for describing heat flow characteristics, crucial in many industries, are oversimplified, study shows.

Whether it's water flowing across a condenser plate in an industrial plant, or air whooshing through heating and cooling ducts, the flow of fluid across flat surfaces is a phenomenon at the heart of many of the processes of modern life. Yet, aspects of this process have been poorly understood, and some have been taught incorrectly to generations of engineering students, a new analysis shows.

The study examined several decades of published research and analysis on fluid flows. It found that, while most undergraduate textbooks and classroom instruction in heat transfer describe such flow as having two different zones separated by an abrupt transition, in fact there are three distinct zones. A lengthy transitional zone is just as significant as the first and final zones, the researchers say.

The discrepancy has to do with the shift between two different ways that fluids can flow. When water or air starts to flow along a flat, solid sheet, a thin boundary layer forms. Within this layer, the part closest to the surface barely moves at all because of friction, the part just above that flows a little faster, and so on, until a point where it is moving at the full speed of the original flow. This steady, gradual increase in speed across a thin boundary layer is called laminar flow. But further downsteam, the flow changes, breaking up into the chaotic whirls and eddies known as turbulent flow.

The properties of this boundary layer determine how well the fluid can transfer heat, which is key to many cooling processes such as for high-performance computers, desalination plants, or power plant condensers.

Students have been taught to calculate the characteristics of such flows as if there was a sudden change from laminar flow to turbulent flow. But John Lienhard, the Abdul Lateef Jameel Professor of Water and of mechanical engineering at MIT, made a careful analysis of published experimental data and found that this picture ignores an important part of the process. The findings were just published in the Journal of Heat Transfer.

Read more.

[lightkrets312]

Sometimes I get mad about physics cause there's solids that act like liquids, liquids that look like solids, and gasses that look like liquids.

Like, tell me that a stream of water in laminar flow doesn't just look like it should be solid. Tell me smoke that's denser than air doesn't look like it should be a liquid with how it flows. Tell me oobleck isn't a special sort of bullshit.

Reality is dumb and vision is a lie. Fuck physics, lemme hold a smooth chunk of water.

[wisdomrays]

TAFAKKUR: Part 76

Understanding The Order in Nature in a More Analytical Way

This article can be considered as a brief survey of the order in nature carried out through understanding the world around us. The beauty and esthetics that we all see around us are obvious proof of the art inserted in nature. Less obvious may be the extreme complexity in the magnificent order, which may be outlined using the principles of mathematics and engineering. Our attempt will be to demonstrate this beauty and order imbued in nature by the Creator.

The role of mathematics in understanding nature

Mathematics is a discipline of thought. It helps to develop our way of thinking and is an exercise in improving our intelligence. Mathematics can be considered as another kind of language, a language very different from that of a spoken language. When it is hard to convey our thoughts in terms of words, or our words become insufficient to express our thoughts, mathematics may be used as an alternative. On some occasions, expressing ideas via mathematics might be more concise, much clearer and more understandable. Although mathematics is considered to be a separate branch of science, in fact it is related to all branches of science. Nowadays, even in biological and social sciences, extensive studies are being conducted using mathematics.

Engineering was one of the earliest application fields of mathematics. It has strong links with mathematics as well as physics. Many engineering problems can be considered as an application of mathematics and hence applied mathematicians and engineers share common research areas. Engineers try to improve the quality of life by designing new products and in the design process, geometry and mathematics play a vital role.

Since the first day of existence on the world, mankind has tried to understand and formulate the surroundings and events that take place around them. They have investigated the world and the cosmos and accumulated knowledge. Each question that was answered yielded more questions to be answered and the more the knowledge that was acquired the better the extent of our ignorance about the universe was understood.

The universe has been established in a very complex orderly manner. The magnificent order observed cannot be expressed well in words, but may also be expressed using mathematics. A person who develops their knowledge of mathematics can understand more about this supreme order. For example, the universal gravitational law, which describes the movement of planets, can best be understood through mathematical equations, while the solutions of the equations yield the well-known elliptic paths. The concept of infinity that is attributed to the Creator can be realized through the concept of infinity that is frequently used in mathematics. So mathematics is an essential tool in developing our understanding of the nature and universe. It is essential also in applying the principles of physical laws in nature to improve our quality of life. The design of an airplane requires extensive mathematical calculations and applications of physical laws.

Finally, it should be noted that mathematics also has its limits, as it is something that has been developed by human beings and may not be sufficient to express the total order and all physical laws. Chaotic motion, a very complex order, was developed recently to understand some phenomena that do not obey the rules of deterministic motion. A daily example of such motion would be atmospheric motion. With even super computers and satellite technology, the path of the hurricane Katrina could not be predicted precisely due to its largely chaotic behavior and these errors cost thousands of lives.

Basic engineering principles and their applications in nature

First, let’s briefly describe some of the fundamental engineering courses and their aims. Dynamics is the science of motion. It models motion, describing the relation among displacement, velocity and acceleration. The specific type of motion and its causes, such as forces, movements, impulses etc. are examined. Dynamics deal with solid bodies while fluid mechanics basically deals with liquids and gases.. In the context of fluid mechanics the rest states of fluids as well as their motions are investigated. The strength of materials deals basically with the design of structures and mechanical parts to loading conditions. Under a given loading condition, what would be the best design for withstanding the loads while using the minimum amount of material? Materials science deals basically with the mechanical properties of various materials and the causes (microstructure etc.) of those properties. Proper selection of the materials to perform the required task is another important issue.

Living organisms can also be considered as some sort of design, but of course they are different from man-made designs. Living organisms, whether they are plants, animals or human beings, are designed to perform a specific predetermined task. The organism has to move, find food, safely operate and resist the forces that act on it throughout its life, and it must reproduce. Therefore, organisms have to be designed (or more precisely created) according to the principles of engineering. The development of technology drew attention to creatures and the underlying engineering principles in their structures. Extensive research on living creatures revealed a clear conclusion: Designs applied in nature are much more sophisticated then the ones humans come up with.

Bernoulli’s principle is a fundamental principle in fluid mechanics. Basically, the principle states that when the velocity of fluid increases the pressure drops and visa versa. The lift force generated in the wing of a plane is explained with this principle. Air separates in front of the wing and reattaches at the back. When the upper surface of the wing is slightly curved and the bottom flatter, the air particles in the upper part travel a further distance at a higher velocity and meet the particles traveling under the wing at the back. The relatively higher velocity on top causes a pressure difference in the lift direction and this lift force balances the weight of the plane. Many applications of Bernoulli’s principle can be found in living organisms. A fish moving in water is a good example. In particular, fish that swim at great speeds, like the tuna, have distinctive body shapes: The mouth of the fish is at the front where the fluid comes to rest and the pressure is very high, making the fluid intake of oxygen easier. The heart is located at the minimum pressure point to make it easier for it to beat. The eyes are located on a precise saddle point, a place which is not affected by velocity changes. Since the pressure is constant for all ranges of velocities, vision is not distorted by movement. Another example is the human body. When one breathes in the fluid velocity in the nose increases and pressure drops. The outer pressure is higher than the inner pressure and the walls tend to collapse. If bones were found at the tip of the nose, they might easily break when excessive force was present. We need some other material to sustain the shape yet be elastic enough not to break down. Cartilage is the best choice in this case, as it has both strength and elasticity. Our ears are also made from the same material. If bones were used instead of cartilage in our ears, resting our head on one side would be painful or even cause damage to the ears.

Insect flight is another important issue and has attracted considerable research recently. Fluid scientists now realize that insect flight is much more developed than our flight techniques. Turbulence is the main issue. In turbulent flow, the fluids move in erratic paths colliding with each other, forming eddies and irregularities. This is a dangerous state, especially for planes, and increases the friction forces between fluid and structure. Therefore the maintenance of a regular flow (laminar flow) over the wings is advantageous. However, all insects benefit from turbulence and some portion of their lift is gained from eddies that are formed over their wings. Mechanical insect robots are built to understand insect flight. Insects have movable elastic wings, but aircraft only have immovable rigid wings. Movable elastic wings would certainly improve the flight of planes and their maneuverability, but extensive research has to be done before these designs can be safely implemented.

The bumps on the fins and heads of some whales are not accidents of nature. They were given to them by the Creator for some very special purposes. They decrease the friction (drag) force by 10% and increase the lift by 5%.1 When some have the effect of decreasing drag, they can also decrease lift and visa versa. This effect of both decreasing drag and increasing lift, which can be observed in whales, is very uncommon in fluid mechanics.

Streamlining is a very important issue for an object that moves in a fluid. Fluid particles move around an object that follows a path. Roughly speaking these paths are streamlines (in a steady motion) and it is a general rule that abrupt distortion of these streamlines should be avoided. Smooth changes in the streamline help to reduce the friction force between the object and fluid. All organisms, particularly those that move at greater speeds, have been created in accordance to streamlining principles. In these you can find many species of birds and fish, such as dolphins, sharks, whales etc. The friction reduction caused by the shape of a dolphin is still a controversial issue in science and the underlying mechanism has not yet been well understood.

An example of the strength of natural materials can now be given. Our bones are optimum structures, combining strength with lightness. In modern buildings, 60-70% of the buildings consist of the skeletons, which carry the loads and moments. In our body, our skeleton is only 1/7th of our body weight. Bones have inspired a new generation of lightweight structures. For instance, a bridge inspired by the backbone was recently designed.2 When a longitudinal cross-section is taken from a femur, some curved lines are observed. Recent numerical simulations revealed that these lines are to be found in one exact place and their configuration increases the strength of the bone. Our backbone and the muscles around it withstand very high loads, equivalent to 7,000 Newtons or approximately 700 kilograms of weight.3 The bones of mammals are hollow inside to increase strength. The inner to outer ratio of the radii is at the optimum range, between 0.4 and 0.7.4

Hardness is another important issue in some applications. Seashells are the leaders in this issue. Their microstructures are being investigated under electron microscopes to invent new materials with extreme hardness properties. Micro-cracks inside a material grow over time, finally leading to failure. This is a major problem in turbine blades and this phenomenon is responsible for some plane crashes. In seashells, micro-crack inhibiting mechanisms are inserted to prevent crack growth. Inspired by spider silk and the microstructure of bird feathers, a new generation of bullet-proof waistcoats has been developed.

Owls are very silent flyers; they need to be so in order to approach rodents as rodent ears are highly sensitive to sound. Recent investigations have shown that the special geometry of their wings results in this silent flight. Their feathers are placed to form fringes on their wings. The technology might be mimicked to reduce the noise generated in planes.5

A recent engineering discipline is robotics. There are industrial robots, which are designed to perform some very special tasks. But there are also robots inspired by living organisms. A new robot is designed to mimic caterpillar motion so that it can be stable enough in a hazardous region, pass through small gaps and detect humans who are alive under debris.6 By mimicking the motion and body of a scorpion, a military robot was designed with a camera and sensors to safely operate in a battle region.7 Of course there are human-like robots that are designed to mimic our motion and activities. The developments in robotics teach us a very important lesson: All animals are much more sophisticated in their locomotion, actions, and behavior and it is extremely hard to mimic those. A robot that can move freely like a cat and climb a tree yet maintain its balance has not yet been produced. Our robots are very slow in motion, and their stability in movement is an important technological issue that requires extensive sensors and control designs.

Newly developing engineering branches

As mentioned above, one of the newly developing branches of engineering is robotics. Day by day, better robots are being designed and those designs try to better mimic animals and humans. Some 50 years ago, a human walking might be considered a simple issue, but now we know that comfort in walking and excellent balance in such movement are very complex issues.3 Each new design in robotics adds to our knowledge of understanding animal locomotion and behavior and how miraculous their designs are. Some people think that robots may take control of the world in the future. Yet this is simply not possible: If humans are to design them, there is no way that such machines can be superior to the designers.

Other promising new fields are the MEMS (Micro-electrical machinery systems) and nano-technology. These are design attempts on extremely small scales which actually mimic some micro biological systems and micro-physics. A vertebrate consists of an enormous number of cells, while the chemical and physical events that take place inside the cells and their establishment as a system are crucial parts of staying alive. It is extremely hard to design at the micro and nano scale and it is likely that research in this field will reveal more about understanding the art of God.

[particlecountersg]

How Does a Particle Counter Work?

A device that is used to monitor and measure particles of any substance in a given volume of specific media such as water, air, and other chemicals is called a particle counter. This device is designed to play an essential role in classifying and diagnosing the source of contaminants in cleanroom operations.

Numerous industries, such as pharmaceuticals and industrial technologies, use particle counters to maintain clean manufacturing practices. They also use the device to improve air quality and increase their final yields.

Particle counters are commonly used to test the air for filter leaks and efficiency, spot check real-time cleanliness during operation, create a standardized testing routine for long-term monitoring and data logging, and root out contamination. They are useful in monitoring indoor air quality and ensuring the safety of workspaces.

How does a particle counter work? Essentially, particle counters are divided into aerosol, liquid, and solid particle counters. Each one of them has different functions.

Aerosol particle counters - used for maintaining clean rooms and detecting cleanliness levels in a closed environment. They count the number and size of particles in the air. They also determine the air quality in a closed space. Aerosol particle counters have two types: optical and condensation particle counters.

Optical particle counters - block out the light source to detect the particles. This type of aerosol particle counter uses high-energy light technology. They can monitor particles in both liquids and air. Instead of directly indicating the size of a particle, they measure the diameter of the light scattered and suspended in the air.

Condensation particle counters - enlarge particles up to 200% to detect them. To carry out this technology, they use isopropyl alcohol or butanol, which is applied to incoming air samples. This type of particle counter uses a process known as "homogeneous nucleation." Condensation particle counters are commonly used in respiratory fit testing, filter testing, indoor air quality studies, the evaluation of mechanical filtration systems, point source monitoring, and to validate engineering or process controls.

Another division of particle counters is the liquid particle counter. As the name suggests, this type measures the size and number of particles in the liquid. Since they are essential in determining the quality of liquids, they are commonly used to assess drinking water and cleaning solutions.

On the other hand, solid particle counters monitor dry particles coming from sources like mining quarries, construction sites, and rock crushers. Due to their accuracy and efficiency in sizing particles, they are popularly used in various industrial applications.

There are also other types of particle counters:

Hand-held particle counters - this is a small and portable type. It is self-contained, so it’s easily transported. It’s commonly used in HEPA filters, laminar flow hoods, and clean benches. Because it is a handheld system, it is very convenient to use.

Benchtop portable particle counters - this device features a streamlined, larger colour touch screen. It has a user-friendly interface and a pre-programmed standards mode that will guide the user through the measuring process.

Remote particle counters - this type of particle counter is used to monitor airborne particle levels in real-time and continually. This device has no built-in display. It is connected to a facility data acquisition system that monitors the overall performance of the clean room.

To sum it up, particle counters are efficient devices that help maintain cleanliness and make industrial work easier.

[yrseximenterprises]

[starsrshiney]

Because I have like zero self control at times, I’ve written up some Smash Bros style Palutena’s Guidance skits for if my OCs were part of the Smash Bros lineup.

Pit: Who’s this guy?

Palutena: That’s Ronald Shiner, though he typically goes by the name Stars

.Pit: Does he also go by copycat?

Palutena: Huh?

Pit: He has a bow that shoots arrows of light. He’s totally copying me!

Palutena: He’s actually shooting arrows of wood aura. They don’t change direction like your arrows, but if you do get hit, you’ll be sporting a flower for a while.

Pit: Aw man, flowers hurt. . .

Palutena: He also uses his aura to boost his melee attacks, and getting hit with those will make the flower last longer on you.

Pit: So, avoid the green glow while I have a flower on my head, got it.

Pit: That’s some pretty liquid looking ice

.Palutena: Its actually water. Anniey has enough kinetic control over water to make it all flow in harmony, achieving laminar flow.

Pit: Laminar flow?

Palutena: Her water looks pretty while it moves. And it hurts when it hits as well.

Pit: Yeah, no kidding!

Palutena: She’s also no one trick pony. Her wand shoots light, though its less versatile than her control over water. Be careful of it either way.

Pit: Okay, this is just unfair.

Palutena: What is, Pit?

Pit: This guy has no wings, no magical way of achieving flight, and he still moves in the air better than I do!

Palutena: Lechaxim is really acrobatically skilled. Maybe I should start including that in your training.

Pit: He’s a Soconian, right? What element does he use?

Palutena: He’s a dark element.

Pit: Dark?!

Palutena: It mostly means he can manipulate shadows. He uses this in his grabs, grabbing people farther than his physical reach by solidifying the shadows of his opponent’s clothes.

Pit: The shadows of what now?

Palutena: Thankfully he’s a lightweight, so it shouldn’t be too hard to send him flying out of his control.

Pit: Lady Palutena, this guy’s hammer is bigger than my head!

Palutena: It is unreasonably large, isn’t it? Mahn always loves challenging himself, but purposefully hindering himself against the opponents of Smash. . .

Pit: I’ll teach him not to underestimate us!

Palutena: You shouldn’t underestimate him either. Like other heavyweights, he’s slow but hits hard. His final smash launches any land he’s not standing on straight upwards, taking anyone above with him.

Pit: Any land?

Palutena: Thankfully, that’s about the only time he uses his element.

 Pit: I’m getting some really scary vibes from this Soconian

Palutena: Keep a cool head, Pit. Sali-

Sal: It’s just Sal.

Pit: HEY! This is a private conversation!

Sal: And your goddess was about to spill a private name.

Palutena: How’d you even get into our telepathy anyway.

Sal: You were about to say my full name.

Pit: That’s. . . not an explanation.

Palutena: I’m starting to see those vibes you were talking about earlier Pit.

Palutena: Anyway, Sal is an extremely close range fighter. As long as you don’t throw a freezie at her, you’ll be good if you keep your distance.

Pit: This guy doesn’t look like he wants to be here.

Viridi: Of all the Soconians that made it in here, Von is the least qualified to be here.

Palutena: He is the least physically trained out of his team.

Pit: But not even all the Smash fighters are truly trained in fighting, right?

Palutena: And even the least trained ones have something to fear.

Viridi: I’m worried about the impact those potions he throws has on the environment.

Palutena: Pit should probably worry about Von’s fire more. The more hits it lands, the hotter it gets, changing its color. He’s at his most powerful when he’s sporting white flames.

Viridi: Landing hits on him lowers his flame’s heat though, so start smacking him and don’t stop! 

Pit: I was expecting Jimi’s guns to be a bit more. . . hurty.

Palutena: Jimi’s pistols run less off of gunpowder and more on metal magic. He has thirteen of them, and they range in strength from annoying slingshot to exploding squirrel.

Pit: Oh, so he’s using mid power guns on us then? That’s awful sporting.

Palutena: Well, even Samus had to tone down the power of her missiles and charge blasts for Smash.

Pit: . . . Do you think he’d pull out his stronger ones?

Palutena: If you let him get the smash ball, yes. He’ll shoot with all his pistols if he gets that kind of power.

Pit: Yikes.

Palutena: He excels at mid-projectile range juggling, so either keep far away or get real close to deal with him.

Pit: Didn’t we already have a guy with a fire sword?

Viridi: Two actually. Though this guy seems closer to Roy than Mega Man.

Palutena: That’s Takuma Wei, generally known as Takky.

Pit: Tacky? Is he going to cut multi color shapes into me?

Viridi: Now that’s something I’d like to see happen.

Palutena: He’s a decently trained swordsman, and trying to hit him with fire will just power up his sword. Unlike other sword wielders though, his counter only works if someone attacks him with a weapon.

Viridi: He can also launch the fire off his sword and then reignite it later, so he has a bit more range than you’d think.

Pit: This fighter is. . . loud.

Palutena: Jasmine’s like that. You’d think the middle of the fight is the last place you’d want to grab attention at, and yet. . .

Pit: She’s probably got something up her sleeve. . . if that dress even has sleeves.

Palutena: She’s a dual electricity and metal element soconian, so she has twice the tricks a normal soconian would have.

Palutena: She uses her metal aura to craft bolts for her crossbow, and then uses those bolts as lightning rods for her electricity. She also uses her electricity defensively, shocking anyone who gets too close.

Pit: So I should keep my distance and not get shot?

Palutena: That’s a good way to live life in general, yes.

Pit: This guy takes the phrase ‘speak softly and carry a big axe’ too literally.

Viridi: The phrase is ‘carry a big stick,’ Pit. But otherwise, yeah.

Palutena: That’s Aaron Itrie, Jasmine’s twin brother. He’s a dual element metal and electricity user, though unlike his sister he prefers to focus on the metal more than the electricity.

Pit: Really? Because that axe looks pretty sparky to me.

Palutena: That’s all he does with his electricity though. Keep an eye out for his metal aura to see how tricky he can be.

Pit: That’s the last thing I need, a tricky heavyweight. . .

Pit: Well this guy looks unarmed.

Palutena: Didn’t we already have this talk Pit? Besides, there is rarely such a thing as an unarmed soconian.

Viridi: Briar probably isn’t going to be pulling something out of a storage crystal though. He’s trained himself in multiple martial arts, so those hands and feet are weapons on their own.

Palutena: He’s also an earth element, able to destabilize the ground around him while keeping his own personal space flat.

Pit: This is another case of “keep my distance” isn’t it?

Palutena: I still have that boot camp ready to put you through.

Pit: And I’m still keeping my weapons.

Pit: OH THIS IS JUST NOT FAIR. How is she flying?!

Palutena: Soconians have a saying- If its born in Esennenlus, it’ll try to fly at some point in its life.

Viridi: And since Crystal is a certified Wind Mage, she spends a lot of her time flying.

Pit: She doesn’t even have wings!

Palutena: You’ll be glad to know she can be grounded - it’s hard to concentrate on flying while you’re hurt after all.

Viridi: But at the same time, the focus she’s not using on keeping airborne goes into the wind she attacks with. You’ll want to knock her out when she’s less mobile but before she gets too powerful.

Pit: Are we sure she’s meant to be fighting?

Palutena: Yes we’re sure. Rose may seem to be a few tools short of a toolkit, but she is something else on the battlefield.

Palutena: That staff of hers only looks like its made of wood thanks to an illusion crystal in the middle of it. The crystal recharges whenever Rose uses her light magic on it, so you won’t be seeing its true appearance any time soon.

Pit: Light magic? Is that what she’s doing with the top of the staff?

Palutena: Light element soconians can turn light solid, a trick Rose uses to change her staff into a spear, polearm, scythe, and the like. Keep an eye on the top of her staff to see what kind of attacks she’s likely to use.

[shinygladiatorcat]

Do you know there is a partition filter?

High-efficiency filters with partitions are divided into high-efficiency filters with paper partitions, high-efficiency filters with aluminum foil partitions, and high-temperature resistant high-efficiency filters with partitions. It is used for terminal filtration of various levels of clean rooms and various local purification equipment, such as clean bench laminar flow hoods and other ambient air purification.

The working principle of the partition filter:

There are high-efficiency filters with partitions to intercept dust particles in the air, and move with the airflow through inertial motion or irregular Brownian motion or under the action of a certain field force. When the particle motion hits other objects, the van der Waals force between the objects (is Molecular-to-molecule, molecular-cluster-to-cluster forces) make the particles stick to the fiber surface. The dust entering the filter medium has more chances to hit the medium, and it will be stuck when it hits the medium. When smaller dusts collide with each other, they will bond with each other to form larger particles and settle, and the particle concentration of dust in the air is relatively stable. The fading of the interior and walls is for this reason. It is a mistake to think of a fiber filter like a sieve.

There are bulkhead filters for inertia and diffusion:

The particle dust makes inertial motion in the airflow. When encountering the disorderly arranged fibers, the airflow changes direction, and the particles deviate from the direction due to inertia and hit the fibers and are bonded. The larger the particle, the easier it is to hit, and the better the effect. Small particles of dust make random Brownian motion. The smaller the particles, the more violent the random movement, the more chances of hitting obstacles, and the better the filtering effect. Particles smaller than 0.1 microns in the air mainly perform Brownian motion, and the particles are small and the filtering effect is good. Particles larger than 0.3 microns are mainly used for inertial motion, and the larger the particle, the higher the efficiency. Diffusion and inertia are not so obvious that the particles are the most difficult to filter out. When measuring HEPA performance, people often specify the most difficult dust efficiency values to measure.

There is a separator filter electrostatic effect:

For some reason, fibers and particles may be charged, creating an electrostatic effect. The filtration effect of electrostatically charged filter materials can be significantly improved. Reason: Static electricity makes the dust change its trajectory and hit obstacles, and static electricity makes the dust stick more firmly on the medium. Materials that can be electrostatically charged for a long time are also called "electret" materials. After the material is charged with static electricity, the resistance remains unchanged, and the filtering effect will be significantly improved. Static electricity does not play a decisive role in the filtering effect, but only plays an auxiliary role.

Chemical filtration with partition high-efficiency filter:

Chemical filters mainly selectively adsorb harmful gas molecules. There are a large number of invisible micropores in the activated carbon material, which has a large adsorption area. In the rice-grain-sized activated carbon, the inner area of ​​the micropores is more than ten square meters. After the free molecules contact activated carbon, they condense into a liquid in the micropores and stay in the micropores due to the capillary principle, and some are integrated with the material. Adsorption without obvious chemical reaction is called physical adsorption. Some treat activated carbon, and the adsorbed particles react with the material to generate solid matter or harmless gas, which is called chemical adsorption. During the use of activated carbon, the adsorption capacity of the material is constantly weakened, and when it weakens to a certain extent, the filter will be scrapped. If it is only physical adsorption, heating or steam fumigation can remove harmful gases from activated carbon and regenerate activated carbon.

Gravity effect of high efficiency filter with partition：

When the particles pass through the fiber layer, under the action of gravity, the displacement from the airflow streamline occurs and settles on the surface of the fiber. This effect exists only when the particles are large (>0.5um), which is when the gravity effect of the particles is too small. It has passed through the fiber layer with the airflow before it settles on the fiber. Therefore, for the filtration of particles with a particle size of less than 0.5um, the gravity sedimentation can be completely ignored.

[kewaunee]

Tips to Buy Microbiology Laboratory Equipment

The working of microbiology lab is versatile, and it covers many aspects under the umbrella term. Microbiology is the study of microscopic life forms and is applied by scientists studying viruses, plants, fungi, protozoans, cells, and parasites. There are different industries making use of microbiology for quality control, to prove there are no living contaminants or to figure out what type of contaminants there are, so they know how to fix the problem. Moreover, microbiology laboratory equipment is a large category covering all kinds of items used in microbiology laboratories.

Scientific lab equipments comprises microscopes; slides; test tubes; petri dishes; growth mediums, both solid and liquid; inoculation loops; pipettes and tips; incubators; autoclaves, and laminar flow hoods. You will find certain equipment, like the microscopes and hoods that are permanent items, whereas others, such as pipette tips, are disposable.

If you are planning to buy microbiology equipment, you know that a lab needs are based on what organisms it is studying. Some microbiology equipment is required in almost every lab, but others, like growth mediums and stains, are specific to certain kinds of microorganisms and therefore not needed by all microbiology labs.

Microbiology Laboratory must be furnished with certain equipment such as a hot air oven for sterilization. It is used for sterilization of glasswares, such as test tubes, pipettes and petri dishes. Such dry sterilization is done only for glasswares. Liquid substances, such as prepared media and saline solutions, cannot be sterilized in the oven, as they lose water because of evaporation.

You require Analytical Balance, which is a type of balance that is commonly used for the measurement of mass in the sub-milligram range. These types of balances are made with a measuring pan enclosed in a transparent covering that prevents small particles or air currents from getting collected on the pan.

Microbiology laboratory equipment is highly precise and based on advanced technology. Analytical balances are explicitly used in laboratories for the effective completion of tasks like weighing test materials and sampling amounts, formulation, density determination, purity analysis, quality control testing, and material and conformance testing.

Kewaunee turnkey laboratory services are a one-stop solution for all your laboratory design and construction projects. They offer lab design architects, lab planners, and lab construction engineers have successfully delivered 25+ million square feet of laboratory space in over 100+ countries across all industry segments.

https://www.kewaunee.in/ offers a plethora of lab accessories and lab supplies to complete your lab project. Their diverse list of products includes lab work surfaces, sinks, fixtures & fittings, emergency showers and eyewash, carts, pegboards and more.

[usafphantom2]

Ronnie Bell Following

Douglas A-26 Invader's dropping bombs over North Korea 1952/3

The Douglas A-26 Invader (designated B-26 between 1948–1965) was a United States twin-engined light attack bomber built by the Douglas Aircraft Co. during World War II that also saw service during several of the Cold War's major conflicts. A limited number of highly modified aircraft (designation A-26 restored) served in combat until 1969.

The redesignation of the type from A-26 to B-26 has led to popular confusion with the Martin B-26 Marauder. Although both types used the R-2800 engine, they are completely different designs.

The last A-26 in active US service was assigned to the Air National Guard; that aircraft was retired from military service in 1972 by the US Air Force and the National Guard Bureau and donated to the National Air and Space Museum

The A-26 was an unusual design for an attack bomber of the early 1940s period, as it was designed as a single-pilot aircraft (sharing this characteristic with the RAF's de Havilland Mosquito, among others). The aircraft was designed by Edward Heinemann, Robert Donovan, and Ted R. Smith.The project aerodynamicist on the program was A.M.O. Smith, who designed the wing making use of the then-new NACA 65-215 laminar flow airfoil.

The Douglas XA-26 prototype (41-19504) first flew on 10 July 1942 at Mines Field, El Segundo, with test pilot Benny Howard at the controls. Flight tests revealed excellent performance and handling, but there were problems with engine cooling which led to cowling changes and omission of the propeller spinners on production aircraft, plus modification of the nose landing gear after repeated collapses during testing.

A-26B-15-DL (41-39186) during field testing with 553d Bomb Squadron, 386h Bomb Group.The A-26 was originally built in two different configurations. The A-26B had a "solid" nose, which originally could be equipped with a combination of anything from .50 caliber machine guns, 37mm auto cannon, 20mm or even a 75mm pack howitzer, but normally the solid nose version housed six (or later eight) .50 caliber machine guns, officially termed the "all-purpose nose", later commonly known as the "six-gun nose" or "eight-gun nose". The A-26C's "glass" nose, officially termed the "Bombardier nose", contained a Norden bombsight for medium altitude precision bombing. The A-26C nose section included two fixed M-2 guns, later replaced by underwing gun packs or internal guns in the wings.

After about 1,570 production aircraft, three guns were installed in each wing, coinciding with the introduction of the "eight-gun nose" for A-26Bs, giving some configurations as many as 14 .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in a fixed forward mount. An A-26C nose section could be exchanged for an A-26B nose section, or vice versa, in a few man-hours, thus physically (and officially) changing the designation and operational role. The "flat-topped" canopy was changed in late 1944 after about 820 production aircraft, to a clamshell style with greatly improved visibility.

Alongside the pilot in an A-26B, a crew member typically served as navigator and gun loader for the pilot-operated nose guns. In an A-26C, that crew member served as navigator and bombardier, and relocated to the nose section for the bombing phase of an operation. A small number of A-26Cs were fitted with dual flight controls, some parts of which could be disabled in flight to allow limited access to the nose section. A tractor-style "jump seat" was located behind the "navigator's seat." In most missions, a third crew member in the rear gunner's compartment operated the remotely-controlled dorsal and ventral gun turrets, with access to and from the cockpit only possible via the bomb bay when that was empty

B-26 Invaders of the 3d Bombardment Group, operating from bases in Southern Japan, were some of the first USAF aircraft engaged in the Korean War, carrying out missions over South Korea on 27 and 28 June, before carrying out the first USAF bombing mission on North Korea on 29 June 1950 when they bombed an airfield outside of Pyongyang.[16]

On 10 August 1950, the 452nd Reserve Bomb Wing was activated for Korean Service.This was the first time that an entire air force unit had ever been activated.[citation needed] It flew its first missions in November 1950 from Itazuke Japan doing daylight support with the 3rd Bomb Wing flying night missions. Because of the Chinese intervention it was forced to find another base and moved to Miho Air base on the west coast of Honshū. In early 1951 it moved to East Pusan Air Base and continued its daylight as well as night intruder missions. In June 1951, it joined the 3rd Bomb Wing in night activity only, dividing the target areas with the 452nd taking the eastern half and the 3rd the western. For its efforts in the Korean War, it was awarded 2 Unit Citations and the Korean Presidential Citation. It also received credit for eight Campaign Operations.In May 1952 it was inactivated and all of its aircraft and equipment along with its regular air force personnel were absorbed by the 17th Bomb Wing. During its time as an active unit, the 452nd flew 15,000 sorties (7000 at night) with a loss of 85 crewmen.

B-26s were credited with the destruction of 38,500 vehicles, 406 locomotives, 3,700 railway trucks, and seven enemy aircraft on the ground. On 14 September 1951, Captain John S. Walmsley, Jr. attacked a supply train. When his guns jammed, he illuminated the target with his searchlight to enable his wingmen to destroy the train. Walmsley was shot down and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Invaders carried out the last USAF bombing mission of the war 24 minutes before the Armistice Agreement was signed on 27 June 1953.

Via Flickr

[bestseodigitalmarketing]

Laboratory equipment and their uses

Are you curious to explore some of the high-demand tools for utilizing in a lab? Take a look at the main five medical laboratory equipment lists. This will help you understand laboratory equipment and its uses. Although many other industries prefer to use these tools yet, they have a massive importance in the medical field.

1.HEPA Box

It is a filter that catches microscopic polluted or dust particles at higher rates. So it performs a cleansing process by improving air quality at your place. In hospitals, it utilizes to protect patients from any threatened air viruses or bacteria and provides cleanrooms.

2.Clean Operation Bench

Laboratory equipment suppliers prepare these laminar flow benches. For preventing any contamination, the operation bench lets air flows on horizontal or vertical sides. This hood only protects substances. So, you should not mix it with a safety cabinet that safe you from infectious materials.

3.Sampling Booth

When a medical expert prepares pharmaceutical products, he uses a wide range of raw materials, either in solid or powdered form. The filling, weighing, and sampling of these materials must be free from any contamination. For this purpose, sampling booths or overhead air modules play a vital role.

4.Pass Box

A laboratory tool, pass box, transfer material from one cleanroom to another higher level cleanroom. It comprises two doors, and you should not open simultaneously. This equipment prevents contaminated airflow to a clean place.

5.Transfer Trolley

Transfer trolley is an indispensable tool for shifting substances or objects from one place to another. For example, in the marble industry, this trolley sends marble for cutting to their preparation center. In the medical industry, these tools also work for different purposes.