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Destination TeaOrb: A Journey through India's Tea Wonderland - Part I
Embark on a virtual tour of India's tea wonderland with Part I of our new blog series, Destination TeaOrb. In this edition, we explore the Singpho Heritage Tea, Heritage Tea, and Hookhmol Tea Company in Dibrugarh (Assam), taking you on a journey through the history, culture, and flavors of these unique tea destinations. Read more:
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Holidays 4.15
Holidays
Air Force Reserve Day
American Dictionary Day
Americas Day (Honduras, Mexico)
Black Day (South Korea)
Blessing of the Salmon Nets (Northumbria)
Bon Jovi Day (New Jersey)
Cake and Cunnilingus Day
Children with Alopecia Day
Commemoration of Anfal Genocide Against the Kurds (Iraqi Kurdistan)
Day of Mologa (Russia)
Day of (No) Silence (GLSEN)
Day of the Georgian Language
Day of the Skater
Dhivehi Language Day (Maldives)
Donate Life Blue & Green Day
Draw MegaMan Day
Dreams of Reason Feast Day
Ex-Spouse's Day
Global Roller Day
Grand National Ladies Day (UK)
Gujarat (Fire Service Day; India)
International Goalkeeper Day
International Moment of Laughter Day
International Silambam Day
Kids’ Yoga Day
Kinetoscope Day
Look Up at the Sky Day
Lundkommardagen (Puffin Arrival Day; Norway)
Meme Appreciation Day
Milwaukee Day (414)
Moirang Day (a.k.a. Victory Day; India)
National Bracelet Day
National Dolphin Day
National Gardening Day
National Kick Balls Day
National Love Our Children Day
National Not Ashamed of Jesus Day
National Perfume Day
National Reach as High as You Can Day
New Year's Day (Assamese, Bengali, Burmese, Sikh, Khmer, Lao, Nepali, Oriya, Sinhalese, Tamil, Thai, Tuluva; Southeast Asia) [Sidereal Vernal Equinox]
N'Ko Alphabet Day (Mande)
Orange Day (Japan)
Pan American Day
Pathologists’ Assistant Day
Peregrine Falcon Appreciation Day
Peter Capaldi Day
Reach As High As You Can Day
Samjinnal (Arrival of Spring; Korea)
Secret Service Day
Sidereal New Year (South and Southeast Asian) (a.k.a. …
Aluth Avurudda (Sri Lanka)
Biju Festival (Parts of India)
Bisu (Tulu Nadu region of Karnataka and Kerala, India)
Bizhu (Chakmas in Mizoram, Tripura and Bangladesh)
Bohag Bihu (Assam, India)
Buisu (Tripura, India)
Bwisagu (Bodoland region of Assam, India)
Cheiraoba (Parts of India)
Choul Chnam Thmey (Cambodia)
Jur Sital (Mithila region of Bihar, India and Nepal)
Khmer New Year (Cambodia)
Maha Vusubha Sankranti (Parts of India)
Oriya New Year (Parts of India)
Pahela Baishakh (Bangladesh and West Bengal, India)
Pana Sankranti (Odisha, India)
Pi Mai (Laos)
Puthandu (Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India and Northern and Eastern regions of Sri Lanka)
Rongali Bihu (Parts of India)
Samjinnal (Korea)
Sangken (Khamti, Singpho, Khamyang, Tangsa in Arunachal Pradesh and Tai Phake, Tai Aiton, and Turung in Assam, India)
Sinhala (Sri Lanka)
Songkran (Thailand)
Tamil New Year (Parts of India)
Thingyan (Myanmar)
Tuluva New Year (Parts of India)
Vaisakhi (Punjab, North and Central India, Nepalese New Year in Nepal)
Varusha Pirruppa (Tamil New Year; Mauritius)
Vishu (Kerala, India)
Water-Sprinkling Festival (Yunnan, China)
Spring Hula Hooping Day
Tempting Fate Day
Takayama Spring Festival (Japan)
Thingyan begins (Water Festival; Burma)
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Day of Service (South Africa)
World Chagas Day
World Quantum Day
Youth Day (Angola)
Food & Drink Celebrations
Espresso Italiano Day (Italy)
International Laverbread Day
National Pecan Day
Saison Day
Tannat Day
2nd Friday in April
Audubon Day [2nd Friday]
Fast and Prayer Day (Liberia) [2nd Friday]
National Dive Bar Day [2nd Friday]
Independence Days
Jonja Island (Declared; 2022) [unrecognized]
Lawfords (a.k.a. Kingdom of Lawfords; Declared; 2021) [unrecognized]
Feast Days
Abushibarei (Ryukyuan)
Adolph Hitler Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)
Albategnius (Positivist; Saint)
Ambedkar Jayanti (India)
Anthony, John, and Eustathius (Christian; Martyrs)
Bénézet (Christian; Saint)
Carpus of Thyatira (Christian; Saint)
Domnina of Terni (Christian; Saint)
The Extremes (Muppetism)
Friday before Easter [Orthodox Christian] (a.k.a. …
Coptic Good Friday (Eritrea)
Good Friday
Great Friday (Serbia)
Holy Friday
Red Friday (Georgia)
Siklet (Ethiopia)
Vinerea Mare (Romania)
Gabriel Jacques de Saint-Aubin (Artology)
Galungan (Celebrating Victory of Dharma over Adharma; Bali)
Henry Beard Delany (Episcopal Church (USA))
Lidwina (a.k.a. B. Lidwina of Schiedam or Lydwina; Christian; Saint)
Look Up at the Sky Day (Pastafarian)
Marianne’s Day (Pagan)
Peter González (Christian; Saint)
Sommarsblot (Norse)
Tiburtius, Valerian, and Maximus (Christian; Martyrs)
Victor Borisov-Musatov
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Historically Bad Day (Lincoln shot, Titanic hit an iceberg & 9 other tragedies) [1 of 11]
Sensho (先勝 Japan) [Good luck in the morning, bad luck in the afternoon.]
Umu Limnu (Evil Day; Babylonian Calendar; 17 of 60)
Premieres
About Damn Time, by Lizzo (Song; 2022)
American Psycho (Film; 2000)
Batman vs. Robin (WB Animated Film; 2015)
Beach Blanket Bingo (Film; 1965)
Beauty and the Beast (WB MM Cartoon; 1934)
British Steel, by Judas Priest (Album; 1980)
Buddy’s Garage (WB LT Cartoon; 1934)
Bye Bye Birdie (Broadway Musical; 1960)
Diver Down, by Van Halen (Album; 1982)
Execution Dock, by Anne Perry (Novel; 2009)
The Fair-Haired Hare (WB LT Cartoon; 1951)
The Fate of the Furious [F&F #8]
Girl Happy (Film; 1965)
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (Novel; 1939)
The Invisible Man, by H.G. Wells (Novel; 1897)
Iron Maiden, by Iron Maiden (Album; 1980)
It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, by Public Enemy (Album; 1988)
Keeping the Faith (Film; 2000)
The King of Torts, by John Grisham (Novel; 2003)
Kinky Boots (Film; 2006)
The Legend of Korea (Animated TV Series; 2012)
Let’s Dance, by David Bowie (Album; 1983)
Mixed Master (WB LT Cartoon; 1956)
The Notorious Bettie Page (Film; 2006)
Off the Deep End, by Weird Al Yankovic (Album; 1992)
The Pebble and the Penguin (Animated Film; 1995)
Ripley’s Believe It or Not! (Radio Series; 1930)
Rocket Man, by Elton John (Song; 1972)
Say Anything (Film; 1989)
Thank You For Smoking (Film; 2006)
Ultra, by Depeche Mode (Album; 1997)
Webster’s American Dictionary (Book; 1818)
The Wild (Animated Film; 2006)
Today’s Name Days
Elmo, Erna, Ernestine (Austria)
Maksim, Valerijan, Zdravko (Croatia)
Vincenc (Czech Republic)
Tiburtius (Denmark)
Lehe, Lehte, Lehti (Estonia)
Taito (Finland)
Ludivine, Maxime (France)
Elmo, Erna, Ernestine (Germany)
Aristarhos, Thomais (Greece)
Tibor (Hungary)
Abbondio, Ignazio, Lamberto (Italy)
Agape, Gudrite, Strauja (Latvia)
Justinas, Vaišvydė, Vaiva, Valerijonas, Visvaldas (Lithuania)
Ellinor, Nora (Norway)
Berenike, Julianna, Justyn, Maria, Myślimir, Tyburcjusz, Walerian, Waleriana (Poland)
Pahomie (Romania)
Maria (Russia)
Justína (Slovakia)
Lidia, Tiburcio, Valeriano (Spain)
Tiburtius (Sweden)
Martin (Ukraine)
Caradoc, Carey, Cary, Hudson (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 104 of 2024; 261 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 5 of week 15 of 2023
Celtic Tree Calendar: Fearn (Alder) [Day 27 of 28]
Chinese: Second Month 2 (Gui-Mao), Day 24 (Ren-Yin)
Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)
Hebrew: 23 Nisan 5783
Islamic: 23 Ramadan 1444
J Cal: 13 Aqua; Sixday [13 of 30]
Julian: 1 April 2023
Moon: 34%: Waning Crescent
Positivist: 20 Archimedes (4th Month) [Albategnius]
Runic Half Month: Man (Human Being) [Day 5 of 15]
Season: Spring (Day 26 of 90)
Zodiac: Aries (Day 25 of 30)
Calendar Changes
April (a.k.a. Aprilis; Julian Calendar) [Month 4 of 12]
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Holidays 4.14
Holidays
Air Force Reserve Day
American Dictionary Day
Americas Day (Honduras, Mexico)
Black Day (South Korea)
Blessing of the Salmon Nets (Northumbria)
Bon Jovi Day (New Jersey)
Cake and Cunnilingus Day
Children with Alopecia Day
Commemoration of Anfal Genocide Against the Kurds (Iraqi Kurdistan)
Day of Mologa (Russia)
Day of (No) Silence (GLSEN)
Day of the Georgian Language
Day of the Skater
Dhivehi Language Day (Maldives)
Dictionary Day
Donate Life Blue & Green Day
Draw MegaMan Day
Dreams of Reason Feast Day
Ex-Spouse's Day
Global Roller Day
Grand National Ladies Day (UK)
Gujarat (Fire Service Day; India)
International Goalkeeper Day
International Moment of Laughter Day
International Silambam Day
Kids’ Yoga Day
Kinetoscope Day
Look Up at the Sky Day
Lundkommardagen (Puffin Arrival Day; Norway)
Meme Appreciation Day
Milwaukee Day (414)
Moirang Day (a.k.a. Victory Day; India)
National Bracelet Day
National Dolphin Day
National Gardening Day
National Kick Balls Day
National Love Our Children Day
National Not Ashamed of Jesus Day
National Perfume Day
National Reach as High as You Can Day
New Year's Day (Assamese, Bengali, Burmese, Sikh, Khmer, Lao, Nepali, Oriya, Sinhalese, Tamil, Thai, Tuluva; Southeast Asia) [Sidereal Vernal Equinox]
N'Ko Alphabet Day (Mande)
Orange Day (Japan)
Pan American Day
Pathologists’ Assistant Day
Peregrine Falcon Appreciation Day
Peter Capaldi Day
Reach As High As You Can Day
Samjinnal (Arrival of Spring; Korea)
Secret Service Day
Sidereal New Year (South and Southeast Asian) (a.k.a. …
Aluth Avurudda (Sri Lanka)
Biju Festival (Parts of India)
Bisu (Tulu Nadu region of Karnataka and Kerala, India)
Bizhu (Chakmas in Mizoram, Tripura and Bangladesh)
Bohag Bihu (Assam, India)
Buisu (Tripura, India)
Bwisagu (Bodoland region of Assam, India)
Cheiraoba (Parts of India)
Choul Chnam Thmey (Cambodia)
Jur Sital (Mithila region of Bihar, India and Nepal)
Khmer New Year (Cambodia)
Maha Vusubha Sankranti (Parts of India)
Oriya New Year (Parts of India)
Pahela Baishakh (Bangladesh and West Bengal, India)
Pana Sankranti (Odisha, India)
Pi Mai (Laos)
Puthandu (Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India and Northern and Eastern regions of Sri Lanka)
Rongali Bihu (Parts of India)
Samjinnal (Korea)
Sangken (Khamti, Singpho, Khamyang, Tangsa in Arunachal Pradesh and Tai Phake, Tai Aiton, and Turung in Assam, India)
Sinhala (Sri Lanka)
Songkran (Thailand)
Tamil New Year (Parts of India)
Thingyan (Myanmar)
Tuluva New Year (Parts of India)
Vaisakhi (Punjab, North and Central India, Nepalese New Year in Nepal)
Varusha Pirruppa (Tamil New Year; Mauritius)
Vishu (Kerala, India)
Water-Sprinkling Festival (Yunnan, China)
Sommarsblot (Norse)
Spring Hula Hooping Day
Tempting Fate Day
Takayama Spring Festival (Japan)
Thingyan begins (Water Festival; Burma)
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Day of Service (South Africa)
World Chagas Day
World Quantum Day
Youth Day (Angola)
Food & Drink Celebrations
Espresso Italiano Day (Italy)
International Laverbread Day
National Pecan Day
Saison Day
Tannat Day
2nd Friday in April
Audubon Day [2nd Friday]
Fast and Prayer Day (Liberia) [2nd Friday]
National Dive Bar Day [2nd Friday]
Independence Days
Jonja Island (Declared; 2022) [unrecognized]
Lawfords (a.k.a. Kingdom of Lawfords; Declared; 2021) [unrecognized]
Feast Days
Abushibarei (Ryukyuan)
Adolph Hitler Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)
Albategnius (Positivist; Saint)
Ambedkar Jayanti (India)
Anthony, John, and Eustathius (Christian; Martyrs)
Bénézet (Christian; Saint)
Carpus of Thyatira (Christian; Saint)
Domnina of Terni (Christian; Saint)
The Extremes (Muppetism)
Friday before Easter [Orthodox Christian] (a.k.a. …
Coptic Good Friday (Eritrea)
Good Friday
Great Friday (Serbia)
Holy Friday
Red Friday (Georgia)
Siklet (Ethiopia)
Vinerea Mare (Romania)
Gabriel Jacques de Saint-Aubin (Artology)
Galungan (Celebrating Victory of Dharma over Adharma; Bali)
Henry Beard Delany (Episcopal Church (USA))
Lidwina (a.k.a. B. Lidwina of Schiedam or Lydwina; Christian; Saint)
Look Up at the Sky Day (Pastafarian)
Marianne’s Day (Pagan)
Peter González (Christian; Saint)
Tiburtius, Valerian, and Maximus (Christian; Martyrs)
Victor Borisov-Musatov
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Historically Bad Day (Lincoln shot, Titanic hit an iceberg & 9 other tragedies) [1 of 11]
Sensho (先勝 Japan) [Good luck in the morning, bad luck in the afternoon.]
Umu Limnu (Evil Day; Babylonian Calendar; 17 of 60)
Premieres
About Damn Time, by Lizzo (Song; 2022)
American Psycho (Film; 2000)
Batman vs. Robin (WB Animated Film; 2015)
Beach Blanket Bingo (Film; 1965)
Beauty and the Beast (WB MM Cartoon; 1934)
British Steel, by Judas Priest (Album; 1980)
Buddy’s Garage (WB LT Cartoon; 1934)
Bye Bye Birdie (Broadway Musical; 1960)
Diver Down, by Van Halen (Album; 1982)
Execution Dock, by Anne Perry (Novel; 2009)
The Fair-Haired Hare (WB LT Cartoon; 1951)
The Fate of the Furious [F&F #8]
Girl Happy (Film; 1965)
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (Novel; 1939)
The Invisible Man, by H.G. Wells (Novel; 1897)
Iron Maiden, by Iron Maiden (Album; 1980)
It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, by Public Enemy (Album; 1988)
Keeping the Faith (Film; 2000)
The King of Torts, by John Grisham (Novel; 2003)
Kinky Boots (Film; 2006)
The Legend of Korea (Animated TV Series; 2012)
Let’s Dance, by David Bowie (Album; 1983)
Mixed Master (WB LT Cartoon; 1956)
The Notorious Bettie Page (Film; 2006)
Off the Deep End, by Weird Al Yankovic (Album; 1992)
The Pebble and the Penguin (Animated Film; 1995)
Ripley’s Believe It or Not! (Radio Series; 1930)
Rocket Man, by Elton John (Song; 1972)
Say Anything (Film; 1989)
Thank You For Smoking (Film; 2006)
Ultra, by Depeche Mode (Album; 1997)
Webster’s American Dictionary (Book; 1818)
The Wild (Animated Film; 2006)
Today’s Name Days
Elmo, Erna, Ernestine (Austria)
Maksim, Valerijan, Zdravko (Croatia)
Vincenc (Czech Republic)
Tiburtius (Denmark)
Lehe, Lehte, Lehti (Estonia)
Taito (Finland)
Ludivine, Maxime (France)
Elmo, Erna, Ernestine (Germany)
Aristarhos, Thomais (Greece)
Tibor (Hungary)
Abbondio, Ignazio, Lamberto (Italy)
Agape, Gudrite, Strauja (Latvia)
Justinas, Vaišvydė, Vaiva, Valerijonas, Visvaldas (Lithuania)
Ellinor, Nora (Norway)
Berenike, Julianna, Justyn, Maria, Myślimir, Tyburcjusz, Walerian, Waleriana (Poland)
Pahomie (Romania)
Maria (Russia)
Justína (Slovakia)
Lidia, Tiburcio, Valeriano (Spain)
Tiburtius (Sweden)
Martin (Ukraine)
Caradoc, Carey, Cary, Hudson (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 104 of 2024; 261 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 5 of week 15 of 2023
Celtic Tree Calendar: Fearn (Alder) [Day 27 of 28]
Chinese: Second Month 2 (Gui-Mao), Day 24 (Ren-Yin)
Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)
Hebrew: 23 Nisan 5783
Islamic: 23 Ramadan 1444
J Cal: 13 Aqua; Sixday [13 of 30]
Julian: 1 April 2023
Moon: 34%: Waning Crescent
Positivist: 20 Archimedes (4th Month) [Albategnius]
Runic Half Month: Man (Human Being) [Day 5 of 15]
Season: Spring (Day 26 of 90)
Zodiac: Aries (Day 25 of 30)
Calendar Changes
April (a.k.a. Aprilis; Julian Calendar) [Month 4 of 12]
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Anong Singpho & Oupseng Namchoom - Laut Aao Maa
Laut Aao Maa Song Lyrics In English: Laut Aao Maa Is a New Hindi Song That Has Released In 2021. Anong Singpho & Oupseng Namchoom Sang The New Song Laut Aao Maa, Which Has Song lyrics Penned By Tripurari and Sugat Dhanvijay Composed The Music For Laut Aao Maa. Oankar Chavan & Arjun Charan Directed The Music Video For The Song Laut Aao Maa.
Song: Laut Aao Maa Singer: Anong Singpho & Oupseng Namchoom lyrics: Tripurari
Music: Sugat Dhanvijay Music label: Zee Music Company Starring: Vishal Pandey, Oupseng Namchoom, Manpreet Kour & Arman Khan Director: Oankar Chavan & Arjun Charan
Producer: Shivam Singh
Laut Aao Maa Lyrics
Chalte chalte mai gira
To aisa laga naam lekar
Tum pukaro ki maa
Yaad aayi jab tu dil ne ye tha kaha
Aake mujko thamo ki tum maa
Tum jaha ho laut aao na
Kehne ko aasma hai yahan
Phir vi hai kami
Tum kaha ho laut aao meri maa
Rehne ko ye jahan hai yahan
Phir vi hai kami
Tum kaha ho laut aao meri maa
Kehne ko aasma hai yahan
Phir vi hai kami
Tum kaha ho laut aao meri maa
Tum sunati thi kahani loriya
Tum pakad leti thi meri choriya
Wo mere liye baaho ka julla
Yaad aate hai savi kuch na bhula
Tum jaha ho laut aao na
Kehne ko aasma hai yahan
Phir vi hai kami
Tum kaha ho laut aao meri maa
Rehne ko ye jahan hai yahan
Phir vi hai kami
Tum kaha ho laut aao meri maa
Maa meri maa
Laut aao ab tum ho kaha
Kehne ko aasma hai yahan
Phir vi hai kami
Tum kaha ho laut aao meri maa
Tum kaha ho laut aao meri maa
Tum kaha ho laut aao
Laut Aao Maa Video Song
Written BY: Tripurari
LyricsTUNEFUL FAQS & Trifle
Who Wrote the Lyrics for the New Song “Laut Aao Maa”? Tripurari wrote the lyrics to the new song “Laut Aao Maa”.
Who Sung the Song “Laut Aao Maa”? Anong Singpho & Oupseng Namchoom Sung the song “Laut Aao Maa”.
Who Directed the video for “Laut Aao Maa”? Oankar Chavan & Arjun Charan Directed the video song “Laut Aao Maa”.
Which Music label Released the “Laut Aao Maa” Music Video? Zee Music Company has released the video song “Laut Aao Maa”.
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Laut Aao Maa Lyrics - Vishal Pandey | Anong Singpho
Laut Aao Maa Lyrics - Vishal Pandey | Anong Singpho #LautAaoMaa #Maa #VishalPandey #AnongSingpho #OupsengNamchoom #lyrics #songs #HindiSongs #newsongs #newrelease #HindiSongs #LyricsUpgrade #HindiSongsLyrics #newsongs2021 #newrelease
Laut Aao Maa Lyrics – Vishal Pandey | Anong Singpho & Oupseng Namchoom | Tripurari Laut Aao Maa Lyrics – Vishal Pandey: This Song is a New Hindi song of 2021 sung by Anong Singpho & Oupseng Namchoom Ft. Vishal Pandey, Oupseng Namchoom, Manpreet Kour, Arman Khan. Laut Aao Maa Lyrics Penned By Tripurari. Music Of Laut Aao Maa Song is Given By Sugat Dhanvijay. The Music label is Zee Music…
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#Anong Singpho#Arjun Charan#Arman Khan#Manpreet Kour#Oankar Chavan#Oupseng Namchoom#Tripurari#Vishal Pandey#Zee Music Company
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Has this gotten much followup yet? The creolization theory as such looks good; but following this up with “telescoping” of the time depth of Sino-Tibetan to 4000-years-ish would be a bigger implication still I think.
We have abundant attested examples of the process of creolization in Tibeto-Burman (…) In every case this involves a radical simplification of the verbal system, replacing a tightly structured paradigm of argument indexation and specification of transitivity. Thus this must be taken as a likely hypothesis to explain similar changes which have occurred in times and places where we have no direct knowledge of the external situation. When we look at what we do know or can plausibly infer about the context in which the major creoloid branches (Sinitic, Bodo-Garo, Bodish, and Lolo-Burmese) of the family developed, in every instance a good case can be made that these branches were born in the kinds of situations where creolization is to be expected. Thus absent some other equally plausible account, this must be taken as the default explanation for the dramatic typological divergence of the branches and languages of Tibeto-Burman.
One important implication of this account is that our estimates of the time depth of the family are probably greatly exaggerated. If we think of the diversity of morphosyntactic structure which we see in the family as having evolved through “normal” language-internal processes, we will infer a long process of development. But under creolization a language can undergo very radical changes in phonology, lexicon and grammar in a very short time, measurable in centuries (the split of creoloid Singpho from archaic Jinghpaw is only a few centuries back; see S. Baruah 1985: 376, T. Baruah 1977) or even generations (again see Sun and Liu 2009 for a detailed case study of extremely rapid typological shift). It is quite plausible, and in my opinion probable, that the time of the breakup of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (including Sinitic) could be not that far – conceivably a millennium or less – prior to the time, 2,500-3,500 years ago, when we see the first creoloid branches, Sinitic, Bodo-Garo, and Lolo-Burmese, emerging into the light of history.
#typology#creolization#sino tibetan#historical morphology#historical linguistics#Scott DeLancey#article
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Shapawng Yawng Manau Poi (SINGPHO ETHNO CULTURAL FESTIVAL) http://bijitdutta.com/singpho-ethno-cultural-festival/ #ArunachalPradesh #Singpho (at bijitdutta.com)
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The History of Tea Drinking In India
The documented evidence according to the history of tea drinking in India dates back to 750 BC. Tea in India is generally grown in the North Eastern regions and the Nilgiri Hills. Having evolved since those early days, tea drinking in India has now come a long way. Today this nation is proud to be one of the largest tea producers in the world. Buddhist monks in India have used tea for its medicinal value since thousands of years.
According to a very interesting legend, the history of tea drinking in India began with a saintly Buddhist monk about almost 2000 years ago. It so happened that this monk who later became the founder of Zen Buddhism, decided to spend seven sleepless years contemplating the life and teachings of Buddha. While he was in the fifth year of his contemplation and prayer, he almost fell asleep. He took some leaves from a nearby bush and began chewing them. These leaves revived him and enabled him to stay awake as he chewed on them whenever he felt drowsy. Thus he was able to complete his penance for seven years. These were the leaves of the wild tea plant.
As per the history of tea drinking in India, local people used to brew and drink tea using the leaves of the wild native tea plants. Since that time, different varieties of tea have emerged; the most famous among them is the Darjeeling tea. The commercial production of tea in India was started by the British East India Company and vast tracts of land have been exclusively developed into tea estates which produce various types of tea.
In the 16th century, the people of India prepared a vegetable dish using tea leaves along with garlic and oil and the boiled tea leaves were used to prepare a drink as well. The first Tea Garden was established by the British East India Company by the end of the 19th century after the Company took over tea cultivation in Assam, a region in the North Eastern part of India.
One of the most popular snippets related to the history of tea drinking in India dates back to the 19th century when an Englishman noticed that the people of Assam drank a dark liquid which was a type of tea brewed from a local wild plant. In the year 1823, a Singpho King offered an English Army Officer tea as a medicinal drink.
Tea drinking has evolved in different ways over the years in India and differs from region to region. First thought of as the drink of the Royals, tea has now become the favorite of the common man as India leads the world in tea drinking. From the humble roadside tea stalls and the railway platforms to the boardrooms of corporate India, tea is easily available. The cup of sweet and refreshing chai available in teashops or train stations to the masala teas of North India, the variety of brews available is numerous.
According to the records, Assam tea is named after the region from where the tea comes and has revolutionized the tea drinking habits of the Indians. Most Indians drink tea with milk and sugar. Traditionally, a guest in any Indian home is welcomed with a cup of tea.
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History of Tea (Part 8): Tea in Assam
David Scott (who became a director of the East India Company in 1788) was busy for the first 10yrs collecting revenue and setting up the first hill station, Cherrapunji. He lived, and would eventually die, there. Although his acquisition of this & other areas was questionable, nobody questioned it, except the small Assamese kings who were dispossessed.
Charles & Robert Bruce had settled down and married local women. On their travels, they had come across the tea plant, which would transform India & Assam. But for the first decade after its discovery, nothing more was done. David Scott sent specimens to the Botanical Gardens at Calcutta (he had also found some specimens at Manipur), and the experts there said that it was the same family, Camellia, but not the Chinese variety of it.
The Bruce brothers were meanwhile discovering tea plants while trading with the tribes on the valley’s fringes, and they were sure they were the real thing. Robert said that he had made an arrangement with a chieftain to obtain some of these plants, and he gave them to Charles, who passed them on to David Scott. Scott planted some in his garden, and sent some to Dr. Wallich in Calcutta. He wrote to him that “the Burmese and Chinese in this place concur in stating it to be wild tea. I had a much more perfect seed than any of these sent but cannot now find it. It was of this shape agreeing with the plate in the Encyclopaedia.”
Then he found the seed after all, and sent it on in a tin box. Even though seeds were essential in identify the plant, Dr. Wallich still did not agree. However, Lieutenant Charlton (of the Assam Light Infantry) became enthusiastic, and he wrote to the Agricultural and Horticultural Society, saying that “the natives of Suddyah are in the habit of drinking an infusion of the dried leaves…they acquire the smell and taste of Chinese tea when dried.” But still there were no reactions from the authorities.
But then in January 1835, that all changed. News from Assam reached the Tea Committee (Mr. Gordon was at this time still in China). Major Jenkins (agent to the Governor-General) had sent reports, along with specimens of leaves and fruit from tea plants they’d found growing in Upper Assam. Now Wallich had fresh seeds to examine, and he declared that it was the real thing, Camellia sinensis.
Jenkins stated that, “Camellias are to be found in every part of this hill country and within our jurisdiction in the Singpho district of Beesa a coarse variety is undoubtedly indigenous…It grows wild everywhere…all the way from this place about a month’s journey to the Chinese province of Yunnan where I am told it is extensively cultivated…I think there is no doubt of it being bona fide tea.”
Jenkins & Lieutenant Charlton had actually been certain 6 months ago that they’d found “a coarse variety” of the tea plant in the Singpho region, on the Company’s borders. Charlton had seen the Singpho people preparing a kind of tea, by pulling the leaves into bits, boiling them, and squeezing the result into balls. He’d sent a jar of this tea down to Calcutta, but it hadn’t been enough to convince Wallich.
The Committee pronounced this discovery “by far the most important and valuable that has every been made in matters connected with the agricultural and communal resources of this empire, tea indigenous in Assam from Sadiya to Yunnan.” Yunnan (in south-west China) wasn’t under their countrol yet, but a road to it was to be started without delay.
Wild schemes were proposed. Jenkins suggested that 2-3 “able Chinamen” should be sent up over the Patkoi and into Yunnan, to collect more of China’s tea plants to start cultivation in Assam. Like many others, he assumed that being Chinese meant you were skilled in tea-growing. He spoke of that “unlimited waste” of jungle and mountainside, which could support 3-4 million people. They just had to clear it, and there were “colonies of Shans” around who could do it. They could take over Ava (in Burma) and then detach Yunnan from China.
Their other previous ideas (e.g. for Rio de Janeiro or St. Helena) were dropped, and Gordon was brought back from China. When Wallich received a sample of (made) tea in May, sent by Charlton, he stated that it was reasonably drinkable, although slightly mouldy. It was definitely better than a “Burmese” brew that Colonel Burney (Resident at the court) had sent him.
Wallich and two doctors (Griffiths & Maclelland) set off in August, to see how much more tea they could find in Assam. Charles Bruce was going to meet them, as they knew nothing about the country. It took them four months to meet up with him, though – the Brahmaputra was in flood. They travelled by elephant, bullock cart, canoe and on foot. There are dozens of trees & plants named Wallichi and Griffithi because of this expedition.
Once they’d managed to get there, they were most successful in Upper Assam (in the east). Griffiths wrote about their arrival in a Singpho village, whose men were “a stout rather fine race, free, easy and independent,” and they were ready to show the foreigners around.
On January 16th, “we gave up to the examination of the tea in its native place.” They waded through the jungle for a while, then came across the tea-plants. “This plant is limited to a small extent, perhaps three hundred yards square…We were fortunate enough to find it both in flower and fruit owing to its site…its growth is tall and slender and its crown, at least that of the smaller, very small and ill developed. Larger trees are rare, in fact they have been all cut down by the Singphos who like all other natives are excessively improvident.”
The Singphos showed the men what they did with the leaves, which was the first real information they had on tea manufacture. Griffiths wrote, “I must premise that they use nothing but young leaves. They roasted or rather semi roasted them in a large iron vessel which must be quite clean, stirring them up and rolling them in the hands during the roasting. When duly roasted they expose them to the sun for three days, some dew alternately with the sun, it is finally packed into bamboo chungs into which it is tightly rammed.”
They explored more in the jungle, and then moved on to the river, where wild tea was growing “indiscriminately”. This was good news for the British, but bad news for those living in the region. The British would take it over for their first experimental garden, and annex it when the time was right. (Forty years later, the Political Officer of Manipur was planning to grow some tea himself, but the king begged him not to, because if it was successful, his country would be taken from him, like the Mattocks’ country had.)
Wallich and Maclelland returned to Calcutta to report their findings, but Griffiths stayed behind and set off for Burma. There, he met up with Dr. Bayfield, who was the British Resident at the Burma Court. They found another type of tea: “the difference between this and the tea I have hitherto seen consists in the smallness and the finer texture of the leaves.” However, the drink it produced was bitter. Local Chinese people “talk of the jungle tea and affirm that it cannot be manufactured into a good article. They talk of the valuable sorts as being very numerous.”
Back in Calcutta, Wallich and the Tea Committee made arrangements for Chinese men to be sent up to Assam. Meanwhile, Charles Bruce kept exploring, and reporting on his findings to Jenkins. In August 1837, he had a very important experience to report.
He arrived at a Singpho village with a servant & two porters, and talked to the Gaum (headman). He & Wallich had visited this chief before. The Gaum assured Charles that there was no more tea than he’d told them about before, but admitted that there was “a large patch not far from his house.” This turned out to be true, but the Gaum insisted that it was all.
Charles was sitting cross-legged on the ground, smoking a Singpho pipe and calling the Gaum “elder brother”. He had his gun beside him, and the chief was very interested in it. “The chief took up Mr. Bruce’s gun and begged him to ask the Commissioner to grant him one” as other Gaums had already been given them. Sensing an opportunity, Charles said he would if he got more information on tea-plants. So they went off to find more tea-trees, and Charles persuaded the chief to clear the jungle from them. Some tea was prepared, and Charles thought that it compared well with Chinese tea. Back in the village, he plied the chief with more money & more opium, and the chief told them more information.
Now jump back a year to October 1836, when Charles Bruce’s knowledge of language and etiquette was again essential in his search for tea. In this month, he again entered into Muttock land – this was the country of the Moamarias living across the river, a tribe whose revolts had contributed to the Ahom dynasty’s fall.
Here, as in the Singpho village, Charles found that “kindness and a few presents” satisfied the ordinary people, and he was “richly repaid…by being informed of one tea tract after another, although they had been strictly prohibited from giving me any information whatever.” He told them that he’d come to “do their country good…but I do not think any of them believed me, so strongly had they been prejudiced and assured to the contrary.”
Charles told the “Rajah” that he would be taught how to make tea, and that the Company would buy it from him. He said that as “he [the Gaum] and his country were to reap all the benefit, he ought to go to the expense of clearing and manufacturing it.”
He also discovered that the villagers, in the process of preparing the land for rice, had cut the tea-trees level with the ground, hoed around them and cleared the weeds. But two months later, when they cut their rice, the tea-trees were sprouting! By October, they were 1-3m high. He pruned the 3m-high trees back to about 1.2m, and shoots sprang up again from below the cut. He’d discovered that tea grows faster when it’s pruned. (He also found out that tea grows best by the water, and so it didn’t need gravelly hillsides, contrary to what some believed.)
The Muttock region he was in seemed to be the most promising for future experiment. He explained to the Gaum that the British government was “at a great deal of trouble and great expense about the tea on his account,” making him believe that the British were doing him a great favour. He renewed his promise that when the Gaum had learned how to manufacture tea, the Company would buy it from him – so the least he could do was clear the land at his own expense. He assured Jenkins that if the Singphos were won round, “we would have all upper Assam a tea garden.” Jenkins passed this on to the Committee.
Also in October, the first Chinese men arrived in Assam. In December, six chests of (made) tea were ready to be sent to Calcutta. Charles Bruce told Jenkins that the Chinese were “delighted and astonished at our tea trees.” However, only two of them were tea-makers, and he wanted a dozen more to train. The Singphos had soon lost interest – their job was to clear the jungle, but “they work how and when they please.”
Also, the local tea-plants weren't enough. Charles had to send for others in the same area, and in doing so found that they were easy to move. About 3,000 young plants were taken from their native soil and settled in easily. In an account of Assam tea manufacturers, Charles wrote:
I may mention that they were in the first instance plucked out by the roots by the village people who were sent to bring them from their native jungles, put upright into baskets without any earth, brought two days' journey on men's backs, put upright into canoes, a little common earth only being thrown amongst their roots, and were from seven to twenty days before they reached me; and then had to be carried half a day's journey to the intended new plantation, and were four or five days with only a little moist earth at their roots before they were finally put into the ground; and yet these plants are doing well, at least the greatest part of them.
Wallich and Jenkins believed that with “a numerous colony of labourers” it would all go well. The Assamese and Singphos, believed to be lazy & addicted to opium, should be replaced with “industrious races” from Chota Nagpur (an administrative division of British India, in eastern India). Then, Charles Bruce's experimental garden could produce 200-300 chests of tea a year, and then “the great capitalists will move in.” Then they would be able to solve the labour problem, which was one of the industry's biggest problems.
Charles Bruce managed to keep his Chinese workers from absconding or collapsing under the strain – the region they were in was in the middle of nowhere, surrounded by jungle. There were herds of wild elephants, and tigers were so common that they were referred to as pests like the leeches and rats. They had only Singphos for company, and were far from their families.
Charles wrote regularly to Jenkins, who sent the news on to Calcutta. It took weeks for the news to reach there, and it was uncertain whether or not it would actually arrive. But as inconvenient as it was, the Brahmaputra was incredibly important to the tea industry. It was turbulent during monsoons, and vague in its changes of direction; during winter there were unexpected sandbanks, upon which travellers could be stranded. But it was the great highway for Assam, which was landlocked. The Dutch in Java had to send their tea on ox carts over rough roads in order to reach a port, which was more onerous.
Charles sent Jenkins a detailed description of how the Chinese workers made the tea. It was the best & most accurate British account of the time.
First they plucked the leaves, using their forefinger & thumb to nip four tender leaves off the bush. It was such a delicate process that in Japan, pluckers wore gloves for this work.
The young leaves were scattered in baskets and dried in the sun. To help them wither, workers pushed up and down with long bamboo sticks.
When they were ready, the leaves were brought inside to cool for 30min.
They were then put into smaller baskets, clapped in the hands for 10min, and then put back in the baskets to repeat the process three times, until the leaves had the consistency of soft leather.
Now there was a new stage. The leaves were put into hot cast-iron pans. These pans were placed on bamboo fires to heat the leaves. The leaves were taken out and spread carefully, and briskly turned by hand; they were then put back into the pans 3-4 times to repeat the process.
After the heating was done, the leaves were spread on a table, and divided into small piles. Each heap of leaves was dealt with separately – they were rolled in order to extract the juice. The rolling was a very delicate process: the art was in “giving the ball a circular motion, and permitting it to turn under and in the hand, two or three whole revolutions before the arms are extended to their full extent, and drawing the ball of leaves quickly back without leaving a leaf behind, being rolled for five minutes in this way.”
When the leaves were half-dry, they were laid on shelves, and left until the next day.
(At every stage of the tea manufacturing, the leaves should be handled gently. The leaves were separated by being lifted in both hands, with the fingers apart. They were allowed to fall very softly. When taking the leaves out of the baskets, they were slapped to loosen them. The baskets were never put directly on the ground. If a leaf fell directly into the fire, it might cause smoke, so this had to be avoided.)
Next day, the leaves were fired yet again, until they'd reached the right level of crispness. They were then put into larger baskets and placed over a “lesser fire”, with a basket on top. The workers tested the leaves with their fingers, and when they were the right crispness, they were taken out and trodden into boxes, wearing clean stockings.
Cleanliness and delicacy of handling were both crucial. Most important, however, was the knowledge & experience of exactly when to move on to the next stage. These first Chinese workers were very important for the teaching process – over the generations, China had worked out a method that scientists would later study, examine, and experiment with in great detail. For many years, the first planters only had Charles Bruce's method, and used that.
George Eden, Governor-General of India from 1836-42, was greatly impressed with a large sample of Assamese tea in 1837. Charles Bruce was successful with his garden, and gave a “very favourable report” on 12 boxes in 1838.
However, people disagreed on where & how to set up the first experimental gardens. It was still the commonly-held idea that Chinese plants should be used, and Mr. Gordon was sent back to China to collect more plants, which would be planted in Calcutta, and the seed sent to Assam. People argued on whether the hills or plains were best for planting. Dr. Falconer (from Kumaon) stated that “the tea plant appears to require a greater cold to thrive in,” in fact, the Himalayas. So seeds and plants were sent to various places.
By 1839, 120 tracts of tea had been discovered growing wild. But Chinese plants were still preferred, and an uninspiring hybrid was produced from the mixture [of Chinese & Assamese plants?] Finally in 1888, “the miserable China variety, the pest of Assam” was abandoned. It was now thought that the time had come to hand the enterprise over to private entrepreneurs [1839 or 1888?]
#book: green gold#history#culinary history#military history#colonialism#first anglo-burmese war#india#british india#assam#china#yunnan#tea#east india company
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Singpho Phalap - The Dark Tea from Assam: Discovering the Richness of Assam Tea Culture
Journey back in time to the origins of tea cultivation when the humble tea bush was a tall tree, and witness the traditional method of harvesting tea leaves from the back of majestic elephants. Experience the rich history and culture in every sip of tea.
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The Jingpo people (also known as Kachin, Jinghpaw, Jingpho, Singpho, Zaiwa, Tsaiva, Lechi, Theinbaw, Singfo, Chingpaw), of Northern Myanmar and parts of India and China have an intricate system of sending messages through collections of plants and objects. The system is most often used when courting. Couples leave little messages hidden in special places. The language is flexible and interpretive; couples may develop special symbols and apply new meanings to familiar symbols.
1. A leaf with a needle and thread, roots, and sesame seeds means homesick. 2. Meat, charcoal, chili, grass, and fabric means that war has broken out and food and weapons are needed.
3. Grass and matches mean, “I will burn the enemy’s house”. 4. A man’s first letter to the girl he loves: tobacco tied with a red thread, betel palm, and bamboo splits mean “I am fond of you”. Coins indicate that he has enough money to support her.
*examples from the Kunming Nationality Museum
#i have a lot more of these if anyone is interested i can send the photos#jingpo#kachin#china#floral language
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Monday afternoon #facestuffing ! (at Taii Singpho) https://www.instagram.com/p/B9gdvFtjbwT/?igshid=1l9ia889r76bv
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Shapawng Yawng Manau Poi (SINGPHO ETHNO CULTURAL FESTIVAL)
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Join us Today... Flywayy Institute of Air Hostess Training, Guwahati. Phone#8638236877 Address: 2nd Floor, Opp Goswami Service Petrol Pump, above Taii Singpho Restaurant, Guwahati, Assam 781003
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