#Quilon Paper

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Quilon Paper Market Risk, Competitive Strategies & Regional Outlook Forecast 2031

The market research study titled “Quilon Paper Market Share, Trends, and Outlook | 2031,” guides organizations on market economics by identifying current Quilon Paper market size, total market share, and revenue potential. This further includes projections on future market size and share in the estimated period. The company needs to comprehend its clientele and the demand it creates to focus on a smaller selection of items. Through this chapter, market size assists businesses in estimating demand in specific marketplaces and comprehending projected patterns for the future.

The Quilon Paper market report also provides in-depth insights into major industry players and their strategies because we understand how important it is to remain ahead of the curve. Companies may utilize the objective insights provided by this market research to identify their strengths and limitations. Companies that can capitalize on the fresh perspective gained from competition analysis are more likely to have an edge in moving forward.

With this comprehensive research roadmap, entrepreneurs and stakeholders can make informed decisions and venture into a successful business. This research further reveals strategies to help companies grow in the Quilon Paper market.

Market Analysis and Forecast

This chapter evaluates several factors that impact on business. The economics of scale described based on market size, growth rate, and CAGR are coupled with future projections of the Quilon Paper market. This chapter is further essential to analyze drivers of demand and restraints ahead of market participants. Understanding Quilon Paper market trends helps companies to manage their products and position themselves in the market gap.

This section offers business environment analysis based on different models. Streamlining revenues and success is crucial for businesses to remain competitive in the Quilon Paper market. Companies can revise their unique selling points and map the economic, environmental, and regulatory aspects.

Report Attributes

Details

Segmental Coverage

Product

Greaseproof Quilon Paper

Glassine Quilon Paper

Parchement Quilon Paper

Others

Application

Foode Service

Packaging

Manufacturing

Medical

Clothing

Others

Regional and Country Coverage

North America (US, Canada, Mexico)

Europe (UK, Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Rest of Europe)

Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, Australia, Rest of APAC)

South / South & Central America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South/South & Central America)

Middle East & Africa (South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of MEA)

Market Leaders and Key Company Profiles

Cheever

Changzhou Sunfresh Decor Materials

Hangzhou Guanglian Complex Paper

Sierra Coating Technologies

Others

Other key companies 

Our Unique Research Methods at The Insight Partners

We offer syndicated market research solutions and consultation services that provide complete coverage of global markets. This report includes a snapshot of global and regional insights. We pay attention to business growth and partner preferences, that why we offer customization on all our reports to meet individual scope and regional requirements.

Our team of researchers utilizes exhaustive primary research and secondary methods to gather precise and reliable information. Our analysts cross-verify facts to ensure validity. We are committed to offering actionable insights based on our vast research databases.

Strategic Recommendations

Strategic planning is crucial for business success. This section offers strategic recommendations needed for businesses and investors. Forward forward-focused vision of a business is what makes it through thick and thin. Knowing business environment factors helps companies in making strategic moves at the right time in the right direction.

Summary:

Quilon Paper Market Forecast and Growth by Revenue | 2031

Market Dynamics – Leading trends, growth drivers, restraints, and investment opportunities

Market Segmentation – A detailed analysis by product, types, end-user, applications, segments, and geography

Competitive Landscape – Top key players and other prominent vendors

About Us:

The Insight Partners is a one-stop industry research provider of actionable intelligence. We help our clients in getting solutions to their research requirements through our syndicated and consulting research services. We specialize in industries such as Semiconductor and Electronics, Aerospace and Defense, Automotive and Transportation, Biotechnology, Healthcare IT, Manufacturing and Construction, Medical Devices, Technology, Media and Telecommunications, Chemicals and Materials.

Contact Us: www.theinsightpartners.com

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Quilon Paper Trends and Forecast 2019

Quilon Paper Trends and Forecast 2019

MarketResearchNest.com adds “Global Quilon Paper Market Insights, Forecast to 2025”new report to its research database.

Quilon is a type chemical made up largely of isopropanol. Quilon can be coated on several different types of paper and film substrates. Quilon reacts with polar groups on paper, nonwovens, woven fabrics, leather and other negatively charged surfaces.

Quilon offers excellent…

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New Post has been published on http://cookwareview.com/calphalon-10-piece-tri-ply-cookware-set-medium-stainless-steel-review/

Calphalon 10 Piece Tri-Ply Cookware Set, Medium, Stainless Steel Review

Calphalon 10 Piece Tri-Ply Cookware Set, Medium, Stainless Steel

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Best Stainless Steel Cookware Reviews-

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If You Care Parchment Baking Paper – 70 Sq Ft Roll - Unbleached, Chlorine Free, Greaseproof, Silicone Coated – Standard Size – Fits 13 Inch Pans

If You Care Parchment Baking Paper – 70 Sq Ft Roll – Unbleached, Chlorine Free, Greaseproof, Silicone Coated – Standard Size – Fits 13 Inch Pans

Price: (as of – Details) When using IF YOU CARE Parchment Paper, no greasing of your pans is necessary. This is because our unbleached parchment paper is coated with silicone on both sides. Most other parchment papers are coated with Quilon – which is a chemical containing chrome, a heavy metal – and when incinerated, it becomes toxic and leaves trace elements in your baked goods. The reason why…

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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Characterization, Classification and Evaluation of Groundwater in and around the Open Cast Mining of Clay Deposits of Thonnakkal, South India

Authored by Joji VS

Abstract

Characterization, classification, and evaluation of groundwater in and around the open cast mining of clay deposits of Thonnakkal, South India have been studied. The impact studied include changes happened to the qualitative and quantitative aspects related to the ground water. It is found that changes occurred in depth to the water level (decline of water level), lowering pH of ground water in the area, high sulfate and trace metals in the ground water. The groundwater of the area comes under Na+-HCO3- type and shallow meteoric percolation type and the scatter diagram of Ca2+ +Mg2+ vs HCO3 - + SO42- revealed that majority of samples in the season and different geological terrain fall below the equiline, indicating that silicate weathering was the primary process involved in the evolution of groundwater. The rock -water interaction played a major role in the evolution of water chemistry, which was partly by an evaporation process. The qualitative analysis of ground-water samples found that many samples are unfit for both domestic and irrigational purposes.

Keywords: Hydrochemistry; pH; Electrical conductivity; Suitability; Calcium concentration; Total hardness

Introduction

Population explosion coupled with industrialization over the past many years has increased a tremendous pressure on our natural resources resulting in rapid exploitation of our mineral resources. Local residents of the study area alleging that the mining continues to contaminate water resources and leads to an increase in the number of cancer patients in the locality. Detailed hydrogeological survey was carried out to evaluate the ground water scenario of the clay mining areas located in Azhoor, Mangalapuram and Andoorkonam Panchayaths of Thiruvananthapuram district to know the general ground water scenario of ground water reservoirs both quantitative and qualitative aspects viz. pre and post monsoon depth to water level and its fluctuation, flow direction, quality deterioration of sub-surface water, EIA of open cast clay mining on ground water conditions.

Mining hydrogeological studies were carried out by many authors viz. Stoertz et al. [1] on long-term water quality trends at a sealed, partially flooded underground mine, Alexander [2] on environmental impact of deep opencast limestone mine in Laegerdorf, Northern Germany, Suraj et al. [3] on GIS approaches for sustainable mining of tile and brick clay, Parappukara Panchayath, Thrissur district, Kerala, Anon [4] on environmental impact of clay mining for tile and brick industries in Thrissur District, Kerala using Remote Sensing and GIS and many others. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the various changes occurred in the hydrogeological ecosystem in and around Thonnakkal, Thiruvananthapuram District, South India due to of open cast mining of clay deposits.

Study Area

The Thonnakkal belt of the Kaolinised china clay is situated at Melthonnackal (8o38”05”:76°51’22”), Azhoor (8°38’31”:76°49’29”), Pallippuram (8°35’30”: 76° 51’30”), Chilampil (8°37’00”:76°50’00”) and Sasthavattam (8°38’45”:76°49’30”) areas. The English Indian Clays Ltd., Thiruvananthapuram operates a China clay mine since 1966 around Thiruvananthapuram, where the processing plant produces several grades of refined Kaolin, Metakaolin and Calcined Kaolin (Clays) for the paper, paint, rubber, plastic, fiberglass, cement and ultra-marine industries and the plant has a capacity of 190, 000 metric tons per annum and is the largest in South East Asia. The area lies between 76o 43' 21” and 77 o 12' North latitudes and 8 o 32' East and 8 o 53’34” longitudes and falls in parts of Survey of India Toposheet D/14 (Figure 1). Physiographically the study area falls mainly in the lowland (elevation between msl and 7.6 magl) and midland (elevation between 7.6 and 76 magl) areas of Trivandrum district of Kerala. The main drainages in the study area are the Vamanapuram River and its tributaries. The coastal alluvial soil, riverine alluvial soil and lateritic soil are the soils of the study area. The land use of the area includes open scrub, mixed crops, rubber plantations, paddy fields and water bodies. The study area is generally occupied by Precambrian crystalline rock overlain unconformably by a thick sequence of the Warkali Formation of Miocene age. The regional geological setting of the area is compiled (Table 1).

Materials and Methods

The Survey of India Topographical Map (Scale 1:50,000 of 1967-1968), Geo-coded imageries of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS -IC LISS III False Color Composite - FCC of 7.02.1997 of 1:50,000 scale) and Aerial photographs (of 1990 of 1:15,000 scale) are used for the preparation of base map of the study area. Major ground control points (GCPs) were identified and verified during field truth, which resulted in modifying the units and their boundaries. Map Info 6.5 has been used in GIS studies. The scanned maps were digitized and edited using Map Info 6.5. During editing the segment checking like intersection, self-overlap and dead-end corrections were carried out. Projection and polygonization of units followed the editing. After polygonization, annotations were given for different polygons and the maps were subjected for further analysis.

There were 10 groundwater samples collected from open dug wells. The pre monsoon samples (First week of May, 2014) were collected in polyethylene bottles in 2014 and analysed for pH, EC, F-, Cl-, NO3-, HCO3-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ as per standard procedures (APHA, 1995) and the in situ measurement of electrical conductivity and pH carried out by using EC and pH meters. The total dissolved solids were estimated by ionic calculation methods. The F-, Cl- and NO3- ions were determined by ion selective electrode; HCO3- by potentiometric titration; SO42- by modified titration method after Fritz and Yamamura (1955) and Haartz et al. [5] Ca2+ and Mg2+ in absorption mode while Na+ and K+ in emission mode of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Chemical standards and blanks were run and replicate analysis of each sample was done for each parameter and variations were ±5 - 10%. The analytical results are shown as Tables 2a & 2b.

Results and Discussion

Aquifer Systems

Groundwater occurs in all the geological formations ranging in age from Archean to the Recent and water bearing formations in the area are crystalline formations, Laterite, Tertiaries and Alluvium. The crystalline formations consist of Khondalites and Gneisses. The water bearing properties of crystalline formations which lack primary porosity depend on the extent of development of secondary inter granular porosity either through weathering or fracturing. Groundwater generally occurs under phreatic conditions in the weathered mantle and under semi confined conditions in the fissured and fractured zones at deeper levels. The thickness of weathered zone ranges less than 1m to more than 15m and the depth to the water level from 1015 mbgl.

Major portion of the study area is covered by laterites, the thickness of which increases from East to West. This includes the Tertiary laterites and the laterite occurring as highly weathered product of crystallines capping it. In crystalline formations the water bearing properties depend on the extent of development of secondary porosity either through weathering or fracturing. These aquifers are highly heterogeneous in nature due to variation in lithology and texture even within short distance. The in situ laterite development by the weathering of Khondalites in the study area is rich in clay content due to higher amount of feldspathic minerals in the parent rock. These aquifers mainly occur along the valleys and topographic lows and possess high porosity. The depth of the well in laterite ranges from 8 to 27 mbgl and depth to the water level is more than 10 m. By the onset of monsoon, the water level becomes shallow due to the porous nature of the aquifer. The thickness of weathered zones ranges from less than 1 m to more than 10 m. The yield of the well ranges from 0.5 to 6 m3/day and the recovery co-efficient ranges from 0.00096 to 0.025/min.

Groundwater occurs under phreatic condition in the shallow zone in Tertiary aquifers. Of the three tertiary formations (Warkali, Quilon and Vaikom), the Warkali beds are encountered in this area. Thick deposits of kaolin having an overall thickness of 25 to 45 m are encountered at Melthonnakkal and Pallipuram forming part of the Warkali Formation belonging to the Tertiary sequence in southern Kerala. The sedimentary clays are composed mainly of kaolinite, quartz and gibbsite. These sedimentary kaolins (hydrated aluminous silicate, Al2O3. SiO2.2H2O) are considered to have been formed by intense tropical weathering of the khondalites, and subsequently transported and deposited with high organic input into lakes near the weathering crust over the basement rock. Besides, the surficial parts of the sedimentary deposits are extensively lateralised with the formation of Goethite and Hematite by tropical weathering processes.

The thickness of the clay bed varies from 25 to 45 mbgl and is encountered in almost all the bore wells drilled in the area. The aquifer properties of clay include Grain size (< 0.002), Porosity (33-60), Specific Yield (2 to 5%) and Permeability (10-9 to 10-6 K cm/s). These properties of clay suggest that it is a poor aquifer and by large an aquitard with very low groundwater potential. The field survey in the area reveals that groundwater occurs under phreatic conditions in these Tertiary sediments. The premonsoon depth to water level ranges from 3.1 mbgl to 27.75 m bgl.

Maps depicting the depth to water level in the study area during April 2010 (Premonsoon) and November 2010 (Post monsoon) based on the water level data of the key wells established and the observation wells of CGWB are shown in Figures 2 & 3 respectively. During April 2010, the depth to water levels in wells of the study area ranged from 3.1 mbgl to 27.75 mbgl and the depth of well ranges from 6.0 to 29 mbgl. The deepest water levels were observed in Mangalapuram, Sasthanagar, Chilambil, Sasthavattom, Pallipuram, Karamoode areas. During November 2010, the depth to water levels in wells of the study area ranged from 3.04 to 25.9 mbgl. The deepest water levels were observed in Mangalapuram, Sasthanagar, Chilambil, Sasthavattom, Pallipuram, Karamoode areas. The yield of wells ranges from 0.5m3/day to 10m3/day and the recovery co-efficient ranges from .00056 to 0.0087/min.

Alluvium is the most potential phreatic aquifer in the study area and is extensively developed by dug wells and filter point wells. The depth to water level in this formation ranges from 1.89 to 3.04 m. The depth of wells ranges from 3.66 to 7.55 mbgl. The yield of the shallow dug wells ranges from 15 to 50 m3/day and the recovery co-efficient varies between 0.0093 and 0.094/ min.

Water Table Elevation

The elevation of ground water table during the period ranged from 7.75 above msl to 63.44 above msl. The flow lines from east to west indicate that the general hydrogeological regime is undisturbed except around the clay mines. A ground water trough has been formed around the clay mines indicating a reversal of hydraulic gradient. The deeper water level in the vicinity of the clay mines is the localized effect of the mines. The general hydraulic gradient is towards west in general. The closely spaced contours around the clay mines is indicative of a potential recharge zone underlying clay formation which is an aquitard inhibits any sort of recharge except for the construction of injection wells to penetrate the weathered zone encountered at a depth below 40 metres. The hydrogeological map and water table elevation contour maps of the area have been prepared (Figures 4 & 5).

Analysis of Hydrograph

An analysis of depth to the water level has been carried out to understand the influence of lithology on water level. The hydrograph of the well at Korani tapping the Laterites show a decline trend in the premonsoon and post monsoon periods (Figure 6).

Hydrochemistry and Hydro Geochemical processes of Ground Water

The groundwater samples of different geological terrains can be classified on the basis of ionic strength of Cl- , SO42-, and HCO3- and the water is Normal Chloride type if Cl- is <15 meq/l, Normal Sulphate type if SO42- is <6 meq/l and Normal Bicarbonate type if HCO3- varies between 2 and 7 meq/l. The ground water samples of the study area are of Normal Chloride type and Normal Sulphate type and concentration of salts in natural waters depends on the geology, environment, and movement of water Raghunath [6], Gopinath Seralathan [7](Tables 3 & 4).

The Base Exchange indices, r1 (r1 = Na+ - Cl-/ SO42- meq/ l) and meteoric genesis index (r2) (r2 = K+ + Na+ - Cl- SO42-, meq/l) can be used for classifying groundwater Soltan [8]. The groundwater can be grouped as Na+ - HCO3- type if r1 > 1 and Na+- SO4 - type with r1 < 1; r2 < 1- groundwater is of deep meteoric percolation type and >1, shallow meteoric percolation type. The groundwater samples of the Thonnakkal area comes under Na+-HCO3- type and shallow meteoric percolation type except one which is deep meteoric percolation type and the details are plotted (Figures 7 & 8).

Red -Good correlation (r=> 0.6)

Yellow - Poor correlation (r = x003;0)

Hydro geochemical Evaluation of ground water

The Na+ / Cl- molar ratio will be 1 if halite dissolution is responsible for sodium dominance in groundwater and >1 if Na+ is released from silicate weathering process Meybeck [8,9]. As the Na+ / Cl- molar ratio is <1 in all samples of the season except at sample location No.2 (Abandoned Quarry), reveals that halite dissolution was the primary process responsible for the release of Na+ into the groundwater.

The study of Ca2+ / Mg2+ ratio reveals Ca2+ - Mg2+ contribution in the groundwater. The Ca2+ / Mg2+ ratio of 1 indicates dissolution of dolomite and of >2 an effect of silicate minerals May & Loucks [10]. Majority of the samples with Ca2+ / Mg2+ ratio between 1 and <2, indicating dolomite dissolution responsible for Ca2+ - Mg2+ contribution. The scatter diagram of Ca2+ + Mg2+ vs. HCO3- + SO42- (Figure 9) shows that majority of samples fall below the equiline, indicating that silicate weathering played primary role in the evolution of groundwater Datta & Tyagi [11]. If bicarbonate and sulphate are dominating than calcium and magnesium, it reflects silicate weathering was dominating and, therefore, was responsible for the increase in the concentration of HCO3- in groundwater, Elango et al. [12], Elango & Kannan [13].

Evolution of Groundwater and Hydro Chemical Facies

(# Concentration, meq/l)

The evolution process of the groundwater tested by plotting TDS vs. Na+ /(Na+ +Ca2+ ) for cations and TDS vs. Cl- /(Cl- + HCO3- ) for anion Gibbs [14] and revealed that rock - water interaction played significant role in the hydrochemistry, which was partly influenced by evaporation process (Figures10a & 10b). It is also to be noted that geological location is another factor controlling quality variation Beck et al. [15]. The evolution of groundwater chemical composition further tested by calculating chloroalkali indices for cations (CAI-1- Cl- - (Na+ + K+) Cl-) and anions (CAI-2 - Cl- - (Na+ + K+)/(SO42- + HCO3- + CO3- + NO-) after Schoeller [16]. The chloroalkali indices are negative indicating the predominance of ion exchange between Na+ -K+ in water and Ca2+ -Mg2+ in rocks McIntosh & Walter [17]. A close perusal of hydro chemical facies and water type study Chadha (1999) is compiled (Table 5).

Statistical analysis - correlation coefficient

The relationship between two variables is the correlation coefficient which shows how one variable predicts the other. Associated with correlation coefficient r, the multiple correlations, which are the percentages of variance in the dependent variable, explained collectively by all of the independent variables. A high correlation coefficient (near 1 or -1) means a good relationship between two variables, and a correlation coefficient around zero means no relationship. Positive values of r indicate a positive relationship while negative values indicate an inverse relationship and are compiled (Table 6). The correlation coefficient is a measure of the extent to which two measurement variables vary together. Unlike the covariance, the correlation coefficient is scaled so that its value is independent of the units in which the two measurement variables are expressed. The value of any correlation coefficient must be between -1 and +1 inclusive. The parameters having good and poor correlations have been attempted.

Suitability of ground water for Irrigation purposes

The irrigation suitability of ground water has been tested by using various methods (Table 5), methodology and analytical results are compiled (Tables 6 & 7). The electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of salinity hazard to crops and there are of five major types for irrigational purposes (Raghunath (1987) and the samples in the area varies from excellent (50%) to good categories. The Sodium Absorption Ratio, SAR is an indicator of sodium hazard in irrigation water Gholami & Srikantaswamy [18] and all the water samples are excellent category Richard [19]. The per cent sodium (% Na) in irrigation water may increase the exchange of sodium content and affect soil permeability, structure and create toxic condition for plants Bangar et al. [20], Durfer & Backer [21] and Todd [22]. The % Na study revealed that samples come under permissible (70%), doubtful (20%) and other unsuitable categories and cannot be used for irrigation on almost all types of soil. On the basis of permeability index, PI Doneen [23] irrigation water quality classes include class I, II and III and all the samples come under Class II and suitable for irrigation in all types of soil.

The water is suitable for irrigation if Kelley's Index, KI value is <1; water with KI value of >1 is considered as of poor quality for irrigation and >2 KI makes the water unsuitable for irrigation Kelley [24]. In the study area about 70% KI values are above 1, and the water is poor quality for irrigation and 30% unsuitable for irrigation in all types of soil. Water with less than or equal to 50 Soluble Sodium Percentage, SSP value is of good quality and more than 50 is not suitable for irrigation as permeability will be very low. In the study area 60% of the water samples with SSP values more than 50. As per Lloyd and Heathcoat [25] water with less than or equal to 50 Magnesium ratio, MR value is of good quality and >50 is considered unsuitable for irrigation and except two water samples others with MR value more than 50 and are unsuitable for irrigation.

Variations in pH, Sulphate and Heavy Metal concentrations

The open cast mining in the area resulted rapid circulation of oxygen and water into the deep crust, where high concentrations of sulphides (Pyrite) exist. Thus, sulphides undergo the reaction.

2FeS2 + 2H2O + 7O2 = 2Fe2+ + 4SO42- + 4H+

This reaction developed low pH, high sulphate and trace metal concentrations. The chemical analysis of the ground water samples collected in the study area show low pH side indicating a mine environment similar to the above mentioned category [26-29]. The Pyrite present in the deep clay horizon gets exposed resulting in its oxidation and the end products being sulphate and hydrogen ions. The pyrite is present in the depth range of 35 to 40 mbgl. Hence ground water from deep wells puncturing this horizon generally has low pH value. The chemical data shows that the ground water collected from Mangalapuram, Chilambil, Sasthanagar and Valikonam have low pH [30-33]. It was also observed that the depth of these wells were also very deep (> 25 mbgl). The pH contours are depicted (Figure 11).

The general chemical reactions involved are

2FeS2 + 2H2O + 7O2 = 2Fe2+ + 4SO42- + 4H+

4Fe2+ + O2+ 4H+= 4Fe3+ + 2H2O

4Fe3+ + 12H2O = 4Fe (OH)3 + 12H+

FeS2 + 14Fe3+ + 8H2O = 15Fe2+ + 2SO42- + 16H+

The reactions indicate release of H+ which lowers the pH of the ground water of the area and produces sulphate ions. The field truth verification in the open cast mining areas of clay mining revealed the marked changes in the hydrogeological, agricultural and socio-economic environments of the area. The various impact include decline of depth to the water table in wells or changes in hydro geologic conditions in areas adjacent to the mining sites, thixotropism resulted land subsidence, sliding / slumping of walls of mines and well collapse, reversal of hydraulic gradient, inducing increased flow of ground water from the aquifer into the mines, causing deepening of water levels, drying up of shallow wells and reduction in the sustainability of ground water abstraction structures. Water quality deterioration resulted in the lowering of pH values and many areas water unsuitable for cultivation, reclamation and conversion of these wetlands to non-agricultural purposes has resulted transformation of this ecosystem, changes in landscape, land stability and soil loss especially areas of Mangalapuram, Andoorkonam, Azhoor and Sasthavattom and atmospheric pollution in the area.

Conclusion

Characterization, classification and evaluation of groundwater in and around the Open cast mining of clay deposits of Thonnakkal, South India have been examined. The general hydrogeological scenario has been identified during the study The opencast mining of clay deposits resulted lowering of depth to the water level, topographic changes and general changes in biodiversity. The groundwater of the area comes under Na+- HCO3- type and shallow meteoric percolation type except a few one which is deep meteoric percolation type. The rock water interaction played major role in the evolution of water chemistry, which was partly by evaporation process. The mining resulted low pH, high sulphate and trace metal concentrations in the ground water in and around the Thonnakkal clay belt. It is seen that the water quality is degrading very fast in the study area.

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[afishtrap]

This paper begins with a brief summary of recent discussions on the decline of Srivijaya in the eleventh century based on local epigraphical evidence, mainly drawn from work by O.W. Wolters and Kenneth Hall. This will be followed by a detailed examination of Chinese materials relevant to the issue. The conclusion will offer some suggestions of how to comprehend discrepancies among these sources.

Kee-Long, So. "Dissolving Hegemony or Changing Trade Pattern? Images of Srivijaya in the Chinese Sources of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Sep., 1998), pp. 295-308.

In terms of hegemony, the Srivijaya empire, or bhumi in Sanskrit, consisted of its ruling house or Maharaja residing in the kraton (palace) of Srivijaya (Palembang) and a number of vassals. These vassals can be further divided into two groups: those ruled by datus located along the upstream and downstream Musi River hinterland, and the peripheral ones at other river-mouth ports in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. The Maharaja ruled the former group through a combination of spiritual and material bondage built upon allegiance to the king affirmed by religious oath-taking, and the redistribution of wealth and commodities derived from an international trade that was dominated by royalty. In return, these vassals supported the Srivijayan kraton with exportable forest products, provision of food, and extra manpower for military purposes in times of crisis or conquest. Force may have been a deterrent factor but was not frequently employed. On the contrary, the tributary submission by the peripheral vassals would rely more effectively on military strength, though control through cultural dominance and material benefit must also have been present.6 Srivijayan naval supremacy is believed to have been established with support not only from the manpower obtained from the Musi River valley, but also from the sea nomads, or orang laut, living on the coast and the offshore islands of southeastern Sumatra. And in order to keep their service and to prevent them from reverting to piracy, it was necessary for the Srivijayan king to monopolize the profits from international trade in insular Southeast Asia so that sufficient wealth could be generated to sustain this system.

The trade pattern, which played a decisive role in the Srivijayan hegemony, consisted of three layers: the principal entrepot of Srivijaya (Palembang); sub-regional entrepots; and other lesser ports serving as feeder points. The regional entrepots included the Kra ports of Takuapa (probably early Kalah in Arabic sources), Chaiya (Pan Pan), Kedah (probably the earlier Jie-cha in Chinese records and the later Kalah in Arabic) on the western coast of the Peninsula; and the Sumatran ports of Jambi-Malayu, Lampung, Kota Cina, the Sungai Emas area in the Muda River Valley, Kampar, Barus and Lamuri. They were likely to have remained independently governed and to have continued taking part in international trade. Under Srivijayan hegemony, they had to pay regular tribute to the king and to refrain from making any challenge to the concentration of international trading activities in Palembang.

In short, the Srivijayan bhumi relied heavily on a domination of international trade that resulted from its control of the peripheral vassals; these in turn were subjugated by a Srivijayan navy that was maintained by the wealth derived from the international trade itself. In the light of such understanding, we can see that the Srivijayan order was highly interdependent, depending on the king's control over peripheral vassals, a strong navy, and a monopoly of international trade. Weakening any one of these three variables was likely to lead to a rapid decline of the rest and ultimately the dissolution of the entire bhumi.

[...]

Against these regional political developments, Chinese merchants emerged as major players in international trade, a change associated with rising demand for indigenous Southeast Asian produce as well as massive Chinese trade in export ceramics of medium to low quality with Southeast Asia, a significant portion of which were mass-produced in Southern Fujian from the mid-twelfth century. Chinese merchants preferred a diffused pattern of trade which gave them direct access to forest products and allowed them to market ceramics directly in various localities in Southeast Asia instead of shipping them first to Srivijaya for redistribution. This new pattern of trade was no longer conducive to a regionally dominant entrepot such as Srivijaya-Palembang, and accelerated the dissolution of Srivijayan hegemony over insular Southeast Asia.

[...]

The second account of Srivijaya in the Lingwai Region reads:

“San-fo-ch'i is on an important thoroughfare in the southern ocean for all foreigners using the maritime route. To the east are Java and other countries. To the west are the Ta-shih [countries], Quilon, and other countries. Traders from all these countries must pass through this area to reach China. The country [of San-fo-ch'i] has no products, but its people are skillful in warfare and attack. They digest medicine in their bodies, and weapons cannot wound them. They attack on land and sea and are foremost in both [forms of warfare]. All the neighboring countries therefore submit [to San-fo-ch'i]. If foreign ships traveling through this region do not enter the country, [San-fo-ch 'i] is bound to send out an expedition to destroy them. The country is therefore rich in rhinoceros [horn], ivory, jewels, and aromatics. The custom in this country is to fasten floating rafts in the water and live on them. Among its dependencies is Fo-lo-an, whose chief is chosen and appointed by San-fo-ch 'i. Fo-lo-an produces incense much more powerful than any incense from the Lower Coast countries. It is excellent. There is a sacred Buddha image [in San-fo-ch'i], and the ruler visits it every year and burns incense.”

[...]

On the commercial practices of the country:

“They have no stringed copper cash, but use chopped off lumps of silver in their business transactions.

“Exclusive of the native products, which include tortoise-shell, camphor, the chon, su, and chan (varieties of gharu-wood), a coarse shou (variety of gharu-wood), laka wood, cloves, sandal-wood and cardamoms, there are also pearls, frankincense, rose water, gardenia flowers, wu-na-ts'i (?), myrrh, aloes, asa-foetida, putchuk, liquid storax, elephants' tusks, coral-trees, cat-eyes, amber, foreign cotton stuffs and sword blades. All these (latter) are products of the Arab (Ta-shi) foreigners.

"The foreign traders who gather together in this country give in exchange gold, silver, porcelain-ware, silk brocades, skeins of silk, silk gauzes, sugar, iron, samshu, rice, dried galangal, rhubarb and camphor.”

And on Srivijaya's military strength and its effect on maritime trade:

“They are skilled at fighting on land or water. When they are about to make war on another state they assemble and send forth such a force as the occasion demands. They (then) appoint chiefs and leaders, and all provide their own military equipment and the necessary provisions. In facing the enemy and braving death they have not their equal among other nations.

“This country, lying in the ocean and controlling the straits through which the foreigners' sea and land traffic in either direction must pass, in olden times used an iron chain as a barrier to keep the pirates of other countries in check. It could be kept up or lowered by a cunning device. If a merchant ship arrived it was lowered. After a number of years of peace, during which there has been no use for it, it has been removed and (now) lies coiled up on the shore. The natives reverence it like a Buddha, and vessels coming there sacrifice to it. When rubbed with oil it shines like new. Crocodiles do not dare pass over it to do mischief.

“If a merchant ship passes by without entering, their boats go forth to make a combined attack, and all are ready to die (in the attempt). This is the reason why this country is a great shipping center.”

[retmart-blog]

2dayShip Premium Quilon Parchmet Paper Baking Sheets, Pan liner, White, 12 X 16, 300 Count

Price: [price_with_discount](as of [price_update_date] – Details) Parchment paper sheets are ideal for cooking and baking. Use them to easily move baked goods from the counter to the pan and then onto a cooling rack. They are non-stick, reusable and disposable for easy cleanup. Each sheet measures approximately 12″ x 16300 Premium Quilon Half Pan LinersParchment paper is perfect for non-stick…

[pavanghage]

Aseptic Package Market Size, Growth, Trends, Industry Insights and COVID-19 Pandemic Presenting Future Opportunities 2027

"

Quilon Paper Market is analyzed with industry experts in mind to maximize return on investment by providing clear information needed for informed business decisions. This research will help both established and new entrants to identify and analyze market needs, market size and competition. It explains the supply and demand situation, the competitive scenario, and the challenges for market growth, market opportunities and the threats faced by key players.

Sample Copy of This Report:https://axelreports.com/request-sample/143277

A 360 degree outline of the competitive scenario of the Global Quilon Paper Market is presented by Axel Reports Market Insights. It has a massive data allied to the recent product and technological developments in the markets.

It has a wide-ranging analysis of the impact of these advancements on the market’s future growth, wide-ranging analysis of these extensions on the market’s future growth. The research report studies the market in a detailed manner by explaining the key facets of the market that are foreseeable to have a countable stimulus on its developing extrapolations over the forecast period.

Reasons for buying this report:

It offers an analysis of changing competitive scenario.

For making informed decisions in the businesses, it offers analytical data with strategic planning methodologies.

It offers seven-year assessment of Global Quilon Paper

It helps in understanding the major key product segments.

Researchers throw light on the dynamics of the market such as drivers, restraints, trends, and opportunities.

It offers regional analysis of Global Quilon Paper Market along with business profiles of several stakeholders.

It offers massive data about trending factors that will influence the progress of the Global Quilon Paper

Get ToC for the overview of the premium report @ https://axelreports.com/industry-analysis/global-quilon-paper-industry-research-report-2021-segmented-by-major-market/143277

By Market Verdors: Cheever Changzhou Sunfresh Decor Materials Hangzhou Guanglian Complex Paper Sierra Coating Technologies By Types: Greaseproof Quilon Paper Glassine Quilon Paper Parchement Quilon Paper Others By Applications: Foode Service Packaging Manufacturing Medical Clothing Others

A detailed outline of the Global Quilon Paper Market includes a comprehensive analysis of different verticals of businesses. North America, Latin America, Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Europe have been considered for the studies on the basis of several terminologies.

This is anticipated to drive the Global Quilon Paper Market over the forecast period. This research report covers the market landscape and its progress prospects in the near future. After studying key companies, the report focuses on the new entrants contributing to the growth of the market. Most companies in the Global Quilon Paper Market are currently adopting new technological trends in the market.

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Table of Contents:

Global Quilon Paper Market Overview

Economic Impact on Industry

Market Competition by Manufacturers

Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Market Analysis by Application

Cost Analysis

Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Market Effect Factors Analysis

Global Quilon Paper Market Forecast

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"

[steve-daniel]

The latest report on the Worldwide Quilon Paper market Report is the more professional in-depth of this market is providers the status and... via Pocket

[teenagepaintertyphoon-blog]

Can I stay a little longer? Because I'm happy in here.. . . . #papercut #papercutting #handcut #paper #papercraft #illustration #sketch #papercuttingart #paperart #artist #design #designer #artstagram #handmade #handdrawn #arte #instaart #mallugram #paperartist #papercutart #instagramartist #artoftheday #wild #artsy #artdaily #artgallery #lijoluke #blackandwhite #etsy #artwork (at Quilon, Kerala, India) https://www.instagram.com/p/BoRXnynhJrq/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=jld46qntnous

[shopbuyweb]

For just $20.12 If You Care Parchment Paper (1x70 SQ FT) If You Care Parchment Paper (1x70 SQ FT) Save On If You Care 1X 70 Sq Ft Parchment PaperThese Premium Quality Unbleached Greaseproof Papers Are Perfect For A Wide Variety Of Baking And Cooking Needs. While Some Baking Papers Are Coated With Quilon Which Contains Heavy Metals Like Chromium That Can Be Toxic When Incinerated Ours Are Not!: (Note: This Product Description Is Informational Only. Always Check The Actual Product Label In Your Possession For The Most Accurate Ingredient Information Before Use. For Any Health Or Dietary Related Matter Always Consult Your Doctor Before Use.)

[kimberderekhe77]

Buy it on Amazon - http://ift.tt/2qEKDDQ - Cheap Unbleached Parchment Paper Sheets (100 Pcs) - Perfect Fit for 12x16 inch Sheet Pans - Comes in a Perforated Box for Easy Storage - Non Toxic, Safe for High Temperature Baking - Will not Curl or Burn -- Click the link to buy now or to read the 97 4 & 5 Star Reviews.Subscribe to our Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGbmMShRyJpcIDzBqFSxC-w?sub_confirmation=1 Like us on Facebook for videos, pictures, coupons, prizes and more - http://ift.tt/2wCDdi2 Cheap Unbleached Parchment Paper Sheets (100 Pcs) - Perfect Fit for 12x16 inch Sheet Pans - Comes in a Perforated Box for Easy Storage - Non Toxic, Safe for High Temperature Baking - Will not Curl or Burn This is such a super handy way to have & use parchment paper. Friends also like it quite a bit and are planning on buying this instead of a roll when they are out. ... Reviewer : Kate St Germaine These flat sheets are great! I will never buy another roll of parchment paper. There is no waste because the size is perfect every time. I especially like the fact that they are unbleached and recyclable. ... Reviewer : mp Click http://ift.tt/2qEKDDQ to buy now on Amazon or to read more reviews. NONTOXIC - Zenlogy parchment paper sheets are unbleached, non-toxic and biodegradable. Although we only recommend for one time use, our customers have reported that they often use it 2-3 times before discarding it. WILL NOT BURN OR CURL - Thicker than other parchment paper sheets in the market so it won't tear, curl, or burn. Can be used for other uses besides baking. For example, it's great for freezing, fish wrap baking, and use in dehydrator. EASY STORAGE - Our sheets lay flat and comes in perforated box for easy storage and use. Eliminates use of aluminum foil for your cooking, which makes it a healthier option. Keeps your bake ware clean. Eliminates use of aluminum foil for your cooking, which makes it a healthier option. HIGH HEAT BAKING - Recommended for use up to 450 deg Fahrenheit. Has a light non toxic vegetable grade silicone coating to make it greaseproof. Other parchment paper sheets are made from Quilon which is a chemical. FDA approved but our requirements are stricter than FDA. While I've used parchment paper for years to protect my baking pans, I'd never purchased parchment paper sheets before, and I think these have changed my life. Used them on Thanksgiving to roast vegetables, and the clean up (and the vegetables) were amazing. I'll NEVER go back to the parchment paper rolls. ... Reviewer : Lucy's Mom Click http://ift.tt/2qEKDDQ to buy now on Amazon or to read more reviews. ***Let Us Know What You Think… Comment Below!!*** Watch my other review Videos – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGbmMShRyJpcIDzBqFSxC-w See other products on http://ift.tt/2xhK4Ru Subscribe to our Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGbmMShRyJpcIDzBqFSxC-w?sub_confirmation=1 Like us on Facebook for videos, pictures, coupons, prizes and more - http://ift.tt/2wCDdi2 #Zenlogy, #Unbleached Parchment Paper Sheets (100 Pcs) - Perfect Fit for 12x16 inch Sheet Pans - Comes in a Perforated Box for Easy Storage - Non Toxic, Safe for High Temperature Baking - Will not Curl or Burn This is a review video for : B06XJHB2YN Manufacture : Zenlogy Thanks for watching! http://ift.tt/2xhK4Ru Related Videos in Channel

[desmondcoryqa]

Buy it on Amazon - http://ift.tt/2qEKDDQ - Buy Unbleached Parchment Paper Sheets (100 Pcs) - Perfect Fit for 12x16 inch Sheet Pans - Comes in a Perforated Box for Easy Storage - Non Toxic, Safe for High Temperature Baking - Will not Curl or Burn -- Click the link to buy now or to read the 97 4 & 5 Star Reviews.Subscribe to our Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXY1OF95v1g6_1Ubl6wkt8w?sub_confirmation=1 Like us on Facebook for videos, pictures, coupons, prizes and more - http://ift.tt/2wCDdi2 Buy Unbleached Parchment Paper Sheets (100 Pcs) - Perfect Fit for 12x16 inch Sheet Pans - Comes in a Perforated Box for Easy Storage - Non Toxic, Safe for High Temperature Baking - Will not Curl or Burn This is such a super handy way to have & use parchment paper. Friends also like it quite a bit and are planning on buying this instead of a roll when they are out. ... Reviewer : Kate St Germaine These flat sheets are great! I will never buy another roll of parchment paper. There is no waste because the size is perfect every time. I especially like the fact that they are unbleached and recyclable. ... Reviewer : mp Click http://ift.tt/2qEKDDQ to buy now on Amazon or to read more reviews. NONTOXIC - Zenlogy parchment paper sheets are unbleached, non-toxic and biodegradable. Although we only recommend for one time use, our customers have reported that they often use it 2-3 times before discarding it. WILL NOT BURN OR CURL - Thicker than other parchment paper sheets in the market so it won't tear, curl, or burn. Can be used for other uses besides baking. For example, it's great for freezing, fish wrap baking, and use in dehydrator. EASY STORAGE - Our sheets lay flat and comes in perforated box for easy storage and use. Eliminates use of aluminum foil for your cooking, which makes it a healthier option. Keeps your bake ware clean. Eliminates use of aluminum foil for your cooking, which makes it a healthier option. HIGH HEAT BAKING - Recommended for use up to 450 deg Fahrenheit. Has a light non toxic vegetable grade silicone coating to make it greaseproof. Other parchment paper sheets are made from Quilon which is a chemical. FDA approved but our requirements are stricter than FDA. While I've used parchment paper for years to protect my baking pans, I'd never purchased parchment paper sheets before, and I think these have changed my life. Used them on Thanksgiving to roast vegetables, and the clean up (and the vegetables) were amazing. I'll NEVER go back to the parchment paper rolls. ... Reviewer : Lucy's Mom Click http://ift.tt/2qEKDDQ to buy now on Amazon or to read more reviews. ***Let Us Know What You Think… Comment Below!!*** Watch my other review Videos – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXY1OF95v1g6_1Ubl6wkt8w See other products on http://ift.tt/2xhK4Ru Subscribe to our Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXY1OF95v1g6_1Ubl6wkt8w?sub_confirmation=1 Like us on Facebook for videos, pictures, coupons, prizes and more - http://ift.tt/2wCDdi2 #Zenlogy, #Unbleached Parchment Paper Sheets (100 Pcs) - Perfect Fit for 12x16 inch Sheet Pans - Comes in a Perforated Box for Easy Storage - Non Toxic, Safe for High Temperature Baking - Will not Curl or Burn This is a review video for : B06XJHB2YN Manufacture : Zenlogy Thanks for watching! http://ift.tt/2xhK4Ru Related Videos in Channel

[icingonthepage-blog]

So if you’re like me, you have at one point in your baking life, went to try a recipe and used one of the three kitchen staples incorrectly. This ultimately resulted in utter catastrophe and broken dreams…

Exhibit A:

Horrifying I know, but with the bad comes the good. This failed experiment and hard learned lesson sparked the idea of learning exactly why you use on product over the other and for which are they best suited for. Though its good information to know, if anything else, it’ll saved my wallet from all the wasted ingredients that continue to grace the trashcan with each failed attempt.

Now, if I were to ask you what the difference between the three is, you probably would respond with  something along the lines of “foil is silver and parchment paper is paper and wax paper is made of wax”, as was my husband’s response. But outside the obvious, do you really understand what are the variety of uses for each are?

Ladies and Gents, presenting a breakdown of the differences and tips on how you should use them:

Parchment vs. Wax Paper

To lead the pack, let’s explore parchment paper first.

Parchment paper is a coated paper that is covered with a silicone base (Quilon if we’re being technical). This creates a heat-resistant layer that eliminates the moisture retention issue that a direct contact surface such as that of non-stick pans have. Additionally, it is grease-resistant so it in a sense makes food safer to eat as it minimizes the chance of surface contamination. This paper is specifically treated for oven-use as it can withstand the high temperatures that are required for baking. This makes the paper non-stick and allows for easy release of food products.

On the other hand…..

Wax paper is covered in a thin coating of either soybean or paraffin wax on both sides. This allows for it to be considered non-stick as well as moisture-resistant. It helps retain the juices of the foods within while resisting any moisture transition that would ultimately make foods soggy and/or dry. Despite this positive attribute, it is not heat-resistant. Technically it can be labelled as a fire hazard as it will melt in the oven and can even catch on fire.

(Not that I’m bias or anything���…I mean some people love the taste of crayons)

On the other hand, wax paper can also be used to wrap food for cold storage or even line a pan for such ventures as fudge-making. Putting a piece of wax paper in between items you’re freezing will also prevent them from sticking together.

Wax paper does tend to be cheaper than parchment paper and is a good alternative for task such as wrapping food or covering counter tops, but with the new types available (9in rounds with tabs, cookie sheets sizes, etc…), the parchment proves to be more versatile over wax. Parchment paper is reusable and technically is more environmentally friendly.

Foil vs. Parchment Paper and Wax Paper

Now foil or as the French pronounce it…foíl is basically just extremely thin sheets of aluminum that can come in a variety of thicknesses.

Foil is generally used to roast poultry, grill food, and cook fish in the oven. Parchment paper has a temperature max of 420 degrees Fahrenheit; if you are baking/cooking an item that requires a higher temperature, foil is a wiser choice. Foil is meant for thermal insulation, to keep food warm for longer periods of time. Additionally, foil can be used in cold scenarios to seal them from outside air.

Lastly, foil does not offer a nonstick option. Although foil offers great versatility, it may not be safe to use on high temperatures because some aluminum might leach into your food, according to International Journal Of Electrochemical Science. High concentrations of aluminum in the body may be linked to several health risks, such Alzheimer’s disease, renal impairments, and bone diseases.

The amount of percolation was discovered to be high in acidic solutions and spices. Therefore, if you like to stay on the safe side, avoid cooking with aluminum foil if you’ll be using spices and acidic solutions, like tomato juice and vinegar and if heat is involved, use parchment paper or you may end up with a little piece of foil stuck to the bottom of your cookies.

Just an FYI…..

OH plus you can technically reuse it so there is a positive side to it as well 🙂

Conclusion

So now that the facts have been presented, you probably are asking yourself “OK, so foil, parchment paper and wax paper have a lot of similar uses, but which one is better?” A good rule of thumb to remember is if you don’t want it to stick, use wax or parchment paper and if you want to insulate, use foil, but if you’re going to use a heat source, stick to parchment paper.

  Follow Icing on the Page for updates on the New book releases and recipes each week. Comment on options of the review/recipe, book request that you’d like us to look into, and questions or anything on your mind…

  The Ultimate Debate: Foil vs Wax vs Parchment paper for baking So if you're like me, you have at one point in your baking life, went to try a recipe and used one of the three kitchen staples incorrectly.

[dtondonia]

RAW Parchment paper 500: Papel antiadherente para BHO o Rosin

RAW Parchment paper 500 es un papel antiadherente especialmente diseñado para trabajar y guardar las extracciones de BHO (wax,shatter,budder...) o Rosin ya que su composición de doble recubrimiento hace que las extracciones no se peguen a el y sean fáciles de trabajar.

  RAW Parchment paper es el primer papel para extracciones de BHO o Rosin sin purificar, sin blanquear y sobre todo, libre de Quilon, un compuesto químico muy usado en la mayoría de papeles de cocina que usamos habitualmente en casa y con nuestras extracciones de BHO o Rosin.

  RAW Parchment paper es resistente, no se ve dañado por trabajar con Dabbers encima y resiste perfectamente las altas temperaturas sin deteriorarse y sin transmitir ningún tipo de contaminación a la extracción de BHO o Rosin con la que estemos trabajando.

  Las principales características del papel para extracciones de RAW son:

Caja de: 500 unidades

Tamaño: 8 x 8 cm.

http://ift.tt/2m19HOj http://ift.tt/2m19Ukf

[evening-standar-313-yahoopa-blog]

Bid in our final Centrepoint auction to get fit in style, enjoy sumptuous treats or take a luxury trip

Today we launch our final online auction of lots that readers can bid for to support our Young and Homeless Helpline charity appeal.

Top prizes include the chance to meet Ellie Goulding, a luxury stay in Africa, and the chance to train with double Olympic silver medallist Jazz Carlin.

We are raising funds for Centrepoint to launch a Freephone number and online service to ensure thousands of young people facing or experiencing homelessness get the support they need.

Proceeds will also fund the charity’s vital services callers could be referred to.

The auction is powered by Givergy, which enables charities to raise cash by offering bidders the chance to win exclusive items and experiences.

Bidding opens today and the auction closes at 9pm on January 31. For the Laughing Point prize, bidding will close early, at 9am on Monday.

For more information about all the lots – including prizes which are not featured below- and to make your bid, visit: www.givergy.com/charity/centrepoint

Ellie Goulding

Star prize: Bid for tickets to meet Ellie Goulding (Lucy Young)

Win two tickets to watch Ellie Goulding in concert and the chance to meet the singer in person.

Luxury Zimbabwe

Luxury safari

Experience one of the natural wonders of the world with your family with a four night stay for four people at the luxury Victoria Falls Safari Suites in Zimbabwe. Staying minutes from the falls, guests will enjoy a delicious breakfast on the nearby Safari Lodge’s sundeck each morning, overlooking the watering hole frequented by giraffes, elephants, crocodiles, and more.

Train with an Olympian

Olympic training: Great Britain's Jazz Carlin with her two silver medals (PA)

Swimmer Jazz Carlin shone in the pool at last year’s Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro with two silver medals.

She is offering the bid winner a one-hour coaching clinic at the Olympic-sized pool in Bath where she trained in the lead-up to the Rio Games.

Luxury Croatia

Dubrovnik sun gardens

You and a friend can spend three nights at the five-star Sun Gardens hotel in Dubrovnik, with views over the Adriatic Sea, three oceanfront pools, jet-ski safaris and dinner at one of the hotel's many restaurants thrown in.

Supercar Experience

The lucky winner will have the chance to have a spin in a McLaren supercar, as well as experiencing a VIP tour of the McLaren Technology and Production Centre in Woking.

Lunch with the editor

Sarah Sands: The editor of the Evening Standard

Since Sarah Sands took over the helm at the Evening Standard, the paper's audience has sky-rocketed, informing and entertaining almost two million Londoners on their daily commute.

This is your chance to pick the brains of one the UK’s top editors over lunch.

Signed football shirts

Football prizes: a signed Tottenham shirt

Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham and Crystal Palace FC are offering lucky winners home shirt signed by their 2016/17 squads, featuring many of the first team players’ signatures.

Each shirt is a separate lot.

Five star weekend

The prestigious five star hotel in Northern Ireland, Culloden Estate and Spa is offering the lucky winners a romantic two night stay, with breakfast each morning and a dinner for two.

Originally built as an official Palace for the Bishops of Down, the Culloden stands in 12 acres of beautiful secluded gardens and woodland.

Martini Masterclass

Cocktail lovers: Win a martini masterclass

Quintessentially British five-star hotel, Dukes, tucked away off St James’ street in Mayfair, is offering a group of four friends the chance to win an expert martini masterclass with award-winning head barman, Alessandro Palazzi.

Greek getaway

Greek getaway: Aristi

Set in a traditional Greek village, Aristi Mountain Resort & Villas is offering three night’s for two people with breakfast included, and one dinner. A starting point for hikers and anyone who wants to visit the enchanting Zagorochoria villages.

Five star corfu

MarBella in Corfu

Stay at one of Corfu’s most iconic properties in this stunning Mediterranean retreat.

MarBella Corfu is offering three night’s stay in a double room for two people with two complimentary meals a day for those looking to escape for a long weekend to the beautiful island location.

Design a designer bag

Bespoke bag: Design your own

Design your own bespoke Radley bag at their head office which will then be made for you. Radley will also give you two of their 'Milbank' Handbags and an 'Exbury' purse.

Luxury perfume

Clive Christian

Win an extremely rare handcrafted clutch bag by British Luxury company Clive Christian.

You will also receive the Original Collection trio of Perfumes - 1872, X and No.1, the world’s most expensive perfume - which fit perfectly inside.

Around the world in 80 tastes

Take in a unique culinary experience with a meal to remember across four Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces restaurants on Buckingham Gate, starting with champagne and canapés in St. James’ Courtyard and including Michelin-starred Quilon.

The dining experience for two is inspired by Phileas Fogg's journey from London, through India and includes an overnight stay.

Laughing point

Win a box for four people at the Laughing Point comedy night with a free bottle of Champagne and a signed book and DVD from Joe Lycett, one of the comedians performing.

The night on January 23, organised by Centrepoint, is in aid of the Young and Homeless Helpline Appeal. This lot will be finishing at 9am on Monday.

Political cartoons

Dave Brown: Brexite

Dave Brown, The Independent’s award-winning political cartoonist, has been tweaking the noses of the powerful and pompous for over 40 years.

There are two chances to win an original piece of his artwork -not a print or copy — and meet him for a cup of tea.

Critic for a day

The lucky winner will join the Standard’s regular music critic, David Smyth at a live gig.

Enjoy the performance and then, if you’d like to, write a reader’s review that will be published on the Standard's website.

In a spin

Boom spinning class

Spinning centre Boom Cycle is offering one reader the opportunity to fill a class with 30 friends or work colleagues in need of a workout, at their Holborn or Shoreditch studios.

Romantic stay

An overnight night’s stay for two at the deluxe No. 131 hotel in Cheltenham, with a three-course dinner and cocktail masterclass thrown in.

Celebrity dining

Renowned chef Stevie Parle will design a collaborative menu with the winner at his restaurant Craft London which will then be served complimentary to the winner and three friends – and enjoyed by all other diners that evening.

Bootcamp fitness prize

Bootcamp: fitness day

Keep up with your new year’s resolution to reach your fitness goals with a week at No1 Bootcamp in Norfolk.

The winner is promised a week of fun and action to achieve healthy, realistic weight-loss goals.

Comedy of errors

The Play That Goes Wrong (Alastair Muir)

Laugh away the January blues with two best seats to Mischief Theatre’s Olivier-Award winning comedy The Play That Goes Wrong followed by a meet and greet with the cast of the show.

Street art

British contemporary urban street artist Rich Simmonds is offering an original piece of art for one lucky winner. 'Just Be You Tiful' is an original painting on paper, from an edition of five.

To bid click here.