#Philip II National Arena

[rabbitcruiser]

National Zoo Lovers Day

National Zoo Lovers Day, celebrated on April 8 in the U.S. brings all the zoo animal enthusiasts together to celebrate this significant day! Do you know how many animals were saved by zoos from going extinct? Yes, zoos are more than just conservation sites for endangered species, they also provide educational, research, and entertainment purposes. We can trace the history of zoos back to 4000 B.C. If you love animals, then this holiday is just for you. Visit a zoo nearby to find out about your favorite animals; you can also ask to volunteer at a zoo!

History of National Zoo Lovers Day

In the 7th century B.C, the Greeks had the habit of caging animals. ‘Alexander the Great’ sent many animals caught on his military expeditions to Greece. The earlier Egyptian and Asian zoos were kept mainly for public visitors and secondarily used for research purposes. During the 4th century B.C., the Greeks were more concerned with the research and experiment of captivated animals. The Romans had two different animal collections for arena and research objectives.

After the Roman Empire, zoos faced a downfall, but some private collections existed by Emperor Charlemagne in the eighth century and Henry I in the 12th century. King Philip VI had a menagerie in the Louvre, Paris, in 1333. Many members of the house of Bourbon had animal collections at Versailles. Later in 1519, a zoo was discovered in Mexico, which habituated birds, mammals, and reptiles. It was maintained by 300 zookeepers. In 1752, the Imperial Menagerie was founded at the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna as the first modern-day zoo.

In 1828, two years after the Zoological Society of London was founded, the collection was created in Regent’s Park. By the mid 19th century, zoos were established worldwide. Among the existing zoos of today, more than 40 zoos are 100 years old. Most of these old zoos are in Europe. Since the end of World War II, there has been a fast and worldwide growth of zoos, many of which serve the purpose of public entertainment and economic gain rather than animal research. The exact number of public animal collections across the world today is unknown, although it is believed to be in the thousands.

National Zoo Lovers Day timeline

3500 B.C.

Hierakonpolis Zoo

The strange animal remains discovered near Hierakonpolis, Egypt's ancient capital, suggest the existence of a huge, exotic predynastic zoo.

1500 B.C.

First Real Zoo

Queen Hatshepsut establishes the first real zoo in Egypt.

30 B.C.

The Rise Of Private Zoos

From the shreds of evidence found in Egypt and Mesopotamia, private zoos show status among the wealthy in Rome.

1874

America’s First Zoo

America’s first zoo opens in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

National Zoo Lovers Day FAQs

Why do we need zoos?

Zoological gardens are needed to preserve biodiversity. Zoos provide a home to exotic endangered animals and have a history of saving many animals from being extinct.

Why are pet animals not allowed in the zoo?

Pet animals are not allowed in the zoo for various reasons. It can affect the health of zoo animals. Pet animals can be agitated by strange sounds, sights, and smells, which can bring out harm to anyone around.

Can I bring home the adopted animal?

Unfortunately, you cannot. The animals in the zoo cannot be brought up in a domestic household. You will be providing financial support for the animal you have adopted.

How to Celebrate National Zoo Lovers Day

Volunteer: Well, the greatest pleasure you can gain on National Zoo Lovers Day is by volunteering at a local zoo. It is a great opportunity to have a close observation of animals.

A family picnic: A great occasion to have an interesting yet informative family picnic. Take this opportunity to explore unique and exotic animals. You could also share some pictures on social media, spreading the word!

Adopt animals: Many zoos across the world provide animal adoption programs. You can show your love for conserving unique and exotic animals by adopting animals in zoos.

5 Fun Facts About Zoos That’s Sounds Too Good To Be True

Morning walks: Chendra, an Asian elephant in Oregon Zoo, likes to take a morning walk to meet her fellow zoo mates.

Entrance fee: 1/160th of a pound was charged as a zoo entrance fee at The Tower of London back in the 18th century; alternatively, visitors can also provide cats or dogs to feed the lions.

A valorous German Shepard: In 1987, a German Shepherd guard dog defeated an escaped Jaguar in Belgrade Zoo — in this valorous action, the dog saved the life of a zoo employee.

Giant pandas: China contains the ownership of all giant pandas worldwide and they are loaned to other countries at a rental price of one million dollars per pair, per year to raise funds for conservation programs in China.

Disk-throwing chimp: In Sweden, a 30-year-old chimp at Furuvik Zoo collects concrete disks to throw at the visitors.

Why We Love National Zoo Lovers Day

Fun-filled knowledge: National Zoo Lovers day reminds us to explore our local zoos. Every year, millions of people visit zoos and learn about many animals. It also provides a great opportunity for friends and families to have a fun time learning together.

Conserving the endangered: One great thing about zoos is conserving the species at the risk of extinction. An imbalance in biodiversity can bring a disastrous impact on the ecosystem. It reminds us of our responsibility towards nature.

Animal welfare: A wonderful day to remind animal enthusiasts to play their part in animal welfare. An opportunity for providing a large platform to gather support across the world.

Source

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 5.22

192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. 1176 – The Hashshashin (Assassins) attempt to assassinate Saladin near Aleppo. 1200 – King John of England and King Philip II of France sign the Treaty of Le Goulet. 1246 – Henry Raspe is elected anti-king of the Kingdom of Germany in opposition to Conrad IV. 1254 – Serbian King Stefan Uroš I and the Republic of Venice sign a peace treaty. 1370 – Brussels massacre: Hundreds of Jews are murdered and the rest of the Jewish community is banished from Brussels, Belgium, for allegedly desecrating consecrated Host. 1377 – Pope Gregory XI issues five papal bulls to denounce the doctrines of English theologian John Wycliffe. 1455 – Start of the Wars of the Roses: At the First Battle of St Albans, Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England. 1520 – The massacre at the festival of Tóxcatl takes place during the Fall of Tenochtitlan, resulting in turning the Aztecs against the Spanish. 1629 – Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Danish King Christian IV sign the Treaty of Lübeck ending Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. 1762 – Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Hamburg. 1762 – Trevi Fountain is officially completed and inaugurated in Rome. 1766 – A large earthquake causes heavy damage and loss of life in Istanbul and the Marmara region. 1804 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition officially begins as the Corps of Discovery departs from St. Charles, Missouri. 1807 – A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr on a charge of treason. 1809 – On the second and last day of the Battle of Aspern-Essling (near Vienna, Austria), Napoleon I is repelled by an enemy army for the first time. 1816 – A mob in Littleport, Cambridgeshire, England, riots over high unemployment and rising grain costs, and the riots spread to Ely the next day. 1819 – SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, United States, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. 1826 – HMS Beagle departs on its first voyage. 1840 – The penal transportation of British convicts to the New South Wales colony is abolished. 1848 – Slavery is abolished in Martinique. 1849 – Future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is issued a patent for an invention to lift boats, making him the only U.S. president to ever hold a patent. 1856 – Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina severely beats Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made regarding Southerners and slavery. 1863 – American Civil War: Union forces begin the Siege of Port Hudson which lasts 48 days, the longest siege in U.S. military history. 1864 – American Civil War: After ten weeks, the Union Army's Red River Campaign ends in failure. 1866 – Oliver Winchester founded the Winchester Repeating Arms 1872 – Reconstruction Era: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act into law, restoring full civil and political rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers. 1900 – The Associated Press is formed in New York City as a non-profit news cooperative. 1906 – The Wright brothers are granted U.S. patent number 821,393 for their "Flying-Machine". 1915 – Lassen Peak erupts with a powerful force, the only volcano besides Mount St. Helens to erupt in the contiguous U.S. during the 20th century. 1915 – Three trains collide in the Quintinshill rail disaster near Gretna Green, Scotland, killing 227 people and injuring 246. 1926 – Chiang Kai-shek replaces the communists in Kuomintang China. 1927 – Near Xining, China, an 8.3 magnitude earthquake causes 200,000 deaths in one of the world's most destructive earthquakes. 1939 – World War II: Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel. 1941 – During the Anglo-Iraqi War, British troops take Fallujah. 1942 – Mexico enters the Second World War on the side of the Allies. 1943 – Joseph Stalin disbands the Comintern. 1947 – Cold War: The Truman Doctrine goes into effect, aiding Turkey and Greece. 1948 – Finnish President J. K. Paasikivi released Yrjö Leino from his duties as interior minister in 1948 after the Finnish parliament had adopted a motion of censure of Leino with connection to his illegal handing over of nineteen people to the Soviet Union in 1945. 1957 – South Africa's government approves of racial separation in universities. 1958 – The 1958 riots in Ceylon become a watershed in the race relations of various ethnic communities of Sri Lanka. The total deaths is estimated at 300, mostly Tamils. 1960 – The Great Chilean earthquake, measuring 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale, hits southern Chile, becoming the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. 1962 – Continental Airlines Flight 11 crashes in Unionville, Missouri after bombs explode on board, killing 45. 1963 – Greek left-wing politician Grigoris Lambrakis is shot in an assassination attempt, and dies five days later. 1964 – Lyndon B. Johnson launches the Great Society. 1967 – Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. 1967 – L'Innovation department store in Brussels, Belgium, burns down, resulting in 323 dead or missing and 150 injured, the most devastating fire in Belgian history. 1968 – The nuclear-powered submarine USS Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the Azores. 1969 – Apollo 10's lunar module flies within 8.4 nautical miles (16 km) of the moon's surface. 1972 – Ceylon adopts a new constitution, becoming a republic and changing its name to Sri Lanka, and joins the Commonwealth of Nations. 1972 – Over 400 women in Derry, Northern Ireland attack the offices of Sinn Féin following the shooting by the Irish Republican Army of a young British soldier on leave. 1987 – Hashimpura massacre occurs in Meerut, India. 1987 – First ever Rugby World Cup kicks off with New Zealand playing Italy at Eden Park in Auckland, New Zealand. 1990 – North and South Yemen are unified to create the Republic of Yemen. 1992 – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia join the United Nations. 1994 – A worldwide trade embargo against Haiti goes into effect to punish its military rulers for not reinstating the country's ousted elected leader, Jean-Bertrand Aristide. 1996 – The Burmese military regime jails 71 supporters of Aung San Suu Kyi in a bid to block a pro-democracy meeting. 1998 – A U.S. federal judge rules that U.S. Secret Service agents can be compelled to testify before a grand jury concerning the Lewinsky scandal involving President Bill Clinton. 2000 – In Sri Lanka, over 150 Tamil rebels are killed over two days of fighting for control in Jaffna. 2002 – Civil rights movement: A jury in Birmingham, Alabama, convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murder of four girls in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. 2010 – Air India Express Boeing 737 crashes over a cliff upon landing at Mangalore, India, killing 158 of 166 people on board, becoming the deadliest crash involving a Boeing 737 until the crash of Lion Air Flight 610. 2010 – Inter Milan beat Bayern Munich 2–0 in the Uefa Champions League final in Madrid, Spain to become the first, and so far only, Italian team to win the historic treble (Serie A, Coppa Italia, Champions League). 2011 – An EF5 tornado strikes Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 people and wreaking $2.8 billion in damages, the costliest and seventh-deadliest single tornado in U.S. history. 2012 – Tokyo Skytree opens to the public. It is the tallest tower in the world (634 m), and the second tallest man-made structure on Earth after Burj Khalifa (829.8 m). 2014 – General Prayut Chan-o-cha becomes interim leader of Thailand in a military coup d'état, following six months of political turmoil. 2014 – An explosion occurs in Ürümqi, capital of China's far-western Xinjiang region, resulting in at least 43 deaths and 91 injuries. 2015 – The Republic of Ireland becomes the first nation in the world to legalize gay marriage in a public referendum. 2017 – Twenty-two people are killed at an Ariana Grande concert in the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. 2017 – United States President Donald Trump visits the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and becomes the first sitting U.S. president to visit the Western Wall. 2020 – Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303 crashes in Model Colony near Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, Pakistan, killing 98 people.

[experienciasfutebolisticas]

Philip II Arena - Toše Proeski Arena National Arena Toshe Proeski - Estádio Felipe II da Macedônia

13/06/2018 Foto: @jonathaannnr

[mirelaiepurela]

Skopje, our first stop in Macedonia

Skopje, our first stop in Macedonia

It took us some time to leave the Rila Monastery and head towards Macedonia. Like on our arrival in Rila, there were works to expand the road, so we had to wait a lot for the machines to get out of the way or to move the recently cut trees out of the road.

Slowly, but surely, we made it, though. And we instantly started to appreciate the Macedonian music. I forgot to mention this, but we only…

[trustbuilding]

Philips arena

#PHILIPS ARENA FREE#

#PHILIPS ARENA FREE#

The hotel is pet friendly and offers free Wifi. Omni Atlanta Hotel at CNN Center – 0.2 kms – Located close to Philips Arena in a great area.Multiple parking lots located around the arena with pre-purchase parking available.Once you get to the Dome station, simply follow the signs to Philips Arena. Philips Arena is easily accessible via MARTA, located to the Dome/GWCC/Philips Arena/CNN station on the blue/green rail line, just one stop west of Five Points.Compare prices and locations, pick a spot that works for you, and they’ll email you the parking pass. Visit their website to pay for parking ahead of time. A service called Parking Panda offers guaranteed parking reservations at garages and lots within easy walking distance of Philips Arena.Philips Arena Guide: Parking and Transportation Hawks Shop is open during all Hawks games and also other non-event days.It offers Wifi, a great view of the court and also offers for tickets and food. It can hold up to 30 people or else you can adjoin rooms to include up to 60 people. You can host your next business meeting or social event at the Comcast Business Zone which is a private meeting room inside of Philips Arena.Philips Arena offer party suites that are perfect for hosting an event with 20-120 people and offer the ultimate entertainment experience.Many concession stands located throughout the arena including the Buckhead Life mini-restaurants in the Club.It also offers terraced seating for a premium view of the court as well as a centrally located show kitchen for guests to enjoy watching the chef make meals. It offers tiered level seating within the restaurant and bar space allowing for optimal visibility of the court. RED by Wind Creek is open from the time doors open until the end of Hawks games and other ticketed events.It used to serve as the home of the Atlanta Thrashers in the National Hockey League before they moved to Winnipeg. It is home to the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Atlanta Dream of the Women’s National Basketball Assocation (WNBA). Philips Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena located in Atlanta, Georgia. Address: 1 Philips Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303.The finals of Division II and Division III were held at the arena as part of celebrations of men’s basketball tournament in its 75th anniversary.Our Philips Arena Guide below outlines all of the information you need to know when visiting this multi-purpose indoor arena in Atlanta, Georgia including Amenities, Attractions, Parking and more! And a year later in 2008, the arena hosted the first NBA playoff game. And the first NHL playoff was hosted in the arena two years later. The first time that Philips Arena hosted a playoff game was in 2005 when Georgia Force won their first playoff game. For concerts, Philips Arena comes in first positions among the busiest arenas worldwide. The Amsterdam based Royal Philips Electronics has bought the rights to arena upon building. The luxury boxes and club seats are aligned along one side, while admission seating aligns other 3 sides. The layout of Philips arena is a bit special and unusual. The group of investors that owns the arena is the same group of owners of the Hawks. And for NBA, the arena is home to Atlanta Hawks, and Women NBA team Atlanta Dream. Philips Arena was home to NHL team Atlanta Thrashers from 1999 until 2011 when the team moved to Winnipeg.

[smallcollegebasketball]

My Tribute to Kyle Mangas

I purposely waited until Kyle Mangas’ career at Indiana Wesleyan was completed to write this blog post.  Now that it’s completed, here goes…..

Kyle Mangas is from Warsaw, IN, and he’s the son of Tim and Ann Mangas, and the younger brother of Jake Mangas.  Tim was a 1,000-point scorer in high school, and Ann led her high school team to the state championship game.  Jake was a forward on the Warsaw High School basketball team, the quarterback on the football team and was the Valedictorian of his class.  

As a senior at Warsaw in 2016-17, Kyle averaged 22.6 points, 5.6 rebounds and 2.7 assists per game to earn Indiana All-Star honors as he led the Tigers to the regional final.  He averaged 19.4 points per game as a junior on a team that advanced to the Class 4A north semistate. He scored 1,450 career points at Warsaw, leading the Tigers to a 61-17 record in his three seasons as a starter.  Remarkably, however, he wasn’t heavily recruited…..with the notable exception of Indiana Wesleyan, who had started recruiting him as a freshman in high school.  Mangas committed to IWU before his senior season.

He chose IWU in part because of its tremendous basketball program…and in part because they recruited him for so long and he developed a strong relationship with the coaches….and, in great part, because it was the right “fit”. In this case, the right “fit” meant the IAM3rd culture that had been created at IWU by Coach Greg Tonagel.  In short, this culture meant God first, others second and yourself third.  If you want to be first, you first need to learn to be third.  It’s a bit counter-culture in today’s society.  This resonated with Kyle, and he embraced the challenges of growing within this culture.

…………

So, where to start with the collegiate career of Kyle Mangas…..

I don’t like to “compare”.  It’s natural to try to compare his collegiate career with some of the all-time greats in the NAIA, such as Dick Barnett (Tennesse A&I – now Tennessee State), Travis Grant & Elmore Smith (Kentucky State), Philip Hutcheson & John Pierce (David Lipscomb), Lucious Jackson (Texas Pan American), Bob Love (Southern), Al Tucker (Oklahoma Baptist), Bob Hopkins and Willis Reed (Grambling), Scottie Pippen (Central Arkansas), M.L. Carr & Lloyd (World B) Free (Guilford), Eric Kline (Northern State) and so many others.  It’s easy to start talking about some of the all-time greats within all of small college basketball, such as Earl “The Pearl” Monroe (Winston-Salem State), Jerry Sloan (Evansville), Walt Frazier (Southern Illinois), Jack Sikma (Illinois Wesleyan), George Tinsley (Kentucky Wesleyan), John Rinka (Kenyon), John Smith (Winona State), Phil Jackson (North Dakota), and so many more. Yet, as mentioned above, I don’t like to “compare”.  As President Theodore Roosevelt said, “Comparison is the thief of joy.”  I want to enjoy and appreciate what I just witnessed with the career of Kyle Mangas.  As his career, progressed, I think that people that followed closely began to realize that we were watching something special.  So let’s not compare.  Let’s just enjoy and appreciate.

…………

Before he ever played a game at Indiana Wesleyan, the coaches realized that Kyle was the best player on the team….and it was a really good team (REALLY good).  During his freshman year, he led the Wildcats to a 31-7 record, the Crossroads League regular season AND tournament titles AND the NAIA Division II National Championship. In the National Championship game, Kyle went for 23 points, 4 rebounds and 3 assists and was named as the tournament’s Most Outstanding Player.  For the season, he scored 818 points and averaged 21.5 ppg, 5.2 rpg, 2.9 apg and had 42 steals, while shooting 52.6% fg and 79.5% ft.  He was named Crossroads League Player of the Year and First Team NAIA Division II All American.

As a sophomore, IWU went 30-6 and won the Crossroads League regular season AND tournament titles, and reached the NAIA Division II National Quarterfinals.  Kyle scored 801 points and averaged 23.6 ppg, 5.0 rpg, 3.8 apg and had 48 steals, while shooting 56.5% fg and 75.5% ft.  He was named Crossroads League Player of the Year and First Team NAIA Division II All American.

As a junior, IWU went 29-4 and won the Crossroads League regular season AND tournament titles.  The team was really rolling as the headed into the NAIA Division II Tournament, as they had just won their three conference tournament games by 32, 27 and 32 points, respectively.  Shortly after they arrived in Sioux Falls, SD, to play their opening round game at the Pentagon, the tournament was cancelled due to COVID-19.  This was heart-wrenching for a team that was really talented, and was playing so well.  Kyle continued to get better and better, and he scored 860 points and averaged 26.9 ppg,  6.4 rpg, 4.2 apg and had 59 steals, while shooting 55.5% fg and 83.4% ft.  He was named Crossroads League Player of the Year, First Team NAIA Division II All American, NAIA Division II National Player of the Year and the winner of the Bevo Francis Award.  

As a senior this past season, the NAIA had combined the divisions, thus meaning that their was now going to be roughly double the number of teams competing for a single NAIA National Championship, and there would be roughly twice as many players vying for award and National recognition.  IWU had a dominating regular season, starting off 17-0 and finishing the regular season with a 28-1 record, spending most of the season ranked #1 in the NAIA.  I had the privilege of attending their final regular season game, which was a home game against Mount Vernon Nazarene.  MVNU is a good, solid, well-coached team, yet IWU was clicking, and the Wildcats were phenomenal in a 117-78 win --- yes, a 39-point win against a good team.  Kyle was fantastic, going for 40 points and 7 assists in 31 minutes.  He went 13-22 fg (including 7-12 from the 3-point line) and 7-7 ft.  Just a spectacular performance!  …..oh, and by the way, it was the 50th consecutive home win for Indiana Wesleyan.  50 straight!  Remarkable!

The Wildcats won the Crossroads League regular season once again, yet they were defeated by St. Francis (IN) in the conference tournament. In their first-round game of the NAIA Tournament – which was the final home game of Kyle’s career at Indiana Wesleyan – the Wildcats defeated IU-South Bend, 95-76.  Kyle went for 30 points, 7 rebounds, 6 assists, 4 steals and 2 blocks. He only missed 6 shots total (fg’s & ft’s combined) in scoring 30 points.

#1 ranked Indiana Wesleyan moved on to the round of 16 in the NAIA Tournament at historic Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, where they faced conference foe, Bethel (IN).  They had defeated Bethel by 3 early in the season, and then by 20 later in the season.  In short, Bethel played great on the big stage and pulled off the huge win over Indiana Wesleyan, 83-77.  In Kyle’s four-year career, Indiana Wesleyan was 9-0 against Bethel prior to the game in the NAIA Tournament, which turned out to be the final game in Kyle’s storied career at Indiana Wesleyan.  He finished with 22 points, 8 rebounds and 6 assists in his final game.

During his senior year, Kyle scored 974 points and averaged 29.5 ppg, 7.4 rpg, 5.1 apg and had 62 steals, while shooting 60.3% fg and 84.9% ft. He was named Crossroads League Player of the Year, NAIA First Team All American and the NAIA National Player of the Year for the second consecutive season.  (The Bevo Francis Award was not presented in 2021 due to COVID-19).

For his four-year career at Indiana Wesleyan, Kyle led the Wildcats to a 120-20 record, thus winning 100 games MORE than they lost in a four-year span. Kyle was named Crossroads League Player of the Year AND First Team NAIA All American all four seasons.  He was named NAIA National Player of the Year in back-to-back seasons, and won the Bevo Francis Award.  He finished as the second all-time leading collegiate scorer in the history of Indiana Kyle finished with 3,453 points, 818 rebounds, 544 assists, 211 steals and 65 blocks.  He shot 56.3% fg and 81.2% ft.  As such, Kyle Mangas is the most decorated NAIA Player of this generation.  

…………

Above are the numbers and awards, which are ridiculously impressive. But Kyle Mangas is so much more than statistics and awards.  When you watch him play, you’ll realize that he doesn’t play for numbers.  He’s remarkably unselfish.  There was a game this season where IWU was up by 50 points (against Goshen), and Kyle wanted to make sure that other players got a chance to play.  Coach Tonagel tried to put a sub in for Kyle, yet other players realized that Kyle was one rebound away from a triple-double.  As the players tried to let the coach know about the impending triple-double, Kyle heard about this, and quickly tried to get the sub into the game.  It was more important to him that his teammates get a chance to play than for him to get a triple-double.  He finished with 31 minutes of playing time and 20 points, 11 assists and 9 rebounds (along with 3 steals).  

IAM3rd in action:  God first. Others second.  Yourself third.

……….

Before his senior season started, Kyle Mangas was already the school’s all-time leading scorer.  In a neutral-site game played at Bowling Green High School (KY) against Faulkner, Kyle surpassed the 3,000-point milestone, and surpassed Larry Bird to move into second place on the career scoring list among the top collegiate scorers in the state of Indiana.  The next game was played at Huntington, the alma mater of Steve Platt.  Platt – who passed away recently – is the state’s all-time leading scorer with 3,700 career points.  Playing in Platt Arena in the game after Kyle moved into second place on the state’s career scoring list, Kyle went for 43 and only missed a total of 6 shots (between field goals and free throws, combined).  

How about the game when Kyle set the school’s individual game scoring record by going for 51 points against Oakland City?  He MADE 21 field goals – including 7 3’s – and added 6 rebounds and 5 assists.  How about the game against a really talented St. Francis (IN) team when he went for 35 points, 13 rebounds 6 assists and 6 blocks?  How about the game against Goshen on December 2, when he played just 28 minutes in a lopsided win, going 15-16 from the field for 30 points….and then followed that game with a 12-15 performance (and 2-2 from the free throw line) in a win against Taylor?  Therefore, in back-to-back games he went a combined 27-31 from the field and 2-2 from the free throw line in two wins.  Just remarkable.

……….

It’s easy to get lost in the numbers, the statistics.  They’re pretty astonishing and impressive.

I’ve watched Indiana Wesleyan play a lot over the last several years.  By “a lot”, I mean that I only missed 3-5 games this whole season, and have probably watched an additional 25-40 games over Kyle’s first three seasons at IWU. I’ve watch them play A LOT.

Here are a few lines that I’ve used to try to describe Kyle Mangas to people:

“If you want to learn how to play this game, watch Kyle Mangas.”

“Watching Kyle Mangas is like watching a basketball clinic.

“Since he’s from Indiana, I think it’s like watching the fictional ‘Jimmy Chitwood’ from Hoosiers.”

For me, as a former coach and basketball junkie, it’s just a pleasure and joy to watch Kyle Mangas play.  When people talk about “playing the game the right way,” you can visualize Kyle Mangas. He dives after loose balls, takes charges, and does the “little things” so consistently that, well….coaches know that these really aren’t “little things”.  They are the things that help you win basketball games.  He pass fakes and shot fakes.  With the ball, he changes directions and changes speed.  Watch him without the ball…..watch how he uses screens, curls, fades, goes back door. Watch how he draws fouls – and finishes.  Watch how he passes and watch how he gets put-backs and loose balls.

There are a couple of plays that I’m thinking about, from his junior season.  The first one happened so quickly, so I’m glad that they showed it on replay as well. Kyle was posting up on the right block, and the ball was lobbed to him. The double-team came from the top, right away. He caught the ball and immediately pass-faked around the defender’s waist, along the baseline.  The defender turned around to see the pass, while Kyle layed the ball in the basket for an uncontested layup.  It looked so simple, so easy.  Yet with a double-team coming, he had the instincts to give such a quick and effective pass fake that he ended up with an uncontested layup.

The other play that is popping to my head (among so, so many) is the time when he got a steal around half court.  He had an uncontested dunk ahead of him.  Yet 7’0” Seth Maxwell was also running with him, for a 2 on 0 fast break. Kyle pitched the ball back to Seth for the dunk.  Again, pretty simple play.  Simple yes, but Kyle was on the verge of becoming the school’s all-time leading scorer and had a wide open dunk, yet passed it up to give his teammate the dunk. While it had been obvious previously, I was just reminded that Kyle truly doesn’t care who scores.  It is genuinely NOT about statistics for Kyle.

Again, IAM3rd in action.  God first. Others second. Yourself third.

……….

Humble and kind.  These words are used over and over about Kyle Mangas.  His teammates told me that Kyle meets new students on campus, and they often walk away having no idea that he plays basketball.  He doesn’t like to talk about himself.  He’s remarkably humble.

Before I met Kyle, I was told: “You should meet his parents, and you’ll understand.”  I met Tim and Ann Mangas, and I understand.  Humble. Kind.  Intelligent.  They smile easily, and they are grateful.  They are so proud of Kyle, and they feel fortunate that they all found Indiana Wesleyan, Coach Greg Tonagel and the IAM3rd culture.  They’ve watched their son evolve as a person.  

Tim and Ann both thought that Kyle would have a good career at Indiana Wesleyan.  That said, they didn’t expect THIS….. THIS is one of the most historic careers in NAIA history.  THIS is the impact of the IAM3rd culture on their son.  THIS is watching their son, who has a 4.0 grade point average, enter the final stages of his degree in Finance. THIS is watching the evolution of their son from a quiet, shy boy into a strong man of confidence and faith.  When Ann talks about her pride in her son, she gets emotional.  What a ride it’s been…..  

………

On Senior Day, here’s what Coach Greg Tonagel had to say about Kyle Mangas:

“Coaches, fans, and teammates have been able to witness firsthand one of the great NAIA basketball players of all time during these past four years. However, what makes Kyle special goes far beyond what he has done on the court. The humility and grace that he has led with is unmatched. From being asked to be a vocal leader as a freshman to becoming the standard for what an IAM3 leader looks like within the basketball program, he has accepted every challenge head on. He is the standard for mental toughness, as is evident by his unflappable demeanor, competitive nature, and his countless game-winning heroics. To the outside world, he's an incredible basketball player. To all of us who know him – he is that and a whole lot more. He's Mango – a teammate, a friend, a competitor, and a servant leader who has remained humble, fearless, authentic, and gracious throughout his decorated career.”

……….

When we presented the Bevo Francis Award to Kyle, Coach Greg Tonagel spoke about Kyle….

He talked about how Kyle has worked on his fundamentals, and the repetition of those fundamentals until they became habits, and then those habits and skills became instinctive.  He talked about his own sons, and how they began to do “up-and-unders” and the “Mikan drill”.  When they asked about “why” they were doing these drills, Greg Tonagel (Dad) would tell them, “because Kyle Mangas does ‘up-and-unders’ and the ‘Mikan drill’”.  And then the boys would dutifully continue with the drills, because Kyle Mangas does those drills.

Here are a few quotes that stand out to me:

“Kyle has proven to us all that humility is actually a form of strength.”

“I doubt that there has ever been a player that has scored 3,000 points in his career without ever once showing up his opponent in any way.”

“His teammates would tell you that, in his senior year, he’s become the ultimate leader.  He’s invested into the lives of his teammates.  He has become a spiritual leader.  Every day, he’s pouring into young players, not only about what it means to be a great basketball player, but what it means to be a follower of Christ. To me, that’s the ultimate compliment and the ultimate form of leadership.”

………

This past Summer (of 2020), Kyle had an internship that was closer to Indiana Wesleyan than to Warsaw, so he stayed with Coach Greg Tonagel, his wife (Amy) and their six children.  The kids would wait by the door for Kyle to come home from his internship, so that they could go outside to play basketball with Kyle Mangas.  The neighborhood kids would come over, and there would be Kyle Mangas playing basketball with the neighborhood kids.  You can picture the scene, and you know that, in 5, 10 and 20 years from now, those kids will grow up telling the stories of those days when they played basketball with Kyle Mangas.  

While those kids can dream of being the next Kyle Mangas the basketball player, the dream for the parents of those kids should be for their kids grow up to be like Kyle Mangas the human being.

………

Greg Tonagel finished his thoughts about Kyle Mangas during the presentation of the Bevo Francis Award with these words:  “Somebody, someday, is going to put on the next Kyle Mangas uniform and carry on Kyle’s legacy.  I doubt that they will pass all of these accolades.  I doubt that they will pass these numbers.  But they are going to carry on that legacy of what it means to be a Christ-followers that loves the game of basketball and doesn’t play for himself, and embodies what we call the IAM3rd culture: God first.  Others second.  Yourself third.  If young people will continue to do that, they will have carried on the legacy of Kyle Mangas.”

……….

I’ve been watching this game for a long time now.  I coached for eight seasons, collegiately:  Four as an assistant coach and four as a Head Coach.  I’ve served on the NCAA Division II National Basketball Committee (while I was an NCAA Division II Athletic Director) and served as the Director of the NAIA’s Division I Men’s Basketball Championship.  I’ve been watching small college basketball closely for 25+ years.  I don’t like to use the term “best”, as this implies a comparison.  As noted towards the beginning of this post, I don’t like to “compare”, as “comparison is the thief of joy.”  I’ll say this about Kyle Mangas:  He’s the most consistently effective and efficient NAIA player that I’ve ever seen. It’s truly been a pleasure and a joy to watch him play.  

Thanks for the memories, Kyle…..and thank you for being a humble role model for us all.

...........

Enjoy the senior year highlights of Kyle Mangas, as well as photos of Kyle in action:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0lkmBnajTU&t=182s

[newstfionline]

Monday, April 12, 2021

Covid has 200,000 merchant sailors stuck at sea (Washington Post) Brian Mossman says he has read “Moby Dick” nearly 200 times. The 61-year-old captain of the container ship Maersk Sentosa says he revisits the Melville classic nearly every voyage, because each time reveals something new about the people who take to the sea: people like him and the two dozen merchant mariners on his crew. Sentosa means “a place of peace and tranquility” in Malay, but Mossman says the 1,048-foot super carrier is more of a “floating industrial plant.” It runs around-the-clock hauling cargo to 14 ports in eight countries, from the eastern United States to the Middle East, supplying embassies and military bases and delivering humanitarian aid. But when the global pandemic hit, Mossman and his crew was trapped aboard, with no certainty on when they could go home. The U.S. Navy instituted a “gangways up” order that prevented military and civilian sailors alike from leaving their ships. Ports in even the most avidly seafaring nations refused to allow mariners ashore. Roughly 400,000 seafarers were stranded on ships around the globe at the peak of the “crew-change crisis” in late 2020, according to the International Maritime Organization; now, about 200,000 are stuck. Some have been at sea for as long as 20 months, though 11 months is the maximum time allowed by the IMO. The situation threatens to grow more dire in the coming months, industry experts say, as mariners desperately try to access coronavirus vaccines, their situation complicated by a web of complex logistics and workplaces often situated thousands of miles offshore. World leaders have called the crew-change crisis a humanitarian emergency. It is also a cautionary tale about essential but oft-ignored global supply chains.

Vaccine Requirements Spread in U.S., Sowing Concern on Overreach (Bloomberg) Covid-19 vaccination requirements are fast becoming facts of life in the U.S., spreading business by business even as politicians and privacy advocates rail against them. Brown, Notre Dame and Rutgers are among universities warning students and staff they’ll need shots in order to return to campus this fall. Some sports teams are demanding proof of vaccination or a negative test from fans as arenas reopen. Want to see your favorite band play indoors in California? At bigger venues, the same rules apply. A Houston hospital chain recently ordered its 26,000 employees to get vaccinated. Yet it’s another matter how people prove they’ve had their shots or are Covid-free. Republican politicians and privacy advocates are bristling over so-called vaccination passports, with some states moving to restrict their use. Given the fraught politics, many companies are “not necessarily wanting to be the first in their sector to take the plunge,” said Carmel Shachar, executive director of the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology and Bioethics at Harvard Law School. Still, “we’re going to see employers start to require vaccinations if you want to come into the office, if you will have a public-facing job.”

Business faces tricky path navigating post-Trump politics (AP) For more than a half-century, the voice emerging from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s monolithic, Beaux Arts-styled building near the White House was predictable: It was the embodiment of American business and, more specifically, a shared set of interests with the Republican Party. The party’s bond with corporate America, however, is fraying. Fissures have burst open over the GOP’s embrace of conspiracy theories and rejection of mainstream climate science, as well as its dismissal of the 2020 election outcome. The most recent flashpoint was in Georgia, where a new Republican-backed law restricting voting rights drew harsh criticism from Delta Air Lines and Coca Cola, whose headquarters are in the state, and resulted in Major League Baseball pulling the 2021 All-Star Game from Atlanta. Republicans were furious. GOP strategists argued that they no longer needed corporate America’s money to win elections as they try to rebrand as a party of blue-collar workers. That extends an opportunity to President Joe Biden and congressional Democrats to find an ally in an unlikely place when the party has unified control of the federal government for the first time in a decade. Biden is pushing an ambitious $2.3 trillion infrastructure package that includes corporate tax increases—which the White House is characterizing to CEOs as upfront investments that will ultimately make companies more profitable.

More volcanic eruptions on Caribbean island of St. Vincent (AP) Conditions worsened on Sunday at a volcano on the eastern Caribbean island of St. Vincent as loud rumbling, lightning and heavy ashfall were observed and residents reported power cuts. The eruption Friday of La Soufrière forced many residents to evacuate their homes, though some remained in place. The rumbling was heard in the capital of Kingstown, about 20 miles (32 kilometers) south. About 16,000 people have had to flee their ash-covered communities with as many belongings as they could stuff into suitcases and backpacks. However, there have been no reports of anyone being killed or injured by the initial blast or those that followed. Ralph Gonsalves, the prime minister of the 32 islands that make up the country of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, has said people should remain calm and keep trying to protect themselves from the coronavirus. He said officials were trying to figure out the best way to collect and dispose of the ash, which covered an airport runway near Kingstown, and fell as far away as Barbados, about 120 miles (190 kilometers) to the east.

Religious leaders recall Prince Philip’s spiritual curiosity (AP) Churches in Britain held services Sunday to remember Prince Philip as people of many religions reflected on a man whose gruff exterior hid a strong personal faith and deep curiosity about others’ beliefs. Most people’s glimpses of Philip in a religious setting were of him beside the queen at commemorative services, or walking to church with the royal family on Christmas Day. But his religious background and interests were more varied than his conventional role might suggest. Born into the Greek royal family as Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, he was baptized in the Greek Orthodox Church. His father was exiled and his family left Greece when Philip was very young. He became an Anglican when he married Elizabeth, who as queen is supreme governor of the Church of England. In the 1960s, he helped set up St. George’s House, a religious study center at the royal family’s Windsor Castle seat, where Philip would join clergy, academics, businesspeople and politicians to discuss the state of the world. He was a regular visitor to Mount Athos, a monastic community and religious sanctuary in Greece, and was a long-time patron of the Templeton Prize, a lucrative award for contribution to life’s “spiritual dimension” whose winners include Mother Teresa. Philip’s faith may have been partly a legacy of his mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg, who established an order of nuns, sheltered Jews in Nazi-occupied Greece during World War II and is buried below a Russian Orthodox church in east Jerusalem.

EU and COVID-19: When a vaccine only adds to the trouble (AP) European Union leaders no longer meet around a common oval summit table to broker their famed compromises. Instead, each of the 27 watches the other heads of state or government with suspicion via a video screen that shows a mosaic of faraway capitals. This is what COVID-19 has wrought. Lofty hopes that the crisis would encourage a new and tighter bloc to face a common challenge have given way to the reality of division: The pandemic has set member nation against member nation, and many capitals against the EU itself, as symbolized by the disjointed, virtual meetings the leaders now hold. Leaders fight over everything from virus passports to push tourism to the conditions for receiving pandemic aid. Perhaps worse, some attack the very structures the EU built to deal with the pandemic. Last month, Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz decried how vaccine-buying in the bloc had become a “bazaar,” alleging poorer countries struck out while the rich thrived. “Internal political cohesion and respect for European values continue to be challenged in different corners of the Union,” the European Policy Center said in a study one year after the pandemic swept from China and engulfed Europe. But overall, political upheaval across the EU has been muted, considering that half a million people have died in the pandemic.

Afghan President in ‘Desperate Situation’ (NYT) He attends international conferences, meets with diplomats, recently inaugurated a dam and delivers patriotic speeches vowing to defend his country against the Taliban. But how much control President Ashraf Ghani of Afghanistan has over his imperiled country’s future and his own has become a matter of debate among politicians, analysts and citizens. Or rather, the question has been largely resolved: not much. He is thoroughly isolated, dependent on the counsel of a handful, unwilling to even watch television news, those who know him say, and losing allies fast. That spells trouble for a country where a hard-line Islamist insurgency has the upper hand militarily, where nearly half the population faces hunger at crisis levels, according to the United Nations, where the overwhelming balance of government money comes from abroad and where weak governance and widespread corruption are endemic. Meanwhile, the Americans are preparing to pull out their last remaining troops, a prospect expected to lead to the medium-term collapse of the Afghan forces they now support. “He is in a desperate situation,” said Rahmatullah Nabil, a former head of the country’s intelligence services. “We’re getting weaker. Security is weak, everything is getting weaker, and the Taliban are taking advantage.”

Electrical problem strikes Iran’s Natanz nuclear facility (AP) Iran’s Natanz nuclear site suffered a problem Sunday involving its electrical distribution grid just hours after starting up new advanced centrifuges that more quickly enrich uranium, state TV reported. It was the latest incident to strike one of Tehran’s most secure sites. Malek Shariati Niasar, a lawmaker who serves as spokesman for the Iranian parliament’s energy committee, wrote on Twitter that the incident was “very suspicious,” raising concerns about possible “sabotage and infiltration.” Natanz, a facility earlier targeted by the Stuxnet computer virus, was largely built underground to withstand enemy airstrikes. It became a flashpoint for Western fears about Iran’s nuclear program in 2002, when satellite photos showed Iran building its underground centrifuges facility at the site, some 200 kilometers (125 miles) south of the capital, Tehran. Natanz suffered a mysterious explosion at its advanced centrifuge assembly plant in July that authorities later described as sabotage. Iran now is rebuilding that facility deep inside a nearby mountain. Israel, Iran’s regional archenemy, has been suspected of carrying out an attack there, as well as launching other assaults, as world powers now negotiate with Tehran in Vienna over its nuclear deal.

China launches hotline for netizens to report ‘illegal’ history comments (Reuters) China’s cyber regulator has launched a hotline to report online comments that defame the ruling Communist Party and its history, vowing to crack down on “historical nihilists” ahead of the Party’s 100th anniversary in July. The tip line allows people to report fellow netizens who “distort” the Party’s history, attack its leadership and policies, defame national heroes and “deny the excellence of advanced socialist culture” online, said a notice posted by an arm of the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) on Friday. “Historical nihilism” is a phrase used in China to describe public doubt and scepticism over the Chinese Communist Party’s description of past events. China’s internet is tightly censored and most foreign social media networks, search engines and news outlets are banned in the country.

8 dead, dozens hurt as Indonesia quake shakes East Java (AP) A strong earthquake on Indonesia’s main island of Java killed eight people, including a woman whose motorcycle was hit by falling rocks, and damaged more than 1,300 buildings, officials said Sunday. The U.S. Geological Survey said the magnitude 6.0 quake struck off the island’s southern coast at 2 p.m. Saturday. This was the second deadly disaster to hit Indonesia this week, after Tropical Cyclone Seroja caused a severe downpour Sunday that killed at least 174 people and left 48 still missing in East Nusa Tenggara province.

[phgq]

NegOcc robotics trainer wins global virtual competition

#PHnews: NegOcc robotics trainer wins global virtual competition

BACOLOD CITY – A robotics trainer of the Negros Occidental Language and Information Technology Center (NOLITC) here was declared champion in one of the categories of the recently-held IRON (Inatel Robotics National) Cup 2021 Virtual Competition.

John Philip Bautista, 28, who represented the Philippines, dominated the Sumo-Mini (500g) Category in the event participated in by 50 contestants from different countries in South America and Asia.

In virtual awarding rites held on Friday, Bautista, who hails from this city, was awarded the champion’s certificate as the pilot of the robot “Kidlat” used by Team Bisdakz during the competition organized by the Brazil-based Inatel and Robocore on February 26 to 28.

Endorsed as NOLITC player by Pinoy Robot Games (PRG) and Data Science and Technology Corp. (DSTC), Bautista was the lone winner from Asia, which has players from nine countries.

Bautista’s work was among the two entries from the Philippines. The other entry was from the PRG.

He thanked the organizers as well as the NOLITC, PRG, and DSTC for recognizing his skills and talent, after receiving the certificate of award from Dr. Alexandre Baratella Lugli, professor and coordinator of courses in Control and Automation Engineering and Technology in Industrial Automation, at the Inatel research institute based in Brazil.

“I congratulate the Philippines and the player. I thank the team, the governor, and the people of the Philippines,” he said.

Rafael Mattos of RMS Virtual Brazil also sent his congratulations to Bautista and the Philippines.

“Let’s continue learning more about robots and work together because this is the future,” he added.

PRG founder Melvin Matulac thanked Governor Eugenio Jose Lacson for supporting the NOLITC robotics program.

“Rafael Mattos is my partner and it is his dream to bring the competition to every island. Philip, you will be the leader for Negros Island and Negros Occidental. You will be the leading trainer in the province in the next few weeks. We will have another competition sometime in July or August,” he said.

Provincial Administrator Rayfrando Diaz II said the province is proud of Bautista’s achievement and for now being part of the robotics world, which is a great arena for competition.

“The provincial government has plans to enhance the skills, knowledge, and experience of more players like John Philip. We hope to enter more competition and have fun. This is a new endeavor for us and I would like to congratulate the organizers. Thank you for sparking interest all around the world and spearheading this competition,” he added.

Ma. Cristina Orbecido, the administrator of NOLITC, said the IRON Cup 2021 is the first international contest they have participated in with the endorsement of PRG and DSTC, which are partners of NOLITC in putting up its Robotics Hub in 2019.

The competition, which was held online this year due to the Covid-19 pandemic, was organized five years ago in South America, Brazil, and Mexico. (PNA)

***

References:

* Philippine News Agency. "NegOcc robotics trainer wins global virtual competition." Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1133471 (accessed March 13, 2021 at 03:13AM UTC+14).

* Philippine News Agency. "NegOcc robotics trainer wins global virtual competition." Archive Today. https://archive.ph/?run=1&url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1133471 (archived).

[carlosebanegas-blog]

The Governance of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Aviation Law, Human Rights, and the Free Movement of Data in the EU

The paper deals with the governance of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in European law. Three different kinds of balance have been struck between multiple regulatory systems, in accordance with the sector of the governance of UAS which is taken into account. The first model regards the field of civil aviation law and its European Union (EU)’s regulation: the model looks like a traditional mix of top-down regulation  and  soft  law.  The  second  model  concerns  the  EU  general  data  protection  law,  the GDPR, which has set up a co-regulatory framework summed up with the principle of accountability also, but not only, in the field of drones. The third model of governance has been adopted by the EU through methods of legal experimentation and coordination mechanisms for UAS. The overall aim of the paper is to elucidate the ways in which such three models interact, insisting on differences and similari-ties  with  other  technologies  (e.g.  self-driving  cars),  and  further  legal  systems  (e.g.  the US) .

Over the past 15 years, scholars have increasingly focused on the normative chal-lenges  of  Unmanned  Aircraft  Vehicles  (UAV),  and  Systems  (UAS),  also  popu-larly  known  as  drones.  First,  the  attention  was  drawn  to  the  military  use  of  this  technology since the mid 2000s, that is, during the first years of the second Gulf War  in  Iraq  (and  in  Pakistan).  Whilst,  in  his  2010  Report  to  the  UN  General  Assembly, the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execu-tions, Christof Heyns, urged the then Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to convene a group of experts in order to address “the fundamental question of whether lethal force should ever be permitted to be fully automated,” another UN Special Rap-porteur, Philip Alston, declared that same year that “a missile fired from a drone is no different from any other commonly used weapon... The critical legal ques-tion  is  the  same  for  each  weapon:  whether  its  specific  use  complies  with  IHL,”  i.e. current international humanitarian law (in Pagallo 2013, at 4 and 59). A dec-ade later, this kind of debate is still wide open.The use of drones, however, can also affect the civil (as opposed to the state and the  military)  sector.  This  is  the  field  under  scrutiny  in  this  paper.  Scholars  have  examined matters of safety and security, drones market growth, public trust or dis-trust,  up  to  the  regulatory  efforts  of  national  and  international  lawmakers.  Their  latter  aim  is  to  reform  current  air  traffic  management  systems,  so  that  UAVs  and  UAS can gradually start sharing such air space with traditional aircrafts. In the US, for  example,  the  2012  FAA  Modernization  and  Reform  Act,  i.e.  Public  Law  112-95,  together  with  the  FAA  Reauthorization  Act  of  2018  provide  for  a  federal  legal  framework, which is complemented by the powers of the Federal Aviation Adminis-tration (FAA) and, to some of extent, the States of the Union. In the European Union (EU), a similar path has been followed by Regulation 2018/1139 on common rules in the field of civil aviation. By repealing the previous Regulation 2008/216, the new set  of  rules  reduces  powers  and  competences  of  both  Member  States  and  national  agencies  on  drones  operations,  by  devolving  most  of  the  relevant  ruling  powers  to  the European Commission and to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).The aim of the paper is to restrict the focus of the analysis to the EU regula-tory  efforts  in  the  civil  sector,  in  order  to  cast  light  on  different  models  of  legal  governance  that  EU  lawmakers  have  adopted  in  the  fields  of  civil  aviation  law,  human rights protection, and data protection law with the free flow of such data. At the international law level, the notion of governance is usually related to “the formation and stewardship of the formal and informal rules that regulate the pub-lic realm, the arena in which state as well as economic and societal actors interact to make decisions” (Grindle 2007). Such formal and informal rules strike differ-ent  forms  of  balance  between  multiple  regulatory  systems,  such  as  the  forces  of  the market and of social norms, between law, ethics, and technology. One of the main contentions of this paper is that such balances vary in accordance with the specific sector of the governance of UAS which is taken into account in EU law.Next,  Sect. 2  sets  the  level  of  abstraction  of  this  paper,  by  distinguishing  three  forms  of  legal  regulation  with  their  variables.  Then,  Sect. 3  illustrates  the On Legal Regulation and its VariablesLegal regulation is an essential ingredient of most notions and models of governance (Pagallo 2015).  By  taking  into  account  the  regulatory  aims  of  the  law,  we  should  distinguish three kinds of legal regulation, i.e., between (i) traditional forms of top-down  regulation,  such  as  an  act,  or  a  statute,  which  mostly  hinge  on  the  threat  of  physical or pecuniary sanctions; (ii) manifold ways of self-regulation, or bottom-up approaches, with limited accountability and legal framing; and (iii) forms of co-reg-ulation that can be understood as a sort of interface between top-down and bottom-up solutions, between legislators and stakeholders.This basic demarcation between different forms of legal regulation and hence, of governance can be further developed with the variables of each observable of the  analysis.  As  to  the  forms  of  top-down  regulation,  lawyers,  especially  in  the  international  law  field,  distinguish  between  monistic  and  dualistic  approaches.  Monism refers to the functioning of a legal system—or to the interaction between two  or  more  legal  systems—which  is  ultimately  based  on  a  single  legal  source,  such  as  the  constitution  of  a  state.  Dualism  has  to  do  with  the  distribution  of  competences and coordination between two or more legal systems, each of which has  its  own  constitution,  or  basic  legal  source.  For  example,  it  is  still  an  open  issue  whether  the  EU  law  should  be  grasped  either  in  monistic  terms,  or  in  a  dualistic  manner:  the  EU  Court  of  Justice’s  doctrine  is  monistic,  whilst  both  the  German  and  Italian  constitutional  courts  endorse  a  dualistic  approach.  This  alternative affects the international regulations of UAS as well. Such regulations comprise  the  Chicago  Convention  from  1944  with  its  Annexes  (and  subsequent  amendments), much as the soft law provided by ICAO through its standards and recommended  practices  (Masutti  and  Tomasello  2018).  Although  the  latter  do  not have the same binding force of the Convention, the Contracting States should collaborate  in  securing  that  their  national  regulations  are  uniform  with  such  standards  and  recommended  practices.  This  form  of  international  cooperation,  however, according to certain scholars, should be strengthened through the devel-opment  of  a  proper  international  legal  framework  for  UAS,  due  to  the  unique  challenges  brought  forth  by  this  technology  and  the  need  to  develop  and  timely  adopt new standards (Fiallos 2016).Current  debates  on  the  international  laws  of  UAS,  regardless  of  the  monistic  or  dualistic  nature  of  this  law,  show  nonetheless  that  such  regulations  leave  room  for  different models of governance at the ‘regional level,’ e.g. the EU laws in the field of UAS. It is noteworthy that all the legal sectors under investigation in this paper, such as the fields of civil aviation law and of data protection, present a double level of top-down intervention, namely, that of the EU member states (national level), and that  of  the  EU  (international  or  quasi-federal  level).  Yet,  it  is  up  to  the  EU  and  its  Member States to determine how this double level of top-down intervention should actually  work.  After  all,  the  EU  lawmakers  have  adopted  two  different  regulatory  models  in  the  field  of  UAS  over  the  past  12  years,  i.e.  the  fragmented  and  dual  approach  of  Reg.  (EC)  2008/216  and  the  centralized  legal  framework  of  Regula-tion (EU) 2018/1139. One of the main aims of this paper will be to complement the analysis  of  such  models  of  top-down  regulation,  whether  national  or  international,  whether  monistic  or  dualistic,  with  further  forms  of  legal  governance  endorsed  by  the EU legislators in the field of UAS.As  regards  the  second  observable  of  the  analysis,  i.e.  the  notion  of  self-regula-tion, there are multiple bottom-up solutions. For instance, according to Chris Mars-den’s “Beaufort scale” (Marsden 2011), eight different levels of self-regulation can be  singled  out,  from  ‘pure’  unenforced  forms  of  self-regulation,  such  as  in  Second  Life (scale 0), to ‘approved’ self-regulation, as in Hotline (scale 8). These forms of limited accountability and legal framing are not particularly relevant in the context of  UAS  regulation  and  its  governance.  Rather,  such  bottom-up  solutions  should  be  scrutinized in connection with further forms of co-regulation, as a sort of legal link between legislators and stakeholders.Yet, also the notion of co-regulation has its own variables. This interface between top-down  and  bottom-up  approaches  includes  forms  of  approved  compulsory  self-regulation  (e.g.  ICANN),  and  scrutinized  self-regulation  (NICAM),  down  to  inde-pendent  bodies  with  stakeholder  fora,  in  which  top-down  directives  of  the  govern-ment are co-regulated through taxation and/or compulsory levy (Marsden 2011). In addition  to  these  forms  of  co-regulation,  we  should  take  into  account  the  account-ability  principle  of  the  EU  data  protection  regulation,  the  ‘GDPR’  (see  below  in  Sect. 5);  much  as  the  coordination  mechanisms  of  legal  experimentation  (Sect. 6). This  differentiation  between  multiple  forms  of  co-regulation  is  critical,  since  it  allows us to understand how the bar is set between the ends of the regulatory spec-trum, that is, between strict top-down and pure bottom-up regulations.In light of this threefold class of legal regulation, we can say that each regulatory solution  strikes  a  different  kind  of  balance  between  multiple  regulatory  systems  in  competition.  As  mentioned  above  in  the  introduction,  one  of  our  main  contentions  is  that  different  kinds  of  balance  have  been  struck  in  the  field  of  UAS,  in  accord-ance with the sector that is scrutinized under EU law. The next section examines the current state-of-the-art in civil aviation law, in order to pinpoint what model of legal governance the EU legislators have opted for in this field.3   On Civil Aviation in EU and its Model of Legal GovernanceUAS operations in Europe are currently disciplined by Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 on common rules in the field of civil aviation, the so-called “new basic regulation.” The  new  set  of  rules  repealed  the  dual  approach  of  the  previous  2008  regulation,  i.e. Reg. (EC) 2008/216. According to this latter legal framework, the EU lawmak-ers only provided rules for UAS with an operating mass over 150 kg and expressly excluded the regulation of certain types of drones, either due to their activity or their weight. This means that each EU Member State and their national aviation agencies had  regulatory  powers  for  all  the  other  kinds  of  drones  throughout  a  decade.  This  meant  however  the  fragmentation  of  the  system.  A  number  of  extremely  detailed  regulations by multiple national authorities raised the risk of hindering this vibrant field of technological innovation. The swirl of administrative acts by the Italian civil aviation authority, i.e. “ENAC,” illustrated this deadlock in the mid 2010s (Pagallo 2017a).In  order  to  guarantee  certainty,  harmonization  and  clarification  of  the  rules  on  drones, the new 2018 EU regulation sets up a centralized, top-down framework, in which  the  main  ruling  powers  are  devolved  to  both  the  European  Commission  and  the  European  Aviation  Safety  Agency  (EASA).  The  new  regulation  is  adopted  in  the  name  of  the  subsidiarity  principle.  The  latter  governs  the  exercise  of  the  EU’s  competences, as laid down in the Treaty of the European Union (Article 5(3)), and applies to all the cases in which the Union has no exclusive competence, as for civil aviation.  In  the  wording  of  the  new  Act,  “since  the  objectives  of  this  Regulation,  namely  establishing  and  maintaining  a  high  uniform  level  of  civil  aviation  safety,  while  ensuring  a  high  uniform  level  of  environmental  protection,  cannot  be  suffi-ciently achieved by the Member States because of the largely transnational nature of aviation and its complexity, but can rather, by reason of their Union-wide scope, be better  achieved  at  Union  level,  the  Union  may  adopt  measures,  in  accordance  with  the principle of subsidiarity” (Rec. 88).The new basic regulation concerns all drones regardless of their size and weight, although  there  are  some  exceptions,  which  are  up  to  EASA  to  regulate  with  its  guidelines,  pursuant  to  Annex  I  and  Art.  141(4)  of  the  regulation.  Member  States  can lay down specific national rules for UAS, either by granting specific exemptions to some European requirements, or amending the implementing and delegated acts of  the  Commission,  in  accordance  with  Art.  56(8)  and  71  of  the  regulation  (Bassi  2019a). However, the aim to guarantee standards for the safety, efficiency and envi-ronmental impact of air traffic—so that drones can gradually begin to share the air space—is  mostly  defined  at  the  EU  level.  Similarly  to  the  US  regulatory  model,  which  mostly  revolves  around  the  powers  of  the  Congress  and  the  Federal  Avia-tion Administration, the regulatory powers of the EU are devolved both to the Com-mission  and  to  EASA.  Since  2019  onwards,  scholars  had  thus  to  pay  attention  to  the  European  Commission’s  implementing  and  delegated  acts,  mandated  by  Reg.  2018/1139.  Such  acts  establish  a  specific  set  of  detailed  rules  for  different  classes  of  UAS  operations  (Bassi  2020).  Examples  are  the  Delegated  Regulation  (EU)  2019/945  on  unmanned  aircraft  systems  and  on  third-country  operators  of  UAS,  and  the  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2019/947  on  the  rules  and  procedures  for  the operation of unmanned aircrafts, as amended by the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/639 of 12 May 2020, related to standard scenarios for opera-tions executed in or beyond the visual line of sight.In  addition,  there  are  the  regulatory  powers  of  EASA.  They  are  both  hard  and  soft.  As  to  the  hard  tools  of  EASA,  pursuant  to  Art.  75(2)(b)  of  Reg.  1139/2018,  the  Agency  has  the  power  to  develop,  upon  request  of  the  Commission,  technical  rules that cannot be changed by the Commission without prior coordination with the Agency.  This  power  of  EASA  is  disciplined  by  Article  115(1)  of  Regulation  (EU)  2018/1139  and  by  an  ad  hoc  internal  ‘Rulemaking  Procedure’  (EASA  2015)  (MB  Dec. No 18-2015). As regards the soft powers of EASA, the Agency can issue such acts, as the Guidance Material and Acceptable Means of Compliance that flesh out the  measures  to  comply  with  the  regulation,  including  e.g.  the  description  of  the  methodology for conducting a Specific Operation Risk Assessment and the model of a pre-defined risk assessment.Two  basic  features  of  this  regulatory  model  of  governance  for  UAS  in  the  civil  aviation  field  can  be  further  stressed  in  light  of  the  current  regulation  of  autono-mous ground vehicles (AVs), or self-driving cars. Although UAS and AVs may look somehow  similar,  the  ways  in  which  they  are  disciplined  in  the  EU  suggests  some  striking  differences.  In  addition  to  technological  and  geo-political  reasons  (Pagallo  2011), such different regulatory approaches concern alternative models of top-down regulation, and their interplay with the soft tools of the law. As to the different types of top-down regulation, in addition to Regulation (EU) 2018/113 in the field of civil aviation, there is a set of common rules established at the EU level also in the field of AVs. The list includes both a regulation on the approval and market surveillance of  motor  vehicles,  and  three  directives  on  liability  for  defective  products,  the  sale  of consumer goods, and insurance against civil liability (Pagallo et al. 2019). Con-trary  to  the  field  of  UAS,  however,  the  most  critical  legal  issues  of  current  traffic  law  depend  on  the  legislation  of  each  EU  member  state,  as  occurs  with  matters  of  redress,  damages,  or  tortuous  liability.  We  are  far  from  even  beginning  to  imagine  a quasi-federal legal framework for the use of AVs at the EU level. All the amend-ments which have been made to existing traffic laws, in order to allow for the testing and use of driverless technology on public roadways, are up to national legislators: Spain  passed  its  own  law  with  the  Dirección  General  de  Tráfico  from  November  2015; Belgium with the Royal Order from March 2016; Italy with the “Smart Road” decree from February 2018; France with the norms on “la croissance et la transfor-mation des entreprises” from April 2019; and so on. Although both regulatory mod-els of civil aviation and road traffic laws are thus top-down and dualistic—because there is a distribution of competences between the EU and its member states—only the regulatory framework of UAS appears highly centralized.A second crucial difference between UAS and AVs, and hence, another crucial facet of the EU regulatory model of governance for UAS has to do with the role of soft law. The lack of any robust soft law for AVs, as a matter of fact, appears as the by-product   of an on-going process to determine the rules of hard law in that field. As regards the governance  of  UAS,  the  soft  powers  of  EASA  can  hardly  be  overestimated.  They  are  established by Articles 75 and 76 of the basic regulation, and comprise (i) opinions and recommendations on the current legal framework; (ii) the development of standards for the integration of UAS operations in the single European sky strategy; (iii) monitoring functions that regard the application of the 2018 regulation; and, (iv) the coordination of the activities by member states, which includes certifications, duties of oversight—in  particular  cooperative  and  cross-border  oversight—and  enforcement  tasks  (Bassi  2020).Some of these soft powers of EASA on e.g. development of standards can be prop-erly  conceived  of  as  the  middle  ground  between  the  top-down  regulatory  approach  illustrated thus far, and the forces of the market. According to a study of the EU institu-tions, the drone services market is going to grow noticeably, with estimates “between €10bn by 2035 and €127bn for the coming years” (European Commission 2017). Yet, such growth would be impossible without efforts of coordination and cooperation with the drone industry. Going back to EASA’s Guidance Materials and Acceptable Means of Compliance, it is remarkable that the principal aim of such acts is to assist operators, for example, when applying for an authorization in the specific category of the opera-tion to be performed. In the description of the rulemaking procedure followed for the adoption of its Opinion 5/2019, EASA has stressed that the definition of standard sce-narios for specific drones operations is developed on the basis of the “in-service experi-ence of some Member States.” Stakeholders and national experts of different member states are involved in the process (EASA 2019).The EU top-down regulatory approach to the field of civil aviation is thus crucially complemented, all in all, by the soft tools of the law. Soft law represents the interface between  the  common  standards  on  safety,  efficiency  and  environmental  impact  of  the  air traffic—as the main goals of the current reform of the air traffic management system in Europe—and the role that the forces of the market play in this context. The overall aim of the EU lawmakers is to attain that the whole framework, including UAS shar-ing the air space with traditional aircrafts, is at full speed by 12 September 2023, i.e. as established in Article 140 of the 2018 Regulation.Still, the governance of UAS and the legal regulations of the sector regard also but not only the field of civil aviation. UAS affect further fields as different as public secu-rity  legislation,  telecommunication  and  data  protection  law,  product  liability,  criminal  law, or insurance law (Custers 2016). Attention should be drawn as well to the impact of UAS operations on the protection of people’s rights, such as the right to dignity and freedom  of  assembly  and  association,  privacy  and  non-discrimination,  down  to  the  criminal safeguards of the individuals (Finn and Wright 2012). The next section exam-ines what model of governance may follow as a result of this broader view on the nor-mative impact of UAS.

4   When Drones Meet People’s RightsScholars and authorities—such as the Art. 29 Working Party, mentioned above in the  introduction—have  time  and  again  stressed  threats  and  challenges  triggered  by  the  use  of  drones.  Such  threats  include  a  “chilling  effect;  dehumanisation  of  the surveilled; transparency and visibility, accountability and voyeurism; function creep; bodily privacy; privacy of location and space; and privacy of association” (Finn and Donovan 2016).The  provisions  and  legal  safeguards  that  are  hence  at  stake  with  the  use  of  drones  regard  acts  and  statutes  of  national  states  with  their  constitutions,  much  as  international  conventions  and  agreements.  In  Europe,  for  example,  attention  should be drawn to a long-standing tradition, which is defined by the 1950 Con-vention  on  Human  Rights  (“ECHR”),  and  the  2000  EU  Charter  of  Fundamental  Rights  (“CFR”).  In  the  case  of  the  ECHR,  the  legal  reference  is  to  the  human  nature of such rights, in accordance with the terminology of international lawyers and  due  to  the  international  nature  of  the  convention.  In  the  case  of  the  CFR,  the  reference  is  to  the  fundamental  character  of  the  rights,  because  of  the  con-stitutional relevance of the Charter in the system of legal sources in the EU. On this  basis,  scholars  have  examined  whether  this  set  of  rights,  both  “human”  and  “fundamental,” can properly tackle the normative challenges brought about by the use of drones in the civil sector, or whether further advancements in the technol-ogy, e.g. the use of highly sophisticated AI drones, may fall within the loopholes of the legal system, as occurs, for example, in the field of the laws of war and of international humanitarian law (Pagallo 2013).Such  alternative  on  either  opting  for  the  enforcement  or  the  amendment  of  today’s drone regulations in the civil sector does not seem to affect, however, the model of legal governance illustrated so far. On the one hand, the enforcement of today’s laws by national and international courts, such as the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, or the EU Court of Justice in Luxembourg, comple-ments the top-down rules set up by governments and legislators through the case law of such courts. This is the approach of the Art. 29 Working Party in the 2015 Opinion  on  the  use  of  drones  (wp231),  as  mentioned  above  in  the  introduction.  In  that  Opinion,  the  EU  data  protection  authorities  insisted  on  how  UAS  opera-tions should abide by the “universal values of human dignity” (Protocol 13 to the ECHR and Art. 1 of the CFR); “freedom” (Section I of both the ECHR and the CFR); “equality” (ECHR’s Protocol 12 and CFR’s Art. 20); and so forth.On the other hand, we may admit that current advancements in technology will require a new generation of rights and principles, in addition to the list enshrined in  national  constitutions  and  international  agreements.  For  example,  by  taking  into account the normative challenges that are unique to AI, scholars have stressed the limits of traditional principles, such as justice and autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence, and hence, the need of enabling such principles through a new one:  the  principle  of  “explicability”  (Floridi  et  al.  2018).  Even  in  this  case,  we  should concede however that the top-down regulatory model discussed in the pre-vious section would not be challenged. Whilst current discussions on the ethical and  legal  principles  of  AI  and  of  other  emerging  technologies  revolve  around  whether and to what extent policy makers and legislators have to endorse a new set of principles and rights, the ultimate end is to make both new and old rights enforceable.  Therefore,  should  our  conclusion  be  that  the  protection  of  people’s  rights, vis-à-vis the use of drones in the civil sector, does not entail any new form of legal governance?We  think  there  is  a  relevant  ‘exception.’  It  regards  the  field  of  data  governance  and  the  corresponding  right  to  personal  data  protection  in  EU  law.  Article  132  of  the civil aviation regulation includes a safeguard clause for privacy concerns, which refers  to  the  application  of  the  General  Data  Protection  Regulation  (GDPR)  Reg.  (EU)  2016/679  and  of  the  Regulation  (EC)  no.  45/2001  (repealed  by  Reg.  (EU)  2018/1725).  This  does  not  mean  that  every  UAS  operation  necessarily  entails  the  processing  of  personal  data,  yet,  manifold  UAS  applications  for  public  or  private  surveillance, disaster relief or medical assistance, journalism or simple leisure, up to a fascinating variety of commercial services do involve the collection and process-ing  of  personal  data  (Art.  29  WP  2015).  Accordingly,  scholars  have  examined  the  several ways in which drone operators and manufacturers should comply with both constraints  and  principles  of  the  GDPR,  such  as  the  purpose  limitation  principle,  data  minimisation,  individual  consent,  storage  limitation,  and  so  forth.  The  atten-tion  has  been  also  drawn  to  the  data  protection  impact  assessments  set  up  by  Art.  35 of the GDPR, and how the latter may relate to the operational risk assessment of Art. 11 Reg. (EU) 2019/947 on rules and procedures for the operation of unmanned aircraft (Bassi 2020). On top of that, a growing amount of work has been devoted to the implementation of Art. 25 of the GDPR, namely, how to set up a new generation of  GDPR-abiding  drones  in  accordance  with  both  the  principles  of  data  protection  by design, and by default (Bassi et al. 2019).Notwithstanding this amount of work on UAS and data protection, there are still few  studies  on  the  model  of  legal  governance  set  up  by  the  GDPR  (Pagallo  et  al.  2019); and moreover, on how this model may relate to that which was under scrutiny above  in  the  previous  section,  i.e.  the  model  of  legal  governance  for  UAS  in  civil  aviation law. The next section aims to fill this gap in today’s research.5   On Personal Data Protection and its Governance in EU LawThe  GDPR  is  a  long  and  complex  legal  text,  which  includes  173  recitals  and  99  articles, some of which appear rather vague or opaque. According to certain schol-ars,  “the  GDPR  can  be  a  toothless  or  a  powerful  mechanism  to  protect  data  sub-jects dependent upon its eventual legal interpretation: the wording of the regulation allows either to be true” (Mittelstadt et al. 2016; Pagallo 2017b).The  overall  architecture  of  this  regulation  looks  however  clear.  The  model  adopted by the EU legislators, pursuant to the definitions illustrated above in Sect. 2, is a co-regulatory model of legal governance. The legal link between the top-down norms of the regulation and the self-regulatory choices of data controllers is given by the accountability principle enshrined in Art. 5 of the GDPR. On the one hand, Art. 5(1) lists six sets of principles that should be implemented by data controllers These  principles  regard  (i)  lawfulness,  fairness,  and  transparency  of  data  process-ing; (ii) purpose limitation; (iii) data minimization; (iv) accuracy; (v) storage limita-tion; and, (vi) integrity and confidentiality. On the other hand, Art. 5(2) leaves room for  self-regulatory  measures,  both  technical  and  organizational,  on  the  part  of  the  data controllers, as to how they should attain the outcomes established by Art. 5(1), under  the  supervision  of  public  guardians.  Although  not  mentioned,  the  principle  of accountability is similarly at work with the provision of Article 24(1): “the con-troller shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure and to be able to demonstrate that processing is performed in accordance with this Regulation.”The overall idea of the GDPR’s co-regulatory model is that personal data process-ing is a risky activity and nobody, better than data controllers know how to properly tackle the risks of their own data processing. This is why the logic of the account-ability  principle  also  operates  with  the  provisions  of  Art.  25(1)  on  the  principle  of  data protection by design and by default, of Art. 32 on the “security of processing,” and of Art. 35 on data protection impact assessments. Safeguards should indeed be pre-emptive, rather than simply remedial, and do not regard just those data subjects concerned by the processing, much as design solutions and organizational measures should abide by all the requisites of the regulation (Pagallo et al. 2019).We may thus wonder how the co-regulatory model of data governance set up by the GDPR relates to the top-down regulatory approach of the EU civil aviation regu-lation  in  the  field  of  UAS.  A  sound  hypothesis  suggests  that  we  should  grasp  both  regulations  EU—2016/679  (i.e.  data  protection)  and  2018/1139  (i.e.  civil  aviation)  as  complementary.  This  means  that  UAS  operators,  on  the  one  hand,  shall  always  abide  by  the  top-down  rules  on  e.g.  safety  and  security  established  by  the  EU  leg-islators  in  the  field  of  civil  aviation—eventually  with  the  assistance  and  guide  of  EASA,  as  regards  certifications  and  means  of  compliance—whereas,  on  the  other  hand,  if  such  UAS  operations  entail  the  processing  of  personal  data,  it  is  up  to  the  data  controller  to  organize  itself,  in  order  to  comply  with  the  six  sets  of  principles  enshrined in Art. 5(1) of the GDPR.The greater flexibility of the co-regulatory approach of the GDPR—vis-à-vis the top-down regulations of EU-2018/1139—may depend on two main facts. First, the speed  of  innovation  that  mostly  distinguishes  the  field  of  data-driven  technologies  has  suggested  more  adaptability  than  the  top-down  and  soft  law  approach  to  civil  aviation. Second, the long and well-established tradition of safety design assurance in the field of civil aviation has supported the most rigid approach of the correspond-ing regulation. However, in both fields of data protection and civil aviation, legisla-tors have to address the common problem to design a set of rules, which should nei-ther  hinder  the  advance  of  technology,  nor  require  over-frequent  revision  to  tackle  such  a  progress  (Pagallo  2017c).  We  return  to  this  problem  of  techno-regulation  below in the next section.The complementarity hypothesis on how to grasp the interaction between regula-tions  EU—2016/679  (i.e.  data  protection)  and  2018/1139  (i.e.  civil  aviation),  has  still some problems. The first open issue brings us back to the data protection impact assessments set up by Art. 35 of the GDPR and the operational risk assessment of Art. 11 Reg. 2019/947. Here, we face a chicken and egg dilemma. According to the GDPR,  an  impact  assessment  (“DPIA”)  is  mandatory  when  personal  data  process-ing  entails  high  risks  for  the  rights  and  freedoms  of  natural  persons,  “in  particular  using new technologies” (Art. 35(1)). Likewise, Art. 18(h) and (i) of Reg. 2019/947 impose on each member state a twofold duty, namely, to develop a “risk-based over-sight  system”  for  certain  UAS  operators  and  an  “audit  planning  based  on  the  risk  profile, compliance level and the safety performance of UAS operators.” As a result, should the latter audit presuppose a UAS DPIA pursuant to Article 35 of the GDPR, or the other way around?The second problem of the complementarity hypothesis regards the limits of the GDPR. As stressed above in Sect. 3, UAS operations do not only concern the pro-cessing of personal data, but also public security legislation and criminal law, rules on product liability and insurance law, telecommunication regulations, down to the processing of non personal data. Some of these issues shall be regulated under the “U-space services” developed by EASA, as the latter stressed in its draft for a Com-mission  Implementing  Regulation  on  a  high-level  regulatory  framework  (EASA  2020b), proposed in Opinion 01/2020 (EASA 2020a). Still, how the norms on civil aviation should relate to the complexity of such other fields of the current legal regu-latory framework remains often unclear (Bassi 2020). Some of these fields, e.g. tor-tious liability, mostly fall within the regulatory powers of EU member states, so that risks of fragmentation are high.A third trouble with the complementarity hypothesis concerns how the top-down approach of the civil aviation regulation can cope with the advancement of technol-ogy vis-à-vis the more flexible co-regulatory approach of the GDPR. Section 3 has already mentioned the role of EASA’s soft law in developing rules and standards for the integration of UAS operations within the Single European Sky strategy, and yet, this approach does not seem sufficiently adaptable. Even EU legislators and policy makers increasingly admit this (Pagallo et al. 2019).Is there any further model of governance that can help us tackle the intricacies of technological innovation?6   Legal Experimentations and Data GovernanceThe  aim  of  technological  regulation  should  be  to  strike  a  fair  balance  between  the  protection  of  people’s  rights  and  interests,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  development  of  sound  technological  research  and  innovation,  on  the  other.  Over  the  past  years,  scholars—and even more importantly, legislators and policy makers—have increas-ingly  noticed  that  the  more  technology  is  complex,  the  less  traditional  top-down  approaches  are  fruitful,  in  order  to  properly  address  the  normative  challenges  of  technology. Scholars and policy makers have accordingly examined alternative ways to govern the manifold fields of technological innovation.The previous section has examined one of such alternative ways, i.e. the co-regu-latory model of data governance set up by the GDPR with the principle of account-ability.  A  problem  with  this  approach,  however,  regards  its  limits.  We  often  lack  a  set  of  common  principles  to  be  enforced  in  many  vibrant  fields  of  technologi-cal  research,  as  occurs  with  the  six  sets  of  principles  enshrined  in  Art.  5(1)  of  the GDPR. The on-going debate on the ethical principles of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the consequent amendments to the current legal framework suggest that we can hardly transplant the co-regulatory model of the GDPR into other domains of tech-nological regulation. Scholars and policy makers have thus considered further forms of regulation between top-down and bottom-up solutions. Section 2 mentioned some of them, such as forms of approved compulsory self-regulation, scrutinized self-reg-ulation,  or  the  setting  of  independent  bodies  with  stakeholder  fora.  Still,  these  co-regulatory forms of legal governance fall often short in coping with crucial features of today’s technology, such as the lack of data about the probability of events, con-sequences, and costs, which should allow us to determine the level of risk (Pagallo 2017a). EASA has denounced this lack of data in its Opinion 01/2020.The  Agency  proposed  a  “High-level  regulatory  framework  for  the  U-space,”  which includes the impact assessment presented by EASA for the draft of the pro-posed  regulation.  As  the  Agency  admits,  “as  there  is  no  sufficient  data  to  perform  a  through  quantitative  safety  risk  assessment  of  the  proposed  regulation,  EASA  will use a general qualitative approach to conduct the safety risk assessment of the options  analysed  in  this  impact  assessment.”  According  to  the  Agency,  we  should  add  to  this  lack  of  data  the  lack  of  a  “common  data  exchange  infrastructure.”  In  the Opinion of EASA, the idea is that such constraints should be addressed through monitoring  procedures.  The  regulatory  model  of  governance  we  are  looking  for  should  indeed  provide  the  legal  basis  for  collecting  the  empirical  data  and  knowl-edge  necessary  for  making  rational  decisions  on  a  number  of  critical  issues,  for  example,  in  order  to  better  appreciate  the  threats  associated  with  a  certain  techno-logical  application,  such  as  a  urban  drone  flight,  a  bunch  of  self-driving  cars,  or  a  team  of  service  robots.  This  kind  of  factual  information  is  a  necessary  condition  for  every  sound  model  of  legal  governance  today  (Pagallo  2017a).  In  the  wording  of  EASA,  it’s  crucial  “a  continuous  and  systematic  process  of  data  collection  and  analysis about the implementation/application of a rule/activity. It generates factual information for future possible evaluations and impact assessments. It also helps to identify actual implementation problems and support regular updates of the regula-tory framework” (EASA 2020a).Another  crucial  ingredient  of  the  model  has  to  do  with  the  role  of  stakeholders  and how they should be involved: we already stressed this point above in Sect. 3, in connection with EASA’s soft law tools and the development of standards in the field of UAS. The increasing use of drones for journalism and surveillance, medical assis-tance and commercial services, or just for fun and leisure, suggests that we should take into account the role of social standards, in addition to the development of tech-nological  standards.  As  shown  by  the  use  of  drones  during  the  Covid-19  crisis  in  urban  areas,  UAS  clearly  affect  how  people  perceive  and  live  in  public  and  even  private spaces. Consultations with stakeholders and forms of participation related to the use of drones can increase both the awareness of social benefits and knowledge of best practices and recommended behaviours for diminishing risks for safety and privacy.  A  sound  model  of  governance  for  this  field  should  thus  include  forms  of  involvement for the alignment of societal values and comprehension of public opin-ion, much as responsible experimentation could improve our understanding of how highly sophisticated technological systems may satisfy human needs (Bassi 2019b) Remarkably,  this  latter  approach  to  experimentation  has  been  progressively  adopted  by  policy  makers  and  governments  over  the  past  two  decades  (Pagallo  2017a).  The  Japanese  government,  for  instance,  has  created  a  number  of  special  zones  for  the  empirical  testing  and  development  of  robotics  and  AI  systems.  Such  forms  of  living  labs,  or  Tokku,  have  concerned  so  far  the  fields  of  road  traffic  laws  (at Fukuoka in 2003), radio law (Kansai 2005), data protection (Kyoto 2008), safety governance  and  tax  regulation  (Tsukuba  2011),  much  as  road  traffic  laws  in  high-ways  (Sagami  2013).  These  forms  of  legal  experimentation  have  been  developed  in  Europe,  much  as  in  US  as  well.  Experiments  have  been  particularly  popular  in  the  field  of  self-driving  cars,  although  it  is  unsurprising  that  this  trend  has  rapidly  extended  to  the  drone  sector  as  well.  In  January  2019,  the  first  special  zone  for  drones  in  open  labs  was  established  in  the  harbour  of  Antwerp,  so  as  to  test  the  development of interoperability standards for communication systems. Further open labs have been created in other European cities, such as Turin, where an Open Lab is devoted—also but not only—to clarify the content of the rules and standards that privacy-friendly civilian UAS operations should abide by (Bassi 2020).Legal experiments can be perfomed through forms of experimentation by deroga-tion,  by  devolution,  or  by  “open  access,”  that  is,  “allowing  alternative  lawful  (col-laborative)  self-regulatory  practices  to  arise”  (Du  and  Heldeberg  2019).  What  all  these kinds of legal experiments have in common regards their mechanisms of coor-dination  (Pagallo  et  al.  2019).  As  a  model  of  smart  governance,  such  coordination  mechanisms represent the interface between the top-down regulatory efforts of leg-islators  and  the  bottom-up  solutions  of  self-regulation.  In  particular,  going  back  to  the co-regulatory models introduced above in Sect. 2, the coordination mechanisms of legal experimentation set the regulatory bar between the accountability principle of the GDPR and every model of self-regulation, either as a form of approved com-pulsory or scrutinized bottom-up approach. The bar is lower than the accountability principle’s,  because  the  coordination  mechanisms  of  legal  experimentation  lack  a  set of common values, such as the six sets of principles enshrined in Art. 5(1) of the GDPR. The regulatory bar is higher than in every model of self-regulation, because the perimeters of legal experimentation are defined by the legislator in a top-down way, that is, through e.g. public authorizations for security reasons, formal consent for  the  processing  and  use  of  personal  data,  mechanisms  of  distributing  risks  via  insurance models and authentication systems, and more (Pagallo 2017c).We  can  thus  wonder  how  this  governance  model  of  coordination  in  the  field  of  UAS may relate to the previous models illustrated so far, i.e. the top-down approach of  civil  aviation  law  supplemented  by  the  protection  of  people’s  rights  (as  seen  above  in  Sects. 3  and  4),  together  with  the  co-regulatory  approach  of  the  GDPR  (illustrated in Sect. 5).A well-established tradition in computer science suggests a solution through the middle-out approach (Pagallo et al. 2019). Both computer sciences and practical sci-ences  such  as  the  law  have  to  address  the  constraints  that  arise  during  the  design  process when upgrading existing systems. This is the case of the middle-out design for  human–computer  interaction  in  urban  spaces  (Fredericks  et  al.  2016),  or  when  building reference ontologies for the legal domain (El Ghosh et al. 2016). The same holds  true  in  the  field  of  UAS.  The  upgrading  of  the  system  through  experiments and  methods  of  coordination  shall  go  hand-in-hand  with  the  normative  constraints  set  up  by  both  the  regulations  on  civil  aviation  and  data  protection.  Such  experi-ments are in fact conducted in legally de-regulated special zones through the set of coordination  mechanisms  that  define  the  interface  of  the  governance  model.  Inter-estingly, this approach to what is also dubbed as “experimentalist governance” (Zeit-lin 2015), is at work with further initiatives in the field of data governance. Consider the European Commission’s policy on better and smart regulation (European Com-mission 2015),  and  the  EU  Better  Regulation  scheme  for  interoperability  (TOGAF  2017),  in  which  the  use  of  participation  schemes  and  coordination  mechanisms  can  be  understood  as  the  interface  of  the  model  between  top-down  and  bottom-up  solutions. In addition, the approach is consistent with the stance on the rule of law taken by standardisation agencies and some governance models in the business field (Pagallo et al. 2019; Poblet et al. 2019).This  convergence  is  unsurprising.  The  field  of  UAS  and  its  governance  have  shown  that  the  more  technological  regulation  is  complex,  the  less  top-down  and  bottom-up  approaches  are  fruitful,  and  the  more  we  should  pay  attention  to  forms  of co-regulation through the middle-out level of the analysis. The time is ripe for the conclusions of our study.7   

Conclusions

The paper has examined three models of governance for UAS in EU law for the civil sector, namely:(i) The top-down model of civil aviation law, supplemented by both the tools of soft law and the legal safeguards for the protection of human and fundamen-tal rights. This model highlighted both convergences between legal systems (e.g. the EU and US general laws on civil aviation), and differences between technologies (e.g. the decentralized regulation of self-driving cars in the EU vis-à-vis the centralized EU governance of UAS);   (ii) The co-regulatory model of data protection with the accountability principle enshrined in Art. 5 of the GDPR, which applies to all processing of personal data in the EU, regardless of the technology under scrutiny; and,  (iii)    The middle-out model of coordination mechanisms for legal experimentation, which has been increasingly adopted by most legal systems to tackle the chal-lenges of technological innovation.The  three  models  can  be  grasped  according  to  a  sort  of  legal  spectrum.  At  one  end of the spectrum, there are the strict top-down regulatory approaches that aim to govern both social and individual behaviour through the threat of physical or pecu-niary  sanctions,  whereas,  at  the  other  end  of  the  spectrum,  we  find  pure  self-regu-latory  solutions  with  limited  accountability  and  legal  framing.  In  light  of  the  three  models of UAS governance in civil aviation, data protection, and legal experimenta-tion, we can thus say that the bar of legal regulation is progressively lowered as we move from the first to the second model, i.e. from civil aviation to data protection;

and  from  the  second  to  the  third,  i.e.  from  data  protection  to  legal  experimenta-tion.  The  reason  why  the  regulatory  bar  is  progressively  lowered  depends  on  the  flexibility  that  is  necessary  to  properly  deal  with  the  normative  challenges  of  UAS  technologies.By lowering the regulatory bar, from strict top-down solutions (e.g. aircraft secu-rity), towards more flexible co-regulatory approaches (e.g. personal data processing by  UAS),  it  does  not  follow  that  the  bar  of  legal  safeguards  is  lowered  as  well.  In  the case of the GDPR’s model of data governance, the sets of principles of Art. 5(1) flesh  out  the  outcomes  that  data  controllers  should  attain  under  the  supervision  of  public guardians. As regards the coordination mechanisms of legal experimentation, lawmakers  determine  the  boundaries  of  the  legally  de-regulated  special  zones.  As  previously  stressed  in  Sects. 5  and  6,  the  governance  models  for  UAS  operations  should be grasped as complementary and in accordance with the goal which is taken into account, e.g. safety, efficiency, or environmental-friendly impact of UAS oper-ations  (first  model);  fair  processing  of  personal  data  (second  model);  or  empirical  testing for new standards (third model).The complementarity hypothesis leaves some issues open. Three of them are par-ticularly relevant for the governance of UAS. First, each model of governance is still in  progress.  The  civil  aviation  legal  framework  should  be  completed  within  2023;  data protection rules are often open to different interpretations; whereas legal exper-imentalism is instrumental to find out solutions for the previous models. Second, we mentioned  that  it  is  still  unclear  how  such  regulatory  models  should  complement  each  other  under  certain  circumstances,  e.g.  the  impact  assessments  set  up  by  Art.  35 of the GDPR vis-à-vis Art. 11 of Reg. 2019/947 on civil aviation. Third, further regulatory  issues  are  not  covered  by  such  models.  These  gaps  concern  either  the  EU law and its interaction with the legal systems of the member states, or between these latter legal systems with problems of coordination. Gaps include also but not only public security legislation and criminal law, rules on tortious liability and some aspects of insurance law. Problems of fragmentation follow as a result of the distri-bution, or coordination of regulatory powers, up to 27 different member states.This threefold set of open issues reminds us of the troubles of the law when deal-ing with the complexity of technology. The intricacy is corroborated by the threefold approach  endorsed  so  far  by  the  EU  institutions  for  the  governance  of  UAS.  The  complementarity and flexibility of the interaction between models may represent the only way in which the law can strike a fair balance between the protection of peo-ple’s rights and the development of sound technological research. In light of such a balance  between  safety  and  security,  data  protection  and  standards,  environmental-friendly  impact  of  UAS  operations  and  the  protection  of  human  and  fundamental  rights,  we  should  conclude  that  the  governance  of  UAS  is  such  a  complex  field  of  legal regulation that needs no single model, but three.

[uneminuteparseconde]

Des concerts à Paris et autour

Mars 05. Sef III + Muyassar Kurdi + Ronxshka & Jzerhard + Boris Allenou (aka Cathode) – Treize 05. Ritual Extra + Mhönos + Alahuta + Pisitakun – Pointe Lafayette 05. IAMX – La Machine 07. Les Troupes de l'imaginaire (fest. Sonic Protest) – Médiathèque musicale (gratuit) 07. Franck Vigroux & Antoine Schmitt : "Chronostasis" + Alexander Schubert : "Codec Error" – Centre Pompidou ||COMPLET|| 07/08. Ryuchi Sakamoto & Shiro Takatani (Dumb Type) : "Dis.Play" – Maison de la Culture du Japon ||COMPLET|| 08. Cheval scintillantes + Delphine Dora – Le Zorba (gratuit) 08. Molecule – Elysée Montmartre 08. Regina Demina & Eggplant + Léon Septavaux : "Haters" – Palais de Tokyo 08. Trevor Wishart + Davide Tidoni + Pancrace (fest. Sonic Protest) – Théâtre de Vanves 08. Léonie Pernet – O Gib (Montreuil) 09. Bretzel Göring + Kollektiv Barner 16 + Mohamed Lamouri (fest. Sonic Protest) – Centre Barbara-FGO 09. Elliott Murphy – Mona Bismarck American Center 09. Extrawelt + Ben Men + Präri – Rex Club 09. Adam X + Perc + Pulse One + Parfait – tba 10. ARP TARK (Aymeric Hainaux) – Centre national de la Danse (Pantin) (gratuit) 10. Julien Desprez – Centre national de la Danse (Pantin)   10. Wild Classical Music Ensemble + Dolly Rambo + DNA,AND feat. Ogrob (fest. Sonic Protest) – Centre Barbara-FGO 10. Uriel Barthélémi & Tarek Atoui – Silencio 10. Anaconda + Casio judiciaire + 2035 – Le Jardin d'Alice (Montreuil) 10. Radioactive Man + AZF + Erika b2b Noncompliant + Powder – Concrete 10. Deena Abdelwahed (dj) + Sundae (dj) – Centre national de la Danse (Pantin) (gratuit sur résa) ||COMPLET|| 13. Luminous Bodies + Klarinetthor + Enob – Espace B 14. Balmorhea + Martyn Heyne – Point FMR 14. I Hate Model + Marc.Andrea + Sina – Rex Club 15. Arto Lindsay + Seijiro Murayama & Thomas Brinkmann + Masami Kawaguchi (fest. Sonic Protest) – Eglise Sant-Merry 15. Mathias Delplanque + Club Cactus – Espace B 15. Esmerine – Point FMR 15. C.A.R. – Badaboum 15. Regina Demina & Eggplant + Léon Septavaux : "Haters" – Palais de Tokyo 15. Octave Courtin + Emmanuelle Gibello + Frédéric Mathevet + Hélène Singer + Alexandra Spence + Jean-Charles François & Nicolas Sidoroff + Kwangrae Kim – Le Cube (Issy-lès-Moulineaux) 15. Maud Geffray & Lavinia Meijer jouent Philip Glass (fest. Paris Music) – Eglise Saint-Eustache ||COMPLET|| 16. The Altered Hours – Supersonic (gratuit) 16. Morton Subotnick, Alec Empire & Lillevan + Kevin Drumm (fest. Sonic Protest) – Eglise Saint-Merry 16. Panico Panico + The Absolute Never + Thharm – Pointe Lafayette 16. Koki Nakano & Vincent Ségal – Le Bal 16. Virginie Despentes & Zëro + Dream Wife + The Pack AD + La Pietà + Léonie Pernet (fest. Les femmes s'en mêlent) – La Machine 16. Minimal Syndicat + Illnurse + Murd + The DJ Producer – Glazart 16. Pär Grindvik + SHXCXCHCXSH + Nozen – Nuits fauves 17. Hélène Breschand & Wilfried Wendling : "Imaginarium" – La Muse en circuit (Alfortville) (gratuit) 17. Vox Low – La Station 17. Arnaud Rebotini + Etienne Jaumet (dj)... (fest. Paris Music) – L'Aérosol 17. Maher Shalal Hash Baz + Mick Harris aka Fret + Russell Haswell + ZB Aids + Paddy Steer + Thomas Tilly + Terrine + Satan (fest. Sonic Protest) – L'Echangeur (Bagnolet) 17. British Murder Boys + Lucy + Dasha Rush + Anetha – Terminal 7 17. Chloé + Curses – Nuits fauves 19. Koban – Supersonic (gratuit) 19. Fever Ray – Olympia 20. Hackedepicciotto – Walrus (gratuit) 20. Les Tambours du Bronx + Acyl – La Machine 21. Hackedepicciotto + Phoenician Drive + Maninkari – Supersonic (gratuit) 21. Egopusher – Centre culturel suisse 22. Jean-Philippe Renoult & Dinah Bird : musique pour "Absynth" de HeHe (Biennale Nemo) – WIP 22. Goran Bregovic & l'orchestre des mariages et des enterrements – Salle Pleyel 22. Petra pied de biche – Pointe Lafayette 23. PurForm + TRDLX (Biennale Nemo) – Grande Halle de La Villette 23. Pierre Henry (diff.) + Anabelle Playe + John Chantler + Bill Orcutt + Anthony Child (Présences électronique) (Présences électronique) – Maison de la radio|Studio 104 23. Hey Colossus + Grey Hairs – Espace B 23. Delacave – Supersonic 23. Zombie Zombie – Le Plan (Ris-Orangis) 23. Paula Temple + Tommy Four Seven + Umfang – Nuits fauves 24. Alva Noto & Anne-James Chaton : "Alphabet" (Biennale Nemo) – Grande Halle de La Villette 24. Else Marie Pade + :such: + Bellows + Phonophani + The Caretaker (Présences électronique) – Maison de la radio|Studio 104 24. Youth Code + Carpenter Brut – Olympia 24. Jessica93 + JC Satàn – La Clef (Saint-Germain-en-Laye) 25. Jacques Lejeune + Chris Corsano + Ben Vida & Marina Rosenfeld + Mads Emil Nielsen + Gravetemple (Présences électronique) – Maison de la radio|Studio 104 29. Chicaloyoh + KosmoSuna – Le Zorba (gratuit) 29. Bleib Modern – Supersonic (gratuit) 29. Drame + Le Réveil des tropiques – Centre Barbara-FGO 29. Angry Skeletons + Laurence Wasser – Pointe Lafayette 29. Laurent Garnier + Scan X – Rex club 30. Orval Carlos Sibelius + Domotic – Le Zorba (gratuit) 30. Polar Inertia + Shlømo + Luigi Tozzi + Twin Peaks – Concrete 31. Schlaasss + Petosaure + Enfance de merde – Supersonic (gratuit) 31. Maulwürfe (fest. Artdanthé) – Théâtre de Vanves 31. The Noise Consort (fest. Artdanthé) – Théâtre de Vanves 31. L'émeute philharmonique de SEC + Kouma + Polar Polar Polar Polar + Stratocastors + Joujou – La Parole errante (Montreuil) 31. 14anger – tba 31. Arnaud Rebotini – Nuits fauves

Avril 04. Suuns – Elysée Montmartre 05. Michaela Antalova + Amundsen + On lâche les chiens – Le Zorba (gratuit) 05. UUUU – Espace B 05. Dance with the Dead + Christine + Mlada Fronta + Confrontational + Midnight Danger – Gibus 06. Le Prince Harry + Whispering Sons + The Guru Guru + It It Anita + Empereur – Supersonic 06. Le singe blanc + Nohaybanda! + Casse gueule – Cirque électrique 06. NSI (Tobias & Max Loderbauer) + Sendai Soundsystem (Peter Van Hoesen & Yves De Mey) + ENA + Izabel – Concrete 07. Nozomi Misawa & Marion Bataille (fest. Raccords) – Bibliothèque Françoise-Sagan (gratuit sur résa) 07. Terminal Cheesecake + GuiliGuiliGoulag + Sweet Williams + Futuroscope – Espace B 10. Jamie Stewart joue Xiu Xiu – Olympic café 10. Structure + Walking Idiots + Oktober Lieber – Le Klub 10. John Olson + Nate Young + Regression + Henry & Hazel Slaughter + Stare Case + Wolf Eyes + Evil Moisture – Instants chavirés (Montreuil) 11. JC Satàn + Cockpit – La Maroquinerie 12. The Ex + Anarchist Republic of Bzzz (fest. Banlieues bleues) – La Dynamo (Pantin) 13. Amusement Parks on Fire + Ulster Page + Misty Coast – Supersonic (gratuit) 13. DJ Krush – La Bellevilloise 13. La secte du futur – La Station 14. Dominique a + My Brightest Diamond – Salle Pierre Boulez|Philharmonie 14. Infecticide + Exo_C + Randy x Marsh + Mauvaise foi + Forge (Monospace fest.) – Petit Bain 14. Techno Thriller – La Station 14. Badbad – 2, rue Paul-Eluard (Montreuil) 14. Function + Shifted – La Machine 14. Lil Louis + Josh Wink + Ellen Allien + Levon Vincent + Acid Arab + Paranoid London + Wlderz + Thomas Delacroix – Paris Event Center 15. Dominique a + Adrian Crowley – Cité de la musique|Philharmonie ||COMPLET|| 18. Chrysta Bell – La Maroquinerie 19. Christian Death + Punish Yourself + Volker – La Machine 19. Peter Kernel – Point FMR 19. Carole Robinson, Buno Martinez & Charles Curtis : "Naldjorlak I, II et III" d'Éliane Radigue – La Marbrerie (Montreuil) 20. Idles + Lice – Trabendo 20. Die Selektion – Supersonic 21. Igorrr + Niveau Zero – Trabendo 21. Yan Wagner + Tristesse contemporaine (fest. Clap Your Hands) – Café de la danse 22. The Body + Fange – Olympic café 24>26. Franck Vigroux & Kurt d'Haeseleer – La Pop 26. Ought + Foammm – La Maroquinerie 26. Wrekmeister Harmonies – Espace B 26. A Place To Bury Strangers – Trabendo 27. Popsimonova + Sleep Loan Sharks – Le Klub 28. She Past Away + Lebanon Hanover + Selofan – La Machine 28. Arcade Fire – Bercy Arena 28. Rhys Chatham + Krikor Kouchian + Chloé & Vassilena Serafimova – Centre Pompidou 30. Koudlam + Bajram Bili + Pointe du lac – La Maroquinerie 30. Iron Fist of The Sun + Am Not + Kevlar + Kontinent – Les Voûtes

Mai 07. Iceage + Pardans – Petit Bain 10. Derya Yildirim & Grup Simsek + Stranded Horse (Le Beau fest.) – La Petite Halle 11. And Also the Trees + Tropic of Cancer + Better Person + En attendant Ana + Magic Island (Le Beau fest.) – Trabendo 12. Deerhoof + Ulrika Spacek + First Hate + Good Morning + Pantin plage (Le Beau fest.) – Trabendo 13. God is an Astronaut – Trabendo 14. Bryan's Magic Tears + Le Villejuif Underground + VVVV – La Maroquinerie (gratuit sur résa) 19. Yo La Tengo – Cabaret sauvage 19. Deux boules vanille (fest. Switch) – Théâtre de Vanves 20. Biscuit Mouth + Melkbelly + Storm{o} + BadBad – Espace B 20. SNTS (Marvellous Island fest.) – Ile de loisirs (Vaires-Torcy) 23. Otomo Yoshihide + Kaze – Instants chavirés (Montreuil) 24. Otomo Yoshihide & Chris Pitsiokos + Ikuro Takahashi – Instants chavirés (Montreuil) 24. HMLTD + Faire (dj) – Petit Bain 25. Mogwai + Jon Hopkins + James Holden & The Animal Spirits (Villette sonique) – Grande Halle de La Villette 26. Car Seat Headrest + Naked Giants (Villette sonique) – Trabendo 26. Marquis de Sade + Anna Von Hausswolff + Exploded View (Villette sonique) – Grande Halle de La Villette 29. The Damned – Petit Bain 29. Deerhunter + Midnight Sister (Villette sonique) – Cabaret sauvage 30. John Maus + Flat Worms + Kate NV (Villette sonique) – Trabendo 30. Klimperei – tba 30. Igorrr + Ni – Les Cuizines (Chelles)

Juin 02. Penguin Café – Fondation Cartier 02/03. Björk + Beck + Jamie XX + King Krule + Father John Misty + Migos... (fest. We Love Green) – Bois de Vincennes 09. Trisomie 21 – La Maroquinerie 11. Preoccupations – La Maroquinerie 12. Damo Suzuki's Network – Espace B 13. L7 – La Cigale 14. Ty Segall & The Freedom Band + Mike Donovan – Bataclan 15/16. Ryoji Ikeda : "Formula - c4i - Datamatics" – Centre Pompidou 22. Modern Life Is War + Cro Mags – Petit Bain 25. Nine Inch Nails – Olympia ||COMPLET|| 27. The Jesus & Mary Chain – Le Trianon 29>01.07. Motor City Drum Ensemble + Antal + Golden Dawn Archestra + Tin Man + A Deep Groove + Josey Rebelle + Toshio Matsuura + Cotonete + Zaltan + Lomboy + Ceephax Acid Crew + Nick V + Saint DX (Macki Music fest.) – parc de la mairie (Carrières/Seine) 30. Echo Collective joue "Amnesiac" de Radiohead (fest. Days Off) – Le Studio|Philharmonie 30. Nils Frahm (fest. Days Off) – Salle Pierre-Boulez|Philharmonie

Juillet 03. David Byrne (fest. Days Off) – Salle Pierre-Boulez|Philharmonie 04. MGMT (fest. Days Off) – Salle Pierre-Boulez|Philharmonie 06. Trami Nguyen et Laurent Durupt jouent "Piano Phase" de Steve Reich + Bruce Brubaker + Laake + Fabrizio Rat + Murcof & Vanessa Wagner + Tom Rogerson + Grandbrothers (fest. Days Off) – Cité de la musique|Philharmonie 06. Amelie Lens + Daniel Avery + Floating Points + Folamour + Jeff Mills + Laurent Garnier + Kink b2b Gerd Janson + Not Waving + Solomun... (The Peacock Society) – Parc floral (Vincennes) 07. Richie Hawtin + Tale of Us + Charlotte de Witte + Chloé + Maetrik + Mano Le Tough + Octo Octa + Joy Orbison b2b Kornel Kovacs (The Peacock Society) – Parc floral (Vincennes) 08. Maulwürfe – La Gaîté lyrique 09. Eels – Olympia

Septembre 22. The Wedding Present – Point FMR

Novembre Michael Nyman : "War Work: 8 Songs with Film" – Salle Pleyel

Décembre 01. Deux boules vanille (fest. Marathon!) – La Gaîté lyrique

en gras : les derniers ajouts / in bold: the last news

[mitchbeck]

CANTLON'S CORNER: THERE'S STILL HOCKEY NEWS AND NOTES EVEN UNDER QUARANTINE - VOLUME 3

BY: Gerry Cantlon, Howlings HARTFORD, CT - Even with the world principally under quarantine, hockey business still moves forward. At this time of the year, Cheshire-native, Rob Malloy, usually is ramping up his workouts in preparation for what's coming up in three weeks, skating for Australia at the IIHF Division II Group A World Championship tournament. The championship, played in Zagreb, Croatia, near the Mediterranean Sea, would have been Malloy's sixth of his career. But now, that's all changed. The Mighty Roos, the Aussie’s national team name that would have been competing against China, host Croatia, Israel, the Netherlands, and Spain, but due to the COVID-19 outbreak that started in China, has taken that away from him and his Aussie teammates. In addition, the start of his 10th season of AIHL (Australian Ice Hockey League) hockey scheduled for April 18th is on hold as well. “We were obviously disappointed worlds were canceled, but nobody disagreed. At this stage, I don’t think there will be a competition until 2021. I also don’t see the feasibility of the AIHL season going ahead either. The teams rely on ticket sales and sponsorships to survive flying 25 guys around the country multiple times. Most rinks have shut for the time being. I don’t know, I don’t see anything happening in the near future,” Malloy said via e-mail. It's not the only calamity that has befallen him in the Land Down Under. He, his wife, and his two young children were in the heart of the Australian apocalyptic-looking brushfires several months ago, near their home in New South Wales. “The fires were pretty crazy! There was one about 15 miles from us that was burning for months. We lived in a blanket of smoke for a while. The air quality was awful. We couldn’t really even go outside. They are all extinguished at this point, but the recovery will be felt for years to come.” Now he and his family are back at home, unable to leave home, yet again. “We've been sitting in isolation for a few weeks now. They haven’t locked everything down yet here, let’s see what happens.” XL CENTER As of Wednesday, the home of the AHL Hartford Wolf Pack, UCONN hockey and men’s and women’s basketball is closed. The last of its staff was furloughed, both office and building workers. This now leaves just one office employee in the Wolf Pack offices and building security in the structure on a daily basis. WEBSTER BANK ARENA Currently, there aren't any AHL Sound Tigers hockey going on in the building, but plenty of saves are still going on. The arena is being converted to an emergency triage center for handling the overflow of coronavirus patients from various Fairfield County facilities. Fairfield County has been the hardest hit county in the state. Fairfield County is followed by New Haven County. Up to 118 beds have been assembled and hopefully never used are now available. Hats off to OVG and the arena staff for helping facilitate this. PRO SIGNINGS Ex-Sound Tiger, Cory Conacher, is the likely first AHL’er from this year to sign a European contract. The 30-year-old played in 44 games with the Syracuse Crunch as well as four games with the Tampa Bay Lightning, according to a Swiss hockey website. Conacher has signed with HC Lausanne (Switzerland-LNA), but the team didn’t comment on the rumor. Montreal signed winger Laurent Dauphin to a one-year, two-way deal. Dauphin was acquired on January 7th from the Nashville Predators for Michael McCarron going from Milwaukee to Laval. It was the first of several trades to change Laval. COLLEGE PRO SIGNINGS The New York Rangers added one more forward to the mix for the 2020-21 Wolf Pack season. Justin Richards, a center from the defending national champion University Minnesota-Duluth (NCHC), is leaving school a year early. In 34 gamers he had 14 goals and 25 points and was plus-14. In 120 career games for the Bulldogs, he's amassed 26 goals and 66 points. His father is Todd Richards, the ex-Hartford Whaler. His uncle Travis played for eight years with Grand Rapids (AHL). The number of signees is increasing a little each day and for UCONN next year some of the top teams in Hockey East have lost some big guns. Northeastern saw Tyler Madden leave after two years for a standard three-year, entry-level deal with the Los Angeles Kings. The Kings acquired his rights in a trade deadline deal with the Vancouver Canucks, who originally drafted Madden in 2017. The nation’s leading collegiate goalscorer, John Leonard, leaves the UMASS-Amherst Minutemen (HE) and heads for San Jose. His teammate Jake McLaughlin signs with the Chicago Wolves and Max Gildon leaves New Hampshire early for the Florida Panthers. One of the bigger college free agents, Brinson Pasichnuk, of Division I's independent program, Arizona State Sun Devils signed not with the Coyotes, but with the San Jose Sharks. Currently, that makes 68 Division I players that have signed pro deals and 78 in total. Two college players have signed for Europe one in Division I and one from Division III and 16 underclassmen have left early in Division I. According to veteran Rhode Island hockey reporter, Mark Divver, forward Tim Doherty of the University of Maine (HE) is transferring to Penn State (Big 10) in the fall is the latest grad transfer. Defenseman Milan Alishlalov (Westminster Prep) comes to UCONN in the fall. He has been playing for the Johnstown (PA) Tomahawks and was named to the NAHL East Division All-Rookie team and to the NAHL second-team, All-Rookie squad The three Hobey Baker finalists were announced and the award winner will be announced April 11th at an odd time 11 PM on ESPN Sportscenter. Junior Jordan Kawaguchi of North Dakota (NCHC), Junior Scott Perunovich of Minnesota-Duluth (NCHC) who just signed a two-year, entry-level deal with the defending Stanley Cup champions St. Louis Blues. Junior goalie, Jeremy Swayman of Maine (HE) signed an entry-level deal with Boston last month and are vying for the title. HOCKEY NEWS Cooper Moore (Greenwich/Brunswick School) was named to the BCHL All-Rookie team. The British Columbia Hockey League is one of the 10 Junior A Leagues in Canada that college-bound players are sent to prepare for a year or two before playing Division I hockey. Moore will be skating for North Dakota (NCHC) in the fall. The Chicago Steel (USHL) was awarded the leagues Anderson Cup as regular season champions with a 41-7-1-0 for 83 points. The head coach to start the year was ex-Wolf Pack captain and Sound Tiger, Greg Moore, who left December 1st to take the head coaching job with the Toronto Marlies (AHL). The OHL Priority Draft will be held remotely this Saturday starting at 9 AM for 300 players to be selected. Vinny Borgesi, from the Selects Academy at South Kent Prep, will play for the Tri-City Storm (USHL) in the fall and is a Northeastern (HE) commit in 2022-23. Another player from the Selects Academy U-16 team defenseman  Conor Shortall (St. John’s) returns to Canada and will play for the Drummondville Voltigeurs (QMJHL) in the fall. Ex-Wolf Pack, Wojtek Wolski, and ex-Sound Tiger, Tomas Malec, were released from HC Ocelari Trinec and HC Brno (Czech Republic-CEL) respectively. Ex-Pack, Petr Zamorsky, has signed an extension with HK Hradec Kralove (Czech Republic-CEL). Ex-Wolf Pack, Adam Tambellini, stays in Sweden going from MODO (Sweden-SHL) to Rogle BK (Sweden-SHL). Ex-Sound Tiger, Dustin Friesen, stays in Germany going from ERC Ingolstadt (Germany-DEL) to Iserlohn (Germany-DEL). A trio of ex-Wolf Pack/CT Whale did not have their contracts renewed by SC Rapperswil-Jona (Switzerland-LNA) in Tom Pyatt, Casey Wellman, and Danny Kristo. Philip Samuelsson, the eldest son of former Whaler great, Rangers player, and assistant coach, ex-Wolf Pack, and Avon Old Farms assistant coach, Ulf Samuelsson is being pursued by Dynamo Riga (Latvia-KHL). Defenseman Mike Little (Enfield) signs a two-year extension with SonderjyskE (Denmark-DHL). ARENA NEWS The expansion NHL Seattle completion date on the Key Arena known temporarily as the “New Arena at Seattle Center” has been pushed to June 2021, four months before their first puck is scheduled to be drop. The original date was January 2021 date in part because of the coronavirus mandated shutdown. Declared as a public-private project, the $930-million-project was restarted this past Monday. The temporary posts holding its historic 44 million pound roof are being transitioned from temporary posts to permanent ones, now that the extra excavation has been completed, the concrete for the posts has been poured. Construction on its brand new state-of-the-art training at old Northgate Mall location, however, it's still just started two weeks ago remains closed. NHL Seattle was very close to unveiling its team name,  color scheme, season ticket packages, and likely building naming rights, but it has been postponed till the COVID-19 pandemic is under control and the stay at home measures in place in Washington state are lifted. OVG (Oak View Group) overseeing construction, has two other major arena projects nationally that have been paused. In New York, at Belmont Park in Long Island, the future $1.3 billion 17,113 seat new home for the New York Islanders was halted by executive order of Governor Andrew Cuomo in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in NYC and the immediate need to build several new hospitals, freeing up building supplies. This could affect the original October 2021 opening date. The other arena project is in Palm Springs, California to house its yet named AHL farm team of the expansion NHL Seattle team postponed its February 18th groundbreaking of the $250 million dollar arena, what was described at the time was called, “unexplained circumstances”. Now with California, one of the COVID-19 hot spots, its original September 2021 opening seems in jeopardy for the 10,000 seats for hockey (11,000 for concerts and shows) in a collaboration between OVG Group and the  Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians. No new groundbreaking date has yet been set. The proposed new arena in Suffolk County Long Island in Ronkonkoma part of a $1 billion dual-use project was given a second extension in mid-December for April, there has been no word on the project's future or status. The project was to feature a 7,500-seat hockey arena, 6,000-seat outdoor stadium, hotel and office building on a 40-acre site that also has an LIRR station. The pandemic situation has forced the Chicago-based JLL (Jones, Lang, Lasalle) Group to likely seek another extension next month. The group hired NHL Hall of Famer former Islander and Ranger Pat LaFontaine, last year to secure letters of commitment from an AHL team, college or junior teams to be the primary tenants in the proposed new arena. Once those commitments are secured, then the Suffolk County council was expected to then get a summary of the bid to develop a Master Builder plan and to start construction. Read the full article

[salehmadridista]

Real Madrid players completed their last training session at Philip II National Arena before playing the European Super Cup against Manchester United Tomorrow | August 7, 2017

[owicpub]

I AM not amused

I AM not amused is a modern and different take on Christian entertainment. This book takes us through my story of growing up during the radical shift in media entertainment, evaluating the message in entertainment from the mouths of the creators, and then dive into the Bible to see how we should respond.

[Links and Details]

Here is an excerpt from Chapter 2

Writing the Ballads

If a man were permitted to make all the ballads he need not care who should make the laws of a nation – Andrew Fletcher

As we venture through our examination of media entertainment, it is important to consider what the artists themselves say about their creations. It seems media’s proponents and opponents always cross words, both making specific claims about the entertainment they produce. Truly, what is the intended meaning behind a song, a movie, or a game? Do artists really just create entertainment for creation’s sake? We cannot rule out some art is constructed to teach or promote a concept or a lifestyle. Education was the intention behind the after school HBO presentation, The Truth about Alex, and another program by CBS titled What if I’m Gay? Both of these presentations were produced as after school specials to entertain but also to teach kids about homosexuality as merely another lifestyle choice. While our modern culture routinely discusses homosexuality, the 1980’s media landscape generally treated the topic as taboo. Like all social agendas, artists broke into media to influence the audience’s mind, which slowly becomes law. To that end, the next two chapters will examine how media affects us and what the modern artists intend to teach the consumers through their art, whether present or absent from the life of Christ. With the popular artist’s influence established, we will determine what they intend to teach us and what lifestyle has resulted from their beliefs.

Early World Entertainment

On the seventh day of creation, God rested, and the command to observe the Sabbath was included in the ten commandments to reflect the general principle of rest from a hard week’s work. The exact purpose of the Sabbath is not entirely clear. It could have been a day to set aside for the complete worship of God, or it could have been a day set aside to merely rest. Because the entire Israelite social system was theocratic and Paul declared Jesus the fulfillment of the Sabbath rest, its observance was no longer commanded according to a few separate verses from Pauline writings (Romans 14:5, Colossians 2:16). I will simply suggest our rest is a matter of the conscience and I will leave the discussion of the Sabbath intent to others. With that, however, we are free to engage in entertainment to the extent God is honored by what we do.

We know that the root of the Olympics was born from the sports-like competitions used to showcase the best warriors of the ancient Greece. Gladiatorial games were spawned by the cruel Emperor Nero who turned the games from simple competitions into a bloody fight to the death. Sin had taken hold and our bloodlust spilled over into violence. The gladiatorial games finally ended when a martyr named Telemachus died in the arena in protest to Christian Rome participating in the ungodly games[i]. His death ended the gladiatorial games once and for all under Emperor Honorius, but we know what comes next for our unrestrained entertainment: either more bloody violence, uncontrolled heathen sex, or maybe a spattering of other sin.

The lost city of Pompeii was discovered in the mid 1700’s and the archaeological excavation continues today. The archaeologists revealed a culture so vile the people experienced what had to be a replay of Sodom and Gomorrah. Curiously, another town, Herculaneum, was also destroyed by the same volcano, Mount Vesuvius, in AD 79. The still available artwork inscribed on the statues, pillars, and walls in these towns depict a city totally saturated in sex and perversion. I am not about to suggest all natural disasters in our world are God’s specific judgment, but perhaps artwork from the valley of salt would yield similar imagery before the sulfur fell from the skies, and perhaps God acted in this manner to destroy a city so vile a message would ring through to the young expanding church: beware of resting too comfortably, a lesson Israel failed to learn time and again through the historical period of the judges. About the great city of Pompeii, the artist Bastille wrote[ii]:

Oh where do we begin? The rubble or our sins?

This artist asks a reasonable question which we must ask ourselves. Though our world is mostly not in total rubble, the sin of the culture is leaving a rubble of wrecked lives, ruined marriages, fatherless children, and drug and alcohol abuse. Do we start with our rubble or our sin? That is the core of what we are trying to answer in this book.

Pleasure is entertainment’s destination, and research has shown the more affluent a culture becomes, the greater the people seek both pleasure and entertainment. Since all means of entertainment is from the hearts of the people that produce it, it is not any wonder that their heart comes out in the art they produce. C.S. Lewis wrote the great series The Chronicles of Narnia. Though people frequently say that he wrote it to portray the sacrifice and redemption of Christ, that is simply not true. C.S. Lewis spoke many times on the subject and made it very clear he was merely writing in-depth children’s stories during a time it was assumed people did not want to read fanciful tales (an aspect he made light of in Eustace’s family in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader). He says that the Christ-like imagery merely came out of his heart because defending Christianity was one of the ultimate callings in his writing. But some hearts are full of evil. During the creative process, the evil present in an artist’s heart will spill out into the books, games, and productions they create and the end result will be a work that is not wonderful or beautiful, but twisted and evil. Such was the case of the Golden Compass series. The author, Philip Pullman, is an outspoken atheist. His childrens’ story depicted an enemy who was none other than God Himself. Such was the outpouring of his heart. In light of this, one Christian commentator of the entertainment industry revealed that for the most part, the writers, directors, and producers in Hollywood are generally not church-going people, and do not typically regard God or His word. Let us not be mistaken, if these are the people that are writing the shows we watch, let us not presume their views on life will not impact our own worldview. My message is clear: be careful what you watch on your television, do on your computer, or listen to in your personal time while secluding yourself through headphones.

Considering some artists teach out of intention and others teach out of the overflow in their hearts, we are led to a discussion of ethics. Most college programs now require students to take ethics courses. I was a graduate student studying biological sciences and our ethics course was intended to teach about what is right and wrong in scientific studies. Of course, the typical university preaches there is no absolute truth, so how can we possibly define what is ‘right’ and what is ‘wrong’ in a college ethics course? This is not a moot point because when the ground was broken for the USC film school, the attendants were Steven Spielberg, George Lucus, Irvin Kershner, and Randal Kleiser. In the article about the event, Lucas gave this ominous observation of the position of film in our modern age:

Film and visual entertainment are a pervasively important part of our culture, an extremely significant influence on the way our society operates. People in the film industry don’t want to accept the responsibility that they had a hand in the way the world is loused up. But, for better or worse, the influence of the church, which used to be all-powerful, has been usurped by film. Films and television tell us the way we connect our lives, what is right and wrong.[iii]

From one of the top directors of that time, and even still currently after three decades, Lucas reminds us that film and television do impact our lifestyle and thought. He even acknowledges movies and television impact us more than the church, for better or for worse. For this reason, Lucas goes on:

It’s important that the people who make films have ethics classes, philosophy classes, history classes. Otherwise we are witch doctors.[iv]

It is interesting Lucas wants to talk about ethics. According to Webster, ethics is the area of study dealing with moral right and wrong. From sciences to business, to human and animal studies, universities that proclaim there is no moral right and wrong want to teach their students about what is right and wrong! Chip Ingram deals with this problem in his message on Whatever happened to Right and Wrong?[v] He says that everyone agrees we need ethics, but no one can agree on whose ethics we adopt. I agree. My ethics, my moral rights and wrongs, are defined by God’s character as expressed in His Word. Other people say we should let our internal compass and feelings define what is right ‘for us’. This was the message in an interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono who helped to spread the mantra of existentialism, which is basically the ‘do your own thing’ philosophy. Ravi Zaccharius, however, observes that some cultures want to eat with their neighbors while other cultures want to eat their neighbors…do we have a preference? Yes, ethics are important, but unless those ethics are grounded in truth, they may be little more than lip service. We will continue a discussion of Christian ethics in chapter 4, for now, ethics aside, we want to see what the artists and producers want to teach us about the influence of art, and also what they want to teach us through their art.

The Method of Impact

The documentary Decadence: Decline of the Western World explores the steady decline of the Judeo-Christian culture that has dominated the western world for over 300 years. The description of the film on IMDB declares: The West consumes without consequence, loves without longevity and lives without meaning[vi]. The latter part of the film discusses media and religion. The narrator gives a prophetic summation about how our consumer lives are influenced by the media:

We watch helplessly as our sons and daughters, mesmerized by pop-idols and Hollywood’s cut-glass heroes, advertise for sex first and then maybe a relationship which soon enough reaches for the headache pill.

About two decades before Dunn wrote this prophetic statement, Alan Bloom wrote similar projections in the book, The Closing of the American Mind:

Picture a thirteen-year-old boy sitting in the living room of his family home doing his math assignment while wearing his Walkman headphones or watching MTV. He enjoys the liberties hard won over centuries by the alliance of philosophic genius and political heroism, consecrated by the blood of martyrs; he is provided with comfort and leisure by the most productive economy ever known to mankind; science has penetrated the secrets of nature in order to provide him with the marvelous, lifelike electronic sound and image reproduction he is enjoying. And in what does progress culminate? A pubescent child whose body throbs with orgasmic rhythms; whose feelings are made articulate in hymns to the joys of onanism or the killing of parents; whose ambition is to win fame and wealth in imitating the drag-queen who makes the music. In short, life is made into a nonstop, commercially prepackaged masturbational fantasy.[vii]

How did we arrive at such a place where our freedoms lead us only to perversion? To examine how our culture slipped to this extreme is not an easy task and entire books have been written on the topic. I only hope to summarize some of the debate with the sheer intention of whetting your appetite to search for better personal conclusions on the matter. Examine everything carefully.

Musicians, film producers, video game programmers all agree their respective art affects us. But as George Lucas notes in the above quote, they do not want to admit they have any role in how bad the world is, but most want to declare that art makes the world a better place. It is true, from the Christian pop-artists to the thrash-metal bands, from the shamanistic styling of the Grateful Dead to the unique brand that is Frank Zappa, musicians, neurologists, and everyone else who looks casually at the facts will honestly agree: music greatly affects our disposition. Research is starting to mount that other forms of media entertainment also take hold on us, teaching us, forming us. Rand Salzman said it best: “Viewers simply cannot help but be ‘rippled’ by the emotional gut-wrenching influence of huge moving color images backed by stereo sound.[viii]” The question remains is whether this emotional, gut-wrenching influence is a good influence or a bad influence on the consumers of such entertainment.

Some may argue the influence is negative. When school shootings and other violent acts are perpetrated by youth, some people are fast to point the finger at the violent songs, games, or movies often consumed by these kids. Such blaming is an oversimplification, however, on the other hand, many will suggest that their favorite music has no impact on their worldview; they merely ‘like the beat’. That, too, is an oversimplification. The delivery as media is actually neutral, like money. The point of agreement among those with a positive view and those with a negative view is that music can affect the way we live, it can give us something to relate to, something by which to blow off steam, or something by which to teach us about our world.

During the initial influx of film into the American culture, it was very clear that the entertainment industry was going to change the way people lived their lives. During the 1920’s, a series of morally questionable films, the murder of William Taylor, and a Hollywood rape prompted the proposal of several laws to place regulations on the film industry. Will Hays was appointed to produce a conduct guide for Hollywood film producers, a guide that became known as the Hays Code. The document begins by saying:

If motion pictures consistently held up high types of character, presented stories that would affect lives for the better, they could become the greatest natural force for the improvement of mankind.[ix]

The introduction to the document continues on to say entertainment and art are important influences in the life of a nation, thus the film entertainment is “directly responsible for spiritual or moral progress, for higher types of social life, and for much correct thinking.” The code guided and directed the moral content of the film industry for over forty years, but some people whom did not agree with the code or the morality it proposed pushed the boundaries so far as to force the document into the ancient and out-dated relics of the American entertainment industry. The code was later replaced with the current rating system which will be discussed in more detail in chapter 8 of this book.

During these early years of film production and with consideration of the Hays Code, the realization that film does impact the moral disposition of its viewers, Warner Brothers adopted the slogan, “Good Citizenship with Good Picture Making”. In the early years, the film company did focus on morally good films, but the steady decay began to erode the message and while to this day the company has an entire affiliated website dedicated to good citizenship, that may be exclusive lip service from the company that brought us such morally bankrupt films as Natural Born Killers. In all, despite the clear evidence film does morally direct the society, the film industry merely produces what we pay to see.

The power of film transcends beyond simple moral messages, and music can direct the listeners to the intended message the artist seeks to teach. With a full-on media campaign, anyone can convince even the most studious people to change their ways and adopt a belief system for which they generally do not believe. This was very clear by governments who started to use the power of film to change the minds and beliefs of its citizens into their own ideals. Although many people will point to the Russian (Alexander Nevsky) and German films (Triumph of the Will) that were used to turn the citizens of those countries into what amounted to war criminals in the reigns of Stalin and Hitler, the Italians and the United States were also among those using film for propaganda. Gerald Nye, a Republican senator from North Dakota, declared in a congressional meeting:

When you go to the movies, you go there to be entertained…and then the picture starts-goes to work on you, all done by trained actors, full of drama, cunningly devised…Before you know where you are, you have actually listened to a speech designed to make you believe that Hitler is going to get you.

Nye was attempting to make the point that Hollywood was being transformed into a propaganda machine for war-mongering to change the American people’s stance on World War II. Nye was against the Hollywood propaganda machine, but the President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, considered it necessary. In 1939 Nazi Germany was producing propaganda in a full-fledge media campaign to garner support for the Nazis under Joseph Goebbels. Roosevelt responded with using American film to sustain morale and according to Nancy Snow, Hollywood now acquired a prominent place in the battle for men’s minds[x]. 1940 saw the creation of the Motion Picture Committee Cooperating for National Defense, the industry-wide organization that would produce military training films and patriotic films for the American people in order to gain support for a war effort that many Americans were not sure merited participation. The government only unofficially supported this effort, though after the entrance into World War II, FDR created a specific division in the government to inform Hollywood producers on ways to portray any manner of political matters from war and foreign policy to domestic affairs. Though it is unclear whether this direct influence is still enacted, officially, in 1949 an appropriations act restricted the use of public funds for “publicity and propaganda.[xi]” Regardless of this act, film plays a large part in unifying the ideals in the people whom consume media.

Though we hear very little about it today, marketing itself is propaganda. Companies pay millions to place their products in movies, and in America today government-paid advertising on health care, political parties, food, defense, and social services can be observed daily on television and displayed as Internet advertising. Even the enemies of the United States use propaganda in order to garner support for their cause. Suicide bombers for Al Qaeda and likely also ISIS are recruited by viewing the successful explosions of other martyrs and hearing the praise for the perpetrator and seeing the community celebritizing the remaining family, showering them in riches. Such films and rallies gain support for the cause of suicide bombings and acquire willing people to carry out the acts[xii]. Whether we are seeing a commercial for the latest laundry detergent or seeing a new spin on a political agenda, we are better off acting on our mind’s sound logic rather than by the seductive, humorous, or emotionally appealing commercials.

Beyond propaganda, modern entertainment including movies, music, and video games desire to teach the consumers. The writers and producers want to convey a worldview or question the audience’s presuppositions. This is not just a modern trend that cropped up in the last decade. As early as the 1920s, research was commenced to determine the influence movies exert over youth. The results of the studies determined teenagers learned how to dress, how to behave socially, and how to think about the world though film. Some movies, such as The Crying Game sought to question erotic love between same gender adults and For a Lost Soldier examined homosexuality in adult-child relationships. Both films were released in 1992, though the latter was a foreign film. These productions were very intentional in how they made the viewer question their presuppositions. Most movies have just as great an impact in a passive way like the manner in which dirty uncle Eddy can influence the kids into uncouth manners.

Taken together, these observations indicate media entertainment, in any form, can certainly convey a message to those who consume the art. The message is not entirely bad or entirely good. The creators and producers of the art cannot choose to positively impact the consumer because they wish to deny the negative consequences of bad media, but neither can someone decide a certain song or movie contains all negative impact based solely on the beat or the reputation of the band. All these taken together, we will consider next some special considerations surrounding music and video games and their role in impacting the consumers.

Music and Sound

Music is all around us. While some want to dismiss music as a harmless pastime, most artists defend the positive impact of music in the world, though as Lucas admits, they do not want to admit the negative impacts. Even the MTV producers know about the impact that music can have on the listeners. One executive for the station said:

Music tends to be a predictor of behavior and social values. You tell me the music people like and I’ll tell you their views on abortion, whether we should increase our military arms, [and] what their sense of humor is like.[xiii]

Likewise, Michael Greene, the former president of the Grammy Music Awards, said in his 2000 speech:

Music is a magical gift which we must nourish and cultivate in our children, especially now as scientific evidence proves that an education which includes the arts makes a better math and science student, enhances special intelligence in newborns, and let’s not forget that the arts are a compelling solution to teen violence, they are certainly not the cause of it.[xiv]

Notice how Greene defends music as making students better at math and science, though those studies were conducted using classical music including Mozart and Beethoven, not the music the Grammy’s generally support or award. He talks about music’s impact in the newborn, and simply dismisses the clear impact it can have in rebellion of the listener. But his 2001 speech embraces the rebellion behind music:

People are mad! And people are talking and that is a good thing, because it is through dialog and debate that social discovery and progress can occur. Listen, music has always been the voice of rebellion, it’s a mirror of our culture, sometimes reflecting a dark and disturbing underbelly, obscured from the view of most people of privilege…We cannot edit out the art that is uncomfortable. Remember, that is what our parents tried to do to Elvis, the [Rolling] Stones, and the Beatles.[xv]

Greene discusses a very true point, and it is one point that I am attempting to make in this book:

Most of the adults who pass judgment have never listened to, or more to the point, have never even engaged their kids about the object of their contempt [the music]. This is not to say that there is not a lot of fear in this violence driven society of ours.[xvi]

I agree with Greene on this final point, but he does not go far enough. It is not a matter that we just need to look at the media our kids are consuming; we need to look at the media we are consuming because our kids model our own behavior before they will live out our instruction. We cannot blame music or movies entirely for the cultural decay Greene clearly admits, but we are foolish to think watching violent, sexual films or listening to violent, sexual music is just a meaningless distraction, since we already believe music alters our mental and emotional state. We must find a balance and consider that art does teach us and we will learn the messages they espouse whether we want to or not.

Michael Greene is not the only professional in the industry to believe music can cause tremendous positive impact while denying it’s negative effect. To a degree, these people are correct. When the Columbine shooting occurred, Marilyn Manson was thrown under the bus as a major cause of the event, even though Klebold and Harris did not even like his music. Manson wrote an article in his own defense appearing in Rolling Stone magazine, and Manson does raise several great arguments. He writes:

Responsible journalists have reported with less publicity that Harris and Klebold were not Marilyn Manson fans -- that they even disliked my music. Even if they were fans, that gives them no excuse, nor does it mean that music is to blame. Did we look for James Huberty's inspiration when he gunned down people at McDonald's? What did Timothy McVeigh like to watch? What about David Koresh, Jim Jones? Do you think entertainment inspired Kip Kinkel, or should we blame the fact that his father bought him the guns he used in the Springfield, Oregon, murders?[xvii]

Manson is not alone in the camp of artists who do not like to hear their art being blamed for violence in the culture. Some people echo the sentiment of a young heavy metal fan who said, “It’s all fantasy, none of it is real, you can’t take this seriously, it’s just like a movie.[xviii]” Many artists over the years have been asked if they believe violence in music has any impact on the listeners, and their answer is generally a resounding ‘No’. But that does not stop people from trying to blame music anyway. In a commentary blog, the author identified “Six Most Idiotic Attempts to Blame Musicians for Violent Events.[xix]” The article was written on the heels of the attempted assassination of Gabrielle Giffords in Tucson. It appears the perpetrator was a big fan of the song, Bodies Hit the Floor which the artists, Deadpool, say the song is about the moshpits in heavy metal concerts (curious how we are in a relativistic world yet the violent interpretations are not accepted). Nevertheless, the connections have been made not only to this song, but others as well.

Some arguments suggesting that music plays a role in violence can seem valid, such as the teen suicide committed when a young man placed the Ozzy Osbourne song Suicide Solution on repeat while he hanged himself. The AC/DC song Night Prowler was blamed for the Richard Ramirez murders, and serendipitously, he accidentally left his AC/DC hat at one of the murder scenes! While researching about lessons learned from school shootings, the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine researchers compiled a book depicting the warning signs and character traits of several high-profile shootings from the 1990’s and it would appear violent music lyrics did have a role in the legal cases surrounding a copycat killing a month following Columbine[xx]. These are just a few of the notable examples where music has been blamed in part for violent crimes.

Though I do not in any way suggest music is the root cause of violence and rebellion in our culture, I do not deny it may be a rather large contributing factor. I personally have listened to my fair share of horrible music including heavy metal and gangsta rap, but I for one have not gone out killing people. I do find it telling, however, that very few mass killers are not big fans of Beethoven although heavy and violent music more often than not is readily consumed by the young killers in our society.

Taken together, it is more likely music and movies reflect our nature back to us. As they become more violent, violence starts seeping out into the culture at large. So music may not cause the violence, but it is a reflection of the violence we feel inside ourselves, more of a mirror and less of a causation.

1.           [i]The Last Roman "Triumph", Foxes Book of Martyrs, John Foxe, Chapter 3

2.           [ii]Pompii, All This Bad Blood, 2013, Bastille, Virgin Records

3.           [iii]U.S.C Breaks Ground for a Film-TV School, New York Times, November 25, 1981

4.           [iv]ibid

5.           [v]What Ever Happened to Right and Wrong, Chip Ingram, Living on the Edge

6.           [vi]Decadence: Decline of the Western World, Pria Viswalingam, 2011, Fork Films

7.           [vii]The Closing of the American Mind, Allan Bloom, 1987, Touchstone Publishing, Part 1; Music

8.           [viii]The real effect of make-believe Don't let filmmakers tell you they can't shape public opinion, Atlanta Journal Constitution, May 19th, 1991 pg D1

9.           [ix]Hayes Code, http://pre-code.com/the-motion-picture-production-code-of-1930/, Accessed November 11, 2018

10.         [x]Confessions of a Hollywood Propagandist, Nancy Snow, https://learcenter.org/publication/warners-war-confessions-of-a-hollywood-propagandist-harry-warner-fdr-and-celluloid-persuasion/, Accessed November 11, 2018

11.         [xi]Advertising by the Federal Government: An Overview, Kevin R. Kosar, Congressional Research Service

12.         [xii]Cult of the Suicide Bomber, 2006, Disinformation Studios

13.         [xiii]MTV is Rock Around the Clock, Philadelphia Inquirer, Nov 3, 1982

14.         [xiv]2000 Michael Greene Grammy Music Awards speech, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Glq-ecgGjE, Accessed November 11, 2018

15.         [xv]2001 Michael Greene Grammy Music Awards Speech, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FP4vcVcydkM, Accessed November 11, 2018

16.         [xvi]Ibid

17.         [xvii]Columbine: Whose Fault Is It, Rolling Stone, May 28, 1999

18.         [xviii]Heavy metal and violence: More than a myth?, CNN, May 12, 2008

19.         [xix]Six Most Idiotic Attempts to Blame Musicians for Violent Events (or, the Tucson Tragedy was Caused by a Crazy Person, Not by Drowning Pool’s “Bodies Hit the Floor”, LA Weekly, Thursday, January 13, 2011

20.         [xx]Deadly Lessons, Understanding Lethal School Violence, The National Academy Press, 2003

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[weloseeveryweek]

the knowledge

Every week, The Guardian publishes The Knowledge, a round-up of fascinating football facts based on readers’ questions. Here are some interesting stories from the archives.

Ancient History

FK Varda and FK Rabotnički play in the Philip II National Arena, which was named after a king who lived from 382 - 336 BC. It's probably the stadium named after the oldest person, unless you count the now-gone Xerxes Stadium, where the now-gone Xerxes football club from the Netherlands played. Xerxes lived from 518 to 465 BC and is most famous for barely scraping past a half naked Gerard Butler.

A tale of one city

The record for the most number of clubs from the same city being relegated in the same season stands at three, and is held by three different cities. Stuttgart has the distinction of having all of their professional football teams relegated on the same day: VfB Stuttgart, Stuttgarter Kickers, and VfB Stuttgart II went down in March 2016. London and Reykjavik, while having a lot more football clubs, have each seen this phenomenon happen three times: London in 1979 (QPR, Chelsea, Millwall), 1980 (Fulham, Charlton, Wimbledon), and 2015 (QPR, Millwall, Leyton Orient), and Reykjavik in 1985 (Þróttur, Vikingur, Fylkir), 1998 (Þróttur, ÍR, Fjölnir), and 2003 (Þróttur, Valur, Léttir). Spot the Icelandic yo-yo.

North by Northwest

You'd think that football officials, the wonderfully responsible and incorruptible breed that they are, would never make a simple mistake as presenting the wrong trophy or medal, wouldn't you? Tell that to the FA in 1992, who gave the FA Cup winners' medals to the losers. The Liverpool players had to approach the Sunderland players to get their proper medals. Meanwhile, a last-day slip by Derry City in the 1994/95 League of Ireland season meant that Dundalk won the title instead. Unfortunately, since everyone had expected Derry to win, the trophy was in the wrong city. Dundalk ended up presenting an earlier trophy to themselves.

[public-new-yahoopartner-blog]

Public Royalty : Malgré l'attentat de Manchester, la reine Elisabeth II a organisé sa Garden Party

La reine Elizabeth II et le prince Philip ont accueilli la Garden Party du palais de Buckingham mardi après-midi. Une centaine d'invités faisait office de privilégiés. La matriarche a eu une pensée pour les victimes de l'attentat de Manchester. Elizabeth II a observé, mardi 23 mai une minute de silence depuis les jardins de Buckingham Palace pour les victimes de l'attentat de Manchester . 22 personnes ont perdu la vie et 59 personnes ont été blessées dans une attaque suicide ce lundi soir lors d'un concert d'Ariana Grande à la Manchester Arena. La Reine ornée d'un manteau jaune, en (couleur de l'espoir ?) a ensuite accueilli sa célèbre Garden Party avec plusieurs membres de la famille royale à ses cotés : le duc d'Édimbourg, le prince de Galles, la duchesse de Cornwall et la princesse Eugénie notamment. Une cérémonie traditionnelle qui envoie un message très clair : Le palais ne se laissera pas ébranler par les récents événements.Dans un message de soutien publié plus tôt, la Reine a déclaré : "Toute la nation a été choquée par la mort et les blessures à Manchester la nuit dernière de tant de personnes, d'adultes et d'enfants, qui venaient de profiter d'un concert. Je sais que je parle pour tous en exprimant ma plus grande sympathie à tous ceux qui ont été touchés par cet événement terrible et surtout envers les familles et les amis de ceux qui sont morts ou ont été blessés", pouvait-on lire dans des propos repris par le... Retrouvez cet article sur Public

Photos : La Reine Elisabeth : Une visite à Manchester pour l’union, le soutien, et la fraternité

Public Royalty : Kate Middleton en petite robe crème fait le show à la tea party de la famille royale !

Mad Mag : L'hommage émouvant d'Ayem aux victimes de l'attentat de Manchester

Photos : Attentat de Manchester : les terribles "unes" de la presse britannique

Attentat de Manchester : En larmes, Katy Perry prononce un discours poignant !

Public Royalty : Malgré l'attentat de Manchester, la reine Elisabeth II a organisé sa Garden Party

Elizabeth II a observé, mardi 23 mai une minute de silence depuis les jardins de Buckingham Palace pour les victimes de l'attentat de Manchester . 22 personnes ont perdu la vie et 59 personnes ont été blessées dans une attaque suicide ce lundi soir lors d'un concert d'Ariana Grande à la Manchester Arena. La Reine ornée d'un manteau jaune, en (couleur de l'espoir ?) a ensuite accueilli sa célèbre Garden Party avec plusieurs membres de la famille royale à ses cotés : le duc d'Édimbourg, le prince de Galles, la duchesse de Cornwall et la princesse Eugénie notamment. Une cérémonie traditionnelle qui envoie un message très clair : Le palais ne se laissera pas ébranler par les récents événements.Dans un message de soutien publié plus tôt, la Reine a déclaré : "Toute la nation a été choquée par la mort et les blessures à Manchester la nuit dernière de tant de personnes, d'adultes et d'enfants, qui venaient de profiter d'un concert. Je sais que je parle pour tous en exprimant ma plus grande sympathie à tous ceux qui ont été touchés par cet événement terrible et surtout envers les familles et les amis de ceux qui sont morts ou ont été blessés", pouvait-on lire dans des propos repris par le Plus d'images sur Public.fr !

Source: Public

La reine Elizabeth II et le prince Philip ont accueilli la Garden Party du palais de Buckingham mardi après-midi. Une centaine d'invités faisait office de privilégiés. La matriarche a eu une pensée pour les victimes de l'attentat de Manchester. Plus d'images sur Public.fr !

Source: Public

Source: Public

Source: Public

Source: Public

Source: Public

Source: Public

Source: Public

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 5.22

192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. 1176 – The Hashshashin (Assassins) attempt to assassinate Saladin near Aleppo. 1200 – King John of England and King Philip II of France sign the Treaty of Le Goulet. 1246 – Henry Raspe is elected anti-king of the Kingdom of Germany in opposition to Conrad IV. 1254 – Serbian King Stefan Uroš I and the Republic of Venice sign a peace treaty. 1370 – Brussels massacre: Hundreds of Jews are murdered and the rest of the Jewish community is banished from Brussels, Belgium, for allegedly descrating consecrated Host. 1377 – Pope Gregory XI issues five papal bulls to denounce the doctrines of English theologian John Wycliffe. 1455 – Start of the Wars of the Roses: At the First Battle of St Albans, Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England. 1520 – The massacre at the festival of Tóxcatl takes place during the Fall of Tenochtitlan, resulting in turning the Aztecs against the Spanish. 1629 – Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Danish King Christian IV sign the Treaty of Lübeck ending Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. 1762 – Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Hamburg. 1762 – Trevi Fountain is officially completed and inaugurated in Rome. 1766 – A large earthquake causes heavy damage and loss of life in Istanbul and the Marmara region.[6] 1804 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition officially begins as the Corps of Discovery departs from St. Charles, Missouri. 1807 – A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr on a charge of treason. 1809 – On the second and last day of the Battle of Aspern-Essling (near Vienna, Austria), Napoleon I is repelled by an enemy army for the first time. 1816 – A mob in Littleport, Cambridgeshire, England, riots over high unemployment and rising grain costs, and the riots spread to Ely the next day. 1819 – SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, United States, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. 1826 – HMS Beagle departs on its first voyage. 1840 – The penal transportation of British convicts to the New South Wales colony is abolished. 1848 – Slavery is abolished in Martinique. 1849 – Future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is issued a patent for an invention to lift boats, making him the only U.S. president to ever hold a patent. 1856 – Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina severely beats Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made regarding Southerners and slavery. 1863 – American Civil War: Union forces begin the Siege of Port Hudson which lasts 48 days, the longest siege in U.S. military history. 1864 – American Civil War: After ten weeks, the Union Army's Red River Campaign ends in failure. 1872 – Reconstruction Era: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act into law, restoring full civil and political rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers. 1900 – The Associated Press is formed in New York City as a non-profit news cooperative. 1906 – The Wright brothers are granted U.S. patent number 821,393 for their "Flying-Machine". 1915 – Lassen Peak erupts with a powerful force, the only volcano besides Mount St. Helens to erupt in the contiguous U.S. during the 20th century. 1915 – Three trains collide in the Quintinshill rail disaster near Gretna Green, Scotland, killing 227 people and injuring 246. 1926 – Chiang Kai-shek replaces the communists in Kuomintang China. 1927 – Near Xining, China, an 8.3 magnitude earthquake causes 200,000 deaths in one of the world's most destructive earthquakes. 1939 – World War II: Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel. 1941 – During the Anglo-Iraqi War, British troops take Fallujah. 1942 – Mexico enters the Second World War on the side of the Allies. 1943 – Joseph Stalin disbands the Comintern. 1947 – Cold War: The Truman Doctrine goes into effect, aiding Turkey and Greece. 1957 – South Africa's government approves of racial separation in universities. 1958 – The 1958 riots in Ceylon become a watershed in the race relations of various ethnic communities of Sri Lanka. The total deaths is estimated at 300, mostly Tamils. 1960 – The Great Chilean earthquake, measuring 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale, hits southern Chile, becoming the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. 1962 – Continental Airlines Flight 11 crashes after bombs explode on board. 1963 – Greek left-wing politician Grigoris Lambrakis is shot in an assassination attempt, and dies five days later. 1964 – Lyndon B. Johnson launches the Great Society. 1967 – Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. 1967 – L'Innovation department store in Brussels, Belgium, burns down, resulting in 323 dead or missing and 150 injured, the most devastating fire in Belgian history. 1968 – The nuclear-powered submarine USS Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the Azores. 1969 – Apollo 10's lunar module flies within 8.4 nautical miles (16 km) of the moon's surface. 1972 – Ceylon adopts a new constitution, becoming a republic and changing its name to Sri Lanka, and joins the Commonwealth of Nations. 1972 – Over 400 women in Derry, Northern Ireland attack the offices of Sinn Féin following the shooting by the Irish Republican Army of a young British soldier on leave. 1987 – Hashimpura massacre occurs in Meerut, India. 1987 – First ever Rugby World Cup kicks off with New Zealand playing Italy at Eden Park in Auckland, New Zealand. 1990 – North and South Yemen are unified to create the Republic of Yemen. 1992 – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia join the United Nations. 1994 – A worldwide trade embargo against Haiti goes into effect to punish its military rulers for not reinstating the country's ousted elected leader, Jean-Bertrand Aristide. 1996 – The Burmese military regime jails 71 supporters of Aung San Suu Kyi in a bid to block a pro-democracy meeting. 1998 – A U.S. federal judge rules that U.S. Secret Service agents can be compelled to testify before a grand jury concerning the Lewinsky scandal involving President Bill Clinton. 2000 – In Sri Lanka, over 150 Tamil rebels are killed over two days of fighting for control in Jaffna. 2002 – Civil rights movement: A jury in Birmingham, Alabama, convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murder of four girls in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. 2010 – Air India Express Boeing 737 crashes over a cliff upon landing at Mangalore, India, killing 158 of 166 people on board, becoming the deadliest crash involving a Boeing 737. 2010 – Inter Milan beat Bayern Munich 2–0 in the Uefa Champions League final in Madrid, Spain to become the first, and so far only, Italian team to win the historic treble (Serie A, Coppa Italia, Champions League). 2011 – An EF5 tornado strikes Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 people and wreaking $2.8 billion in damages, the costliest and seventh-deadliest single tornado in U.S. history. 2012 – Tokyo Skytree opens to the public. It is the tallest tower in the world (634 m), and the second tallest man-made structure on Earth after Burj Khalifa (829.8 m). 2014 – General Prayut Chan-o-cha becomes interim leader of Thailand in a military coup d'état, following six months of political turmoil. 2014 – An explosion occurs in Ürümqi, capital of China's far-western Xinjiang region, resulting in at least 43 deaths and 91 injuries. 2015 – The Republic of Ireland becomes the first nation in the world to legalize gay marriage in a public referendum. 2017 – Twenty-two people are killed at an Ariana Grande concert in the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. 2017 – United States President Donald Trump visits the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and becomes the first sitting U.S. president to visit the Western Wall.