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mariacallous · 9 months ago

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Few things are more fundamental to a society than its traditions. They guide our actions through difficult and changing times. They keep us grounded and steady. They build on the wisdom of our forerunners. At least, that is the way conservatives, usually, look at the world.

But on one issue—school vouchers—some conservatives are playing the role of radicals. The general goal of vouchers is to allow families to use government funds to pay tuition at private schools, including religious schools. The idea has been around for more than a half-century but had gone almost nowhere in the U.S., until very recently. In just the past few years, it has gone from the political desert to a core issue that is sweeping across Republican-led states.

The general idea of vouchers is radical enough, but the particular form of these new programs is far more so. Fourteen states and counting have now passed legislation creating voucher (or education savings account) programs that share some key properties. They are universal (or nearly universal), meaning that all families are eligible. They involve no meaningful public accountability or way to judge their success. They allow private schools to charge tuition over and above the voucher amount. And, finally, they are flexible in that funds can be used even to cover homeschooling expenses and other educational goods and services, such as computers and tutoring.

These aren’t just any vouchers. They are “super-vouchers,” as I call them, that promise to produce the most radical change, of any kind, in U.S. education in at least 70 years. It represents not just a change in policy or strategy but a rejection of three foundational traditions: separation of church and state, anti-discrimination, and public accountability for educational processes and outcomes funded by taxes.

In this post, I describe the threat that today’s universal voucher programs present to these traditions, and I attend to some potential counterarguments from voucher supporters.

The separation of church and state tradition

America’s education traditions can be traced far back in our history. While the U.S. Constitution does not mention education, it was an issue actively discussed by the nation’s founders, and other elements of the Constitution have a heavy bearing on education. The First Amendment includes the Establishment Clause, which prevents Congress from either supporting or limiting the free exercise of religion. This language has long been understood to imply that governments should not fund religious organizations (including religious schools), especially in a way that preferences one religion over another.

As a result of education’s omission from the Constitution, primary responsibility for education was ultimately delegated to the states. Education is one of only a few topics covered in every state constitution—with all states guaranteeing universal access and most specifically mentioning public education. To many, this means that education should be not only funded by the government but accessible to all, subject to public oversight, and, yes, non-sectarian (non-religious).

It’s easy to see how vouchers, especially the new breed of them, violate these principles. Vouchers provide government funds to churches, despite the historical separation of church and state. Voucher advocates argue that today’s voucher systems are legal, and our current Supreme Court seems to agree, but that doesn’t change the fact vouchers will entangle the government and religion. With any voucher program, the government must decide which schools are eligible to receive funding. Will the public—in particular, citizens in red states where universal ESA programs are most popular—be just as willing to fund Islamic, Hindi, Mormon, Jewish, and atheist schools as they are Christian schools? That’s not clear. Even if states treat all religions equally, some very public battles over religious schools will surely follow. Already, many voucher-supported religious schools have been the subject of front-page newspaper headlines regarding their most controversial teachings. We should expect this to continue.

Voucher proponents sometimes try to refute the idea that the separation of church and state for schooling even applies, pointing out that publicly funded schools taught religion in the early 1800s, with children reading from the Bible. However, a more complete telling of our history would note that the need for a separation between church and state became clearer as the country—and its students—grew more diverse. We shouldn’t use past wrongs to justify making the same mistakes today.

The anti-discrimination tradition

The U.S. Constitution, under the Fourteenth Amendment, establishes equal protection before the law. Ratified in the wake of the Civil War, this was meant to remediate the blatantly unequal treatment of Black people in every aspect of life, created by slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment can be viewed as reinforcing the accessible-to-all principle embodied in state constitutions.

This was not nearly enough, however, to provide meaningful access to Black Americans. Civil War Reconstruction efforts on education were modest and short lived. The Court’s 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision also established the principle of “separate but equal.” Even that low standard for access was not achieved, as few states provided more than a pittance in funding for Black schools. They were anything but equal for at least another half century. Then came the Court’s landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, which reinterpreted the Fourteenth Amendment and rejected the separate-but-equal doctrine in schools. The decision began to slowly reorient public education towards an anti-discrimination tradition. Solidifying it was the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, and national origin, and expanded the federal government’s authority to enforce anti-discrimination law in publicly funded programs (including public schools).

Most forms of vouchers undermine the anti-discrimination tradition. While private schools cannot legally discriminate based on race because of the Civil Rights Act, they can discriminate on most other dimensions, including religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, class, income, and disability status. Moreover, the protections against racial discrimination are stronger in public schools, with additional avenues for recourse available to public school students through the U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights.

Discrimination issues often arise in admissions, and private schools leaders believe strongly in their right to selective admissions requirements. Put another way, private school leaders feel they should be able to determine which students get in and which get turned away. While not all admission requirements are inherently problematic, private school admissions practices leave the door open for discrimination. And with potential discriminatory treatment hidden behind opaque admissions practices, it will be exceedingly difficult to identify discrimination where it occurs. When schools are allowed to discriminate on one set of factors, it is difficult to prove that a student is discriminated against based on other factors, such as race.

This is not just an abstract argument. The conflict between integration, discrimination, and vouchers was plain to see in the wake of Brown. Segregationists searched for ways to sidestep the Court’s decision. One main solution they stumbled upon: school vouchers. They understood well that vouchers would allow them to continue their discrimination.

Voucher advocates might resist my argument about the tradition of anti-discrimination, pointing to supposed examples of discrimination in public schools. For example, public schools “discriminate” against children who do not live within their geographic boundaries. It’s true that some families cannot afford to live in expensive neighborhoods with well-resourced schools. However, public school boundaries, for all their faults, are designed to ensure that all students have access to a public school—one of the core tenets of public education. When parents drive by a school, their children might ask, “Can I go to that school?” There’s a big difference between answering with, “No, dear, because we don’t live in this neighborhood” and “No, dear, because the school doesn’t want you.”

It’s worth noting, too, that voucher advocates need the universal accessibility of public schools for voucher programs to work. With voucher-supported schools allowed to discriminate in admissions, it’s the guaranteed availability of a neighborhood public school that ensures that no child will be denied access to any school at all.

The public accountability tradition

In the U.S., school districts operate under (typically elected) boards that provide public accountability—specifically, democratic accountability to the electorate. This approach has been the norm since the early 1900s. So, both in word and deed, public accountability has been a core principle for longer than anyone reading this can remember.

More recently, state and federal governments clawed back some of that power from local districts, especially through test-based accountability policies. One driving force behind the push for state and federal accountability was rising education spending from these levels of government. Taxpayers wanted to know what they were getting for their money, and test results were one way of measuring the return on their investments.

Even if one prefers a heavier dose of market accountability—giving families more choice—the government is still an important partner. If we want families to have more choices, then we should also want them to have more information, which the government is well positioned to provide.

Today’s voucher programs are unwinding our accountability traditions. They’re allowing families to use public funds to send their children to schools that do not operate under elected school boards. These schools are subject to little, if any, test-based accountability, and they need only meet the minimal bar of accreditation to participate. The recent crop of universal vouchers even fails in providing the information needed for market accountability. Yes, some students in some voucher states will be required to take some type of standardized test. However, it’s unclear whether and how these results will be reported, and even if they are widely available, parents will not be able to compare across disparate tests.

Voucher advocates sometimes point to programs like Social Security and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) as programs that provide benefits to eligible recipients to make their own consumption decisions with few strings attached. But these programs give little reason to overthrow the public accountability tradition in education. This is basically saying, “yes, our voucher program ends the public accountability tradition in an area so important that the Founding Fathers and every state constitution includes it, but that’s okay…because we also give money to the elderly to make sure they can buy groceries.” If you find that logic confusing, I don’t blame you.

The Great Unwinding

It is no exaggeration to say that universal vouchers are unwinding two centuries of public education tradition, from the nation’s founding days to the present. We are not just talking about any traditions. These are traditions with roots in the First Amendment and our state constitutions, and ones that have shaped the foundational contours of K-12 education in this country.

Voucher advocates might point out that the Supreme Court has reversed itself on vouchers in recent years, giving reason to believe that today’s programs are legally permissible. But U.S. and state constitutions aren’t just legal documents to be interpreted by lawyers and judges. They convey larger, foundational principles and traditions at play that have guided American life, including education, for centuries. The public broadly supports these traditions, regardless of what the courts say.

We do need to upend traditions from time to time. Brown v. Board upended the disgraceful mistreatment of and discrimination against Black Americans. That was a widely accepted step forward. Is it time to end church-state separation, public accountability, and anti-discrimination? You be the judge.

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whitesinhistory · 2 months ago

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In the spring of 1846, Dred Scott and his wife Harriet Robinson Scott thought they had a chance at freedom. They lived in Missouri, a “slave state,” but their enslavers had previously taken them to free states or territories where slavery was outlawed. Other enslaved people had won so-called “freedom suits” in St. Louis courts thanks to Missouri’s “once free, always free” doctrine, which held that once an enslaved person had been taken to free territory, they remained free even after they returned to a “slave state.” Mr. Scott suffered from tuberculosis and, at close to 50, he was considered old, especially for an enslaved person. Harriet Scott was in her late 20s. The couple had two small children, Eliza and Lizzie. Two sons had died in infancy. Black families were at the mercy of enslavers who routinely sold and separated family members. Mr. Scott’s first wife had been sold away and sent to a plantation in Arkansas. The man who enslaved Dred and Harriet Scott and their two small children, Eliza and Lizzie, died in 1843, leaving his estate to his widow. Enslavers’ deaths sometimes resulted in children being sold away from Black families at estate sales. Mr. Scott tried to buy his family’s freedom, but the widow turned him down. After that, the Scotts filed a freedom suit in St. Louis Circuit Court. "This is a case of a family that wants to stay together," said historian and legal scholar Lea VanderVelde. The Scotts cited the case of a woman identified as Rachel who, like them, had been taken by her enslaver to Fort Snelling, a free territory where slavery was illegal, before returning to Missouri. She later won her freedom suit. Enslavers often retaliated against people who filed lawsuits, but researchers have unearthed records of nearly 300 freedom suits—including the Scotts’—filed in St. Louis between 1814 and 1860. More than 100 plaintiffs succeeded in winning their freedom. Those who risked violent reprisals and separation from their loved ones to sue for their freedom should be celebrated as “America’s first civil rights litigants,” historian David Thomas Konig said.

The Decision

The Scotts’ case moved slowly through the legal system, reaching the U.S. Supreme Court in 1856. Most of the justices were from families that enslaved people. Chief Justice Roger Taney, the son of wealthy Maryland tobacco planters, had emancipated the enslaved people he had inherited, but he remained, at 80, a staunch defender of white supremacy—as was Andrew Jackson, the president who had put him on the court. By one account, Justice Samuel Nelson’s tuition at Middlebury College was financed in part by his father selling an enslaved girl. On the morning of March 6, 1857, Chief Justice Taney read aloud the 7-2 majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford. The Scotts were not, and never could be, American citizens, the Court held, and therefore had no right to sue in federal court. They would remain enslaved. The Court’s decision denied citizenship to all Black people in America—to the four million enslaved men, women, and children whose backbreaking, unpaid labor powered the nation’s economy, as well as to the several hundred thousand Black people who were free.

An illustration of Dred and Harriet Scott.

The Court’s ruling validated the doctrine of racial difference and hierarchy that had been used to justify racialized slavery and continues to haunt our nation today The Court described Black people “as beings of an inferior order” and concluded that Black people are “altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations.” The Court also found that Black people are “so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.”. The Court viewed the principle in the Declaration of Independence that “all men are created equal” through the lens of white supremacy. Those words “would seem to embrace the whole human family,” the Court acknowledged. However, “it is too clear for dispute,” that no one had ever intended such equality to apply to Black people, enslaved or free. By the “common consent” of all “civilized Governments and the family of nations,” the Court said, “the negro race” had been ”doomed to slavery.” The Court could have limited its judgment to the Scotts’ quest for citizenship. Instead, the Court broadened the ruling to address the bitterly contested question of slavery in the territories. In 1820, Congress had enacted the Missouri Compromise, which banned slavery in territories north of the Missouri state line. Mr. Scott’s case was based largely on his enslaver having taken him to Fort Snelling, which was located in free territory that is now Minnesota. But the Court held that Mr. Scott was property and the Constitution does not allow the government to deprive a citizen of property without due process of law. With this reasoning, the Court ruled against Mr. Scott and legalized slavery in the territories by overturning the Missouri Compromise. It was only the second time the Court had overturned an act of Congress.

Amid escalating national tensions over slavery, Dred Scott’s obscure “freedom suit” took on monumental significance. Newly elected President James Buchanan had pressured Associate Justice and fellow Pennsylvanian Robert Grier to persuade other members of the Court to broaden the ruling in favor of expanding slavery. In his inaugural address on March 4, 1857, Mr. Buchanan—knowing how the court was about to rule—predicted that the decision would settle the slavery question and that the country would be “most happy” with the ruling. Justice Benjamin Curtis, from Massachusetts, wrote a stinging dissent and resigned from the Court shortly afterward, reportedly in part because of the decision. Abraham Lincoln, then a candidate for U.S. Senate from Illinois, said the Court had turned the Declaration of Independence into a "mangled ruin." “The court had lost all moral authority,” historian Eric Foner said, “at least in the northern half of the country.” “In the spring of 1857,” said historian David Blight, “to be Black in America was to live in the land of the Dred Scott decision, which in effect said, ‘You have no future in America.’”

Black Americans Respond

Black leaders who were already risking their lives to resist slavery and advocate for equality voiced their outrage at the Court in editorials and speeches. A month after the decision, hundreds of Black people gathered at the Israel Church in Philadelphia, four blocks from Independence Hall, to draft protest resolutions. Charles Remond declared that his grandfather had fought for his country in the Revolutionary War. Now, that same country “grinds us under its iron hoof and treats us like dogs,” he said. Reporting on the Philadelphia meeting in The Provincial Freeman, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, a Black abolitionist who had moved to Canada, implored Mr. Remond and other leaders: “Your national ship is rotten, sinking. Why not…leave that slavery-cursed republic?”

Five generations of an enslaved family in South Carolina, 1862. (Library of Congress)

Robert Purvis, a Black leader who was active in the Underground Railroad, said that Dred Scott meant the government had “deliberately, before the world [declared] one part of its people disenfranchised and outlawed.” Frederick Douglass declared that “this infamous decision of the Slaveholding wing of the Supreme Court maintains that…slaves are property in the same sense that horses, sheep, and swine are property.” The Court’s thundering denial of the humanity of Black people drove Mr. Douglass into a depression, historian David Blight wrote, and yet he kept giving electrifying speeches about the promised future of Black people as free and equal Americans. The justices did not have the last word, Mr. Douglass declared, God did. The Court had made America “awake” to the slavery question at last, he said. “My hopes were never brighter than now.” Mr. Douglass’s former North Star co-editor, Martin Delany, who had been admitted to Harvard Medical School but was forced out after white students complained, responded to Dred Scott—and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850—by writing a novel whose hero escapes bondage and plots an overthrow of slavery. The novel was serially published in The Anglo-African Magazine in 1859.

Before Dred Scott

The role of the Supreme Court in legitimizing slavery and embedding the narrative of racial hierarchy in the legal system long predated Dred Scott and continued long afterward. In 1842, Margaret Morgan and her six children were seized from their beds in Philadelphia in the middle of the night by Maryland lawyer Edward Prigg and three other white men, loaded into an open wagon, and taken forcibly south to Maryland, where slavery was legal. Mrs. Morgan had been born in Maryland, where her mother had been enslaved. But the will of her mother’s long-deceased enslaver seemed to free Margaret Morgan. She married a free Black man from Pennsylvania, and in 1832 they moved to Philadelphia. They did not consider themselves fugitives. But the descendants of the man who enslaved Mrs. Morgan’s mother hired Mr. Prigg to “return” Mrs. Morgan and her children to Maryland.

An 1851 placard posted in Boston warns Black residents about local police officers kidnapping and re-enslaving people under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. (Corbis)

Mr. Prigg and the other men who kidnapped and trafficked Mrs. Morgan and her children to Maryland were convicted of violating a Pennsylvania law that barred profiteering kidnappers from capturing Black people and turning them over to enslavers or auctioneers. But in an 8-1 vote, the Supreme Court struck down that law as unconstitutional. The Court’s opinion pointed to the Constitution’s section enabling enslavers to “retrieve” fugitives from bondage. In a separate opinion in Prigg v. Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Taney said anyone who prevented enslavers from forcing people back into bondage was “a wrongdoer,” and any state law that interfered was “null and void.” Prigg was one of several cases in the 1840s and ‘50s where the Taney Court upheld so-called fugitive slave laws designed to aid enslavers. As Andrew Jackson’s attorney general, Mr. Taney had written in 1832 that Black Americans were “a degraded class” and any rights they enjoyed were because of white Americans’ “benevolence.” Margaret Morgan and her children disappeared into bondage. Mr. Prigg, who went unpunished along with his accomplices, became a sheriff.

The Reconstruction Amendments

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, enacted between 1865 and 1869, effectively reversed Dred Scott by abolishing slavery (except as punishment for crimes), extending citizenship rights to Black Americans (including the right to vote for Black men), and guaranteeing them equal protection of law. But even as Dred Scott was overturned, white supremacy was not. White people organized a brutal resistance against Black citizenship, deploying violence and terror to crush Reconstruction. In response, Congress passed a series of Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871, the broadest being the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871. Southern white leaders called that act an unjustified federal intrusion on state authority. Adopting the Southern view, the Supreme Court issued opinions that severely undermined the legal architecture of Reconstruction. In case after case, the Court failed to protect Black people from terror, violence, and lynchings. While Black men who tried to vote risked being maimed and murdered, the Court concerned itself with whether laws like the Enforcement Acts might “fetter and degrade the State governments.”

The Court’s dismantling of Reconstruction was orchestrated by John Archibald Campbell, a white attorney and former Supreme Court Justice who had voted with the majority in Dred Scott. Mr. Campbell, an enslaver, had left the bench in April, 1861 to help lead the Confederate States of America. After the Confederacy lost the Civil War, he bitterly opposed Reconstruction. In 1872, Mr. Campbell represented a group of white New Orleans butchers who claimed that efforts by Louisiana’s Reconstruction legislature to regulate their industry violated their Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. They lost their appeal to the Supreme Court in the 1873 Slaughter-House Cases, but the ruling gave Mr. Campbell and other opponents of Reconstruction what they wanted. The Court severely undercut the Fourteenth Amendment by holding that citizenship rights were enforceable only in state courts, which were dominated by the white ruling class and utterly hostile to claims by Black people in the South.

A Massacre Unpunished

Nearly three years later, in another case that went before the Supreme Court, John Campbell represented white men who had participated in the 1873 massacre of an estimated 150 Black people in Colfax, Louisiana. The bloodbath followed Louisiana’s fiercely contested 1872 gubernatorial election, where supporters of the white supremacist candidate refused to accept his defeat and set out to install their own local officials in Grant Parish. Black citizens surrounded the Grant Parish courthouse and other municipal buildings in Colfax to prevent the takeover. Hundreds of armed white men attacked the courthouse and killed an estimated 150 Black people, many of whom had already surrendered. Three white men died.

Rutland Weekly Herald (Rutland, Vt.), May 1, 1873

Under the 1871 Enforcement Act, federal prosecutors secured convictions of William J. Cruikshank, a cotton planter who had served on the parish governing board, and two other white men. They appealed, and the Supreme Court reversed the convictions, ruling in Cruikshank vs. United States that the Fourteenth Amendment “prohibits a state,” not individuals, from violating people’s rights. Mr. Cruikshank and other perpetrators of one of the bloodiest acts of racial terror during Reconstruction went unpunished. Legal scholar Leonard Levy wrote that Cruikshank “in effect, shaped the Constitution to the advantage of the Ku Klux Klan." The decision eviscerated the Enforcement Acts. The Justice Department dropped 179 Enforcement Act prosecutions in Mississippi alone. Emboldened white men no longer wore masks and increasingly carried out daylight attacks on African Americans.

Fleeting Freedom for Dred Scott

Soon after Dred Scott, descendants of the Scotts’ enslavers “purchased” the Scott family and freed them. Mr. Scott found work as a porter at a St. Louis hotel. He told a local reporter—in some of the few published words ever attributed to him—that the long court fight had given him “a heap [of] trouble,” according to The Anti-Slavery Bugle. If he had known it would take so long, Mr. Scott said, he would not have sued. He wished he could travel the country to “tell who he is.” But he died of tuberculosis in 1858, before he turned 60. Born enslaved, Mr. Scott lived for only 16 months as a free man. Harriet Scott, who worked as a laundress into her later years, died in 1876. She was 61.

Descendants gather at Dred Scott’s grave at the Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri, in 2007. (MSNBC)

Roger Taney died in 1864. In 1865, Congress tried and failed to fund a bust of him to be placed in the Capitol along with those of his predecessors. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts argued that a man who had done evil “should not be complimented in marble.” A few years later, as white attitudes about Reconstruction began to shift, Congress approved the bust of the late chief justice and it was installed in the Capitol. In 2022, after George Floyd’s murder and amid a movement to remove Confederate monuments along with memorials to those who upheld white supremacy, Congress voted to replace Mr. Taney’s bust with one of Thurgood Marshall, the great civil rights lawyer who in 1967 became the Supreme Court’s first Black justice. In February, 2023, the bust of Mr. Taney was removed from the Capitol. In September, 2023, through the efforts of Mr. Scott’s great-great-granddaughter, Lynne M. Jackson, a towering memorial was erected at his grave in St. Louis.

Roger Taney’s descendant, Charles Taney III, publicly apologized to Ms. Jackson, and to all African Americans, “for the terrible injustice of the Dred Scottdecision” on its 160th anniversary. Ms. Jackson hugged him.

While individual justices, too, have condemned the decision, the Supreme Court has never officially apologized for Dred Scott.

#white history #us history #black history #history #republicans #democrats

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leomonwell · 3 months ago

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Reparations, Jubilee, and the Road to Accountability

Lately, I’ve been having more conversations about reparations—what they mean, why they’re necessary, and how different perspectives shape the discussion. My recent talk with AJ shed light on the core of this issue: reparations are about repair.

For centuries, African Americans have lived with the generational consequences of slavery, white supremacy, and systemic racism. The damage wasn’t just physical or emotional—it was economic, social, and deeply entrenched in the very structures of this country. The wealth that was built off the backs of enslaved people never found its way to their descendants. Instead, it was hoarded, multiplied, and passed down through white families while Black communities were continuously locked out of opportunities for financial stability.

So when we talk about reparations, we are talking about a means to repair what was taken. It’s about rectifying the economic disparities that stem from centuries of forced labor, land theft, and discriminatory policies. It’s not about handouts—it’s about justice.

AJ brought up an interesting concept—Jubilee. The idea behind Jubilee is simple: you return what was taken, rather than focusing on broader systemic compensation. Many Black conservatives subscribe to this belief, advocating for a direct giving-back of stolen resources instead of a government-led reparations package. While the methods may differ, the fundamental principle remains the same: accountability.

The real question is—how do we move forward? Some believe in direct financial compensation. Others push for systemic changes, like tax relief, homeownership grants, or free college tuition for descendants of enslaved people. Some, like those who follow the idea of Jubilee, argue for the literal return of land and wealth. Regardless of the method, the goal remains the same: repairing what has been broken.

There’s no one-size-fits-all solution, but the conversation must continue. The United States has made reparations before—to Japanese Americans interned during World War II, to victims of state-sanctioned injustices. Why should African Americans, whose ancestors built this country for free, be denied the same justice?

As AJ pointed out, accountability is key. We know the truth. We know what was taken. Now, the question is: Are we ready to make it right?

Watch the FULL CONVERSATION:

youtube

#leo monwell #black excellence #black tumblr #black history #black history month #african american #black culture #Youtube

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eaglesnick · 10 months ago

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“The world is governed by very different personages from what is imagined by those who are not behind the scenes.”

Benjamin Disraeli

When the nation overwhelmingly voted the Conservative government out of office they did not expect to be electing Tony Blaire as Prime Minister, but that is exactly what they have done. Sir Keir Starmer may be fronting the new Labour government but it is Tony Blair who is Prime Minister behind the scenes.

The signs were there a year ago for all to see. The Financial Times reported that Starmer had told them:

“Labour should stop trashing Tony Blair - a hate figure for many on the Labour left - especially after pushing the UK into the Iraq war. ‘We have to be proud of that record in government and not be arm’s length about it.’ “ (FT: 07/06/23)

In December the same year we have this headline:

“The moment Keir Starmer revealed himself to be a hardcore Blairite”. (Independent: 12/12/23)

The Blairite government of 1997- 2008 did some good things. Sure Start and adequate funding for the NHS are the most frequently cited examples of good Labour policies. But his list of failures is greater.

He tore up the principle of free university education at the point of delivery and introduced tuition fees. Thanks to Blaire:

Almost 1.8m people owe £50,000 or more in student debt” (BBC News: 02/07/24)

That is a collective student debt of £90,000,000,000.

Blair’s legacy of economic mismanagement goes further and has affected all of us. In 1997, when Blair was elected to office, average income was £15,000 a year, while the average house price was £65,000. When Blair left office in 2007, the average wage had risen to £20,000, but the average house now cost £190,000. In short, under Blair, house prices nearly trebled in price while wages only increased by a third.

The sad fact is, Blair, like governments before and after him, failed to make housing a priority and we are all suffering the price of that policy decision today in the form of a chronic housing shortage, unaffordable rents, and property prices beyond the reach of the vast majority of the population.

At the same time as house prices were rocketing, the Blair government presided over a massive fall in industrial output. Investment Monitor (24/11/20) reported that manufacturing:

…”declined in importance with regard to its role within the British economy faster under Blair than under any previous prime minister. The industry accounted for more than 20% of GDP in 1997; by 2007 – when Blair left Number 10 to be replaced by Gordon Brown – this had fallen to 12.4%, and when Labour were voted out of office in 2010 the figure was 10%.

More importantly, when Blair came to power in 1997, income inequality, after years of Thatcherite policies, was at historically high levels, and relative poverty was on the increase. Despite 11 years of a Blairite Labour government ordinary working people saw little change in their economic position, yet under Blaire the rich and wealthy flourished.

“Income inequality changed little...those on relatively low incomes did a little better than those with incomes just above average. However, those right at the top saw their incomes increase very substantially with the result that, on most measures, overall inequality nudged up slightly.” (Institute for Fiscal Studies: 2013)

In short, under Blairite policies the rich became richer at the expense of ordinary working families.

The Labour Party came into existence to better the lot of working class families. This goal was written down in Clause 4 of the Labour Party Constitution part of which states:

“To secure for the workers by hand or by brain the full fruits of their industry and the most equitable distribution thereof that may be possible upon the basis of the common ownership of the means of production..."

Implicit in the notion of “common ownership” is the equal distribution of the wealth generated by those commonly owned industries. This was one of the binding principles of the Labour Party up until 1995 when Tony Blaire tore up this socialist, egalitarian ideal and replaced it with a bland statement that amounted to little more than a wish list but no clear indication how those wishes were to be achieved. Gone was the commitment to secure for workers just wages, gone was the commitment to nationalization, and gone was the Labour Party's commitment to socialism.

Twelve years after leaving office, Margaret Thatcher was asked what she considered to be her greatest achievement and is famously reported to have replied: "Tony Blaire and New Labour". What she meant by this is that Tony Blaire had abandoned Labours historical commitment to socialism and greater economic equality, and had instead adopted her philosophy of minimum state protection for workers, the pursuit of corporate profit at any cost, the deregulation of the financial industry and the privatisation of public assets.

What resulted was the financial crash of 2008, a massive housing shortage as public bodies were no longer allowed to build houses, the gradual erosion of workers pay while the rich became even richer, and national assets such as water and railways being run for private profit rather than providing a decent public service.

Starmer will pursue the same policies as Blaire because he is an unashamed Blairite: This was Sky news headline on 23/05/23:

“Sir Keir Starmer promises his Labour reform will be like Tony Blair's Clause IV 'on steroids'

So next time you look at our new Prime Minister remember who is the puppet master and who the puppet.

#uk politics #keir starmer #blaire #thatcher #puppet puppet master #socialism #working families #wealthy #public assets #profit #corporations

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mferret9 · 2 years ago

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Inktober 2023: Day 22

Day 22 is here! Today's theme is "Teasing". John is a huge gym rat and has a pretty popular Instagram account which is 90% mirror selfies. Caleb shows up at the student gym four times a year out of principle because it's included in the cost of his tuition (and to harass John).

Bonus:

#inktober 2023 #original character #my art #digital art #procreate

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classicquid · 2 years ago

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Money into Your Account Round The Clock with Short Term Loans UK

If managed improperly, emergencies are a hassle for everyone. Before payday arrives, you need a loan to cover all of your urgent financial needs. Not to worry! Short term loans UK are prepared to assist you, allowing you to safely obtain the funds in the range of £100 to £1000 with a flexible repayment period of 2-4 weeks. This financing is completely free of any and all laborious processes, including faxing and pledging.

Never again feel depressed if you run out of money during a tough time. You can instantly obtain the money based on your needs, and you have the freedom to use the funds for a variety of financial requirements, such as paying for household expenses, travel expenses, credit card bills, child's school or tuition fees, and so forth.

Therefore, it isn't difficult to borrow the money on today's lending market. Whether you're dealing with issues like defaults, arrears, foreclosure, late payments, CCJs, IVAs, or insolvency, you can apply for short term loans UK. This is achievable since lenders do not check consumers' credit scores. You must also adhere to all of the established terms and restrictions.

You are at least eighteen years old.

You must be a permanent resident of the Great Britain Nation,

Have an active checking account in your name, be employed full-time,

Have a solid source of income for the past six months, and get regular salary payments.

You can apply for short term loans UK direct lender without any issues provided you meet the requirements. To submit the form on the website, you must fill it out completely and accurately. The money gets sanctioned into your account on the same day of application after your information is finalized. There is no need for faxing or extensive paperwork. Additionally, there are no application fees.

How to Apply Online For Short Term Loans UK Direct Lender

To assist you in obtaining an essential approval more quickly, we have made the short term loans direct lenders application process as simple as possible. It's all about speed and efficiency when it comes to providing loans, and with the way we do things, you'll be hard-pressed to find a short term loans UK direct lender provider online that is more responsive. You can fill out a simple application form after selecting the loan amount and payback schedule you desire by clicking "Apply Now." By completing this, we will be able to provide you a fast pre-approval decision that will indicate whether we may possibly assist with the loan and terms you have requested.

We will designate you a personal Customer Care Manager as soon as we have made a decision in principle. We do this because we care about the short term cash loans application process and having a person you can speak with directly regarding the loan. As they will be able to examine your situation and call you if they need to check any details, this human part of the process is FAIRER and, in many cases, more dependable than a 100% automated service. If they need to call, it will only take a few minutes to finish, but most of the time we'll have the data we need to move on to the next step.

#Short Term Loans UK #Short Term Loans UK Direct Lender #Short Term Cash

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poatuitionsg · 9 months ago

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Ace Your Accounts Paper With The Top POA Tutors In Singapore

Have you been feeling lost in your POA classes? Maybe you are struggling to keep up with the pace of your lessons. Or, perhaps you are having a hard time understanding the difficult concepts, causing your grades to slip. If any of these issues sound like things you have experienced – you aren’t alone. But here’s the good news – all these challenges can become a thing of the past with the help of a top-notch POA tutor. Let’s discover how they can help you turn things around.

Customised Learning

Every student is one-of-a-kind, having their own strengths and areas requiring improvement. The top tutors understand this and personalise their teaching to match the needs of the students. This tailored teaching makes convoluted concepts simple, making them easy to remember for longer.

Years Of Experience

The best accounts tutors in Singapore are experts in the subject, having years of teaching experience under their belt. Whether you have trouble managing ledger accounts or preparing manufacturing ones, these educators know how to break complex topics into smaller, understandable parts, thus making the learning process easy.

Exam Preparation

Aceing exams isn’t just about knowing all the materials thoroughly; it is also about keeping your cool under stress. The experienced tutors have a deep understanding of the exam patterns, crucial topics and efficient time management techniques, helping you boost your scores significantly.

Encouragement And Motivation

Being unable to score the desired marks despite spending hours studying can be devastating for a student. The best accounts tutors in the country provide constant support and encouragement, helping you feel more confident. They aid you while going over the important topics, ensuring you have a thorough understanding of it all before sitting for your tests.

Flexible Scheduling

Juggling school, extracurricular activities and self-study time can be tough, and the best tutors in Singapore understand this. To make things easier, they provide multiple timeslots for their classes. This ensures you can get all the help you need without missing out on other commitments. They even have online courses for those facing problems commuting to their on-site locations.

Instant Doubt Clarification

Most classrooms have a large number of students, making it tricky for even the best teachers to address the doubts of each student in detail. With top accounting tuition in Singapore, you can circumvent this problem easily. You can ask as many questions as you need to, and they will clarify your doubts instantly. This prevents misunderstandings during learning and keeps it on track.

To Wrap Things Up,

Getting a best poa tuition isn’t just your normal academic decision; it’s an investment in your future. Whether you want to go for business, finance or any other field related to trade and commerce, an expert tutor can help you lay a rock-solid foundation that will lead to a glorious career later. Don’t waste any more time thinking. Enlist yourself for a leading Principles of accounts Tuition in Singapore, like SG POA, and set yourself up for the success of your dreams.

Source: https://poatutorsingapore.blogspot.com/2024/08/ace-your-accounts-paper-with-top-poa.html

#best poa tuition #Principles of accounts Tuition in Singapore #POA tutor

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rakeshraseo321 · 11 months ago

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POA Tuition Singapore

Are you searching for the best tuition in Singapore? Many students need help understanding accounting concepts, but anyone can become an expert in the field with the correct instruction. Aceyourpoa specializes in offering top-notch Principles of Accounts (POA) instruction in Singapore to assist students in achieving academic success. You can visit our official website to learn more about our outstanding tuition services and our teachers.

#POA Tuition Singapore #Principles of Accounts Tuition #education #n level poa tuition #o level poa tuition #sec 4 poa tuition #singapore #kids

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chainzsw-199 · 2 years ago

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Report: Efficient Strategies for Teenagers to Optimize Savings

Date: May 23, 2023

Introduction:

This financial report aims to provide teenagers with practical guidance on saving money in a systematic and effective manner. By following the recommended strategies outlined below, young individuals can develop a solid foundation for their financial future.

1. Set Clear Financial Goals:

To embark on a successful savings journey, it is crucial to establish clear financial goals. Identify both short-term objectives, such as purchasing a new gadget or saving for a trip, and long-term goals like college tuition or building an emergency fund. Defining these goals will help prioritize your saving efforts.

2. Create a Budget:

Developing a budget is essential for effective money management. Begin by tracking your income and expenses, distinguishing between essential and discretionary spending. Allocate a portion of your income towards savings and ensure that your expenses align with your budget. This disciplined approach will enable you to save systematically.

3. Differentiate Between Wants and Needs:

Understanding the distinction between wants and needs is vital for prudent financial decision-making. Prioritize necessary expenses such as food, clothing, and education, while exercising restraint with discretionary purchases. By minimizing impulsive spending, you can allocate a larger portion of your income towards savings.

4. Implement the "Pay Yourself First" Principle:

To ensure consistent savings, adopt the "pay yourself first" principle. Set up an automated transfer of funds from your income to a designated savings account at the beginning of each month. Treating savings as a non-negotiable expense will cultivate a habit of saving regularly.

5. Explore Money-Saving Apps and Tools:

Leverage technology to your advantage by utilizing money-saving apps and tools. These platforms can help track expenses, set financial goals, and even provide insights into potential savings opportunities. By harnessing the power of technology, you can optimize your savings efforts.

6. Minimize Unnecessary Expenses:

Identify areas where you can cut back on unnecessary expenses. Evaluate subscription services, entertainment choices, and eating out habits. Consider alternative options, such as borrowing books from the library or preparing meals at home, to reduce unnecessary costs and boost your savings potential.

7. Embrace the Power of Saving:

Saving money is not merely about restricting spending but also about embracing the concept of delayed gratification. Develop a mindset that appreciates the long-term benefits of saving. Celebrate small milestones along the way, and view saving as an investment in your future financial well-being.

Conclusion:

By implementing these strategies and consistently practicing disciplined financial habits, teenagers can lay a strong foundation for their financial future. Establishing clear goals, creating a budget, differentiating between wants and needs, and adopting the "pay yourself first" principle are key steps towards optimizing savings. Additionally, leveraging technology, reducing unnecessary expenses, and embracing the power of saving will contribute to long-term financial success. Remember, developing sound financial habits early in life will pave the way for a secure and prosperous future.

#who are queue?#millionaire #billionarelifestyle #mercedes #savings #the matrix #finance #moneymindset

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educationcollege · 2 days ago

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Unlocking Your Commerce Potential: The Rise of B.Com Online Courses

In today’s digital age, education is no longer confined to traditional classrooms. With the rapid advancement of technology, students now have the opportunity to access quality education from the comfort of their homes. One such area where this transformation is especially prominent is in B.Com online courses. The Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) degree, long considered a foundational stepping stone in the fields of finance, accounting, and business management, is now more accessible than ever.

Why Choose B.Com Online Courses?

Online B.Com programs are designed to provide the same level of academic rigor and comprehensive curriculum as their offline counterparts. What sets them apart, however, is their flexibility. Whether you’re a working professional looking to upgrade your qualifications, a stay-at-home parent trying to re-enter the workforce, or a student balancing other commitments, B.Com online courses offer the perfect blend of convenience and quality.

These programs typically cover core subjects such as financial accounting, corporate law, economics, business statistics, and management principles. Many universities and online platforms also offer elective subjects and specializations, allowing students to tailor their education to match their career goals.

Flexibility Meets Quality

One of the most compelling reasons to choose a B.Com online course is the flexibility it offers. Students can learn at their own pace, revisit complex topics through recorded lectures, and manage their studies alongside work or personal commitments. Unlike traditional classroom settings, online courses give learners control over their schedules, which often results in better retention and a deeper understanding of the subjects.

Despite being online, these courses do not compromise on quality. Many reputed universities and institutions offer accredited B.Com degrees through digital platforms. These programs are developed and delivered by experienced faculty, often with interactive learning tools, discussion forums, and live sessions to ensure an engaging and supportive learning environment.

Affordability and Accessibility

Cost is another major factor that makes B.Com online courses attractive. Traditional college education can be expensive, with tuition fees, accommodation, and travel adding to the overall cost. Online courses, on the other hand, are generally more affordable and eliminate additional expenses. This makes them a viable option for students from diverse financial backgrounds.

Moreover, the accessibility of online education breaks geographical barriers. Students from remote areas or those unable to relocate for education can now access high-quality B.Com programs from top institutions without leaving their hometowns.

Career Opportunities After Online B.Com

Graduating with a B.Com degree opens up a wide range of career opportunities in sectors like banking, finance, insurance, accounting, auditing, taxation, and business management. With the rise in demand for skilled professionals in these areas, a B.Com degree—whether online or offline—is highly respected by employers.

Additionally, B.Com graduates can pursue further studies such as M.Com, MBA, CA, CMA, or CPA to enhance their qualifications and increase their job prospects. Online courses also encourage students to develop self-discipline and time management skills, qualities that are highly valued in the workplace.

Final Thoughts

The digital transformation of education has made it possible for more students to pursue their academic and professional dreams. B.Com online courses are a testament to how flexible, affordable, and high-quality education can be delivered to anyone with an internet connection and the drive to succeed.

Whether you’re aiming to start a career in commerce or looking to upgrade your skills, enrolling in a B.Com online program could be the first step towards a brighter future. With numerous platforms and universities offering these programs, the possibilities are endless.

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iamrcollege12121 · 14 days ago

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Top BBA college in Delhi NCR

Mactec: A Rising Contender Among the Top BBA Colleges in Delhi NCR

Delhi NCR, a thriving hub for business, education, and technology, is home to some of India’s most sought-after institutions for undergraduate studies. Among the various programs gaining popularity, the Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) stands out as a launchpad for students aiming to build a career in business and management. While several reputed institutions dominate this space, a new name is quickly making waves — Mactec. With its student-centric approach and focus on industry-relevant education, Mactec is emerging as a serious contender for the title of the Top BBA college in Delhi NCR.

About Mactec

Mactec (Modern Academy of Computer Technology and Education Center) is an educational institution located in Ghaziabad, part of the greater Delhi NCR region. Originally recognized for its excellence in technical and computer education, Mactec has expanded its academic offerings by introducing a robust BBA program. Designed to develop future business leaders, this program blends academic theory with practical knowledge and a global perspective.

What makes Mactec stand out in the crowded field of management colleges is its commitment to holistic student development, affordable education, and industry exposure — all the attributes you would expect from the Top BBA college in Delhi NCR.

Why Mactec Is Becoming a Preferred BBA College in Delhi NCR

Here are the key reasons why students and parents are increasingly choosing Mactec for their BBA studies:

1. Industry-Aligned Curriculum

Mactec’s BBA program is carefully crafted to keep pace with current business trends. The curriculum includes subjects like:

Principles of Management

Financial Accounting

Business Communication

Marketing Management

Business Law

Entrepreneurship Development

In addition, the college includes regular seminars on Digital Marketing, Startup Culture, and E-commerce, ensuring students are ready for the real world.

2. Experienced Faculty

The backbone of Mactec’s BBA program is its experienced and dedicated faculty. Professors come from both academic and corporate backgrounds, bringing a rich mix of theory and practical insight to the classroom.

3. Industry Exposure

One of the reasons Mactec is quickly climbing the ladder toward becoming the Top BBA college in Delhi NCR is its emphasis on industry interaction. The college organizes:

Industrial visits to MNCs and startups

Guest lectures by CEOs and business experts

Management workshops and business simulation games

These initiatives prepare students to meet industry challenges with confidence.

4. Modern Infrastructure

Mactec provides an ideal learning environment with:

Smart classrooms

Computer labs

A well-stocked library

Wi-Fi-enabled campus

These facilities help students stay connected and conduct research with ease.

Placement Support & Career Development

A good BBA program is judged not just by academics, but by how well it places its students in real-world jobs. Mactec has a dedicated Training and Placement Cell that:

Provides internship opportunities in top firms

Conducts aptitude training and mock interviews

Helps students build resumes and LinkedIn profiles

Organizes campus placement drives

Thanks to these efforts, students have landed internships and placements in reputed companies like HDFC Bank, Deloitte, and Amazon.

Affordable Education in NCR

While many top-tier colleges in Delhi NCR come with high tuition costs, Mactec offers quality education at an affordable fee, making it accessible to students from diverse backgrounds without compromising on academic excellence.

Conclusion

With its modern approach to education, skilled faculty, and focus on real-world learning, Mactec is steadily establishing itself as one of the Top BBA colleges in Delhi NCR. Whether you're looking for a strong academic foundation, practical business skills, or a head start in your corporate career, Mactec offers everything a modern BBA student needs.

So, if you're exploring BBA colleges that offer quality, affordability, and career growth — Mactec should be high on your list.

Visit:- https://www.iamr.ac.in/program/bba

#college #iamr college #university #ghaziabad #bba colleges

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bhagyaachievers12 · 1 month ago

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Effective Self-Study Strategies for CA Foundation Aspirants

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) conducted the CA Foundation, the entrance test for the Chartered Accountancy (CA) program in India. It's designed for students who have completed their Class 12th and wish to pursue their career in accounting, auditing, taxation, and finance.

The first step towards becoming a CA is passing the CA Foundation exam. Even though the CA Foundation exam is very difficult, it is not impossible to pass with a coach's help. In fact, thousands of students pass it every year using only self-study. This is a comprehensive analysis of the factors that make self-study so successful, especially at this stage of the CA journey.

Table of Contents:

Why Self-Study?

Understand the Exam Structure First

Build a Realistic Study Plan

Use the Right Study Material

Study Smart, Not Just Hard

Use Technology to Your Advantage

Take Care of Your Mental & Physical Health

Bonus Tips for Last 30 Days

Final Thoughts

Why Self-Study?

While coaching classes can be helpful, they aren’t mandatory. Self-study gives you:

Flexibility to study at your pace.

Freedom to choose your own resources.

Affordability, saving you from heavy tuition fees.

Most importantly, deeper understanding, as you’re doing the heavy lifting yourself.

But it only works if done smartly. Let’s dive into strategies to make it work.

Understand the Exam Structure First

Before planning your prep, understand what you’re preparing for. The CA Foundation exam includes:

Paper

Subject

Type

Principles & Practice of Accounting

Subjective

Business Laws & Business Correspondence

Subjective

Business Maths, Logical Reasoning, Statistics

Objective (MCQ)

Business Economics & Commercial Knowledge

Objective (MCQ)

Each paper is for 100 marks. Negative marking exists for objective papers, so accuracy matters!

Build a Realistic Study Plan

Step 1: Know Your Timeline

Depending on your target attempt (May or December), calculate how many months you have left. Ideally, you should start at least 4-5 months in advance.

Step 2: Break Down the Syllabus

Group subjects based on difficulty and your comfort:

Start with Accounts and Law (require conceptual clarity).

Move to Maths/Stats gradually (can be tricky if you’re from a non-math background).

Keep English, BCK, and Economics as lighter study slots.

Step 3: Create a Weekly Schedule

Dedicate 6–8 hours daily (flexible based on your routine).

Keep 1 subject in focus per week, with 1-2 hours for revision of previously studied subjects.

Set weekly goals (e.g., complete 2 chapters of Accounts + 1 Law chapter).

Use the Right Study Material

For self-study, your best friends are:

ICAI Study Modules – Stick to them. They are exam-oriented and sufficient.

ICAI Practice Manuals – Solve every question without fail.

ICAI RTPs & MTPs – The Revision Test Papers and Mock Test Papers help you understand paper patterns.

Past Year Papers – Analyze what gets repeated, and how questions are framed.

YouTube Channels – Use trusted CA educator channels for concepts you find tough.

Pro Tip: Avoid hopping between too many books or resources. Stick to ICAI material + 1 reference if needed.

Study Smart, Not Just Hard

1. Active Learning Over Passive Reading

Make handwritten notes, apply principles to real-world situations, and go beyond simply reading chapters to gain a deep understanding of the material. It helps you become more proficient at memorization.

2. Use Charts & Flashcards

For Law, BCK, and Economics, prepare short summary charts or flashcards to revise key concepts, definitions, and sections.

3. Set Topic-Wise Deadlines

When studying for CA Foundation, the syllabus is vast, and it’s easy to feel lost. Instead of studying randomly, break it into smaller topics and set deadlines for each.

Example of Topic-Wise Deadlines:

Accounting: Complete "Depreciation" by Monday

Law: Finish "Indian Contract Act" by Wednesday

Maths: Solve 50 MCQs on "Probability" by Friday

4. Mix Subjects

Studying different subjects instead of just studying the same type of subjects, which sometimes makes you feel bored and lose interest in the study. To keep your mind active and avoid boredom, mix different subjects while studying.

Example of Mixing Subjects in a Day:

Morning: Study Accounting (a practical and heavy subject)

Afternoon: Study Law (a theory-based subject)

Evening: Practice Maths MCQs (logical and fast-paced)

This avoids burnout and keeps your brain active.

Practice Is Key

For Subjective Papers:

Write full answers regularly, not just rough workings.

Time your writing. Try finishing a 100-mark paper in 3 hours at least once a week after 2 months of prep.

Review your answers and check where you lose marks — presentation, calculation, or conceptual error.

For Objective Papers:

Practice at least 100 MCQs per week.

Use OMR sheets and simulate the real exam environment.

Be cautious of negative marking — accuracy over guesswork!

Use Technology to Your Advantage

Instead of studying only from books, you can also use videos, apps, test series, and online groups to understand topics better and practice more.

When you're studying on your own, technology can be your best friend. It helps you learn faster, stay organized, and clear your doubts—all from the comfort of your home.

How Technology Helps in Self-Study:

Watch Video Lectures: You can learn tough concepts through online videos that explain topics in an easy-to-understand way.

Digital Notes & PDFs: Instead of carrying heavy books, you can read notes and materials on your phone, tablet, or laptop.

Practice Tests & Quizzes: Online tests help you check your preparation level, improve speed, and get instant feedback.

Doubt Solving: You can ask questions and get answers from fellow students or teachers online whenever you're stuck.

Study Planning Tools: Use digital calendars or apps to create timetables, set reminders, and track your study goals.

Take Care of Your Mental & Physical Health

Self-study can get lonely or stressful. So:

Take breaks: Don’t study all day without breaks. Your brain needs rest.

Stay active: Simple stretching, yoga, or walking clears the brain fog.

Sleep well: A sharp mind needs rest — avoid late-night cramming.

Revise. Revisit. Repeat.

The real magic of self-study lies in revision.

Use the 3R Formula:

Read – Learn the concept thoroughly.

Recall – Try to remember it without looking.

Revise – Go over the notes and test yourself again.

Plan for at least 2 full revisions before the exam, with the final week for solving mock tests and past papers only.

Bonus Tips for Last 30 Days

Solve 2 full mock papers per subject (ICAI’s Series I & II).

Revise only summary notes, flashcards, and formulas.

Focus on accuracy and time management.

Don’t start any new topic last minute — revise what you already know.

Final Thoughts

Self-study is a challenge—but also your greatest teacher. It builds confidence, discipline, and deep subject clarity. With a structured plan, quality materials, consistent revision, and smart practice, you can crack the CA Foundation exam on your own.

#cafoundationtestseries

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scholarinfohub · 1 month ago

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Harvard University Free Online Courses 2025

In today’s fast-paced digital world, access to quality education has never been more important. Thanks to online learning platforms, prestigious institutions like Harvard University are offering free courses to learners worldwide. Whether you want to upskill, explore a new field, or add a credential to your resume, Harvard’s free online courses provide an incredible opportunity to learn from one of the world’s top universities without financial barriers.

What Are Harvard’s Free Online Courses?

Harvard University offers a selection of free online courses through platforms such as Harvard Online Learning, edX, and HarvardX. These courses cover a wide range of subjects, from computer science and business to humanities and health sciences. While they are free to access, learners may choose to purchase a verified certificate for a fee, which can be a valuable addition to professional profiles.

Popular Free Courses Offered by Harvard

Harvard provides an extensive catalog of online courses, but some of the most popular and highly rated ones include:

CS50: Introduction to Computer Science

Contract Law: From Trust to Promise to Contract

Principles of Biochemistry

Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies

Shakespeare’s Life and Work

Why You Should Take a Harvard Free Online Course

There are several compelling reasons to enroll in a Harvard online course, including:

Access to World-Class Education: Learn from Harvard professors and industry experts without the high tuition costs.

Flexibility: Courses are self-paced, allowing you to study at your convenience.

Career Advancement: Gaining knowledge in specialized fields can boost your professional development.

Networking Opportunities: Engage with a global community of learners and professionals.

No Financial Burden: Free courses eliminate financial constraints, making education accessible to all.

How to Enroll

Enrolling in a Harvard free online course is simple:

Visit Harvard Online Learning (online-learning.harvard.edu) or platforms like edX (edx.org/school/harvardx).

Browse the list of available courses and select one that aligns with your interests.

Create a free account on the respective platform.

Start learning immediately or follow the course schedule if applicable.

Optionally, pay for a verified certificate upon completion to showcase your achievement.

Maximizing Your Learning Experience

To make the most of your Harvard online course, consider the following tips:

Set clear goals: Define what you want to achieve from the course.

Stay disciplined: Dedicate regular time to studying to stay on track.

Engage with the community: Participate in discussion forums and connect with other learners.

Apply your knowledge: Implement what you learn in real-world scenarios.

Leverage additional resources: Supplement your learning with books, articles, and practical projects.

Final Thoughts

Harvard University’s free online courses offer an incredible chance to gain valuable knowledge and skills from one of the most prestigious institutions in the world. Whether you’re a student, professional, or lifelong learner, these courses provide a flexible and cost-effective way to grow academically and professionally. Take the initiative today and explore Harvard’s online learning opportunities—your next big career breakthrough could be just a course away!

Have You Taken a Harvard Free Online Course?

If you’ve already taken a Harvard online course, share your experience in the comments! Let’s inspire others to embrace lifelong learning.

#study abroad #scholarships #education

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