#Plumber Hamilton East | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

handeaux · 3 years ago

Text

Earth Closets, Swinging Urinals And Other Bizarre Potties Employed In Old Cincinnati

You might imagine that the genius who finally introduced flushable indoor toilets to Cincinnati was proclaimed a hero and is likely memorialized with a statue somewhere.

You would be wrong.

The basic concept of an indoor-located flush toilet was understood and, in fact, manufactured since the 1830s or so. Cincinnati, however, ignored this invention for decades, and some authorities even lobbied against domestic potties. Here is an editorial from the Cincinnati Commercial [15 July 1873]:

“We do not hesitate to say that in the state of plumbing, in the average house in this city, connection with a sewer would be disastrous. It will be seen that our improvers not only demand a connection with sewers in front of our houses, but require soil pipes to pass through the houses – conditions condemned by every respectable medical authority on earth, and that would make Cincinnati one of the most unhealthy instead of one of the healthiest cities in the world.”

The antithetical Cincinnati Enquirer [16 July 1873] propounded quite the opposite view:

“When we charged that the Commercial favored the privy vaults, it denied it. Now it does ‘not hesitate to say’ that sewers are a nuisance. It believes in stowing the filth of the city on private premises. It will not even consent that privy vaults shall be cleaned. The night carts it abominates. Therefore, we must, if we would have a healthy city, have overflowing nastiness in the rear of every house in the city.”

Recall that this was a time when the germ theory of disease was only gradually catching on. Until microbes caught the blame, educated people sincerely believed that disease was spread by foul smells. Malaria, for instance, derives from the Italian for “bad air.” The Commercial [17 August 1873] reported that major European cities prohibited draining water closets into sewers. It was a question:

“ . . . whether the filth and soil from water-closets being allowed to go into the sewers and thus pass through a great portion of the town, emitting noxious smells to escape from the openings of the sewers, is not more detrimental to the health of the inhabitants than where it runs into the cesspools upon the premises of the occupants; and emptied only when necessary.”

In the matter of sewerage, the staunchly Republican Commercial and the virulently Democratic Enquirer were, oddly enough, both sort of right on this issue. Flushable toilets, like mobile phones, are useless without a network. In 1873, Cincinnati’s sanitary network was a shambles.

To operate effectively, an indoor flush toilet needs to be designed so it flows in only one direction. Neither waste nor odor, in other words, should flow back to the house. That had mostly – not entirely – been solved by the manufacturers. Additionally, there must be a source of water to flush with, and that was hit-or-miss in Cincinnati. Reliable water was marginally available downtown but not on the hilltops. Likewise, there must be somewhere for the flushed waste to go, and Cincinnati’s sewer system was a patchwork of disasters. Finally, once flushed, the “nastiness” must disappear. In Cincinnati, the sewers, especially in the East End, shunted highly polluted wastewater perilously close to the intakes for the city’s waterworks.

In the absence of a functioning toilet system, some Cincinnatians adopted half-measures. They put the toilet in the house, flushed it when possible with water pumped from a cistern, and dumped the effluent into the backyard privy vault. On 2 April 1845, sign painter Hamilton Harbaugh advertised for sale his house on the north side of Third Street, four doors east of John Street, containing an interior bathroom and water closet. At that date, Harbaugh’s interior toilet could only have dumped into a backyard privy. There was no sewer nearby.

Cincinnati plumbers offered a bewildering array of toilet receptacles to be installed in the home, including according to an advertisement [Enquirer 24 July 1856] for plumber Perry J. Moore:

“Iron sinks, for kitchens, with stench-trap and strainer

Patent Self-acting Water-closets

Patent Valve-pan Water-closets

Swing and Chair Urinals flor ladies’ sleeping apartments. An entirely new article.”

Now, primitive these folks may have been but, even today, there are few houses equipped with a Swing Urinal for ladies’ sleeping apartments. Here it must be noted that the urinal in question did not swing during use, but was installed on a rotating pipe to swing out of sight for modesty’s sake.

As late as 1874, water closets (flush toilets) attracted competition from “earth closets” – what we today would call a composting toilet. An advertisement [Gazette 13 June 1874] was positively breathless:

“The greatest blessing of the 19th Century. Fast superseding the water closet. Can be used in any sleeping room without offense.”

Earth closets required a constant source of dry and sifted dirt for effective operation. Maintenance, according to the manuals that survive, resembled the operation of a cat’s litter box. Additionally, earth closets apparently could not accommodate urine or toilet paper. They never did “supersede” the water closet.

On the matter of bathroom paper products, an 1859 advertisement for “Gayetty’s Medicated Paper for the Water Closet” raises yet another obvious question about vintage toilets, whether located inside or outside. Namely, how did our forebears attend to, shall we say, the excretory orifice after the deed is done? It appears that Joseph Gayetty of New York was a lone purveyor of bathroom paper in 1859. No similar products are advertised until toilet paper – under that name – became available around 1890. What sufficed in the meantime confounds the imagination, although Gayetty’s advertising warned against the use of toxic inked paper in the nether regions, presumably a reference to newspaper or book pages.

Apparently, mentioning paper products employed in the water closet, or privy, or “necessary” was a breach of etiquette. Still, business being business, the Cincinnati Post [21 April 1887] reports:

“The tissue and toilet paper makers of the United States have advanced prices ten to fifteen per cent.”

For the record, researching topics such as this requires an awareness of archaic terminology. For example, the phrase, “indoor plumbing” seems not to have been used in Cincinnati until the mid-1930s.

#indoor plumbing #water closets #swing urinal #earth closet

11 notes · View notes

southjerseykitchens · 4 years ago

Text

“Remodel my bathroom” — words we love to hear. Families all over South Jersey are turning to Legacy Kitchen and Bath to make their dream bath and showers come to life. We have the very best design team, tile guys, plumbers, cabinet makers, and granite counter top team. Contact us today by going to www.LegacyKitchenandBath.com

Here is a list of cities and areas we serve.

Camden Camden 77,344 city 8.92 8,670.85

Cherry Hill Camden 71,045 township 24.1 2,947.93

Gloucester Township Camden 64,634 township 22.98 2,812.62

Vineland Cumberland 60,724 city 68.42 887.52

Washington Township Gloucester 48,559 township 21.38 2,271.23

Evesham Township Burlington 45,538 township 29.28 1,555.26

Egg Harbor Township Atlantic 43,323 Township 66.6 650.50

Mount Laurel Township Burlington 41,864 township 21.69 1,930.11

Atlantic City Atlantic 39,558 City 10.75 3,679.81

Winslow Township Camden 39,499 township 57.34 688.86

Galloway Atlantic 37,349 Township 89.07 419.32

Monroe Township Gloucester 36,129 township 46.39 778.81

Pennsauken Township Camden 35,885 township 10.44 3,437.26

Willingboro Township Burlington 31,629 township 7.74 4,086.43

Deptford Township Gloucester 30,561 township 17.36 1,760.43

Voorhees Township Camden 29,131 township 11.49 2,535.34

Millville Cumberland 28,400 city 42 676.19

Pemberton Township Burlington 27,912 township 61.28 455.48

Hamilton Township Atlantic 26,503 Township 111.13 238.49

Bridgeton Cumberland 25,349 city 6.18 4,101.78

Medford Township Burlington 23,033 township 38.92 591.80

Lower Cape May 22,866 Township 27.74 824.30

Burlington Township Burlington 22,594 township 13.42 1,683.61

West Deptford Township Gloucester 21,677 township 15.41 1,406.68

Moorestown Township Burlington 20,726 township 14.69 1,410.89

Pleasantville Atlantic 20,249 City 5.69 3,558.70

Maple Shade Township Burlington 19,131 township 3.82 5,008.12

Middle Cape May 18,911 Township 70.33 268.89

Glassboro Gloucester 18,579 borough 9.18 2,023.86

Lindenwold Camden 17,613 borough 3.89 4,527.76

Delran Township Burlington 16,896 township 6.59 2,563.88

Franklin Township Gloucester 16,820 township 55.91 300.84

Cinnaminson Township Burlington 15,569 township 7.5 2,075.87

Mantua Township Gloucester 15,217 township 15.85 960.06

Hammonton Atlantic 14,791 Town 40.89 361.73

Haddon Township Camden 14,707 township 2.69 5,467.29

Collingswood Camden 13,926 borough 1.82 7,651.65

Pennsville Salem 13,409 Township 21.28 630.12

Lumberton Township Burlington 12,559 township 12.92 972.06

Harrison Township Gloucester 12,417 township 19.14 648.75

Upper Cape May 12,373 Township 62.15 199.08

Florence Township Burlington 12,109 township 9.78 1,238.14

Ocean City Cape May 11,701 City 6.33 1,848.50

Haddonfield Camden 11,593 borough 2.82 4,110.99

Bellmawr Camden 11,583 borough 2.98 3,886.91

Gloucester City Camden 11,456 city 2.32 4,937.93

Bordentown Township Burlington 11,367 township 8.51 1,335.72

Somers Point Atlantic 10,795 City 4.03 2,678.66

Ventnor City Atlantic 10,650 City 1.95 5,461.54

Waterford Township Camden 10,649 township 36.04 295.48

Southampton Township Burlington 10,464 township 43.67 239.62

Pine Hill Camden 10,233 borough 3.87 2,644.19

Woolwich Township Gloucester 10,200 township 20.91 487.80

Woodbury Gloucester 10,174 city 2.01 5,061.69

Burlington Burlington 9,920 city 3.06 3,241.83

East Greenwich Township Gloucester 9,555 township 14.44 661.70

Mount Holly Township Burlington 9,536 township 2.81 3,393.59

Brigantine Atlantic 9,450 City 6.39 1,478.87

Pittsgrove Salem 9,393 Township 45.08 208.36

Pitman Gloucester 9,011 borough 2.27 3,969.60

Edgewater Park Township Burlington 8,881 township 2.89 3,073.01

Audubon Camden 8,819 borough 1.49 5,918.79

Westampton Township Burlington 8,813 township 11.03 799.00

Northfield Atlantic 8,624 City 3.4 2,536.47

Mansfield Township Burlington 8,544 township 21.74 393.01

Runnemede Camden 8,468 borough 2.06 4,110.68

Absecon Atlantic 8,411 City 5.4 1,557.59

Clayton Gloucester 8,179 borough 7.14 1,145.52

Riverside Township Burlington 8,079 township 1.49 5,422.15

Carneys Point Salem 8,049 Township 16.86 477.40

Maurice River Cumberland 7,976 township 93.11 85.66

Chesterfield Township Burlington 7,699 township 21.33 360.95

North Hanover Township Burlington 7,678 township 17.28 444.33

Upper Deerfield Township Cumberland 7,660 township 31.1 246.30

Berlin Camden 7,588 borough 3.59 2,113.65

Buena Vista Township Atlantic 7,570 Township 41.05 184.41

Haddon Heights Camden 7,473 borough 1.57 4,759.87

Palmyra Burlington 7,398 borough 1.86 3,977.42

New Hanover Township Burlington 7,385 township 22.18 332.96

Linwood Atlantic 7,092 City 3.87 1,832.56

Stratford Camden 7,040 borough 1.55 4,541.94

Barrington Camden 6,983 borough 1.61 4,337.27

Tabernacle Township Burlington 6,949 township 49.12 141.47

Shamong Township Burlington 6,490 township 44.39 146.20

Dennis Cape May 6,467 Township 60.8 106.37

Margate Atlantic 6,354 City 1.42 4,474.65

Fairfield Township Cumberland 6,295 township 41.26 152.57

Mullica Township Atlantic 6,147 Township 56.42 108.95

Hainesport Township Burlington 6,110 township 6.46 945.82

Paulsboro Gloucester 6,097 borough 1.9 3,208.95

Eastampton Township Burlington 6,069 township 5.75 1,055.48

Logan Township Gloucester 6,042 township 21.93 275.51

Berlin Township Camden 5,357 township 3.23 1,658.51

Wildwood Cape May 5,325 City 1.3 4,096.15

Commercial Township Cumberland 5,178 township 32.13 161.16

Somerdale Camden 5,151 borough 1.39 3,705.76

Penns Grove Salem 5,147 Borough 0.91 5,656.04

Salem Salem 5,146 City 2.34 2,199.15

Clementon Camden 5,000 borough 1.91 2,617.80

Greenwich Township Gloucester 4,899 township 8.97 546.15

Mount Ephraim Camden 4,676 borough 0.88 5,313.64

Buena Atlantic 4,603 Borough 7.58 607.26

Hopewell Township Cumberland 4,571 township 29.87 153.03

Magnolia Camden 4,341 borough 0.97 4,475.26

Westville Gloucester 4,288 borough 1.02 4,203.92

Delanco Township Burlington 4,283 township 2.36 1,814.83

Egg Harbor City Atlantic 4,243 City 10.93 388.20

Elk Township Gloucester 4,216 township 19.49 216.32

Medford Lakes Burlington 4,146 borough 1.16 3,574.14

North Wildwood Cape May 4,041 City 1.75 2,309.14

Oaklyn Camden 4,038 borough 0.63 6,409.52

Pilesgrove Salem 4,016 Township 34.84 115.27

Bordentown Burlington 3,924 city 0.93 4,219.35

Merchantville Camden 3,821 borough 0.6 6,368.33

Cape May Cape May 3,607 City 2.4 1,502.92

Upper Pittsgrove Salem 3,505 Township 40.33 86.91

Woodstown Salem 3,505 Borough 1.58 2,218.35

Alloway Salem 3,467 Township 33.4 103.80

Springfield Township Burlington 3,414 township 29.94 114.03

Lawrence Township Cumberland 3,290 township 36.92 89.11

Wildwood Crest Cape May 3,270 Borough 1.13 2,893.81

South Harrison Township Gloucester 3,162 township 15.68 201.66

Deerfield Township Cumberland 3,119 township 16.76 186.10

Woodbury Heights Gloucester 3,055 borough 1.22 2,504.10

National Park Gloucester 3,036 borough 1 3,036.00

Woodlynne Camden 2,978 borough 0.22 13,536.36

Lawnside Camden 2,945 borough 1.41 2,088.65

Riverton Burlington 2,779 borough 0.66 4,210.61

Weymouth Township Atlantic 2,715 Township 12.09 224.57

Quinton Salem 2,666 Township 24.09 110.67

Swedesboro Gloucester 2,584 borough 0.72 3,588.89

Beverly Burlington 2,577 city 0.55 4,685.45

Woodbine Cape May 2,472 Borough 8.02 308.23

Wenonah Gloucester 2,278 borough 0.97 2,348.45

Gibbsboro Camden 2,274 borough 2.18 1,043.12

Sea Isle Cape May 2,114 City 2.17 974.19

Brooklawn Camden 1,955 borough 0.49 3,989.80

Laurel Springs Camden 1,908 borough 0.46 4,147.83

Folsom Atlantic 1,885 Borough 8.2 229.88

Mannington Salem 1,806 Township 33.7 53.59

Woodland Township Burlington 1,788 township 94.56 18.91

Oldmans Salem 1,773 Township 19.45 91.16

Lower Alloways Creek Salem 1,770 Township 45.23 39.13

Estell Manor Atlantic 1,735 City 53.32 32.54

Chesilhurst Camden 1,634 borough 1.72 950.00

Downe Township Cumberland 1,585 township 48.61 32.61

Newfield Gloucester 1,553 borough 1.7 913.53

Bass River Township Burlington 1,443 township 75.04 19.23

Stow Creek Township Cumberland 1,431 township 18.3 78.20

Pemberton Burlington 1,409 borough 0.58 2,429.31

Elmer Salem 1,395 Borough 0.87 1,603.45

Avalon Cape May 1,334 Borough 4.15 321.45

Port Republic Atlantic 1,115 City 7.48 149.06

Elsinboro Salem 1,036 Township 11.92 86.91

West Cape May Cape May 1,024 Borough 1.17 875.21

Audubon Park Camden 1,023 borough 0.15 6,820.00

Longport Atlantic 895 Borough 0.39 2,294.87

Hi-Nella Camden 870 borough 0.23 3,782.61

Stone Harbor Cape May 866 Borough 1.4 618.57

Greenwich Township Cumberland 804 township 17.84 45.07

Wrightstown Burlington 802 borough 1.77 453.11

Washington Township Burlington 687 township 99.52 6.90

West Wildwood Cape May 603 Borough 0.28 2,153.57

Fieldsboro Burlington 540 borough 0.27 2,000.00

Shiloh Cumberland 516 borough 1.21 426.45

Corbin City Atlantic 492 City 7.67 64.15

Cape May Point Cape May 291 Borough 0.3 970.00

Pine Valley Camden 12 borough 0.98 12.24

Tavistock Camden

1 note · View note

leadgen · 7 years ago

Link

Local Plumber Newcastle is your local specialist. If you have an issue with a blocked drain Newcastle or hot water system Newcastle, then you need a 24 hour plumber Newcastle or an emergency plumber Newcastle to service you. You might also reach out to a gas plumber Newcastle to help you. It’s important that you have a plumber Newcastle, Newcastle plumber, plumbing Newcastle, plumbers Newcastle you can trust. Drain Camera Newcastle and Carbon Monoxide Testing Newcastle are other service we offer to our clients. Emergency Plumbing Newcastle is important to your home system. Do you have a Burst Pipe Newcastle? Make sure to visit our contact page.

We service many suburbs including: Plumber Hamilton North, Plumber Hamilton South, Plumber Hexham, Plumber Islington, Plumber The Hill, Plumber Hamilton East, Plumber Hamilton, Plumber Georgetown, Plumber Fletcher, Plumber Elermore Vale, Plumber Cooks Hill, Plumber Carrington, Plumber Callaghan, Plumber Broadmeadow, Plumber Black Hill, Plumber The Junction, Plumber Stockton, Plumber Shortland, Plumber Sandgate, Plumber Rankin Park, Plumber North Lambton, Plumber Newcastle West, Plumber Newcastle East, Plumber Newcastle, Plumber New Lambton, Plumber Wickham, Plumber Waratah, Plumber Warabrook, Plumber Wallsend, Plumber Tighes Hill, Plumber Windale, Plumber Whitebridge, Plumber West Wallsend, Plumber Warners Bay, Plumber Wakefield, Plumber Tingira Heights, Plumber Valentine, Plumber Teralba, Plumber Tarro, Plumber Swansea, Plumber Speers Point, Plumber Seahampton, Plumber Redhead, Plumber New Lambton Heights, Plumber Minmi, Plumber Merewether, Plumber Mayfield, Plumber Maryville, Plumber Maryland, Plumber Macquarie Hills, Plumber Lenaghan, Plumber Lambton, Plumber Lakelands, Plumber Kotara South, Plumber Kotara, Plumber Kooragang, Plumber Kahibah, Plumber Jewells, Plumber Jesmond, Plumber Holmesville, Plumber Hillsborough, Plumber Highfields, Plumber Glendale, Plumber Gateshead, Plumber Garden Suburb, Plumber Floraville, Plumber Fern Bay, Plumber Eleebana, Plumber Edgeworth, Plumber Dudley, Plumber Croudace Bay, Plumber Charlestown, Plumber Cardiff Heights, Plumber Cardiff, Plumber Cameron Park

0 notes

odindiana80-blog · 6 years ago

Text

So How About Love of Rashad?

Oh, you can't close a very good door, Rashad replied. After all, the champion isn't a fighter that is readily hit. That loss was probably the simplest out of all them. 1 thing to consider is Rashad is instrumental within this whole Jackson phenomenon starting, Jardine explained. With this in mind, she is not afraid to talk about his game plan.

It appears highly unlikely that Smith is going to be the guy to hand Jones his very first defeat. If you would like to say, I'd like to move in the division and I'd love to face Anthony Smith', fine. Evans on the opposite hand will attempt to stand up at first with Rampage, but it is going to only be a bluff to set up for a takedown or clinch in the fence. Oh basketball is similar to jazz.

Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Love of Rashad Is Wrong

We take on the weight of everybody's world! That realization is something which each of us, if you get to a point, you're likely to want to find it. So get started today, wherever you're on the journey! But we possess the capacity to wage the spiritual battle. Maybe, in fact, I don't wish to see it.

She's a completely different type of bear. They cannot afford to think what's best down the street. But fighting to me is an extremely spiritual and mental thing. Most of us have the capacity to behave such as this man lost on the desert if we are suffering. Think about your everyday life. The Hidden Gem of Love of Rashad My writing is centered on how we can create improved habits, make superior decisions, and live much better lives. But belief alone is inadequate. It's part of an education that assists you to develop into a well-rounded individual. When Allah provides you this authority, it's your duty to utilize it in a just and reasonable matter. Therefore, should you look at the breadth of their relationship, nobody is ideal. And it is a legacy that's so important to the culture. Come to MeI will provide you with peace. The Upside to Love of Rashad Then it is a return to Baltimore for his political consulting and continuing to look for the counsel of individuals who've been through this before me. This set is a good value for the purchase price! I feel very lucky to talk about my work with a wide variety of individuals. We are among the most innovative background check companies in the nation because we offer great company, and we make it simple for our members to stay in contact with us. However, this doesn't turn into the case due to the simple fact which their families were sworn enemies. So many others appear to be leaving. He has the ability to engage youth and have them motivated to concentrate on their futures, not enable the statistics define success for them, states Skari. Taking a pulse regularly is a crucial process for absolutely any wholesome organization pursuing equity. Please get in touch with us if you experience any issues or issues with your purchase. Yet the end result is a book that's well worth the effort. Lies You've Been Told About Love of Rashad It really started the entire process of waking up. Any great trainer regularly takes his customer's pulse, he explained. It looks like DeOssie is presently a full-time long-snapper, and it's a job he is extremely great at. With Ctrl, SZA appears to have reached that point. Tons of exercise When I say plenty I don't really mean that you need to be running each and every day or down the gym every day but you do have to get started doing exercise on a normal basis. Among the messages that could play again and again in our minds is that we need to be perfect. Choosing Good Love of Rashad One-and-done's have come to be a lot more common. What You Should Do About Love of Rashad Beginning in the Next Eight Minutes Abu Bakr indicated he was. Yasmeen then agreed to return to Bashran with her uncle. I don't understand when our family members will have the ability to come out of this grief, he explained. Therefore, if you're attempting to ensure that Allah loves you, you're likely to be sure you follow His commandments. It becomes quite easy to start questioning Allah. Evans has an extensive road back to the peak of the mountain once he is officially back. This new Olivia isn't the old Olivia. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Love of Rashad Is Wrong Michael was always an extremely kind man. If you take just 1 look at Lewis Hamilton, you are going to learn how simple it might be to fall for him. Ross is apparently taking this previous chance and running with it. This, nevertheless, isn't good enough for Taylor. Love of Rashad Secrets Nonetheless, it will be a collection of ups and downs. Others like yourself are actively searching for a system to reduce or stop your sweat problem so you can go out and feel a great deal more comfortable knowing you do not need to be concerned about sweat patches anymore. There's no plausible explanation apart from racial bias. Nevertheless, it's historical so there's a great deal of stuff that isn't obvious. And if you truly need to earn His love, you're likely to take it a couple of steps further. Following that, it's a bit sketchy as there is excellent depth at tight end and quarterback this year. Obviously, that's if my math is proper. With his prior shoes, adidas had already gathered lots of data to make footwear that would allow it to be much easier for Harden to break ankles. All About Love of Rashad Individuals are reaching out to provide support. When it's intended to have a positive effect on the community, she promotes it. To start with, it doesn't look to be a sexually based relationship. Crisis theory therefore looks at divorces in regard to how individuals can deal with the resultant consequences. Equity isn't merely that which we do or how we think. Lies You've Been Told About Love of Rashad Please add the things you want to purchase to your shopping cart to meet the requirements for one of our promotions and receive a combined invoice. Stationed analysts predict that which we must digest. It's also utilized as a nifty hack to escape trouble. We need more platforms such as this. Up in Arms About Love of Rashad? Do not forget these women and don't forget that it's Cosby who stands accused. Yasmeen then agreed to return to Bashran with her uncle. Since this is a sign of faith in Allah. We'll see Allah just as we see the complete moon. For the time being, let's look at a number of the things you are able to do to help ensure that Allah does love you. Yes, but within this story, the maid isn't the only one in disguise. This new Olivia isn't the old Olivia. The Love of Rashad Game Some were gaudy geometrics that was employed in the space. That realization is something which each of us, if you get to a point, you're likely to want to find it. She is a rather accomplished human being. I hope that, somehow, she honors those tiny acts that create these fantastic ripples throughout the world. If it comes to me, you don't need to talk trash. To acquire additional details on The benefits of love Rashad kindly go to https://better-woman.com/%D9%83%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%A7/ Warrior fight shorts have an extremely subtle design and truly feel great on they're very popular and can be observed parading the streets along with the cage. They cannot afford to think what's best down the street. Join them so you may discover truths, expose lies, and find the actual story about the men and women in your life. The man sighed as though it were a wonderful imposition. Think about your everyday life. Life After Love of Rashad All the guys listed here have a shot at the NFL, but just a few are actually likely to use the AAF for a springboard to that type of success. I know a great deal of you're rooting for Rutgers' Tim Brown to produce the team. There were not any respectful exchanges Tuesday. I'm definitely going to have a really difficult fight coming back. Olivia and Jake attempt to work out the way to resolve the Bashran situation. Stop acting as if you're stupid,'' Evans explained. If you would like to say, I'd like to move in the division and I'd love to face Anthony Smith', fine. Evans on the opposite hand will attempt to stand up at first with Rampage, but it is going to only be a bluff to set up for a takedown or clinch in the fence. College basketball is a good place to come up with the skills necessary to be effective in the NBA. The Most Popular Love of Rashad You two have a nice time. Exiting the Y within this state of being, I began walking the very long block on East Hanover toward my previous vehicle. The File Manager will appear. You will get a permanent area of the tour too in case you keep talking. He explained that years back and he was very perfect. This is only one of those times. We'd fight all of the moment. And for quite a while after that. What You Don't Know About Love of Rashad This is fantastic for the MMA fan as the market is overwhelmed with top excellent gear, fantastic designs at reasonable rates. A few of these are drive up transactions and a few of the buyers drive expensive cars. The audit said the bank can't loan over 20 percent of its essential capital to related parties. All his contracts are cancelled. He is good in lots of areas, which is the reason why his ceiling is so significant. I am able to observe some adjustments in a few of places here because I do have a lot of spots being taken by linemen on either side. So simply purchasing a home is not the trick to wealth! Well, we're likely to take off. There would not be any doctors, there wouldn't be any lawyers, there would not be any engineers, there would not be any plumbers or electricians, there would not be any politicians. The Tried and True Method for Love of Rashad in Step by Step Detail It's almost always a fantastic idea to back up your studs RBs should they have talented backups. Same is true for the toe reinforcement. As for the remainder of the list, no real surprises. Both provide excellent dimensions, athleticism, versatility, and capacity to stretch the ground. He's an unbelievably talented player with elite dimensions and athleticism. I feel you do not rise to the amount of your objectives. A Startling Fact about Love of Rashad Uncovered Fun to discuss, anyway. New Ideas Into Love of Rashad Never Before Revealed I would definitely suggest it to anyone, especially little businesses. AtaHolding is among the greatest conglomerate companies in Azerbaijan. We combine a number of purchases. All his contracts are cancelled. He is good in lots of areas, which is the reason why his ceiling is so significant. I am able to observe some adjustments in a few of places here because I do have a lot of spots being taken by linemen on either side. So simply purchasing a home is not the trick to wealth! It could take you a bit of time in the start, but take baby steps, and soon you'll be making extra money and hopefully creating wealth in no moment. The reason players choose to leave college is to receive their money after possible. Who Else Wants to Learn About Love of Rashad? Do not forget these women and don't forget that it's Cosby who stands accused. I get a good deal of correspondence from wives that are asking me for the proper words to say to inform their husbands they don't need a divorce. I don't understand when our family members will have the ability to come out of this grief, he explained. Allah isn't going to love you simply dependent on the simple fact that you call yourself Muslim. For the time being, let's look at a number of the things you are able to do to help ensure that Allah does love you. Evans has an extensive road back to the peak of the mountain once he is officially back. I hear it as well, Olivia whispered. The Love of Rashad Stories Please get in touch with us in case you have any questions or concerns. Financial planning tools like budgeting could be employed to help understand the way the divorce will affect finances. To start with, it doesn't look to be a sexually based relationship. Everybody's going to get opinions,'' he explained. Equity isn't merely that which we do or how we think. Choosing Good Love of Rashad From time to time, it will help to speak about doing it. That's the reason why I began to wrestle. He wishes to demonstrate he belongs. They were addicted to one another. You might or might not be aware right now that you have to get saved. And I think that it's orchestrated. I don't need to find upset about it. Want to Know More About Love of Rashad? She's also famous for playing the part of Munchkin in The Wiz. He has a fairly good shooting stroke, and has the capability to develop into a really superior defender in the NBA. The coaches won't be playing. I can't wait to reassess the film for a lot of new Chiefs. It appears highly unlikely that Smith is going to be the guy to hand Jones his very first defeat. Randall is quite meticulous. When you think about the caliber of his opposition, it appears even more unlikely that Smith is going to have a reply to his abilities. College basketball is a good place to come up with the skills necessary to be effective in the NBA. Vital Pieces of Love of Rashad You two have a nice time. The hospital is merely a little while away. Perhaps Hany will finally be able to supply for his loved ones. You will get a permanent area of the tour too in case you keep talking. He explained that years back and he was very perfect. And it's time to repair that. We'd fight all of the moment. And for quite a while after that. What Love of Rashad Is - and What it Is Not There's a void in my heart that won't ever fade. And that seems like a good reason. That alone allow me to know I should get from the fucking pool. If you know whence you came, there is truly no limit to where you are able to go. He's the voice for those with no voice. I joined a gang at age 13. His music was so beautiful it has touched people around the world. Join them so you may discover truths, expose lies, and find the actual story about the men and women in your life. The man sighed as though it were a wonderful imposition. Think about your everyday life. The Love of Rashad Chronicles Your entire body process is all inter-connected so what is excellent for a single thing will be helpful for others. Below we'll go through some of the utmost effective techniques that will be able to help you to find rid of your sweat issue. You've got to prepare or opt to prepare the exact same way though the methods might be different. In terms of the backups, in reality I have zero clue who will win the previous two spots. They're well-known for their degree of authenticity.

Corner needs depth, and he'd offer depth in addition to help from the gate. It's an excellent place to find some inspiration. The great thing about this sport.

Love of Rashad Features

Please add the things you want to purchase to your shopping cart to meet the requirements for one of our promotions and receive a combined invoice. She kills on the little screen. It's also utilized as a nifty hack to escape trouble. In its rebuttal, Microsoft has made a decision to concentrate on the smugness, refusing to inject any trendy-ness in their image.

1 note · View note

localbrisbaneplumber · 6 years ago

Video

youtube

If you have an issue with a blocked drain brisbane or hot water system brisbane, then you need a 24 hour plumber brisbane or an emergency plumber brisbane to service you. You might also reach out to a gas plumber brisbane to help you. Its important that you have a plumber brisbane or a brisbane Plumber you can trust. A drain camera Brisbane plumber can also be important to you. If you suspect carbon monoxide is present, you will also need Carbon Monoxide Testing Brisbane or plumbing Brisbane.

Plumber Fortitude Valley, Plumber Albion, Plumber Alderley, Plumber Annerley, Plumber Ascot, Plumber Ashgrove, Plumber Aspley, Plumber Auchenflower, Plumber Balmoral, Plumber Banks Creek, Plumber Anstead, Plumber Bald Hills, Plumber Banyo, Plumber Bardon, Plumber Belmont, Plumber Boondall, Plumber Bowen Hills, Plumber Bracken Ridge, Plumber Bridgeman Downs, Plumber Brighton, Plumber Brisbane Airport, Plumber Brisbane City, Plumber Brookfield, Plumber Bulimba, Plumber Carina, Plumber Carseldine,Plumber Chandler, Plumber Chapel Hill, Plumber Chelmer, Plumber Chermside, Plumber Chermside West, Plumber Clayfield, Plumber Coorparoo, Plumber Corinda, Plumber Deagon, Plumber Dutton Park, Plumber Enoggera, Plumber Everton Park, , Plumber East Brisbane, Plumber Ferny Grove, Plumber Fitzgibbon, Plumber Geebung, Plumber Gordon Park, Plumber Graceville, Plumber Grange, Plumber Greenslopes, Plumber Gumdale, Plumber Hamilton, Plumber Hawthorne, Plumber Heathwood, Plumber Hemmant, Plumber Hendra, Plumber Herston, Plumber Highgate Hill, Plumber Holland Park, Plumber Holland Park West, Plumber Inala, Plumber Indooroopilly, Plumber Jamboree Heights, Plumber Jindale, Plumber Kangaroo Point, Plumber Karana Downs, Plumber Karawatha, Plumber Kedron, Plumber Kelvin Grove, Plumber Acacia Ridge, Plumber Algester, Plumber Archerfield, Plumber Burbank, Plumber Calamvale, Plumber Camp Hill, Plumber Cooper Plains, Plumber Cannon Hill, Plumber Carina Heights, Plumber Carindale, Plumber Doolandella, Plumber Drewvale, Plumber Durack, Plumber Eight Mile Plains, Plumber Ellen Grove, Plumber Fairfield, Plumber Forest Lake, Plumber Gaythorne, Plumber Kenmore, Plumber Kuraby, Plumber Larapinta, Plumber Lutwyche, Plumber Lytton, Plumber Logan City, Plumber Macgregor, Plumber Mackenzie, Plumber Manly, Plumber Mansfield, Plumber Middle Park, Plumber Milton, Plumber Moggill, Plumber Moorooka, Plumber Morningside, Plumber Mount Gravatt, Plumber Mt Ommaney, Plumber Murarrie, Plumber Nathan, Plumber New Farm, Plumber Newmarket, Plumber Newstead, Plumber Norman Park, Plumber Northgate, Plumber Nudgee, Plumber Nundah, Plumber Oxley, Plumber Paddington, Plumber Pallara, Plumber Parkinson, Plumber Ransome, Plumber Redhill, Plumber Richlands, Plumber Riverhills, Plumber Robertson, Plumber Rochedale

#plumbing brisbane #carbon monoxide testing brisbane #drain camera brisbane #Emergency Plumber Brisbane #24 hour plumber brisbane #hot water system brisbane #blocked drain brisbane #Blocked Toilet Brisbane #burst pipe brisbane #Commercial Plumber Brisbane #gas plumber brisbane #Roof Plumber Brisbane #plumbers brisbane #Local Plumber Brisbane #Leaking Tap Brisbane #brisbane plumbing #brisbane plumber #plumber brisbane #brisbane plumbers

0 notes

platinumlocksmith894-blog · 5 years ago

Text

Business Development, How The Experts Do It

The best strategies for business development include focusing on the outcome of the endeavors such as about the market demand for a product or service. There are several fascinating products that are simply limited by the universal application of the product. Therefore, the strategies must include a focus on a niche or wider market. The new business may provide a service that is not offered by the current competitors such with services for mobile windshield replacement. The service would allow the customers to have a windshield installed at a home or office location.

Market

The market may have several competitors that offer a variety of services for a wide range of prices. Therefore, the target market for the new business should be identified with demographic details, occupational details, economic details and details about the method for doing business. There are several things to consider to develop a business such as the information about the customers who will use and purchase the services. The product or service must have a marketable value to customers, which could include homeowners or songwriters.

Prices

The prices for products can be lowered with more advanced methods of production. Large corporations make huge investments in equipment and machinery, which can produce an individual product for less costs than would be incurred if the product was made by a skilled craftsman who had used hand tools. Therefore, the product should not be an item that can be mass produced more cheaply such as a plastic toy. The best approach for lowering prices is to offer products that are unique or to offer customized services, which includes landscaping services.

Outsourcing

Some of the functions within the business may need to be outsourced. Several companies may not be able to afford the costs for monitoring a phone line for 24 during each day. Those same companies may also prefer to not have recorded messages from the customers because the managers want to be advised immediately about any concerns. Therefore, those companies may need to use an answering service or outsourced customer service department that will contact a manager if there is a problem such as with hazardous wastes.

Partners

Some companies may form a network of partners who can work together to complete a project. There could be system designers, experts who make models, software engineers and plumbers who work together to install a new plumbing system in a building. The software engineers could write code for new software that would be used to make virtual presentations that would be presented to the customers for the projects. Therefore, the best strategies for business development include planning for solutions to any potential problems such as with finding an electrician who has the necessary skills to complete a project.

Quality

The business organization should have a structure with ethical business practices. The customers should receive the best services, which must be protected by a promise from the company to correct any problems. There is no attraction for a customer to do business with a company that does not stand behind the services and products because a lawsuit is the only way to achieve a resolution. Therefore, there are several things to consider to develop a business, which may be financed with the personal investments from entrepreneurs who only want to succeed.

OUR LOCKSMITH SERVICES

· Locksmith bath beach

· Locksmith bay ridge

· Locksmith bedford stuyvesant

· Locksmith bensonhurst

· Locksmith bergen beach

· Locksmith boerum hill

· Locksmith borough park

· Locksmith brighton beach

· Locksmith brooklyn

· Locksmith brooklyn heights

· Locksmith brownsville

· Locksmith bushwick

· Locksmith canarsie

· Locksmith carrol gardens

· Locksmith carroll gardens

· Locksmith clinton hill

· Locksmith crown heights

· Locksmith downtown brooklyn

· Locksmith dyker heights

· Locksmith east flatbush

· Locksmith east new york

· Locksmith east williamsburg

· Locksmith flatbush

· Locksmith flatlands

· Locksmith fort greene

· Locksmith fort hamilton

· Locksmith gowanus

· Locksmith gravesend

· Locksmith greenpoint

· Locksmith kensington

· Locksmith lefferts gardens

· Locksmith manhattan beach

· Locksmith mapleton

· Locksmith marine park

· Locksmith midwood

· Locksmith mill basin

· Locksmith new york

· Locksmith ocean hill

· Locksmith park slope

· Locksmith prospect heights

· Locksmith prospect park

· Locksmith red hook

· Locksmith ridgewood

· Locksmith seagate

· Locksmith sheepshead bay

· Locksmith Sunset Park

· Locksmith Williamsburg

#locksmith #locksmith services

0 notes

hencoplumbingservices · 6 years ago

Text

30 porta potties set ablaze at Pitton Plumbing in Hamilton’s east end – TheSpec.com

Get the best plumber Vancouver WA

30 porta potties set ablaze at Pitton Plumbing in Hamilton’s east end TheSpec.com

Sometimes police have to deal with crap. That was especially so on Saturday night after more than two dozen porta potties were set on fire in Hamilton’s east …

Find highest rated plumber Vancouver WA

#Plumber #Plumbing Contractor

0 notes

criticalsuperbeast-blog · 8 years ago

Text

Wrestling with Vernacular Print

By Anthony Easton

Wrestling showcard from Hatch Show Print. Photo courtesy of the author.

I spent most of this month throughout the American South. It included a stop in Nashville. I write about, and love country music of all varieties, and so going to the Country Music Hall of Fame was a must. The Hall of Fame includes Hatch Show Print, and for an extra twelve dollars, you can have a tour of the print shop.

Hatch has been around for more than a hundred years. It is still a going concern, printing posters for clients, large and small. It’s also surprisingly affordable. The smallest run is 100 prints, maximum three colours, for about 400 dollars. The tradition of a jobbing print shop is something Hatch exemplifies. Hatch argues for a continued tradition of hand printing, and that they are doing work now that is similar to work they were doing a century ago. Being in the Hall of Fame, and even how they make prints, suggests a more rarified atmosphere. This might not be the case.

They still make gig posters for most of the big acts that come through Nashville, and they make posters for clients ranging from fried chicken restaurants to politicians. The posters they make have a continuity of aesthetics, and a form that is familiar. Walking around Broadway, the tourist neighbourhood of Nashville, Hatch prints are framed in most of the honky tonks and bbq joints. The fonts, photo-reproductions, and a retro style from the 1950s is immediately recognizable. They are made with care, and have a gorgeous, hand-hewn look. But, we cannot argue that they are making museum pieces, and that the hand-hewn look continues the tradition, but the look often does not move past the 1950s. Traditions renew, but these seem a deliberate simulacra of a historical form. The posters they make are intended as collector’s pieces, hocked at merch tables. The fried chicken restaurants are Kentucky Fried Chicken more than the small shacks dotting East Nashville. The posters of politicians are as likely to be Anderson Cooper than Roy Acuff, a ready symbol for the representation occurring over the real.

Elect Roy Acuff Governor Poster (reproduction), Hatch Show Print, 13 1/2" x 21 1/2". Image found on the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum online store.

The tension between the local and the international, or between actual Nashville and the idea of Nashville, can be seen in their Roy Acuff posters. Acuff was a country music star from the 1930s to the 1950s. When he attempted to run for governor, he commissioned a poster from Hatch Print. Those printings kept the company in business. The failure of Acuff’s campaigns were successes for the print shop. It is a ready metaphor for Nashville (or at least Music Row) being thought of as a one industry town. It didn’t matter much if Acuff was successful as a politician or a musician, as long as he was commissioning work from Hatch. Commissioned work required a constant churning, it was work that rested on both an immediacy and an ephemerality, literally a business model that thought of itself as trash. The print shop tour told stories of old printing blocks being used for drawers, that the hand-carved blocks were repurposed after having lost their use.

When Hatch moved from Broadway to the Hall of Fame, a model which rested on this churn of ephemeral product ended. It was replaced with a model which prioritized making the ephemeral archival. So, they would break apart the shelves, returning the blocks to printing, and by extension prioritizing a historical form. For example, when a concert poster would be discarded after a show, now it was carefully framed. This move to an archival understanding, is useful—a gorgeous print of FDR from his first presidential run is now reprinted. I am glad that we have that FDR form, but I am conflicted in the ongoing problem of the ephemeral.

It would also talk with some amount of shame, about how in the 1970s, the shop would print wrestling posters for regional promotions. But, those posters are sold in the gift shop, so the shame cannot be that deep. I am not quite arguing against preserving that which has been thought to be disposable, but recognizing that a tension exists in this recreation of historical forms. Buying a twelve dollar reproduction of a 1970s poster, in one way helps Hatch keep printing, but they print material that is either historic, or retains enough of the aura of the hand printed that an authenticity loop retains like a perpetual motion machine. It begs the question: How does Hatch prevent doing museum work in a literal museum?

The problem of this authenticity loop comes not only from the product, but from the material culture in which they are produced. The machines at the Hatch Show Print are at a minimum fifty years old. They have to be cared for, and one of the ways to care for them, is to make sure that they continue to be used, otherwise they will decay. But in this act of preserving, and renewing, means de facto, that they are historical work. It is one of the central paradoxes of contemporary craft, imbued with a century of modernism. Looking at Hatch, one is confronted by the problems of preservation, of the cult of the new, of the difference between making work for jobs and making work for art, but also, about how to keep traditions and tools alive. It is a vexed place.

The wrestling posters is a good example of this vexation, or the posters they make of clowns. These are beautiful posters—well designed, and carefully thought out. But, the rings of wrestlers and circuses are intended to be torn down, to move on a circuit from one small city to another. I don’t want to dispute the nature of these posters, to take anything away from Hatch, or other legacy printers. I think that the nature of jobbing work means you take the clients you take in order to preserve something that is worth preserving. The work-a-day, intensely practical nature of these histories is not preserved when they are formally aestheticised. This is not the collection of folk work, and it is not the curating of ready mades—it is making a new product.

But it is a product whose creation depends on a historical memory of people who are dying or close to dead. But, it is not a rarefied form either. No matter how highly aestheticized the new posters coming out of these places are, they still advertise concerts, and fried chicken, and new records. But, in order to make these new posters, they also reprint old posters. To commission a “new” poster from Hatch, is to commission not only the use of historical machines, but the cultural heritage of these old machines. After almost a century of arguing over Benjamin’s “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” the weight of the aura here depends on the refusal of the mechanical. But, the power of that refusal occurs with the ubiquity of digital forms. The tension between the ongoing problems of that which is saved and that which is discarded is a central problem of how we remember that which we reproduce.

Thinking about this, I wonder if I am being a bit of a hypocrite. Not because I bought the posters, not because I was profoundly happy in that space, not because I think that Hatch should be preserved, and vernacular history must be kept. I collected ephemera on my trip for a friend who is a graphic designer—and the ephemera I chose were mostly pricey examples of well-considered, expensive, slightly blank work. Work whose design was foregrounded as art, and not merely as a function of craft. I wonder what happens if we think of writers and designers more like plumbers or welders, if we will retain that ephemeral sense by refusing to be precious about form.

Sometimes when I walk around Hamilton, considering how to make these forms less precious, I wonder what we will keep. Not what we will find beautiful, but what will maintain the sheen of aesthetics after the use function seeps out. What does craft look like in the digital age? Part of the reason Hatch continues to function is because people buy into the idea that the hand-made is more genuine, more real, than the digital realm. It is the place where aesthetics has a moral component. It is the reason why high-end coffee shop staff wear Carhartt aprons, one of the reasons for the farm-to-table movement, why an international chain like KFC thinks it can sell a local product (Nashville Hot Chicken) to local people using local methods (the poster but also how this chicken is made), when it is not local (this has existed for a long time, though--see the Colonel).

Immortal Kombat 5 Poster, www.alpha-1wrestling.com

Hamilton has a wrestling league. The posters are printed full colour on printer paper, and taped to light standards around town, about a month before the shows. The shows are held at halls and high school auditoriums, just as they were in the 70s. The posters are made in Photoshop, and I often see them curled in the wind, or rain-soaked to the point of illegibility. They are garish, with bright colours, odd type choices, crowded with people, sometimes difficult to read. I wonder what will happen in the next few decades, to make them in good taste. Hatch is important because it preserves blue-collar aesthetics. But, that preserving requires a significant staff and capital outlay. It even did when they were producing the original posters. Alpha-1 posters require less outlay. the shift to digital forms and digital aesthetics means it can be done not in a formal shop, but by one person, in their bedroom. The working class aesthetic has gotten more intimate, and smaller.

But that doesn’t mean that regional wrestling in Tennessee, and Alpha-1 wrestling in Hamilton do not need to have their own space, their own aesthetic, and their own histories. The presence of Hatch, should not be in opposition to a more digitized aesthetic, but a recognition of the tension between ephemerality and institutional memory; between the desire to preserve, and the refusal to allow this preserving to be nostalgia for nostalgia’s sake.

That tension might be a productive one, and and this set of questions needs to be carefully considered. I will do this considering under the watchful eye of my two wrestling posters—one taken from a light post near Barton, and one bought for 20 dollars at the end of that Hatch tour.

Anthony Easton is a writer, artist, and theologian. They are interested in class, sex, gender and the west. They have been published in Spin, The Atlantic, Pitchfork, Globe and Mail, and others. They have presented at conferences throughout North America, and in Europe. Their art has been shown in Toronto, New York, Chicago, and is in the collection of the library of the National Gallery of Canada. They will start a PhD at the University of Aberdeen in 2017.

0 notes

esprit-de-corps-magazine · 8 years ago

Text

ROBERT ENGLISH: A fighter pilot's own story and an enduring mystery

(Volume 24-01)

By Larry D. Rose

Robert English was a Canadian Spitfire pilot from St. Catharines, Ontario, a bright and personable young man who was killed right at the end of the Second World War in circumstances that are still murky and mysterious.

His warmth and decency shine through — even after all these years — in 75 letters he sent home, kept by his family in a scuffed brown suitcase as weathered as the letters inside it. In his clear and even script, Robert wrote of his progress from the time he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942 to April 1945, when he disappeared while on fighter reconnaissance operations in Italy.

It is a thrilling journey: a young Canadian flying the legendary Spitfire in the midst of the greatest upheaval of the twentieth century. He was helping to make history. He wrote about some exotic travels, mixed in occasional humour but, every now and again, his letters make it clear that he was a long, long way from home.

At the start he was tentative, a bit awkward, every bit a teenager. After his first flight in a twin-engine Avro Anson aircraft he exclaimed, “I was very excited.” At another point he wrote, “Pay day, Oh Boy!” But over time the tone changes to one in which he understood the dangers very well. After being overseas for a year or so, he wrote, “We’ve got to finish this thing” — he was determined to go on.

In the letters Robert Mould English — called Bob or Bobby by the family — invariably referred to his hometown of St. Catharines as “St. Kitts.” While he was born there, he grew up mostly in Edgewater, New Jersey because his father, a plumber, couldn’t find work in Ontario during the Depression. All the letters in the suitcase were addressed to his parents, Richard and Hilda (née Mould) English.

Despite the American connection, Robert always considered himself a Canadian and was determined to join the Royal Canadian Air Force, which he did, at age 18 on August 24, 1942. His RCAF service records show that shortly after enlisting he was interviewed by Pilot Officer W.D. Gilmore who gave a clear impression of the young recruit. Gilmore wrote, “Just 18 — nice type of lad … intelligent and alert — assertive and well organized … slender build, frank, sincere, and definite in responses … promising material.” That opinion was seconded more than 70 years later by one of Robert’s cousins who lives today in Mississauga, Ontario. Gert Penwill, now 94, described him as “outgoing” and “a good kid.”

Robert was a smaller man, only five feet seven inches and, at this point, just 120 pounds but, with the tough Depression years just ending, that was not so different from many recruits of the time. He had wavy blond hair, and in some of the pictures in a family photo album, a shy kind of smile.

Robert did basic training at an initial training school in Toronto and then took his first step toward gaining his pilot’s wings at No. 20 Elementary Flying School in Oshawa, Ontario. Both schools were a part of the colossal British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) — between 1940 and 1945, some 151 schools were established across Canada — which trained 131,500 aircrew for Canada, Britain, Australia and other Allies during the war.

Students first learned to fly the diminutive but sturdy de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane. For a considerable number of aspiring airmen even this simple aircraft was too much. After only three weeks, 10 out of the original 42 students in Robert’s group had washed out. Robert exclaimed to his parents that, at the rate things were going, there wouldn’t be anyone left by the end of the course.

Romance found its way into the early letters as Robert, rather candidly, told his parents, “I met a very nice girl in Toronto. Don’t laugh.” However, in time it becomes clear that he had been in touch with a young woman he went to school with in New Jersey, whom he only referred to in the letters as “Miem.” Gert Penwill identified her as Emilie Schwehm, a young woman who later became a school teacher. Robert and Emilie became much more serious as time went along and by 1945 Robert was hoping to marry her as soon as the war was over.

Oshawa and Toronto were good postings for Robert because at this time his parents were living in Buffalo, New York and he had relatives both in “St. Kitts” and Toronto. He passed his elementary pilot’s course and in the spring of 1943 was posted to Dunnville, Ontario, west of Hamilton. There, and at 14 other schools across Canada, many students flew the Harvard single-engine trainer, one of the iconic training planes of the war. There are dozens of Harvards still flying today, the mere sight of which still conjures up near-religious fervour in pilots young and old alike.

Robert found the Harvard a “hot” aircraft compared to the Tiger Moth, but then the Tiger Moth took off and landed at 40 miles an hour, so anything more than that might have been considered hot. Despite being a trainer, the Harvard was not easy to fly. On landing or taxiing it was very prone to “ground looping,” which meant the plane skewed to one side, possibly scraping a wing in the process. Robert loved the Harvard, saying after his first flight, “What a ship. Really lovely,” but he acknowledged, “it’s no toy.”

During the war, 856 trainees were killed in air crashes and accidents. Pilots got lost in bad weather or just plain lost, there were mechanical failures, and all too often students were killed while attempting foolish stunts. In Robert’s letter of June 25, 1943 there were sobering words that one of the student pilots had been killed, although exactly what happened is not clear. Robert said, “The C.O. gave us quite a talk … and he’s making things pretty tough … He had lots to say, all unpleasant.” The prospect of death had become a sudden reality.

On August 20, 1943, while on a course in Calgary, Robert announced to the family that he had won his wings. A telegram read: “DEAR FOLKS POSTED CALGARY ALBERTA INVITATIONS WINGS PARADE … LOVE BOB.” This was an optimistic time for the Allied forces that were, more and more, reversing years of German and Japanese victories. As Robert’s telegram was being sent, Canadian, British and American soldiers had just cleared Italian and German forces out of Sicily.

* * * * *

Pilot Officer Robert English was ordered overseas, sailing for England on October 12, 1943. He arrived at the Canadian Personnel Reception Unit in Bournemouth, which in sunnier days had been a resort town. At this point, Robert and many others in the RCAF were caught up in an enormous logjam, with airmen waiting to be sent to a training squadron or base. Robert still did not know if he would be a bomber or a fighter pilot.

He wrote a reassuring letter: “I’ve been reading the papers and they sure are optimistic in this theatre … I’m well and fit and eating like never before. Don’t worry.” However, he was bothered by the inactivity. “A nice quiet life. So quiet in fact that I’m about to go nuts ... We are eager to be flying again.”

Soon it was coming up to Christmas, which undoubtedly was the hardest time for anyone away from home during the war. Robert spent two Christmases overseas and from his letters it was obviously emotionally difficult for him. Letters and packages from home meant everything, especially at that time of year. Robert’s family and even his former co-workers at an export company where he worked before he joined up sent parcels packed with cake or cookies, canned fruit, socks and the one thing that almost everyone asked for again and again — cigarettes. Everyone smoked and cigarettes were also often used to repay favours or reward friends.

At Robert’s base there was a traditional turkey dinner and later someone sat down at the piano for a Christmas singsong. “I’ll be thinking of you on Christmas day,” Robert wrote while saying at least he had the company of a good friend, bomber pilot Pat Mahoney. “The only time I got a little blue was when Pat and I sat in a corner and started talking about home.”

In March 1944 Robert was sent to a training squadron while at the same time being promoted to the rank of flying officer. Many Canadian airmen in Britain were being posted to bomber squadrons at this time, but Robert was sent instead to train on “single engine kites,” as he called them.

After a gap of three months, there was a dramatic change. A letter Robert sent home on June 27, 1944 was postmarked, not from England, but Egypt. He had been put on a troop ship to the Middle East. Robert said his impressions were “heat and dirt,” but he was there for only a short time before being sent to what was then Palestine. “We went to Tel Aviv yesterday,” he wrote, “for a swim in the Mediterranean.” Later he spent a short time in Syria, but he does not say what he was actually doing or what squadron he was with.

Then, what he himself referred to as “a milestone,” occurred on August 27, 1944: “After one year as a pilot I flew my first operational aircraft. It was a Hurricane … we’ll be flying Spitfires soon. That will be a happy day.” The Spitfire flight took place only three weeks later, which Robert said went well, and as for Spitfires, “I’m crazy about them.” By this time in the war, the fighting in the Mediterranean theatre had shifted to Italy, where the Allies were pushing German forces north toward the Po River.

On November 1, 1944 Robert reported, “Your son is in Italy.” He was sent to the Naples area and posted to No. 208 Squadron, Royal Air Force, becoming one of tens of thousands of Canadians to serve with RAF squadrons during the war. No. 208 was a photo reconnaissance squadron which had moved to southern Italy in March 1944 and immediately begun operations in support of the British Army’s V Corps, which was made up of three British divisions and one from the Indian Army. The squadron flew Spitfire IX’s, a late model of the aircraft.

As the Allied armies advanced through Italy the squadron leapfrogged from airfield to airfield behind them, taking part in a number of battles including one at Monte Casino. From September 1944 until April 1945 the squadron carried out as many as 500 reconnaissance flights a month, but it also did some ground attacks. With Robert’s posting to that squadron, it would only be a matter of time until he saw action.

While he must have been absorbed with the task at hand, his thoughts were also turning to the future — after the war was over. In words that are almost aching to read today, Robert wrote in one letter, “When I get back I want to get into something I like and lead a normal happy life. My one big ambition is to buy a house.”

Robert also said there was a lot of anger in his squadron over newspaper reports that Lady Astor, the British politician, had criticized those serving in Italy, calling them “D-Day Dodgers.” She implied that they had somehow angled to avoid the hard fighting in Normandy and had a soft touch in Italy. Today, many survivors of the brutal and costly Italian campaign call themselves D-Day Dodgers as a kind of badge of honour, and commemorate their losses and their contribution to victory each June. If there is any doubt of how costly the campaign was and how long the casualty list is — more than 5,900 Canadians were killed in the 20-month-long campaign — any visitor to Italy is welcome to view the Canadian graves at war cemeteries like Agira in Sicily, Coriano Ridge near Rimini or, for that matter, the Commonwealth War Cemetery in Florence, where Robert Mould English rests today.

* * * * *

Very likely Robert began combat flying about mid-February, 1945. On the ground, fighting pitted determined German troops along with Italian fascist holdouts against Allied troops and anti-fascist partisans, with the partisans having recently managed to kill a Luftwaffe general. In Robert’s last letter home, dated March 25, 1945, he said he had flown 35 sorties. Squadron flights ranged across Italy, but included the Italian west coast, near the port of La Spezia where troops of the American Fifth Army were battling north. All fighting in Italy ended on May 2, when German forces in Italy finally surrendered.

However, to go back a bit, the No. 208 Squadron history said that on April 15 “twenty-eight sorties were flown, [but] three pilots failed to return from reconnaissance missions their fate being unknown.” One of the missing aircraft was flown by Robert English. He either bailed out or crash landed near La Spezia after his Spitfire was hit by ground fire. At first, Robert was listed as missing and only later listed as “presumed dead,” but exactly what happened after his plane crashed was not clear at that time. For some months the only thing the family knew was that he was missing. So what had happened?

There may have been inquiries as soon as the war ended, but they are not in Robert’s service record. However, among his papers is the summary of an investigation the Royal Air Force conducted in 1948. When looking through military records there is always the prospect that something unexpected will be uncovered and that is the case with Robert’s service file. The RAF report is heartbreaking.

The inquiry concluded that Robert English and a second pilot both survived their aircraft being shot down and were taken prisoner. They were put into a local jail, but the report does not say by whom. Three days later, the two were taken out of the jail and shot “while trying to escape.” There can be little doubt that the last part was a fabrication. Most likely the two men, along with an Italian officer, were simply murdered.

The investigation quoted local residents as saying the prisoners were shot by Italian guards, possibly one of the fascist holdout groups, but it is also possible that retreating German troops or the SS were responsible. There is no evidence anyone was ever arrested for the crime and, after all these years, other details remain a mystery and more will probably never be known.

Robert English, the boy from “St. Kitts,” was one of more than 17,000 members of the Royal Canadian Air Force who perished during the Second World War. Robert’s parents died some years ago so today the suitcase, heavy with letters, memories and heartbreak, has now passed to Robert’s cousin, Gert Penwill, and her son, Grant.

Also in the suitcase is a book of photos showing Robert as a young boy and then as a young officer in the RCAF. In other pictures he is with some of his pals in London, and then later photos show him in a group at the pyramids. Among the most poignant pictures are the last two in the book: one shows Hilda English and the other her husband, Richard, each beside the gravestone of their only child, Robert, at the cemetery in Florence. When he died he was just 20 years old.

0 notes

leadgen · 7 years ago

Text

24-Hour Plumber Newcastle – Ready for all plumbing emergencies.

Most of the plumbers offer their services on normal working days which are Monday to Friday and their time could be limited from 8.am to 5.m, but under certain circumstances, you may need them at certain times regardless of the time or day of the week. You can get plumbing emergencies at odd hours, even in the middle of the night. When your pipe bursts in the middle of the night, it may not be possible to wait until morning. But with a 24 hour plumber Newcastle you can rest assured that your plumbing emergencies will be dealt with regardless of the time or the emergency.

24-Hour Plumber Newcastle can handle all your emergency needs.

Most plumbing companies specialize in a number of services. Since they have to work round the clock, they have a 24 hour plumber Newcastle ready to deal with a plumbing emergency. They are also efficient when it comes to fixing the problem before it ruins everything in your house. Their 24 hour plumber Newcastle services can save you a lot of money that you would have otherwise spent repairing damages.

24-Hour Plumber Newcastle is licensed and insured.

A good 24 hour plumber Newcastle company is not only licensed, but they also have insurance. You need to be sure your plumber is licensed and has gone through a background check. This will give you peace of mind knowing that you will not compromise your security and that of your home by making that call at midnight.

24-Hour Plumber Newcastle available 24/7

The good thing about a 24 hour plumber Newcastle is that you can contact him anytime you need help. But prevention is always better than cure; it is always best to avoid emergencies by having a professional plumber to run a few maintenance procedures in your home. It is always better to plan a preventive maintenance appointment, than it is to wake up in the middle of the night to find a room that is flooded, which is also less expensive compared to repairing.

When plumbing emergency occurs, it is always crucial to know which 24 hour plumber Newcastle to contact. Take your time and pick the best 24 hour plumber Newcastle company that will be prompt and efficient when the unexpected happens.

0 notes