#Pilbara region

[travelmanposts]

Pardoo Station, Western Australia: The area is highly significant to Ngarla traditional owners and includes the mangrove-lined embayments of Bake Bean Creek, sandy beaches and intertidal sand and mudflats. It is a popular spot for recreational fishing... Pardoo Station is a pastoral lease, formerly a sheep station, and now a cattle station approximately 120 kilometres east of Port Hedland and 121 kilometres north of Marble Bar, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Wikipedia

[geologyin-blog]

Huge Tiger Eye Mara Mamba Tiger Eye is a rare variety of Tiger Eye found only in the Hamersley Ranges of the Pilbara region in Western Australia.

Credit: Australian Outback Mining

[herpsandbirds]

Do you have any photos of budgies?

Yes, here are some budgies, as they should be... free, and together in the wild.

Budgerigars aka Common Parakeets (Melopsittacus undulatus), family Psittaculidae, order Psittaciformes, Karratha, Pilbara region, Western Australia

photographs by Jim Bendon

[todropscience]

TINY CRABS ARE MAJOR PREDATORS OF FLATBACK TURTLE HATCHLINGS

Flatback turtles (Natator depressus) face predation risks during their hatchling stage on Thevenard Island, Western Australia. A recent study found that while no egg predation occurred, about 30% of hatchlings were consumed, primarily by ghost crabs (Ocypode convexa). Gulls and Caspian terns were also observed preying on hatchlings, although these were less common.

The absence of egg predation is unexpected and may be explained by the strategic nesting choices of female turtles or the composition of the eggshells. Despite these protective mechanisms, the survival rate from egg to hatchling remains vulnerable.

- Ghost crabs (encircled), and silver gulls and a Caspian tern predating on flatback turtle hatchlings emerging from nests, recorded by infra-red video camera on Thevenard Island, Pilbara region, Western Australia.

Conservation strategies must address these predation threats, particularly by targeting human disturbances and reducing predator populations in key nesting areas. These findings offer vital insights into the challenges affecting flatback turtle populations and their long-term recovery.

Photograph: Golden ghost crab by kaiwolfe

Reference (open access): Avenant et al. 2024. Predation rates on flatback turtle Natator depressus eggs and hatchlings at an island rookery. Mar Biol.

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

New SpaceTime out Wednesday

SpaceTime 20240925 Series 27 Episode 116

Discovery of more black holes than expected in the early universe

A new study using the Hubble Space Telescope has discovered far more supermassive black holes in the early universe that expected.

A new volcano spotted on Jupiter’s moon Io

Astronomers have discovered a new volcano on Jupiter’s moon Io.

Confirming the mass of the W boson

Scientists at CERN -- the European Organization for Nuclear Research -- have confirmed the mass of one of the fundamental forces of physics – the W Boson.

The Science Report

Tea, red wine, berries and even dark chocolate could help reduce the risk of dementia.

Fifty critically endangered night parrots found living in the far east of Western Australia's Pilbara region.

A new study has found that cats show signs of grief when fellow pets die – even dogs.

Alex on Tech: new iphone scam.

SpaceTime covers the latest news in astronomy & space sciences.

The show is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts (itunes), Stitcher, Google Podcast, Pocketcasts, SoundCloud, Bitez.com, YouTube, your favourite podcast download provider, and from www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com

SpaceTime is also broadcast through the National Science Foundation on Science Zone Radio and on both i-heart Radio and Tune-In Radio.

SpaceTime daily news blog: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/

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SpaceTime YouTube: @SpaceTimewithStuartGary

SpaceTime -- A brief history

SpaceTime is Australia’s most popular and respected astronomy and space science news program – averaging over two million downloads every year. We’re also number five in the United States.  The show reports on the latest stories and discoveries making news in astronomy, space flight, and science.  SpaceTime features weekly interviews with leading Australian scientists about their research.  The show began life in 1995 as ‘StarStuff’ on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s (ABC) NewsRadio network.  Award winning investigative reporter Stuart Gary created the program during more than fifteen years as NewsRadio’s evening anchor and Science Editor.  Gary’s always loved science. He studied astronomy at university and was invited to undertake a PHD in astrophysics, but instead focused on his career in journalism and radio broadcasting. Gary’s radio career stretches back some 34 years including 26 at the ABC. He worked as an announcer and music DJ in commercial radio, before becoming a journalist and eventually joining ABC News and Current Affairs. He was part of the team that set up ABC NewsRadio and became one of its first on air presenters. When asked to put his science background to use, Gary developed StarStuff which he wrote, produced and hosted, consistently achieving 9 per cent of the national Australian radio audience based on the ABC’s Nielsen ratings survey figures for the five major Australian metro markets: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth.  The StarStuff podcast was published on line by ABC Science -- achieving over 1.3 million downloads annually.  However, after some 20 years, the show finally wrapped up in December 2015 following ABC funding cuts, and a redirection of available finances to increase sports and horse racing coverage.  Rather than continue with the ABC, Gary resigned so that he could keep the show going independently.  StarStuff was rebranded as “SpaceTime”, with the first episode being broadcast in February 2016.  Over the years, SpaceTime has grown, more than doubling its former ABC audience numbers and expanding to include new segments such as the Science Report -- which provides a wrap of general science news, weekly skeptical science features, special reports looking at the latest computer and technology news, and Skywatch – which provides a monthly guide to the night skies. The show is published three times weekly (every Monday, Wednesday and Friday) and available from the United States National Science Foundation on Science Zone Radio, and through both i-heart Radio and Tune-In Radio.

[ningauinerd]

Time to infodump about the animals I'm supposedly a nerd about.

All pictures in this post are N. yvonneae, the southern ningaui (Image credit: Owen Lishmund)

The ningauis (in the genus Ningaui, if you can believe it) are a group of tiny dasyurid marsupials native to the arid and semi-arid regions of Australia. Smaller than their close dunnart relatives (very close, as I will explain later), and with broader hindfeet, ningauis were first documented by western science relatively recently by Australian mammal standards. Although some specimens had been collected previously, being haphazardly assigned to planigales (another genus of miniscule dasyurids), it wasn't until 1975 that the genus Ningaui was erected and its first two species were described - N. ridei, the Wongai ningaui, and N. timealeyi, the Pilbara ningaui. A third species, the southern ningaui (N. yvonneae), was named in 1983.

Oh, and in case you were wondering where the name "ningaui" comes from, it refers to tiny beings from Aboriginal mythology that come out at night, are covered in hair, have notably short feet and eat their food raw. Most of these traits are also shared by these little marsupials, hence why palaeontologist Mike Archer (the original author of the genus) found it to be a fitting name for them!

(Image credit: glandarius)

Ningauis are small - really small, some of the smallest land mammals in fact. With the tiniest individuals being only 5 cm long, not including the tail, they are about the same length as Australia's smallest native mammal, the long-tailed planigale. However, ningauis are significantly chunkier and therefore usually weigh a couple more grams, meaning planigales win in regards to all-around tininess. The very largest ningauis still only reach about 8 cm in length and 14 grams in weight.

What they lack in size they make up for in ferocity however, as they follow the typical dasyurid trend of becoming increasingly savage the smaller they get. Tasmanian devils, despite their reputation, are actually quite relaxed when handled - on the other end of the spectrum, ningauis, which are around a thousand times smaller than a devil, will try to murder you, your family and everyone you hold dear if they find themselves captured. But, despite their best efforts to chew the fingers off of every field mammalogist in inland Australia, they aren't very strong.

remorseless beasts (Image credit: Tina Gillespie & Miss.chelle.13)

These ferocious predators feed on a variety of different prey items, the majority of which are small invertebrates - in the case of the Wongai ningaui, they prefer prey that is less than a centimetre long. However, they will also go after larger prey, having epic duels with grasshoppers, spiders, centipedes and even small skinks which they subdue with a crushing bite to the back of the head. Unlike their dunnart relatives, the shorter, broader feet of ningauis allows them to climb into shrubs and grass clumps.

All ningaui species are extremely similar to one another, so much so that the Wongai ningaui and southern ningaui are almost externally indistinguishable and the Pilbara ningaui can only be told apart by looking at its foot pads, teat number and skull. However, they can usually be distinguished by distribution. The Pilbara ningaui is the most range restricted, being endemic to the central and western Pilbara region of western Australia. The southern ningaui occurs in three disjunct populations across the southern semi-arid zone, whilst the Wongai ningaui is distributed widely across much of the interior. All species show a strong preference for environments dominated by spinifex grass (Triodia), which they use as shelter.

A ningaui takes shelter amongst the spinifex (Image credit: Euan Moore)

In regards to how they are related to other dasyurids, ningauis fall in the tribe Sminthopsini together with the kultarr (Antechinomys laniger, another species I really need to cover sometime) and many species of dunnart (Sminthopsis). However, recent phylogenetic studies have consistently recovered both Antechinomys and Ningaui as being within the Sminthopsis lineage, meaning that both ningauis and the kultarr are, in essence, just weird dunnarts. With Sminthopsis as we currently understand it being highly paraphyletic, a revision of the genus is needed.

[mutant-distraction]

Mick Fullerton Wildlife took this marvelous photo of a Perentie monitor (Varanus giganteus) in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

TRR is made possible by Dubia.com

[osmiumpenguin]

I was nerdsniped this evening by a desire to trace the etymology of Vaalbara — the hypothetical world's first continent, which formed about 3.6 billion years ago.

Well, to begin with, the name “Vaalbara” turns out to be a portmanteau of the two surviving cratons — Kaapvaal in South Africa and Pilbara in Australia — whose age & other geological similarities justify the hypothesis that Vaalbara ever existed in the first place.

So. "Kaapvaal," first. This is another portmanteau! As far as I can tell, the Kaapvaal Craton was given that name by a geologist named D.A. Pretorius in 1964. At the time, South Africa had four provinces (along with a variety of apartheid "homelands" which didn't always get named on maps, offered government services, or extended human rights) … and the craton spanned two of these provinces: Kaap de Goede Hoop and Transvaal. Pretorius smashed them together.

All right then. Two more names to research.

Well, "Kaap de Goede Hoop" just means "Cape of Good Hope" in Dutch. It's a specific cape on the southern coast of South Africa, which was named Cabo da Boa Esperança by King John II of Portugal because he felt a lot of good hope about making Portugal rich if he could control a sea route to India. Every other European empire agreed, and translated the name into their own languages. Eventually the Dutch named a colony after the cape; the colony became a founding province of the Union of South Africa; and the province survived into the Republic of South Africa for long enough that Pretorius used its name.

"Transvaal," meanwhile, comes from mashing Trans — that Latin prefix we all know and love — against the Vaalrivier, or Vaal River. I'm sure I don't need to remind any of you that "trans" means "on the other side of," as contrasted with "cis," meaning "on the same side of," and the Roman Empire used both prefixes all the time when describing rivers and mountain ranges. Well, back when this province was named, it was the Dutch colony on the other side of the Vaal River.

So where did the "Vaalrivier" get its name? It translates from the Dutch as "drab river," and it turns out that's correct: the name is a Dutch translation of the Khoekhoe ǀHai!garib, precisely meaning "drab" (ǀHai) "river" (!garib). Apparently the colour of the water is very boring and silty.

So that's the "Vaal" half of Vaalbara. Start with the Khoekhoe word for "drab," append the Khoekhoe word for "river," then translate to Dutch, drop the "river" again but prepend the Latin prefix for "on the other side," then drop the prefix again but prepend the Dutch translation of the Portuguese for "cape of good hope," except without the "of good hope," and finally drop the "cape" in preparation for mashing up with another word entirely. You end up with the Dutch word for "drab."

ǀHai = vaal = drab

!garib = rivier = river

ǀHai + !garib => ǀHai!garib => Vaalrivier = drab river

Trans = on the other side of

Trans + Vaalrivier – rivier => Transvaal = on the other side of drab

Cabo = Kaap = cape

da Boa Esperança = de Goede Hoop = of good hope

Cabo + de Boa Esperança => Cabo da Boa Esperança => Kaap de Goede Hoop = cape of good hope

Kaap de Goede Hoop – de Goede Hoop + Transvaal – Trans => Kaapvaal => cape drab

Kaapvaal – Kaap => Vaal = drab

Pilbara time! This is a much shorter journey: "Pilbara" is an ancient word for its region, used since time immemorial across many Aboriginal languages. And that's about it.

I would love to know whether this meaning breaks down into morphemes in any local language, because I'd love to know what is being borrowed into "Vaalbara" by the "bara" half of the word … but I'm not sure that's how it works.

Wikipedia claims that "Pilbara" comes from the word for "dry" in several Ngayarda languages, and even claims to know what this word is — but I've been unable to confirm its assertion from any of the cited sources, or from any independent googling. What I have been able to confirm is that these languages exhibit significant variation in who's allowed to say what when they're speaking to whom, and it seems to me that the set of words I should be using is probably {"Pilbara"} and that's about it.

Which means that "bara" is just an unfinished idea — a holographically fuzzy version of "Pilbara" — which might or might not carry a fuzzy sense of dryness, but if so, only in the way a half-heard "keys" might bring a fuzzy sense that sometimes mountains can be rocky. I don't think this is an etymology anymore. I think we're adrift in the semiotics. Or the see-myself-out-ics. Or just the sea. A good time to look for land.

Fortunately there is land, because it's been about a billion years since that planetary collision mishap with Theia, and the Earth is just forming its first continent. An incomplete fuzzy sense of a mountain range in northwestern Australia, with a Dutch prefix meaning "drab." Welcome to Vaalbara.

[travelmanposts]

Karijini National Park, Western Australia: Karijini is famous for its spectacular gorges and slot canyons, towering sheer sided chasms up to 100 metres deep, dramatic waterfalls, rocky creeks, refreshing waterholes and colours ranging from pindan red-orange to deep blue-purple rocks and jade green water. This is an ancient part of the planet... Karijini National Park is an Australian national park centred in the Hamersley Ranges of the Pilbara region in the northwestern section of Western Australia. Wikipedia

[vivsemporium]

The Australian Ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) is the country's largest microbat and the second largest globally. These bats are the only carnivorous bats in Australia, hence one of their common names the False Vampire. However, they do not drink blood, instead, they specialise in consuming insects, frogs, birds, lizards, and small mammals such as other bat species (such as the Bentwing, Horseshoe, Leafnosed, Little Cave Bat, and many species of the Sheath-tailed bats)

SIZE: The Ghost bat is 10 – 13cm long, has a wingspan of 500 mm, and weighs 130 – 170 grams.

LOCATION: They are found in tropical northern Australia, primarily in the Northern Pilbara and Kimberly regions in Western Australia. Northernmost areas of Northern Territory, and from Cairnes to Mount Etna in Queensland. 

THREATS: Man-made: barbed wire fences, tree clearings, loss of old mines and caves, climate change, and tourism

Natural: wildfires, quolls, dingoes, and pythons

DEVELOPMENT:  Once mating is complete, the sexes will separate themselves into gender-specific colonies. The females will form maternity groups of up to 1000 bats during the winter months to maintain body temperature as they naturally run quite low. A mother will birth one pup per year, taking three months to gestate. The pup will suckle milk for four weeks from the armpit and once they reach seven weeks, they will start learning how to fly and hunt. Weaning ends at 3 months, where the pups are now able to fly independently and they will reach sexual maturity for females at a year, whereas males will reach it at two years of age. The lifespan of wild Ghost bats is unknown, however, in captivity, they will live for approx. 8 – 13 years, the oldest being 20 years.

[herpsandbirds]

Eastern Pilbara Spiny-tailed Skinks (Egernia epsisolus), family Scincidae, from the Pilbara region of NW Australia

photograph by Rare Earth Inc.

[optikes]

Doreen Chapman (b1971) Jigalong (Pilbara region, Western Australia)

Manyjilyjarra people

Untitled (2023) acrylic on canvas

Untitled (2023) acrylic on canvas

A tracksweshare.com.au

Doreen’s story as told by her mother Maywokka (Mayiwalku) Chapman.

Been born Jigalong. Big sister for my son, Dennis Thomas. He been come this way, Hedland. Doreen, and me, are from Karntimarta, Warralong. I been bring him here. Little girls he start painting, in Warralong. He looking … looking … he quick painter, quickly, looking, looking. No fishing, no hunting, no car, painting, painting every day eh? You been bring ‘em, he painting, painting, painting!

B jardan.com.au

Profoundly deaf since birth, Chapman is a non-verbal artist. Doreen spends most of her time in Warralong community and visits Port Headland to see family and paint her bold and arresting works at the Spinifex Hill Studios. Her paintings explore the interplay of tradition and contemporary culture, where past and present co-inhabit space and time. ...

As a deaf woman, ‘painting is a crucial form of her communication and storytelling’. Doreen is an ambidextrous painter who mainly uses round brushes, fingers and thumbs to complete large format works.

C Gina Fairley artshub.com.au

At each of the multiple venues presenting the 24th Biennale of Sydney, visitors are greeted by a brightly coloured painting of an ATM: the works of Manyjilyjarra woman Doreen Chapman (Jigalong, WA), a non-verbal, deaf artist known for her uninhibited painting style.

These ubiquitous machines represent a point of transaction – a transfer of currency – and, when placed within an artistic vernacular, one can’t help feel that Artistic Directors Cosmin Costinaș and Inti Guerrero are asking the question, “at what cost does culture come to us?” and reminding us of the value of creative exchange.

It is a wry and sensitive entry point, given that it is easy to feel jaded by these big, spectacular exhibitions, which take on so much and yet often fall back on familiar names doing the global “biennale circuit” – a kind of “art world currency”, to pick up on Chapman’s ATMs.

[transgenderer]

Fairy circles are circular patches of land barren of plants, varying between 2 and 12 metres (7 and 39 ft) in diameter, often encircled by a ring of stimulated growth of grass. They occur in the arid grasslands of the Namib desert in western parts of Southern Africa, and in a part of the Pilbara in Western Australia. Studies have posited various hypotheses about their origins, but none have conclusively proven how they are formed. Theories include the activities of various types of termites, or the consequence of vegetation patterns that arise naturally from competition between grasses.

In 2012, Eugene Moll suggested the termite species Baucaliotermes hainsei and Psammotermes allocerus as the creator of these circles. All rings have been found to contain termite casts, and radar investigations suggest that a moist layer of soil is situated beneath the fairy circles.[10]

In 2013, this theory was supported by Norbert Juergens. Juergens found evidence that the sand termite, Psammotermes allocerus, generates a local ecosystem that profits from and promotes the creation of the fairy circle.[14][15] The sand termite was found in 80-100% of the circles, in 100% of newly formed circles,[14] and was the only insect to live across the range of the phenomenon. Sand termites create the fairy circle by consuming vegetation and burrowing in the soil to create the ring. The barren circle allows water to percolate down through sandy soil and accumulate underground, allowing the soil to remain moist even under the driest conditions. Grass growth around the circle is promoted by the accumulated soil water, and in turn the termites feed on the grasses, slowly increasing the diameter of the circle. This behaviour on the part of Psammotermes allocerus amounts to creation of a local ecosystem in a manner analogous to behaviour of the common beaver.[4]

Walter R. Tschinkel, a biologist at Florida State University, who also researched the fairy circles, remarked that Juergens, "has made the common scientific error of confusing correlation (even very strong correlation) with causation".[15] Previously, Tschinkel had searched for harvester termites without success.[15][16] Juergens responded that sand termites differ from harvester termites and live deep beneath the circle; they do not create mounds or nests above ground, and they leave no tracks in the sand.[15] In such respects the sand termite is unusually inconspicuous in its activities.

Later in 2013, Michael Cramer and Nichole Barger suggested that the circles were the consequence of vegetation patterns that arose naturally from competition between grasses.[17] They examined the conditions under which fairy circles arise and found that fairy circles are negatively correlated with precipitation and soil nutrition. This observation is consistent with resource competition being a cause of the crop circles. Grassy landscapes with a mixture of grasses can result in barren spots as a consequence of under-ground competition between different types of grasses. The patches are maintained because they form a reservoir of nutrients for the taller grasses at the periphery and possibly because of the activity of termites, as in the theory above. Using rainfall, biomass and temperature seasonality, they can predict with high accuracy the presence or absence of fairy circles in a region. According to Walter Tschinkel, this theory accounts for all the characteristics of fairy circles, including the presence of tall grass species.[18] Other recent work has considered interacting combinations of both animal- and vegetation-induced patterning effects as a potential unifying theoretical explanation for the fairy circle phenomenon.[19]

A 2015 theory about the Australian fairy circles suggested that the distinct vegetation patterns are a population-level consequence of competition for scarce water, as the plants "organise" themselves to maximise access to scarce resources. The circular barren patches capture water which then flows to the outer edges of the ring. More water available increases biomass and roots which leads to the soil becoming looser. The less dense soil allows more water to penetrate and feed the vegetation, creating a feedback loop supporting the plants at the edge of the circle.[20] Field observations by Sujith Ravi, Lixin Wang and colleagues using soil moisture, soil particle size, and soil water infiltration measurements in Namibia in 2015 and 2016 support this.[21]

In 2021 an explanation using hydrological feedbacks and the Turing mechanism was proposed as the cause of the patterns in Australia.[22][13]

In February 2023, weak seeps of hydrogen through faults, fractures, and diffused through rocks, were identified as a possible cause of the depressions. One researcher suggested that "hydrogen-loving microbes" may consume all other nutrients in the soil.[23]

[head-post]

Australia suffers extreme heatwave

Australia’s heatwave over the weekend has hit the Pilbara region in the west of the continent, The Guardian reports.

After peaking at 47.9C on Saturday in the town of Paraburdoo, on Sunday the highest confirmed temperature was 48.3C at Onslow airport on the west coast.

Onslow also holds the record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Australia, reaching 50.7C in January 2022. However, new temperature records are possible, with the heatwave expected to continue on Monday and Tuesday, with daytime highs of 50-51C possible in the region.

Read more HERE

[the-art-of-investing-in-stocks]

ASX BHP: A Diversified Mining and Petroleum Giant with Strong Financial Performance

BHP Group, also known as ASX BHP, is a multinational mining, metals, and petroleum company headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. With operations in over 90 locations worldwide, BHP is one of the largest diversified resource companies in the world.

In this article, we will take a closer look at ASX BHP, including its history, current operations, financial performance, and future prospects.

History of ASX BHP

BHP was originally founded in 1885 as the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited, named after the Broken Hill silver and lead mine in western New South Wales, Australia. Over the years, the company expanded into other commodities, including iron ore, copper, coal, and petroleum.

In 2001, BHP merger with Billiton plc, a mining company based in London, to form BHP Billiton. The merger created one of the largest mining companies in the world, with operations in over 25 countries.

In 2017, the company simplified its name to BHP Group, reflecting its focus on its core operations in mining, metals, and petroleum.

Current Operations

BHP operates in four main segments: iron ore, copper, coal, and petroleum. The company is the world's largest producer of iron ore and the second-largest producer of copper.

Iron Ore: BHP's iron ore operations are located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The company's operations in the region include five mines, a railway network, and two port facilities.

Copper: BHP's copper operations are located in Chile, Peru, and the United States. The company's copper assets include the Escondida mine in Chile, the world's largest copper mine.

Coal: BHP's coal operations are located in Australia, Colombia, and South Africa. The company produces both metallurgical coal (used in steelmaking) and thermal coal (used in electricity generation).

Petroleum: BHP's petroleum operations are located in Australia, the Gulf of Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Caribbean. The company produces both oil and gas.

Financial Performance

In the first half of the 2022 financial year, BHP reported a net profit of US$10.9 billion, up from US$3.9 billion in the same period the previous year. The company attributed the increase to higher commodity prices and increased production.

BHP's share price has also performed well in recent years, with the company's market capitalization reaching over A$300 billion in 2021.

Future Prospects

BHP is well-positioned to benefit from the growing demand for commodities, particularly from emerging economies such as China and India. The company has also been investing in renewable energy and technology to reduce its carbon footprint and improve its environmental performance.

In 2021, BHP announced plans to invest over US$5 billion in its petroleum business over the next five years, focusing on high-return growth opportunities in the Gulf of Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago.

Overall, ASX BHP is a well-established and financially sound company with a strong position in the global mining, metals, and petroleum markets. Its focus on sustainable and responsible business practices, combined with its diversified operations, make it a compelling investment opportunity for long-term investors.

Also check related tickers

ASX CBA

ASX FMG

ASX APT

ASX NAB

[trekzone]

World's Oldest Impact Crater Found - Rewriting Earth's Ancient History

The team from Curtin’s School of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the Geological Survey of Western Australia investigated rock layers in the North Pole Dome — an area of the Pilbara region of Western Australia — and found evidence of a major meteorite impact 3.5 billion years ago. Study co-lead Professor Tim Johnson, from Curtin University, said the discovery significantly challenged previous…