#Risk factors for hay fever

[dharamsheeladevihospital]

Understanding Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids. This condition can cause discomfort, redness, and in some cases, even vision problems. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the various types of conjunctivitis, delve into their causes and symptoms, discuss effective treatment options, and emphasise the importance of seeking care at the best multispeciality hospital for optimal management.

Types of Conjunctivitis

Infectious Conjunctivitis: This type is caused by bacterial or viral infections. Common bacteria involved include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, while adenoviruses are a common viral culprit.

Allergic Conjunctivitis: Triggered by allergens like pollen, dust mites, and pet dander, this type results from an overactive immune response and often accompanies other allergies like hay fever.

Irritant Conjunctivitis: Exposure to irritants such as smoke, chemicals, and chlorine can lead to this type, causing temporary inflammation.

Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC): Typically linked to prolonged contact lens wear, GPC involves the formation of bumps on the inner eyelids.

Causes and Risk Factors

Infectious Conjunctivitis:

Bacterial: Highly contagious, it spreads through direct contact with contaminated items or personal contact.

Viral: Spread through respiratory droplets, it's common in crowded places and among those with compromised immune systems.

Allergic Conjunctivitis:

Allergens trigger an immune response, leading to symptoms.

Individuals with a history of allergies are more susceptible.

Irritant Conjunctivitis:

Environmental irritants lead to this type.

Common in people working in chemical-heavy industries or those exposed to smoke.

Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC):

Prolonged contact lens use and improper hygiene are common causes.

More prevalent among those who use rigid gas-permeable lenses.

Symptoms

Redness and Irritation: The eyes appear bloodshot and feel itchy or gritty.

Watery or Discharge: Excessive tearing or discharge can indicate infection.

Swelling and Sensitivity: Swollen eyelids and sensitivity to light may occur.

Blurry Vision: Vision might be impaired temporarily.

Giant Papillae Formation: GPC can lead to discomfort and blurred vision due to bumps on the inner eyelids.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis:

Healthcare professionals conduct comprehensive eye exams.

Medical history and possible triggers are considered.

Samples of eye discharge may be collected for testing in infectious cases.

Treatment:

Infectious Conjunctivitis:

Bacterial: Antibiotics in the form of eye drops or ointments are used.

Viral: Usually self-limiting; lubricating eye drops offer relief.

Allergic Conjunctivitis:

Antihistamine Eye Drops: Over-the-counter or prescription drops alleviate symptoms.

Avoidance: Identifying and avoiding allergens is crucial.

Irritant Conjunctivitis:

Artificial Tears: Lubricating eye drops flush irritants.

Avoidance: Prevent further exposure to irritants.

GPC:

Lens Management: Temporarily halt lens wear and maintain proper hygiene.

Medication: Eye drops with anti-inflammatory properties may be prescribed.

Finding Care at the Best Multispeciality Hospital

Conjunctivitis, though common, requires timely and accurate care for optimal recovery. When seeking treatment, consider the following aspects of the best multispeciality hospital:

Expertise: Look for hospitals with experienced ophthalmologists specializing in various types of conjunctivitis.

Comprehensive Care: Opt for a hospital offering a wide range of diagnostic services, treatments, and follow-up care.

Advanced Technology: The hospital should be equipped with state-of-the-art equipment for accurate diagnoses and effective treatments.

Patient-Centric Approach: Choose a hospital that prioritizes patient comfort, education, and individualized treatment plans.

Hygiene and Safety: Given the contagious nature of certain conjunctivitis types, ensure the hospital maintains strict hygiene protocols.

Reputation: Seek recommendations and read reviews to gauge the hospital's reputation and quality of care.

Prevention

Preventing conjunctivitis involves hygiene, allergen avoidance, and careful lens use:

Hand Hygiene: Regular handwashing minimizes the risk of spreading infectious conjunctivitis.

Lens Hygiene: Proper contact lens care reduces the risk of GPC and other complications.

Allergen Awareness: Stay informed about allergen levels and take precautions during peak allergy seasons.

ConclusionConjunctivitis is a common eye condition that can be caused by infections, allergies, irritants, or contact lens misuse. Understanding its types, causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for effective management. Seeking care at the best multispeciality hospital ensures access to experienced professionals, advanced technology, and comprehensive treatment plans, ultimately promoting faster recovery and better eye health. Remember to prioritize hygiene and follow preventive measures to minimize the risk of conjunctivitis and its complications.

[zerogate]

Anxiety and stress have frequently been linked with vulnerability to illness. Numerous long-term studies have found that people who experience pronounced feelings of tension or anxiety are substantially more likely to develop coronary artery disease, or die from it, over the following years.

For example, an American study which tracked several hundred people over a twelve-year period found that individuals who exhibited high levels of psychological distress were roughly twice as likely to die as those with only average levels of distress. This connection between distress and death held up even when other medical risk factors such as old age, obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure were taken into account, so it was not merely a question of distressed subjects also being old, fat or smokers. Psychological distress was related to subsequent mortality in its own right.

Similar conclusions emerged from a Harvard University project. This investigated the health of former Harvard students whose psychological and biological profiles had been assessed thirty-five years earlier, as part of a series of laboratory experiments on stress. The way subjects reacted during the laboratory tests predicted their physical health years later. Individuals who displayed signs of severe anxiety during the original stress tests subsequently suffered from significantly more physical illnesses, including coronary heart disease, over the following decades. Responding anxiously to a stressful situation when a young adult proved to be a reliable marker for ill-health of all types in middle age. Another investigation by scientists at Harvard Medical School found that very shy children, who suffered from severe anxiety when in social situations, were more prone to allergic disorders such as hay fever.

It may help to look in greater detail at one specific example of a fairly subtle connection between psychological factors and subsequent disease. An American research project conducted in the 1970s investigated the psychological characteristics associated with infectious mononucleosis, otherwise known as glandular fever. This unpleasant and debilitating disease is prevalent among teenagers and young adults. The symptoms include a general malaise, fever, sore throat, loss of appetite, headaches, together with swelling of the lymph nodes or ‘glands’ in the neck, groin and armpits. Recovery can take many weeks.

Occasionally, serious complications arise, such as damage to the liver or spleen. The disease is caused by a type of herpes virus known as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which we encountered in chapter 1 as a once-favoured cause for chronic fatigue syndrome. In common with other herpes viruses like herpes simplex (which causes cold sores and genital herpes), EBV can remain dormant in the body for years without causing any symptoms. Dormant viruses are normally held in check by the individual’s immune system, but anything that weakens immunological control over the latent viruses can trigger the emergence of disease symptoms.

The subjects of this investigation comprised over 1300 young men entering the West Point military academy. On arrival at West Point each student was screened to see whether he was already infected with EBV. About two-thirds of the students carried the virus, which is typical for a normal population. The remaining third had not yet been infected. These potentially susceptible students were then tracked to see who would become infected with EBV.

And here lies an important general point: not everyone who is exposed to disease-causing bacteria or viruses becomes infected. In fact, only about one in five of the originally virus-free students went on to be infected with EBV during their four years at West Point. Of those who did become infected, a quarter developed obvious clinical symptoms of disease. And here lies a second general point: not everyone who gets infected with disease-causing viruses or bacteria develops a clinical disease.

Psychological assessments revealed that those men who went on to be afflicted with infectious mononucleosis shared certain distinctive psychological characteristics. In particular, they tended to be the ones who had suffered most from academic pressure. Students who had the dispiriting combination of a strong motivation to do well, but a poor actual performance, had a greater likelihood of contracting infectious mononucleosis. And once they became ill these highly motivated but poorly performing students spent longer on average in hospital. They were more susceptible to the disease and when they got it, they got it worse. Relatively minor traumatic events can also push up the odds of becoming ill. For example, Australian scientists found a marked increase in high blood pressure, gut disorders and diabetes among people who had been indirectly affected by a bushfire that occurred in southern Australia in 1983.

-- Paul Martin, The Sickening Mind: Brain, Behaviour, Immunity and Disease

[nursingwriter]

Cross-Sectional Study: To Assess the Prevalence of Dental Diseases and Treatment Needs of Pediatric Patients Attending Dental Clinics at Ajman University The WHO Global Oral Health Program emphasizes that although countries have made substantial progress in their effort to improve community health in general, there is still a lot to be done in relation to oral health - particularly among minority and economically-disadvantaged groups1. Oral diseases such as orodental trauma, oropharyngeal cancers, oral lesions, tooth loss, periodontal disease, and dental caries continue to be a thorn in the flesh for governments in the world over even though reports have shown declines in their prevalence and severity. Despite their endemic nature, these diseases impact negatively on the health of the general population and put a strain on the global economy1. Having damaged, discolored or missing teeth affects patients' well-being and daily lives, just as the time taken to tend to the same restricts activities at home, school, and at the workplace; causing dozens of work and school hours to be lost annually. Anderson 2 points out that the reason why interceptive and preventive interventions have repeatedly failed is because policy-makers have focused on expending resources to the entire population rather than concentrating on the at-risk populations. He advises that in cases where disease is increasingly skewed, "and there are effective interventions, risk-assessment can play a significant role in the treatment of infectious diseases"2(p 377). This study presents the researcher's current knowledge of the epidemiology and risk assessment elements of dental diseases with an increased focus on the adolescent and pediatrician population in the city of Ajman. Ajman was selected for this analysis, first because of its cosmopolitan nature, and secondly, because its average-income status makes it an attractive basis for studying the effect of risk factors other than socio-economic disadvantage. Not many studies have been initiated to assess the oral health status of school-going children in Ajman area, and even the few that have seem to concentrate more on the characteristics of the population as a whole, as opposed to specific demographic cohorts3, 4, 5. In light of this, the current analysis seeks to provide baseline data on the prevalence of dental diseases and treatment needs among 4 to 18-year-old school-going children attending dental clinics in Ajman University. It is based on Moses and his colleagues'6 four-step plan for improving oral health in the community, which involves i) collection of data on oral diseases; ii) evaluation of data to identify community needs; iii) identification of at-risk groups, and iv) formulation of informed treatment plans; and is geared towards guiding oral health planners in Ajman, and the greater Saudi towards developing effective preventive strategies and treatment plans for their communities Background of the Study Periodontal disease and dental caries are considered the most burdensome oral health conditions worldwide, alongside malocclusion and enamel fluorosis. Dental caries has persisted as a serious global health concern, with a prevalence rate seven times that of hay fever and five times that of asthma7. The disease currently affects between 60 and 90% of the school-going children population, and a significant proportion of the adult population8. The WHO, in its 2003 annual health report9, points out that although there are significant disparities in the severity and distribution of dental caries between continents and even regions within the same country, the overall prevalence rates of the disease among school-going children have fallen substantially from those reported in the closing decades of the 19th century. Fos and Hutchison 7 attribute this decline to higher levels of education among parents, increased dental insurance coverage, and increased procedure use by dental care providers. The WHO report 9 shows dental caries prevalence rates, measured by the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth index (DMFT), as being relatively high in the European region (DMFT=2.6) and the Americas (DMFT=3.0), and considerably low (DMFT =1.2-2.6) in Asia and the Middle East. The trend, however, appears to have changed over the last decade, at least for Saudi Arabia. A 2014 review by Al-Ansari 10of the University of Damman in Saudi Arabia, which brought together the findings of multiple cross-sectional studies conducted on the Saudi Arabian populace between 1981 and 2012, found the dental caries prevalence rate to have averaged 7.34 in DMFT for the population aged between 3 and 7; 7.35 for the population aged between 12 and 19; and 14.53 for the adult population between the ages of 30 and 45. This represented a 95% prevalence rate for children aged between 3 and 7; 91% for adolescents between ages 12 and 19; and a massive 98% for adults aged between 30 and 4510. The rising prevalence rates in recent years have been attributed to the rising consumption of sugary foods and increased non-exposure to fluorides8. It is estimated that approximately 84.37% of school-going children in Asia suffer from gingivitis, and that another 36.42% and 36.36% suffer from malocclusion and enamel fluorosis respectively11. Clinicians and health specialist further estimate that 62 million children in the Asian region are at risk of developing fluorosis, and that the risk is higher for females (DMFT=1.83) compared to males (DMFT=1.3)11. Children with special needs and those from low-income backgrounds have also been found to run higher risks of getting infected and a two times greater likelihood of having untreated tooth decay7. These are worrying statistics, especially because the effects of dental diseases spread far beyond the oral cavity and its supporting structures, and have a pronounced effect on the well-being of the entire body system7. Periodontal disease, for instance, has been found to be a risk factor for a number of serious health complications - including obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin resistance, peripheral arterial diseases, and cardiovascular diseases 12, 7-8. In light of all these factors, the Saudi Arabian economy is deemed to lose billions of shillings in treatment in coming years; and not only that, the general well-being of the population stands to be compromised. Arigbede and his colleagues 12 (p 487) caution against treating oral health as a "separate, distant, and less important area of health, which is totally unrelated to lifespan and its quality." Thus, in order for comprehensive healthcare to be achieved, oral health needs to be give the attention it deserves; and this requires clinicians and policy makers alike to first understand the epidemiology and risk assessment elements of dental diseases and other oral health conditions. This understanding provides a sound rationale for the current study. Aim: To assess the prevalence of dental diseases and treatment needs among pediatric patients attending dental clinics in Ajman University Study Design: Retrospective study using the records of pediatric patients of Ajman University 2.0 Literature Review This review comprises of two sections. The first section covers literature on the pathobiology of four selected diseases that have been found to be most common among the population of interest -- dental caries, periodontal diseases, enamel fluorosis and malocclusion. It explores definitions, epidemiology, pathobiology, and infectious agents in relation to each of the select diseases. The second section covers literature on the impact of dental diseases on morbidity and general health. It assesses the health effect of dental diseases on various body systems. Section One i) Dental Caries Definition and Etiology: Dental caries is tooth decay that causes enamel breakdown, often resulting in clinical damage to the overall structure of the tooth7, 12. Three different hypotheses have attempted to explain the etiology of dental caries13. The three agree on the physiological mechanisms involved, and only differ in regard to the etiological agent responsible. The specific plaque hypothesis postulates that caries results from the over-infestation of the Streptococcus mutans bacterium, often denoted as S. mutans, whose bacterial cells colonize the tooth structure, inhibiting glucan action, and creating a thick, sticky intraoral bacterial film referred to as dental plaque 2, 13. This plaque reacts with metallic substrates in food to produce organic acids that gradually dissolve the calcium component present in the tooth enamel, leading to cavitation2. The severity of the infection is determined by the degree of bacterial infestation. Smooth surface caries is associated with S. mutans infestation levels exceeding 500,000cfu/ml (colony-forming units per milliliter of saliva); whereas fissure caries is associated with lower infestation levels (Anderson, 2002). The ecological hypothesis and the non-specific plaque hypothesis do not, however, seem to be in agreement with this view. The ecological plaque hypothesis postulates that caries develops when unexpected changes in the local environment of the oral cavity interfere with the bacterial balance therein, spurring an overgrowth of disease-causing microflora14. The non-specific plaque hypothesis, on the other hand, casts doubt on the implication of S. mutans as the primary etiological agent in caries development. It suggests that caries is not caused by the action one particular species, but rather is the product of the overall activity of multiple bacterial species found in the oral cavity, including Lactobacilli, Propionibacterium, and Atopobium14. Aas and his colleagues 14 sought to find out how true this claim is. They analyzed 243 samples of dental plaque obtained from primary and permanent teeth; and found that although the S. mutans bacteria was extensive in caries-infected primary teeth, it was less common in subjects with permanent teeth14. As a matter of fact, a significant"10% of subjects with rampant caries in permanent teeth" were found not to have detectable levels of the bacteria14 (p 1407). This finding supports the conclusion that bacterial profiles i) differ between permanent and primary dentitions; and ii) change as the disease progresses14, 2. Nonetheless, there is consensus that all these other bacterial species are associated more with disease progression, and do not play as conspicuous a role in the initiation of dental caries14, 2. Epidemiology: researchers have differed on the actual prevalence rate of dental caries among school-going children. Al-Ansari10, for instance, assessing the prevalence of caries among Saudi Arabian children, places the prevalence of the same at a massive 90-97%, positing that caries accounts for more than 50% of tooth loss among children the world over. Other researchers, however, believe the rate to be substantially lower than this, specifically, between 60 and 90%7-8. There is consensus, nonetheless, that contrary to what has been reported in Europe and the Americas, the dental caries prevalence rates in Saudi Arabia and the greater Continent of Asia have risen substantially in recent years 10, 6, 11. This has largely been attributed to the increased prominence of risk factors associated with dental caries, including inappropriate feeding habits, low socio-economic status, non-exposure to fluorides, and high magnitudes of cariogenic bacterium2, 10. Risk Factors and At-Risk Populations The role of Genetics The fact that a mother can essentially pass on the S. mutans bacteria to their child (vertical transmission) establishes valid grounds for the existence of genetic risk factor relationships between an individual's phenotypic profile and their likelihood of getting infected with dental caries2. Whether or not one harbors a clinical infection depends on how well their immune system is able compete with the S. mutans strain resident in their oral cavity. The disease is only judged significant if its effects are visible; and its effects are only visible if the resident strain of bacteria is able to compete successfully with the immune system2. Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), present in saliva, is the chief immunologic response against the S. mutans organism; and is believed to work by binding to the tooth surface to prevent the attachment of the bacteria2. Part of this immunity is passed on to the child through lactation products (or the placenta for the unborn child), but since the child's immunity is still considerably weak, it is unable to fight the strain of bacteria resident in the mother; and the child runs a significantly high risk of acquiring the disease2. Inherited conditions such as octodermal dysplasia, which wear down the mineral component in enamel, and other inherited conditions such as xerostomia, which affect immune system competency and salivary flow, also predispose an individual to dental caries2. The Role of the Environment Anderson 2 categorizes the environmental factors associated with dental caries in terms of i) fluoride exposure, ii) socioeconomic status, iii) sugar consumption, iv) family history in relation to caries, and v) the nature, sealant status, and caries history of the teeth present. In a study seeking to assess how the nature of teeth increased or reduced the risk of acquiring dental caries, he2 found that the risk of harboring the S. mutans bacteria increases with increasing surface area of the oral cavity or dentition. His findings mirror those of Caufield and his colleagues15, who sought to examine the proportion of disease-causing bacteria in the oral cavity at different stages after birth; and found that the proportion of such bacteria in saliva increased as new teeth emerged. Anderson 2 further found that people with past histories of dental caries, or existing restorations for that matter, are more predisposed to caries; and that similarly, people with smooth surface caries are more predisposed to future caries than those who exhibit only pit and fissure caries. He contends with Anuradha's 11 view that owing to the high risk of reoccurrence associated with caries, the specific location of previous or current caries could be crucial in guiding practitioners to make accurate predictions on the possible incidence of future caries. The absence of sealants has also been identified as a key risk factor for dental caries. In their study seeking to assess the effectiveness of sealants and varnish in reducing the incidence of dental caries, Bravo and his colleagues 16 found both products to be significantly effective, although sealants had a higher level of efficacy, covering approximately 68% of the tooth's smooth surface, compared to 38% covered by varnish. Various studies have sought to establish why the rate of sealant usage has remained low despite its high level of efficacy in reducing the risk of dental caries. Fos and Hutchison's7 is one such study - in their review seeking to assess the differences in the risk of exposure to dental caries between children in urban areas and their counterparts in rural areas, the researchers linked sealant use to socioeconomic status, positing that compared to their peers in urban areas, children in rural areas had higher likelihoods of being exposed to sealant usage as owing to uneducated parents, decreased dental insurance coverage, and less use of the procedure by dental care providers. A plethora of other studies have focused on assessing how family history determines one's risk of acquiring dental caries. Familial history has been found to be a considerably weak factor, given that caries has more to do with one's own lifestyle and feeding habits2. There, however, is consensus that infected mothers risk transferring the S. mutans bacteria to their unborn children and infants2, 10-11. The higher the proportion of bacteria present in the mother's saliva, the greater the risk of the same being passed on to the child2. Moreover, the more resistant the strain of bacteria present in the mother, the greater the risk of transmission 7. For these reasons, Anderson advises that it is "in the clinician's and the child patient's best interest to sample the mother for the presence and severity of a S. mutans infection" 2 (p 379). Al-Ansari 10 however, cautions against understating the role of the mother in the development of dental caries in older children. In his view, a mother's perception about their own oral health status is a crucial risk factor for older children between the ages of three and fifteen because it determines whether or not a mother will seek dental care for herself and her children10. Age plays out as another crucial risk factor for dental caries. Al-Ansari10 and Anuradha and his colleagues 11, for instance, report extremely high infection and prevalence rates among the elderly population. This has largely been attributed to changes in diet, as well as mental and physical inability to observe oral hygiene11. This inability to maintain appropriate hygiene has also been found to be a significant factor in the high prevalence rates reported among children with special needs17. In her study involving 61 autistic and an equal number of non-autistic children aged between 4 and 16, Jaber (2011) found that autistic children ran higher risks of acquiring dental caries due to increased use of anticonvulsants or psychoactive drugs, inadequate dental hygiene instructions from those taking care of them, difficulties in flossing and brushing, a pronounced preference for sweetened foods, and the fact that autistic children "tend to pouch food inside the mouth instead of swallowing it due to poor tongue coordination" 2 (p 216). Researchers concur that reducing the risk of caries infection among autistic persons would require dental and pedopsychiatric teams to work together towards increasing the promotion of oral health activities for caregivers and parents so that they are able to formulate effective prevention techniques for their children 7, 17. Jaber17 proposes that the parental and caregiver education include guidance and information on among other things, benefits of early attendance to a dental specialist for care and advice, benefits of fluoride toothpaste, strategies of maintaining proper hygiene, and the benefits and strategies of reducing the amount of sugars in the diet. Visual pedagogy is one specific strategy that has proven quite useful in teaching people with mental illnesses how to maintain proper oral hygiene18. Pilebro and Backman18 conducted a prospective study where they exposed fourteen autistic children with visible plaque to a 12-month intervention program, in which they were taught how to brush effectively through a number of images indicating or demonstrating a structured technique and method of tooth brushing. At the completion of the program, the amount of visible plaque was found to have reduced considerably. ii) Periodontal Diseases The term 'periodontium' is derived from two Greek words with 'peri', being used to denote 'around' and 'odons', representing 'tooth'19. It basically refers to the tissues and any other supportive structures around the tooth19. These include the alveolar bone, the periodontal ligaments, the cementum, and the gingiva. Periodontal diseases is a term used to collectively refer to the acquired or inherited disorders that cause damage to the aforementioned tissues, and inhibit their ability to perform their supportive functions effectively19. Rhee and his colleagues (2013) define periodontal diseases differently - as "inflammatory disorders most commonly initiated by microorganisms; if untreated, they reduce a patient's quality of life"13(p 127). Read the full article

[entinformativespace]

Nasal Polyps: The Silent Cause of Chronic Congestion and Breathing Issues

Do you constantly suffer from nasal congestion, difficulty breathing, or a reduced sense of smell? These symptoms may not just be due to allergies or a common cold. Nasal polyps, soft, painless, noncancerous growths in the nasal passages, can be a hidden culprit. Many people live with nasal polyps without realizing they are the cause of their persistent nasal issues. Nasal polyps treatment can help restore normal breathing and prevent complications.

What Are Nasal Polyps?

Nasal polyps are small, teardrop-shaped growths that develop in the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses. While they are generally non cancerous, they can cause significant breathing difficulties, chronic inflammation, and frequent sinus infections.

Symptoms of Nasal Polyps

If you experience any of the following symptoms, nasal polyps might be affecting your health:

Persistent nasal congestion

Runny nose or postnasal drip

Difficulty breathing through the nose

Reduced or lost sense of smell and taste

Frequent sinus infections

Snoring or sleep disturbances

Causes and Risk Factors

Nasal polyps often develop due to prolonged inflammation in the nasal passages. Some common causes and risk factors include:

Chronic sinusitis or sinus infections

Allergies, including hay fever

Asthma

Sensitivity to aspirin or NSAIDs

Cystic fibrosis

Treatment Options for Nasal Polyps

Depending on the severity, treatment options for nasal polyps may include:

Medications: Corticosteroid nasal sprays or oral steroids can help reduce inflammation and shrink polyps.

Allergy Management: Identifying and treating underlying allergies can prevent polyp regrowth.

Nasal Irrigation: Regular saline rinses can help clear nasal passages and reduce irritation.

Surgery: If medications do not provide relief, procedures such as functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) can be performed to remove polyps and improve airflow.

Nasal polyps can lead to persistent congestion, difficulty breathing, and repeated sinus infections if left untreated. Fortunately, effective treatments are available to restore normal breathing and improve your quality of life. If you are struggling with chronic nasal issues, consulting an ENT specialist for nasal polyps in Nagpur can help diagnose and treat your condition effectively.

[gbnpharma]

Pheniramine Injection Suppliers: What to Look for in a Trusted Manufacturer

Pheniramine injection is widely used in the medical industry to treat allergic reactions, including hay fever, urticaria, and anaphylaxis. When sourcing this essential pharmaceutical product, it is crucial to choose a trusted Pheniramine Injection Manufacturer that adheres to high-quality standards. With numerous Pharma Manufacturers in India, selecting the right one requires careful evaluation of various factors, including manufacturing practices, certifications, and distribution networks.

Key Factors to Consider When Choosing a Pheniramine Injection Manufacturer

1. Compliance with Regulatory Standards

A reputable Pharmaceuticals Manufacturer in India should comply with national and international regulatory guidelines, including:

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)

World Health Organization (WHO) certifications

Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) approval

These certifications ensure that the manufacturer follows stringent quality and safety protocols.

2. High-Quality Raw Materials

The quality of Pheniramine injection largely depends on the raw materials used. A trusted Pheniramine Injection Manufacturer sources high-grade active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to maintain the efficacy and safety of the product.

3. State-of-the-Art Manufacturing Facilities

Advanced production facilities equipped with the latest technology ensure precision in formulation, sterilization, and packaging. A modern Pharmaceuticals Manufacturer in India follows automated processes to minimize contamination risks.

4. Research and Development Capabilities

A leading Pharma Manufacturer in India invests in R&D to enhance formulations, improve drug stability, and ensure compliance with evolving medical guidelines. This helps in maintaining consistency in drug effectiveness and safety.

5. Supply Chain and Distribution Network

A reliable manufacturer has a well-established distribution network to ensure timely supply across domestic and international markets. Choosing a supplier with strong logistics support helps in avoiding delays in procurement.

6. Competitive Pricing and Bulk Supply Options

Pheniramine injections are often required in large quantities for hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies. Partnering with a Pheniramine Injection Manufacturer that offers competitive pricing and bulk supply options is beneficial for long-term procurement.

7. Customer Reviews and Market Reputation

Before finalizing a supplier, it is essential to check their reputation in the industry. Testimonials, client reviews, and third-party certifications provide insights into their reliability and service quality.

Final Thoughts

Selecting the right Pheniramine Injection Manufacturer is crucial for ensuring product quality, safety, and timely supply. A trusted Pharmaceuticals Manufacturer in India adheres to regulatory guidelines, invests in R&D, and maintains a strong distribution network. By considering the above factors, you can partner with a manufacturer that meets industry standards and guarantees superior pharmaceutical products.

If you're looking for a reliable Pharma Manufacturer in India, ensure they meet all necessary certifications and provide high-quality, effective medications for your needs.

[drgyana]

Exploring the Link Between Allergies and Heart Health

When we think of allergies, sneezing, rashes, or itchy eyes might come to mind. But did you know that how your body reacts to allergens could also influence your heart? Recent research highlights an unexpected relationship between allergic conditions and cardiovascular health, revealing that something as common as seasonal sniffles or food sensitivities might have deeper implications. Let’s break down what this means for you and how staying informed can help protect your heart.

The Hidden Role of Inflammation

Allergies occur when your immune system overreacts to harmless substances like pollen, dust, or certain foods. This reaction releases substances that cause inflammation, such as histamines and cytokines. While short-term inflammation helps fight threats, chronic inflammation—common in long-term allergies—can damage blood vessels and contribute to heart issues like high blood pressure or plaque buildup in arteries.

For example, studies show that people with asthma or severe hay fever have a higher likelihood of developing high blood pressure or coronary heart disease. This is partly because ongoing inflammation strains the heart and blood vessels over time.

Food Sensitivities and Silent Risks

You don’t need a full-blown food allergy for your body to react. Even mild sensitivities—where your immune system produces antibodies like IgE without obvious symptoms—can pose risks. For instance, research found that adults sensitive to common foods like milk, peanuts, or shrimp had a higher chance of heart-related issues, even if they didn’t experience typical allergic reactions.

Why does this happen? Antibodies linked to food sensitivities may activate immune cells in the heart and blood vessels, leading to low-grade inflammation. Over years, this could accelerate conditions like atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) or irregular heart rhythms.

Asthma and Heart Rhythms: A Surprising Pair

Asthma isn’t just a lung issue. Those with frequent asthma attacks face a higher risk of atrial fibrillation—a type of irregular heartbeat. This may stem from shared pathways involving inflammation and stress on the cardiovascular system. A large genetic study even confirmed that asthma increases the likelihood of atrial fibrillation, emphasizing the need for heart monitoring in asthma patients 1213.

Genetics and Shared Pathways

Our genes might explain why some people with allergies are more prone to heart issues. Certain genes linked to immune responses are also involved in heart disease development. For example, variations in immune-related genes can make someone more susceptible to both allergic reactions and plaque buildup in arteries.

What You Can Do

Know Your Triggers: If you have allergies, identify and avoid triggers. Regular check-ups with an allergist can help manage symptoms and reduce inflammation.

Monitor Heart Health: If you have chronic allergies or asthma, consider periodic heart screenings. Early detection of issues like high blood pressure can make a big difference.

Anti-Inflammatory Diet: Foods rich in omega-3s (like fish), antioxidants (berries, leafy greens), and fiber can combat inflammation. Limiting processed foods and sugars also helps.

Stay Active: Moderate exercise improves circulation and reduces inflammation. Even a daily 30-minute walk can benefit both your lungs and heart.

Stress Management: Stress worsens allergies and heart health. Practices like yoga or deep breathing can keep both under control.

When to Consult a Specialist

If you have allergies alongside risk factors like obesity, smoking, or a family history of heart disease, it’s wise to consult a healthcare provider. For those in Bhubaneswar, reaching out to the best cardiologist in Bhubaneswar can provide personalized insights. They can recommend tests like cholesterol panels or ECGs to assess your heart’s health holistically.

Final Thoughts

The link between allergies and heart health is a reminder that our bodies work as interconnected systems. Managing allergies isn’t just about easing symptoms—it’s about safeguarding your long-term well-being. By staying proactive with lifestyle choices and medical care, you can reduce risks and live vibrantly.If you’re unsure where to start, Dr. Gyana Ranjan Nayak-the best cardiologist in Bhubaneswar can guide you through heart-healthy practices tailored to your needs. After all, a healthy heart begins with understanding the subtle ways our bodies communicate!

[sarabherbs]

Asthma: Some Common Causes and Triggers That Everyone Should Know

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making breathing difficult. Asthma can be triggered by various factors, and understanding these triggers is crucial for effective management and prevention. In this article, we will discuss some of the most common causes and triggers of asthma that everyone should know.

What is Asthma?

Asthma is a condition in which the airways become inflamed, swollen, and produce excessmucus. This leads to difficulty in breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. While the exact cause of asthma is not entirely understood, several environmental and genetic factors contribute to its development.

Common Causes of Asthma

Asthma does not have a single cause; rather, it develops due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Below are some of the most common causes:

1. Genetic Predisposition

If you have a family history of asthma or allergic diseases like eczema, hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, you may be at a higher risk of developing asthma. Researchers have identified several genes that contribute to asthma susceptibility.

2. Allergens

Allergens are one of the most common causes of asthma. Some of the most frequent allergens that can trigger asthma include:

·         Pollen

·         Dust mites

·         Mold spores

·         Pet dander

·         Cockroach droppings

3. Respiratory Infections

Viral infections, particularly in early childhood, can increase the risk of developing asthma. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus are known to cause inflammation in the lungs, which may lead to asthma.

4. Exposure to Smoke and Pollution

Cigarette smoke, industrial pollution, and vehicle emissions contribute significantly to the development and worsening of asthma. Exposure to these pollutants can damage lung tissue and make the airways more sensitive to triggers.

5. Occupational Factors

Certain workplaces expose individuals to dust, chemicals, and fumes, which can lead to occupational asthma. Industries such as construction, farming, painting, and hairdressing have a higher incidence of work-related asthma cases.

Common Triggers of Asthma

Triggers are substances or conditions that worsen asthma symptoms or cause an asthma

attack. Identifying and avoiding these triggers can help manage the condition effectively.

1. Airborne Irritants

Substances such as smoke, strong odors, perfumes, and chemical fumes can irritate the airways and cause an asthma flare-up.

2. Cold Air and Weather Changes

Sudden changes in temperature, cold air, and humidity levels can trigger asthma symptoms. Cold air can dry out the airways, making them more susceptible to inflammation.

3. Exercise-Induced Asthma

Physical activity can trigger asthma symptoms, especially in dry or cold conditions. This condition, known as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, leads to shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness during or after exercise.

4. Emotional Stress and Anxiety

Strong emotions such as stress, anxiety, and even laughter can trigger asthma symptoms. Stress hormones can cause tightening of the airway muscles, making breathing more difficult.

5. Medications

Certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen, can trigger asthma in some individuals. Beta-blockers used for heart disease and blood pressure may also cause airway constriction.

6. Food Additives and Allergies

Food preservatives, sulfites, and artificial food colorings have been linked to asthma attacks. Common culprits include processed foods, dried fruits, and wine.

How to Prevent and Manage Asthma

While asthma cannot be completely cured, it can be effectively managed through medication, lifestyle changes, and trigger avoidance. Here are some tips:

.Use prescribed medication: Follow your doctor's instructions regarding inhalers and medications.

·Avoid triggers: Identify and minimize exposure to known asthma triggers.

· Maintain indoor air quality: Use air purifiers, keep humidity levels low, and clean your living space regularly.

·Practice breathing exercises: Techniques such as pursed-lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing can help control symptoms.

·Stay active but cautious: Engage in moderate physical activities and use a bronchodilator before exercising if necessary.

Bottom Line

Asthma is a complex condition influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Understanding common causes and triggers can help individuals take proactive measures to manage their symptoms effectively. By avoiding triggers, using prescribed medications, and making necessary lifestyle changes, asthma sufferers can lead a healthier life. For those seeking natural remedies and alternative treatments, SarabHerbs® offers herbal solutions designed to support respiratory health and overall well-being.

[ahopkins1965]

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Abu Dhabi|Canada|Florida|London|Nevada|Ohio





Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyps are soft, painless, noncancerous growths that can form in the lining of your nose or sinuses. They happen most often in people with asthma, allergies, repeat infections or nasal inflammation. Medication and outpatient surgery can shrink nasal polyps and relieve symptoms.

ContentsOverviewSymptoms and CausesDiagnosis and TestsManagement and TreatmentPreventionOutlook / PrognosisLiving WithAdditional Common Questions

Overview

Nasal polyps range in size from small teardrops to large grapes.

What are nasal polyps?

Nasal polyps are painless and benign (noncancerous) growths. They form in the mucosa (thin, soft tissue) that lines your nasal and sinus passages. They usually appear on both sides of your nose. Nasal polyps can get irritated and swollen, making it hard for you to breathe through your nose.

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Small polyps are teardrop-shaped. But as they grow larger, they often resemble peeled grapes that are pink, yellow or gray.

Nasal polyps affect up to 40% of the general population. Anyone can get them. But they’re twice as common in men. Many people get them in their 30s or 40s. But the overall risk increases with age.

Nasal polyposis is another name for nasal polyps.

Symptoms and Causes

Nasal polyp symptoms

Small polyps in your nose might not cause symptoms at all. But if they start to grow, you could develop:

Nasal congestion (stuffy nose).

Rhinorrhea (runny nose).

Headaches.

Loss of taste and smell.

Nosebleeds.

Postnasal drip.

Sinus pressure.

Snoring.

When polyps grow large enough, they can block your nasal passages and sinuses, leading to:

Frequent asthma attacks (in people with asthma).

Repeated sinus infections (sinusitis).

Sleep apnea or other sleep disorders.

Difficulty breathing, even in people who don’t have asthma.

Nasal polyps are soft, painless, noncancerous growths that can form in the lining of your nose or sinuses.

Nasal polyp causes

Healthcare providers know that inflammation causes nasal polyps. But they don’t know why some people go on to develop polyps because of inflammation while others don’t.

Chronic sinusitis — from allergies, infection or asthma — seems to be the most common reason polyps appear. Chronic sinusitis refers to nasal and sinus inflammation that’s lasted three months or longer. But several risk factors could contribute to the development of nasal polyps.

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Risk factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a certain condition. Nasal polyp risk factors include existing health conditions like:

Asthma.

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever).

Chronic sinus infections.

Cystic fibrosis.

Hypersensitivity to certain NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).

Genetics may also play a role in the development of nasal polyps. For instance, certain gene mutations (changes) may impact how your nasal tissues react to inflammation.

Complications of nasal polyps

Ongoing sinus infections associated with nasal polyps can result in rare but serious complications like:

Bone infection (osteomyelitis) and bone loss.

Abscesses (pockets of infection) that can spread to your eye sockets and brain.

Meningitis (infection of the tissues around your brain and spinal cord).

Diagnosis and Tests

How doctors diagnose nasal polyps

To diagnose nasal polyps, a healthcare provider will start with a physical examination. During this appointment, they may:

Look inside your nose with a scope (a thin, tubelike instrument with a camera and light).

Review your medical history (with a focus on allergies, asthma or sinus infections).

Ask about your symptoms and how long you’ve had them.

Tests used to diagnose nasal polyps

If your healthcare provider needs more information, they may order one of these imaging tests to help them determine the size and location of each polyp:

CT (computed tomography) scan.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).

Your provider may also recommend allergy testing. This can help them identify allergens that lead to nasal inflammation and polyps.

Management and Treatment

How are nasal polyps treated?

Nasal polyp treatment depends on the severity of your condition. Medication and surgery are the two main approaches.

Even with surgical removal, nasal polyps may grow back over time. Your healthcare provider will talk to you about the likelihood of recurrence (return) and how you can manage it.

Medication

Medication usually doesn’t get rid of nasal polyps, but it can ease symptoms. Common treatments include:

Steroid nasal sprays to shrink polyps and improve symptoms.

Oral steroids (pills you swallow) like prednisone.

Biologic medications, such as dupilumab injections. (Dupilumab contains monoclonal antibodies that stimulate your immune system and may shrink nasal polyps.)

Your healthcare provider also may prescribe antibiotics if you have an infection.

Surgery for nasal polyps

If medication doesn’t work — or if you have large polyps — you may need sinus surgery to remove them. Your provider may use nasal endoscopy to do one of these minimally invasive procedures:

Polypectomy. A healthcare provider uses tiny instruments — like surgical scissors or snares — to grab onto and remove the polyps inside your nose. (A surgical snare is like a lasso that wraps around a polyp.)

Balloon sinuplasty. A surgeon threads a small balloon through your nostril and into your sinus cavity. They slowly inflate the balloon to unblock your nasal passages. In some cases, they’ll remove nasal polyps at the same time.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). A surgeon uses small instruments to remove polyps, diseased tissue, damaged bone and anything else that obstructs your nasal passages.

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All these procedures are minimally invasive. That means your surgeon does everything through your nostrils. So, you won’t have visible incisions or sutures.

Care at Cleveland Clinic

Nasal Polyp Treatment

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Prevention

Can nasal polyps be prevented?

It’s not always possible to prevent nasal polyps. But here are a few things you can do to reduce your risk:

Take all medications exactly as directed.

Avoid breathing airborne allergens or irritants that can lead to nose and sinus inflammation.

Use a humidifier in your home to help moisten your breathing passages.

Use a saline nasal rinse or spray to flush out allergens or other irritants.

Practice good hygiene.

Outlook / Prognosis

What can I expect if I have nasal polyps?

Treatment can help you get rid of nasal polyps and make it easier for you to breathe through your nose. But unfortunately, polyps can come back after treatment. Some people need to stay on steroid medications or have repeat surgery to manage them.

People with loss of taste (ageusia) and loss of smell (anosmia) may not see a total improvement of symptoms after treatment. Ask your healthcare provider what you should expect in your case.

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?

Schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider if you have nasal polyp symptoms that last longer than 10 days.

Additionally, let your provider know if you notice a single growth on one side of your nose. This could be a nasal or paranasal tumor rather than a polyp.

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What questions should I ask my doctor?

Consider asking your healthcare provider:

How can I lessen the symptoms?

Do I need medications, surgery or both?

Should I restrict my activities?

Do I need to see a specialist?

Should I go to the emergency room for any symptoms?

Additional Common Questions

Will nasal polyps go away on their own?

In some cases, nasal polyps can shrink on their own over time. But they rarely go away. People who have severe symptoms will likely need treatment.

Can you see nasal polyps by looking up your nose?

You usually can’t see nasal polyps by looking up your own nose. But if they grow large enough, a provider might be able to see them if they look up your nose with a nasoscope (lighted tool).

Can nasal polyps get dislodged?

Trauma or blowing your nose really hard can cause nasal polyps to swell or become dislodged. Nasal steroid sprays may help reduce inflammation and help the polyps return to their original position.

How can I remove nasal polyps at home?

You should never — under any circumstances — try to remove nasal polyps yourself. Doing so can lead to injury, excessive bleeding and infection.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Nasal polyps can make your nose feel stuffy all the time. Left untreated, they can interfere with your breathing and ultimately lead to bone and tissue damage. If you develop nasal polyp symptoms, tell your healthcare provider right away. They can find a treatment option that works for your situation.

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Medically Reviewed

Last reviewed on 01/16/2024.

Learn more about the Health Library and our editorial process.

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Asthma: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects millions of people worldwide, characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which leads to difficulty in breathing. This condition can range from mild to severe and can significantly impact a person’s quality of life if not properly managed. Asthma is a complex disease with various types, causes, and triggers, and its symptoms can vary from person to person. Understanding the different aspects of asthma, including its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, is essential for effective management and improving the lives of those affected by this condition.

Types of Asthma

Asthma is not a one-size-fits-all condition; it manifests in different forms depending on the triggers and underlying causes. The most common types of asthma include:

Allergic Asthma: This is the most prevalent form of asthma, triggered by allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, mold, and certain foods. People with allergic asthma often have a family history of allergies or other allergic conditions like eczema or hay fever.

Non-Allergic Asthma: Unlike allergic asthma, this type is triggered by factors not related to allergies, such as stress, cold air, exercise, smoke, or respiratory infections. It is less common and often more challenging to manage.

Occupational Asthma: This type is caused by exposure to irritants or allergens in the workplace, such as chemicals, dust, gases, or fumes. Workers in industries like manufacturing, farming, and healthcare are at higher risk.

Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB): Also known as exercise-induced asthma, this type occurs during or after physical activity. The rapid breathing associated with exercise can cause the airways to narrow, leading to symptoms like wheezing and shortness of breath.

Childhood Asthma: Asthma often begins in childhood, and symptoms may improve or worsen as the child grows. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications.

Adult-Onset Asthma: Some individuals develop asthma for the first time in adulthood, often due to environmental factors, hormonal changes, or occupational exposures.

Severe Asthma: A small percentage of people with asthma have severe symptoms that are difficult to control with standard treatments. This type may require specialized therapies and close monitoring.

Causes of Asthma

The exact cause of asthma is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some of the key causes and risk factors include:

Genetics: A family history of asthma or allergic conditions increases the likelihood of developing asthma. Certain genes are thought to play a role in how the immune system responds to triggers.

Environmental Triggers: Exposure to allergens like pollen, dust mites, mold, and pet dander can trigger asthma symptoms. Air pollution, tobacco smoke, and chemical irritants are also common triggers.

Respiratory Infections: Viral infections, especially during childhood, can damage the airways and increase the risk of developing asthma.

Occupational Exposures: Working in environments with high levels of dust, chemicals, or fumes can lead to occupational asthma.

Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet have been linked to an increased risk of asthma.

Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, menstruation, or menopause can trigger asthma symptoms in some women.

Symptoms of Asthma

Asthma symptoms can vary in intensity and frequency, and they often worsen at night or early in the morning. Common symptoms include:

Wheezing: A whistling or squeaky sound when breathing, especially during exhalation.

Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or a feeling of being unable to catch one’s breath.

Chest Tightness: A sensation of pressure or tightness in the chest.

Coughing: A persistent cough, often worse at night or triggered by exercise or cold air.

In severe cases, asthma attacks can occur, characterized by a sudden worsening of symptoms. During an asthma attack, the airways become severely inflamed and constricted, making it extremely difficult to breathe. This is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment.

Diagnosis of Asthma

Diagnosing asthma involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. The process typically includes:

Medical History: The doctor will ask about symptoms, their frequency and severity, family history of asthma or allergies, and potential triggers.

Physical Examination: The doctor will listen to the patient’s breathing with a stethoscope to check for wheezing or other abnormal sounds.

Lung Function Tests:

Spirometry: This test measures how much air a person can exhale and how quickly. It helps assess the degree of airway obstruction.

Peak Flow Test: This measures the maximum speed at which a person can blow air out of their lungs. It is often used to monitor asthma control over time.

Bronchoprovocation Tests: These tests involve exposing the patient to asthma triggers (such as cold air or exercise) to see if their airways narrow in response.

Allergy Testing: Skin or blood tests may be conducted to identify specific allergens that could be triggering asthma symptoms.

Imaging Tests: In some cases, chest X-rays or CT scans may be used to rule out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms.

Treatment of Asthma

While there is no cure for asthma, it can be effectively managed with a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and avoidance of triggers. Treatment plans are tailored to the individual’s specific needs and may include:

Medications:

Quick-Relief Medications: Also known as rescue inhalers, these medications (e.g., short-acting beta-agonists) provide rapid relief during an asthma attack by relaxing the muscles around the airways.

Long-Term Control Medications: These medications (e.g., inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers) are taken daily to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms.

Biologic Therapies: For severe asthma, biologic drugs may be used to target specific immune system pathways involved in asthma.

Inhalers and Nebulizers: These devices deliver medication directly to the lungs, providing quick and effective relief.

Allergy Management: Avoiding known allergens and using allergy medications or immunotherapy (allergy shots) can help reduce asthma symptoms.

Lifestyle Changes: Maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking can improve asthma control.

Asthma Action Plan: A personalized plan developed with a healthcare provider helps patients recognize early warning signs, manage symptoms, and know when to seek emergency care.

Regular Monitoring: Routine check-ups and lung function tests are essential to assess asthma control and adjust treatment as needed.

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[credenceresearchdotblog]

Antihistamine Drugs Market is valued at approximately USD 94,725.5 million and is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.90%, reaching around USD 161,543.15 million by 2032. The global antihistamine drugs market is a vital component of the pharmaceutical industry, addressing conditions caused by allergic reactions and related disorders. Antihistamines, which block histamine receptors to mitigate allergic symptoms, are widely used for treating allergies, colds, hay fever, and even some skin conditions. 

Browse the full report https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/antihistamine-drugs-market

Market Dynamics

The antihistamine drugs market has witnessed steady growth, driven by an increasing prevalence of allergies and related conditions globally. Factors such as changing lifestyles, rising pollution levels, and heightened awareness of allergic disorders have contributed to this trend. The market is further bolstered by advancements in drug formulations, which aim to improve efficacy and reduce side effects.

Key Drivers

Rising Allergy Cases: According to the World Allergy Organization, the prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis has increased significantly. This trend fuels the demand for effective antihistamine treatments.

Improved Diagnostic Techniques: Enhanced diagnostic tools have led to better identification of allergies, enabling timely treatment and boosting the demand for antihistamine drugs.

Expanding Geriatric Population: Older adults are more susceptible to allergic reactions and chronic conditions requiring antihistamines, contributing to market growth.

OTC Accessibility: The availability of over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamines increases their accessibility to consumers, driving sales globally.

Challenges

Despite its promising growth, the antihistamine drugs market faces several challenges:

Side Effects: First-generation antihistamines are known for causing drowsiness and impairing cognitive functions, which may deter usage.

Generic Competition: The availability of generic antihistamines leads to pricing pressures, impacting revenue margins for branded drugs.

Regulatory Hurdles: Stringent regulations and approval processes can delay the launch of new antihistamine drugs, hampering market growth.

Self-Medication Risks: While OTC availability is an advantage, improper use of antihistamines can lead to adverse effects and misuse.

Trends

Shift Toward Non-Sedating Drugs: Second-generation antihistamines that minimize sedation are gaining popularity among consumers and healthcare providers.

Growth in Online Pharmacies: The convenience of online pharmacies, especially post-pandemic, has boosted the sales of antihistamine drugs.

Combination Therapies: The development of combination drugs that address multiple allergy symptoms simultaneously is a growing trend.

Focus on Pediatric Formulations: Companies are increasingly targeting pediatric populations with specialized antihistamine formulations.

Future Outlook

The antihistamine drugs market is expected to expand steadily, fueled by continuous advancements in drug development and growing healthcare investments. The integration of technology, such as AI for drug discovery, and the focus on personalized medicine will further shape the market's trajectory.

Key Player Analysis:

Bayer AG

Almirall S.A

GlaxoSmithKline

Johnson and Johnson

Sanofi

Pfizer Inc.

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited

Merck & Co. Inc.

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Abbott Laboratories

Viatris Inc.

Arlak Biotech

Aden Healthcare

Sandoz Group AG

Segmentation:

Based on Product Type:

First-Generation Antihistamines

Second-Generation Antihistamines

Based on Technology:

Traditional Formulations

Advanced Delivery Systems

Based on End-User:

Hospitals

Clinics

Retail Pharmacies

Online Pharmacies

Based on Region:

North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain)

Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Australia, South Korea)

Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile)

Middle East and Africa (South Africa, UAE, Saudi Arabia)

Browse the full report https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/antihistamine-drugs-market

Contact:

Credence Research

Please contact us at +91 6232 49 3207

Email: sales@credenceresearch.com

Website: www.credenceresearch.com

[agavepediatrics]

Common Pediatric Health Concerns and How to Address Them

Children’s health can be unpredictable, with various common conditions arising throughout their early years. From the sniffles of a common cold to the discomfort of ear infections and the persistent annoyance of allergies, these frequent pediatric health concerns require careful attention and management. Understanding these conditions and knowing when to seek professional help can make all the difference in ensuring a child’s overall well-being.

This article provides insights into some of the most common pediatric health issues and how pediatric care can help manage them effectively.

1. The Common Cold: Symptoms and Management

The common cold is perhaps the most frequent ailment affecting children. It is caused by various viruses, most notably rhinoviruses, and can result in symptoms such as a runny nose, coughing, sneezing, fever, and sore throat. While colds are generally mild and self-limiting, they can be particularly bothersome for young children and may lead to complications like ear infections or sinusitis.

To manage a common cold, ensure your child gets plenty of rest and stays hydrated. Over-the-counter medications may alleviate symptoms, but it is always best to consult with a pediatric doctor before administering any medication. Frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with sick individuals can help prevent the spread of colds.

2. Ear Infections: Causes and Treatments

Ear infections, or otitis media, are another common health issue in children. They occur when fluid builds up behind the eardrum, often due to a bacterial or viral infection following a cold. Symptoms include ear pain, difficulty sleeping, irritability, and sometimes fever.

A visit to a pediatric center is often necessary to diagnose and treat an ear infection. Depending on the severity, treatment may involve pain relievers or antibiotics. For recurrent ear infections, a pediatric phoenix specialist might suggest ear tubes to help drain fluid and reduce the risk of future infections.

3. Allergies: Identification and Management

Allergies are prevalent in children and can manifest in various ways, from seasonal allergies (hay fever) to food allergies. Symptoms can range from sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes to more severe reactions like difficulty breathing or anaphylaxis.

Managing allergies involves identifying the allergen, which could be anything from pollen to peanuts, and taking steps to avoid it. A pediatrics near me��clinic can perform allergy tests to pinpoint specific triggers. Once identified, treatment may include antihistamines, nasal sprays, or even immunotherapy, depending on the severity of the allergies.

4. Asthma: Recognizing and Controlling Symptoms

Asthma is a chronic condition affecting the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It is often triggered by allergens, respiratory infections, or environmental factors such as smoke or pollution.

Regular follow-ups with the best pediatrician in phoenix, az can help manage asthma effectively. Pediatricians will typically develop an asthma action plan that includes the use of inhalers, medications, and lifestyle adjustments to minimize exposure to triggers. Monitoring asthma closely and following the plan can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of asthma attacks.

5. Eczema: Understanding and Treating Skin Conditions

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition characterized by red, itchy, and inflamed skin. It commonly appears in children under the age of five and can be triggered by allergens, irritants, stress, or changes in weather.

Treatment for eczema focuses on reducing symptoms and preventing flare-ups. This includes using moisturizing lotions, avoiding known irritants, and using topical steroids or other medications as prescribed by the best pediatrician mesa, az. Pediatricians may also recommend dietary changes or other lifestyle adjustments to help manage the condition.

6. Childhood Obesity: Prevention and Intervention

Childhood obesity is a growing concern that can lead to serious health problems later in life, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Contributing factors include poor diet, lack of physical activity, and genetic predisposition.

Pediatricians play a crucial role in preventing and managing obesity by providing guidance on healthy eating, exercise, and lifestyle changes.

7. Oral Health: Dental Issues in Children

Dental problems, such as cavities and gum disease, are common in children. Poor oral hygiene, a high-sugar diet, and inadequate dental care practices contribute to these issues.

Regular visits to a pediatric doctor specializing in dentistry, along with good brushing and flossing habits, can prevent most dental problems. Pediatricians can also advise on fluoride treatments, sealants, and other preventive measures to maintain oral health.

8. Immunizations: Preventing Serious Illnesses

Immunizations are a fundamental aspect of pediatric care and are critical in preventing serious illnesses such as measles, mumps, whooping cough, and polio. Ensuring your child is up-to-date with vaccinations protects not only them but also the wider community.

Pediatricians provide vaccination schedules tailored to your child’s age and health status. Parents looking for a pediatric center should seek providers who emphasize the importance of vaccines and adhere to the recommended immunization guidelines.

Agave Pediatrics: Your Trusted Partner in Comprehensive Pediatric Care

At Agave Pediatrics we are dedicated to providing the highest quality care for your child’s health and well-being. Whether you’re looking for a lactation consultant phoenix, a skilled tongue-tie doctor, or experienced Tongue Tie Specialists, our team is here to support your family’s needs. We take a comprehensive approach to pediatric care, ensuring that every child receives the attention they deserve, from managing common health concerns to addressing specialized needs. Trust Agave Pediatrics to be your partner in nurturing a healthy future for your child.

[maruthahomeo]

Best Treatment for Respiratory Disorders in BTM Layout, Bangalore: Marutha Homeo

Respiratory disorders can significantly impact one’s quality of life, making it essential to seek effective treatment that not only addresses the symptoms but also tackles the root cause of the condition. For residents of BTM Layout, Bangalore, Marutha Homeo offers exceptional homeopathic care for respiratory disorders. This blog explores why Marutha Homeo is a top choice for individuals seeking relief from respiratory conditions and how their holistic approach can lead to lasting health improvements.

Understanding Respiratory Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the lungs and airways, making breathing difficult. Some of the most common respiratory disorders include:

Asthma: A chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems.

Allergic Rhinitis: Also known as hay fever, this condition is caused by an allergic reaction to airborne substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander.

Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses, often due to infection, that can lead to congestion, headaches, and difficulty breathing.

Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to the lungs, leading to coughing, mucus production, and chest discomfort.

These conditions can be triggered or exacerbated by factors such as pollution, allergens, smoking, and infections. Traditional treatments often involve the use of medications that may only provide temporary relief. However, homeopathy offers a more holistic and long-term approach to managing these disorders.

Why Choose Marutha Homeo for Respiratory Disorders?

Marutha Homeo, located in BTM Layout, Bangalore, is renowned for its effective homeopathic treatments for respiratory disorders. Here’s why Marutha Homeo is a trusted name in the community:

Holistic Approach: Homeopathy focuses on treating the individual as a whole, rather than just addressing the symptoms of a disease. At Marutha Homeo, the treatment of respiratory disorders is personalized, taking into account the patient’s physical, emotional, and psychological health. This holistic approach aims to strengthen the body’s natural defenses, leading to long-term relief and prevention of recurrences.

Customized Treatment Plans: The team at Marutha Homeo understands that every patient is unique, and so are their health needs. After a thorough consultation and assessment, a customized treatment plan is developed for each patient. This plan includes carefully selected homeopathic remedies that target the underlying cause of the respiratory disorder while also alleviating symptoms.

Natural and Safe Remedies: Homeopathic remedies used at Marutha Homeo are derived from natural sources and are known for their safety and lack of side effects. These remedies work gently yet effectively to stimulate the body’s healing processes, making them suitable for patients of all ages, including children and the elderly.

Expertise and Experience: Marutha Homeo is led by a team of experienced homeopathic practitioners who specialize in treating respiratory disorders. Their expertise ensures that patients receive the highest quality care and effective treatment solutions tailored to their specific needs.

Preventive Care: In addition to treating existing respiratory disorders, Marutha Homeo places a strong emphasis on preventive care. Patients are provided with guidance on lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, and other preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of future respiratory issues.

Success Stories from Satisfied Patients

Marutha Homeo has garnered numerous positive testimonials from patients who have experienced significant improvements in their respiratory health. Many patients have reported long-term relief from chronic conditions like asthma and sinusitis, with fewer flare-ups and a reduced dependence on conventional medications. These success stories highlight the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment at Marutha Homeo and the positive impact it has had on the lives of many individuals.

Convenient Location and Welcoming Environment

Located in the heart of BTM Layout, Bangalore, Marutha Homeo is easily accessible for residents in the area. The clinic offers a welcoming and comfortable environment, where patients can feel at ease during their visits. The friendly staff and practitioners are dedicated to providing a positive and supportive experience for every patient.

Conclusion

For those in BTM Layout, Bangalore, seeking effective and natural treatment for respiratory disorders, Marutha Homeo is an excellent choice. With its holistic approach, customized treatment plans, and experienced practitioners, Marutha Homeo offers a path to better respiratory health and overall well-being. Whether you are dealing with asthma, allergies, or other respiratory conditions, the compassionate care at Marutha Homeo can help you breathe easier and live healthier.

[nursingwriter]

Cross-Sectional Study: To Assess the Prevalence of Dental Diseases and Treatment Needs of Pediatric Patients Attending Dental Clinics at Ajman University The WHO Global Oral Health Program emphasizes that although countries have made substantial progress in their effort to improve community health in general, there is still a lot to be done in relation to oral health - particularly among minority and economically-disadvantaged groups1. Oral diseases such as orodental trauma, oropharyngeal cancers, oral lesions, tooth loss, periodontal disease, and dental caries continue to be a thorn in the flesh for governments in the world over even though reports have shown declines in their prevalence and severity. Despite their endemic nature, these diseases impact negatively on the health of the general population and put a strain on the global economy1. Having damaged, discolored or missing teeth affects patients' well-being and daily lives, just as the time taken to tend to the same restricts activities at home, school, and at the workplace; causing dozens of work and school hours to be lost annually. Anderson 2 points out that the reason why interceptive and preventive interventions have repeatedly failed is because policy-makers have focused on expending resources to the entire population rather than concentrating on the at-risk populations. He advises that in cases where disease is increasingly skewed, "and there are effective interventions, risk-assessment can play a significant role in the treatment of infectious diseases"2(p 377). This study presents the researcher's current knowledge of the epidemiology and risk assessment elements of dental diseases with an increased focus on the adolescent and pediatrician population in the city of Ajman. Ajman was selected for this analysis, first because of its cosmopolitan nature, and secondly, because its average-income status makes it an attractive basis for studying the effect of risk factors other than socio-economic disadvantage. Not many studies have been initiated to assess the oral health status of school-going children in Ajman area, and even the few that have seem to concentrate more on the characteristics of the population as a whole, as opposed to specific demographic cohorts3, 4, 5. In light of this, the current analysis seeks to provide baseline data on the prevalence of dental diseases and treatment needs among 4 to 18-year-old school-going children attending dental clinics in Ajman University. It is based on Moses and his colleagues'6 four-step plan for improving oral health in the community, which involves i) collection of data on oral diseases; ii) evaluation of data to identify community needs; iii) identification of at-risk groups, and iv) formulation of informed treatment plans; and is geared towards guiding oral health planners in Ajman, and the greater Saudi towards developing effective preventive strategies and treatment plans for their communities Background of the Study Periodontal disease and dental caries are considered the most burdensome oral health conditions worldwide, alongside malocclusion and enamel fluorosis. Dental caries has persisted as a serious global health concern, with a prevalence rate seven times that of hay fever and five times that of asthma7. The disease currently affects between 60 and 90% of the school-going children population, and a significant proportion of the adult population8. The WHO, in its 2003 annual health report9, points out that although there are significant disparities in the severity and distribution of dental caries between continents and even regions within the same country, the overall prevalence rates of the disease among school-going children have fallen substantially from those reported in the closing decades of the 19th century. Fos and Hutchison 7 attribute this decline to higher levels of education among parents, increased dental insurance coverage, and increased procedure use by dental care providers. The WHO report 9 shows dental caries prevalence rates, measured by the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth index (DMFT), as being relatively high in the European region (DMFT=2.6) and the Americas (DMFT=3.0), and considerably low (DMFT =1.2-2.6) in Asia and the Middle East. The trend, however, appears to have changed over the last decade, at least for Saudi Arabia. A 2014 review by Al-Ansari 10of the University of Damman in Saudi Arabia, which brought together the findings of multiple cross-sectional studies conducted on the Saudi Arabian populace between 1981 and 2012, found the dental caries prevalence rate to have averaged 7.34 in DMFT for the population aged between 3 and 7; 7.35 for the population aged between 12 and 19; and 14.53 for the adult population between the ages of 30 and 45. This represented a 95% prevalence rate for children aged between 3 and 7; 91% for adolescents between ages 12 and 19; and a massive 98% for adults aged between 30 and 4510. The rising prevalence rates in recent years have been attributed to the rising consumption of sugary foods and increased non-exposure to fluorides8. It is estimated that approximately 84.37% of school-going children in Asia suffer from gingivitis, and that another 36.42% and 36.36% suffer from malocclusion and enamel fluorosis respectively11. Clinicians and health specialist further estimate that 62 million children in the Asian region are at risk of developing fluorosis, and that the risk is higher for females (DMFT=1.83) compared to males (DMFT=1.3)11. Children with special needs and those from low-income backgrounds have also been found to run higher risks of getting infected and a two times greater likelihood of having untreated tooth decay7. These are worrying statistics, especially because the effects of dental diseases spread far beyond the oral cavity and its supporting structures, and have a pronounced effect on the well-being of the entire body system7. Periodontal disease, for instance, has been found to be a risk factor for a number of serious health complications - including obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin resistance, peripheral arterial diseases, and cardiovascular diseases 12, 7-8. In light of all these factors, the Saudi Arabian economy is deemed to lose billions of shillings in treatment in coming years; and not only that, the general well-being of the population stands to be compromised. Arigbede and his colleagues 12 (p 487) caution against treating oral health as a "separate, distant, and less important area of health, which is totally unrelated to lifespan and its quality." Thus, in order for comprehensive healthcare to be achieved, oral health needs to be give the attention it deserves; and this requires clinicians and policy makers alike to first understand the epidemiology and risk assessment elements of dental diseases and other oral health conditions. This understanding provides a sound rationale for the current study. Aim: To assess the prevalence of dental diseases and treatment needs among pediatric patients attending dental clinics in Ajman University Study Design: Retrospective study using the records of pediatric patients of Ajman University 2.0 Literature Review This review comprises of two sections. The first section covers literature on the pathobiology of four selected diseases that have been found to be most common among the population of interest -- dental caries, periodontal diseases, enamel fluorosis and malocclusion. It explores definitions, epidemiology, pathobiology, and infectious agents in relation to each of the select diseases. The second section covers literature on the impact of dental diseases on morbidity and general health. It assesses the health effect of dental diseases on various body systems. Section One i) Dental Caries Definition and Etiology: Dental caries is tooth decay that causes enamel breakdown, often resulting in clinical damage to the overall structure of the tooth7, 12. Three different hypotheses have attempted to explain the etiology of dental caries13. The three agree on the physiological mechanisms involved, and only differ in regard to the etiological agent responsible. The specific plaque hypothesis postulates that caries results from the over-infestation of the Streptococcus mutans bacterium, often denoted as S. mutans, whose bacterial cells colonize the tooth structure, inhibiting glucan action, and creating a thick, sticky intraoral bacterial film referred to as dental plaque 2, 13. This plaque reacts with metallic substrates in food to produce organic acids that gradually dissolve the calcium component present in the tooth enamel, leading to cavitation2. The severity of the infection is determined by the degree of bacterial infestation. Smooth surface caries is associated with S. mutans infestation levels exceeding 500,000cfu/ml (colony-forming units per milliliter of saliva); whereas fissure caries is associated with lower infestation levels (Anderson, 2002). The ecological hypothesis and the non-specific plaque hypothesis do not, however, seem to be in agreement with this view. The ecological plaque hypothesis postulates that caries develops when unexpected changes in the local environment of the oral cavity interfere with the bacterial balance therein, spurring an overgrowth of disease-causing microflora14. The non-specific plaque hypothesis, on the other hand, casts doubt on the implication of S. mutans as the primary etiological agent in caries development. It suggests that caries is not caused by the action one particular species, but rather is the product of the overall activity of multiple bacterial species found in the oral cavity, including Lactobacilli, Propionibacterium, and Atopobium14. Aas and his colleagues 14 sought to find out how true this claim is. They analyzed 243 samples of dental plaque obtained from primary and permanent teeth; and found that although the S. mutans bacteria was extensive in caries-infected primary teeth, it was less common in subjects with permanent teeth14. As a matter of fact, a significant"10% of subjects with rampant caries in permanent teeth" were found not to have detectable levels of the bacteria14 (p 1407). This finding supports the conclusion that bacterial profiles i) differ between permanent and primary dentitions; and ii) change as the disease progresses14, 2. Nonetheless, there is consensus that all these other bacterial species are associated more with disease progression, and do not play as conspicuous a role in the initiation of dental caries14, 2. Epidemiology: researchers have differed on the actual prevalence rate of dental caries among school-going children. Al-Ansari10, for instance, assessing the prevalence of caries among Saudi Arabian children, places the prevalence of the same at a massive 90-97%, positing that caries accounts for more than 50% of tooth loss among children the world over. Other researchers, however, believe the rate to be substantially lower than this, specifically, between 60 and 90%7-8. There is consensus, nonetheless, that contrary to what has been reported in Europe and the Americas, the dental caries prevalence rates in Saudi Arabia and the greater Continent of Asia have risen substantially in recent years 10, 6, 11. This has largely been attributed to the increased prominence of risk factors associated with dental caries, including inappropriate feeding habits, low socio-economic status, non-exposure to fluorides, and high magnitudes of cariogenic bacterium2, 10. Risk Factors and At-Risk Populations The role of Genetics The fact that a mother can essentially pass on the S. mutans bacteria to their child (vertical transmission) establishes valid grounds for the existence of genetic risk factor relationships between an individual's phenotypic profile and their likelihood of getting infected with dental caries2. Whether or not one harbors a clinical infection depends on how well their immune system is able compete with the S. mutans strain resident in their oral cavity. The disease is only judged significant if its effects are visible; and its effects are only visible if the resident strain of bacteria is able to compete successfully with the immune system2. Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), present in saliva, is the chief immunologic response against the S. mutans organism; and is believed to work by binding to the tooth surface to prevent the attachment of the bacteria2. Part of this immunity is passed on to the child through lactation products (or the placenta for the unborn child), but since the child's immunity is still considerably weak, it is unable to fight the strain of bacteria resident in the mother; and the child runs a significantly high risk of acquiring the disease2. Inherited conditions such as octodermal dysplasia, which wear down the mineral component in enamel, and other inherited conditions such as xerostomia, which affect immune system competency and salivary flow, also predispose an individual to dental caries2. The Role of the Environment Anderson 2 categorizes the environmental factors associated with dental caries in terms of i) fluoride exposure, ii) socioeconomic status, iii) sugar consumption, iv) family history in relation to caries, and v) the nature, sealant status, and caries history of the teeth present. In a study seeking to assess how the nature of teeth increased or reduced the risk of acquiring dental caries, he2 found that the risk of harboring the S. mutans bacteria increases with increasing surface area of the oral cavity or dentition. His findings mirror those of Caufield and his colleagues15, who sought to examine the proportion of disease-causing bacteria in the oral cavity at different stages after birth; and found that the proportion of such bacteria in saliva increased as new teeth emerged. Anderson 2 further found that people with past histories of dental caries, or existing restorations for that matter, are more predisposed to caries; and that similarly, people with smooth surface caries are more predisposed to future caries than those who exhibit only pit and fissure caries. He contends with Anuradha's 11 view that owing to the high risk of reoccurrence associated with caries, the specific location of previous or current caries could be crucial in guiding practitioners to make accurate predictions on the possible incidence of future caries. The absence of sealants has also been identified as a key risk factor for dental caries. In their study seeking to assess the effectiveness of sealants and varnish in reducing the incidence of dental caries, Bravo and his colleagues 16 found both products to be significantly effective, although sealants had a higher level of efficacy, covering approximately 68% of the tooth's smooth surface, compared to 38% covered by varnish. Various studies have sought to establish why the rate of sealant usage has remained low despite its high level of efficacy in reducing the risk of dental caries. Fos and Hutchison's7 is one such study - in their review seeking to assess the differences in the risk of exposure to dental caries between children in urban areas and their counterparts in rural areas, the researchers linked sealant use to socioeconomic status, positing that compared to their peers in urban areas, children in rural areas had higher likelihoods of being exposed to sealant usage as owing to uneducated parents, decreased dental insurance coverage, and less use of the procedure by dental care providers. A plethora of other studies have focused on assessing how family history determines one's risk of acquiring dental caries. Familial history has been found to be a considerably weak factor, given that caries has more to do with one's own lifestyle and feeding habits2. There, however, is consensus that infected mothers risk transferring the S. mutans bacteria to their unborn children and infants2, 10-11. The higher the proportion of bacteria present in the mother's saliva, the greater the risk of the same being passed on to the child2. Moreover, the more resistant the strain of bacteria present in the mother, the greater the risk of transmission 7. For these reasons, Anderson advises that it is "in the clinician's and the child patient's best interest to sample the mother for the presence and severity of a S. mutans infection" 2 (p 379). Al-Ansari 10 however, cautions against understating the role of the mother in the development of dental caries in older children. In his view, a mother's perception about their own oral health status is a crucial risk factor for older children between the ages of three and fifteen because it determines whether or not a mother will seek dental care for herself and her children10. Age plays out as another crucial risk factor for dental caries. Al-Ansari10 and Anuradha and his colleagues 11, for instance, report extremely high infection and prevalence rates among the elderly population. This has largely been attributed to changes in diet, as well as mental and physical inability to observe oral hygiene11. This inability to maintain appropriate hygiene has also been found to be a significant factor in the high prevalence rates reported among children with special needs17. In her study involving 61 autistic and an equal number of non-autistic children aged between 4 and 16, Jaber (2011) found that autistic children ran higher risks of acquiring dental caries due to increased use of anticonvulsants or psychoactive drugs, inadequate dental hygiene instructions from those taking care of them, difficulties in flossing and brushing, a pronounced preference for sweetened foods, and the fact that autistic children "tend to pouch food inside the mouth instead of swallowing it due to poor tongue coordination" 2 (p 216). Researchers concur that reducing the risk of caries infection among autistic persons would require dental and pedopsychiatric teams to work together towards increasing the promotion of oral health activities for caregivers and parents so that they are able to formulate effective prevention techniques for their children 7, 17. Jaber17 proposes that the parental and caregiver education include guidance and information on among other things, benefits of early attendance to a dental specialist for care and advice, benefits of fluoride toothpaste, strategies of maintaining proper hygiene, and the benefits and strategies of reducing the amount of sugars in the diet. Visual pedagogy is one specific strategy that has proven quite useful in teaching people with mental illnesses how to maintain proper oral hygiene18. Pilebro and Backman18 conducted a prospective study where they exposed fourteen autistic children with visible plaque to a 12-month intervention program, in which they were taught how to brush effectively through a number of images indicating or demonstrating a structured technique and method of tooth brushing. At the completion of the program, the amount of visible plaque was found to have reduced considerably. ii) Periodontal Diseases The term 'periodontium' is derived from two Greek words with 'peri', being used to denote 'around' and 'odons', representing 'tooth'19. It basically refers to the tissues and any other supportive structures around the tooth19. These include the alveolar bone, the periodontal ligaments, the cementum, and the gingiva. Periodontal diseases is a term used to collectively refer to the acquired or inherited disorders that cause damage to the aforementioned tissues, and inhibit their ability to perform their supportive functions effectively19. Rhee and his colleagues (2013) define periodontal diseases differently - as "inflammatory disorders most commonly initiated by microorganisms; if untreated, they reduce a patient's quality of life"13(p 127). Read the full article

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Lichen Simplex Chronicus: Its Causes, Symptoms, and Common Risk Factors

It is no secret that skin issues have always been a global problem. Lichen Simplex Chronicus is one such example that is prevalent worldwide.

What is Lichen Simplex Chronicus?

Lichen simplex chronicus is a skin condition that starts with repeated skin scratching and/or rubbing. It seems normal when it starts, and that is the reason most people neglect it. However, as time passes, its symptoms get worse and turn into chronic itching and scratching, which causes skin thickening. 

The truth is this scratch-itch cycle can be vicious and, if not treated, cause additional skin thickening. 

Causes

Lichen Simplex Chronicus, also common as neurodermatitis, can be triggered by something that irritates the skin. The following are the causes  that can lead to a skin rash and itching:

Insect bites

Dry skin 

Eczema (atopic dermatitis)

Psoriasis

Anxiety and stress.

Symptoms

After reviewing the causes, let’s look at the symptoms of LSC so that you are aware of the signs you need to be alert to.

Symptoms include:

Itchy skin 

Dark red spots on the skin

Raised, rough patches 

Discolored, wrinkled genital skin

Thick, leathery skin

Skin lesion

The areas most commonly affected sites include:

Wrists

Ankles

Genitals

Upper eyelids

Neck

Forearm 

Elbow crease

Genitals

Upper eyelids

The outer side of your calf

Who is at Risk?

Lichen simplex chronicus is not restricted to one nation, it can occur in people of any age, ethnicity, or sex. However, it is more common in women with a ratio of 2:1.

Additionally, it most commonly occurs in mid-late adulthood, with the highest frequency in people aged 30–50 years.

Common Risk Factors

Though this skin problem is curable, sometimes, people don’t give it timely attention, which results in worse skin conditions. 

That is why you must be aware of the few factors that can work wrong and become the major reason for the condition.

Factors that can increase the risk of Lichen Simplex Chronicus include:

Other skin conditions. The risk factor of the problem is always higher in people who have other skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. So be careful, and don’t neglect the condition.

Family history.  People with a family history of hay fever, eczema as a child, or asthma may be more likely to get LSC.

Anxiety disorders. Anxiety and emotional stress can be other factors that trigger neurodermatitis. The problem can result in Permanent changes in skin color and permanent scarring.

The skin problem is common in many people. If we talk about numbers, it has been estimated that this occurs in approximately 12% of the population. 

The number shows the problem needs attention and more study to be done so that it can be stopped before it becomes problematic.

So, for students who are interested in learning more details about the issue, its symptoms, solutions, preventative measures, and other hidden facts, it's best to enroll in our dermatology course.

About Dermatology Course 

Dr. Rashmi Sarkar and Dr. S. Sacchidanand, the chief editors of E-learning Dermatology MD, created this course. To create the best of all, they collaborated with 78 eminent faculties in India, which means the course includes the knowledge of different people who have their own experience in the subject.

The course includes online video lectures on dermatology, evidence-based studies, and clinical presentation/histopathological images within each topic. All these resources make it convenient for students to understand things in depth. 

So when are you planning to enroll in our MD in Dermatology course?