#Oral Motor Intervention

[perceptrehabilitation]

Addressing Feeding Issues through Oral Motor Intervention

Feeding issues can pose challenges for children, impacting their nutrition and overall well-being. Oral Motor Intervention addresses these concerns by employing targeted therapies to enhance oral motor skills and address difficulties related to eating, swallowing, and mealtime behaviors. Tailored interventions promote improved feeding experiences for lasting positive outcomes. Visit Us: https://perceptrehabilitation.co.in/services/details/6/Oral-intervention-feeding

[five-thousand-loaves-of-bread]

Just as psychology research had its WEIRD (“western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic”) sampling bias, autism research has not only a WEIRD sampling bias, but also has essentially oversampled the same, narrow band of what are considered the easily “researchable autistics,” and expected those findings (as well as the applications and interventions that resulted from them) to apply to everyone.

But the spectrum is far more diverse and heterogeneous than we realize. Sure enough, even as I review past autism research as part of my studies, I look at the autistic participant profiles and the truth is that a majority don’t represent autistics like me. Autism research participant selection is filled with implicit and explicit exclusionary criteria, such as IQ cut-offs, ability to be able to sit still, to perform tasks and engage, to respond orally and not have co-occurring or complex conditions. But why should IQ be an exclusionary criterion when it is mutable and has been historically problematic for marginalized groups? I have to then wonder how findings from studies with so many exclusionary criteria would benefit autistics like me.

Research participant selection bias is especially problematic in a disability like autism because the primary goal of research is to provide explanations. Studies also influence policy priorities, interventions, treatments, who gets access to funding, access to spaces, and even societal attitudes. Most importantly, research leads us to applications and solutions. If we are left out of research, we are left out of the solutions as well.

author hari srinivasan is minimally speaking autistic with high support needs and oral-motor apraxia, whose autism & disability very visible. he went to undergrad at UC berkeley & now doing PhD in neuroscience at vanderbilt university.

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[raaga-dubai]

Delivering World Class Paediatric Occupational Therapy

There are specific milestones that a child needs to accomplish throughout the different stages of infancy. These include crawling, walking, running, hopping, jumping, and riding a bicycle, also called gross motor skills—the movement of large muscle groups. When developmental milestones are delayed, it should be a major concern. This is because the delays could be the result of inherent learning difficulties or other conditions that are collectively termed developmental difficulties.

Developmental delays can manifest as sensory and cognitive challenges. Paediatric occupational therapy refers to the process of using various techniques to engage children in meaningful activities to overcome and manage such sensory and cognitive challenges. This therapy equips the child to be independent in daily life. It also helps amplify cognitive functions. Activities include daily chores, self-care skills, educational games, etc. An occupational therapist evaluates a child’s abilities and devises a therapy regimen that could help in the effective development of those abilities. Our experts, who are specialised in speech therapy services for children, can give an accurate evaluation. A therapist closely observes a child to look for areas that need to be addressed.

Who might need Occupational Therapy?

OT can help kids and teens who have:

Birth injuries or birth defects

Sensory processing disorders

Traumatic injuries to the brain or spinal cord

Learning problems

Autism

Mental health or Behavioural problems

Developmental delays

Post-surgical conditions

Multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and other chronic illnesses

When it comes to learning difficulties, early detection and intervention are necessary. Our Paediatric occupation therapy specialists in Dubai can help with effective management of the symptoms by easily recognizing their warning signs like.

Avoiding eye contact consistently

Appearing to ignore or acknowledge the presence of people nearby

Displaying unusual gestures like finger flicking, rocking, pacing, etc.

Not engaging in spoken language at all.

Delayed or unusual speech pattern.

Hypersensitive or insensitive to pain, light, or noise.

Unwilling to engage in social interaction, play, etc.

Thus, occupational therapy offers many benefits to children with special needs and developmental delays. At first, a child’s strengths and challenges are thoroughly assessed to develop a highly personalised training programme. The training encourages active participation from the parents or the primary caretaker as well. Apart from school, children spent most of the time either with their parents or primary carers. So their active involvement becomes necessary.

The benefits of OT include:

Develop fine motor skills so they can grasp and release toys and develop good handwriting or computer skills.

Improve eye–hand coordination so they can play and do needed school skills such as bat a ball and copy from a blackboard.

Master basic life skills such as bathing, getting dressed, brushing teeth, and self-feeding.

Learn positive behaviours and social skills by practicing how they manage frustration and anger.

Get special equipment to help build their independence

Our trained professionals in paediatric occupational therapy Dubai can assist kids in developing their fine and gross motor skills, muscle strength, postural stability, oral-motor skills, feeding, handwriting, visual motor skills, sensory skills, and motor skills.

As one of the best special education schools in Dubai we ensure that your child is well prepared and various fun activities and techniques like use of play dough, art, crafts, and fun games, as well as indoor and outdoor activities are used to accomplish these benefits.

So if you think your child needs Occupational Therapy you can get in touch with our Speech language therapist in Dubai. We also provide assessment and personalised training to children of all ages. Please feel free to contact us. We are always happy to help.

[bemeservices]

Helping Children Thrive Through Pediatric Speech Therapy - Be Me Services 

At Be Me Services, we believe every child deserves the ability to express themselves clearly and confidently. That’s why we specialize in compassionate, individualized pediatric speech therapy designed to empower children with the communication tools they need to succeed socially, academically, and emotionally.

What Is Pediatric Speech Therapy?

Pediatric speech therapy focuses on diagnosing and treating speech, language, communication, and feeding difficulties in children. From toddlers with delayed speech milestones to school-aged children with articulation issues or language disorders, therapy is tailored to support a child's unique developmental journey.

Therapists work closely with children to build essential skills such as:

Expressive and receptive language

Speech sound production

Social communication (pragmatics)

Fluency and stuttering management

Feeding and oral motor coordination

Why Early Intervention Matters

Early intervention can make a world of difference in a child’s developmental trajectory. Language and communication skills are fundamental to a child’s ability to learn, connect with others, and build confidence. At Be Me Services, our goal is to catch these challenges early and turn them into opportunities for growth.

The sooner a child receives support, the better their chances for long-term success. Our therapists use engaging, play-based techniques to meet each child where they are and guide them forward in a fun and meaningful way.

How Be Me Services Supports Your Child’s Progress

Our therapists at Be Me Services use evidence-based methods to create individualized therapy plans for each child. We understand that no two children are the same, and we honor their unique learning styles, strengths, and interests.

Key Features of Our Approach:

One-on-one and group therapy sessions

Family-inclusive goal planning

Sensory-friendly and welcoming environment

Integrated services including occupational therapy, if needed

Multidisciplinary collaboration when appropriate

Our therapy sessions are structured but flexible, blending structured learning activities with child-led play to ensure each session is both productive and enjoyable.

Common Speech and Language Challenges We Address

Through pediatric speech therapy, we help children overcome a wide range of communication-related issues, including:

Speech Sound Disorders: Difficulty pronouncing sounds correctly

Language Delays: Limited vocabulary or challenges forming sentences

Stuttering: Disruptions in the flow of speech

Feeding Issues: Poor oral motor control or food aversions

Autism-related Communication Differences: Support with social language, nonverbal cues, and pragmatic skills

We also help children strengthen pre-literacy and phonological awareness skills, which are crucial for academic success.

What to Expect at Be Me Services

When your child begins therapy with Be Me Services, we start with a thorough evaluation to assess strengths and areas of concern. This allows us to develop a highly personalized plan with measurable goals.

Therapy is then conducted through a series of interactive sessions, using tools like toys, games, visual supports, and storytelling to promote communication. Families are kept actively involved and updated, ensuring a collaborative experience that reinforces skills at home.

We also offer flexible scheduling and a welcoming, inclusive space where children feel safe and supported.

Why Choose Be Me Services?

Choosing the right therapy provider can feel overwhelming, but families trust Be Me Services for our child-first approach, professional expertise, and deep compassion. We go beyond checklists to see each child as a whole person, creating therapy experiences that are as joyful as they are effective.

Here’s why parents choose us:

Licensed, experienced speech-language pathologists

Strong parent-therapist communication

Emphasis on emotional development alongside language

Passionate about inclusion and neurodiversity

Proven success stories from children of all ages

Begin Your Child’s Speech Journey Today

If your child is struggling with speech, language, or communication, now is the time to explore the benefits of pediatric speech therapy at Be Me Services. Our warm and professional team is here to support your child’s voice—literally and figuratively.

Contact us today to schedule an evaluation and take the first step toward building a stronger foundation for communication, confidence, and connection.

[nursingwriter]

DRUG Study ( Metronidazole) BS Nursing (Urdaneta City University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by James Mcknight (careerdigitals@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|28323056 DRUG CLASSIFICATION INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS ADVERSE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIESGeneric Name: Metronidazole Brand Name: - Apo-Metronidazole - Flagyl - Flagyl ER - Flagyl 375 - MetroCream -MetroGel - MetroGel-Vaginal - NidaGel - Noritate - Vandazole Dosage/Route/Fre quency: Anaerobic Infections PO, IV: ADULTS, ELDERLY: 500 mg q6–8h. Maximum: 4 g/day. PO: CHILDREN, INFANTS: 15–35 mg/kg/ day in divided doses q8h. Maximum: 2,250 mg/day. IV: CHILDREN, INFANTS: 30 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses. Maximum: 1,500 mg/day. Amebiasis PO: ADULTS, ELDERLY: 500–750 mg 3 times/day for 5–10 days. CHILDREN: 35– 50 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 10 days. Maximum: 750 mg/dose. PHARMACOTHERAPEU TIC: Nitroimidazole derivative. CLINICAL: Antibacterial, antiprotozoal. - Anaerobic Infections - Amebiasis - Giardiasis - Pseudomembranous Colitis - Trichomoniasis - Bacterial Vaginosis - Rosacea - Dosage in Renal Impairment - Dosage in Hepatic Impairment Frequent: Systemic: Anorexia, nausea, dry mouth, metallic taste. Vaginal: Symptomatic cervicitis/vaginitis, abdominal cramps, uterine pain. Occasional: Systemic: Diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, dizziness, erythematous rash, urticaria, reddish- brown urine. Topical: Transient erythema, mild dryness, burning, irritation, stinging, tearing when applied too close to eyes. Vaginal: Vaginal, perineal, vulvar itching; vulvar swelling. Rare: Mild, transient leukopenia; thrombophlebitis with IV therapy. Oral therapy may result in furry tongue, glossitis, cystitis, dysuria, pancreatitis. Peripheral neuropathy (manifested as numbness, tingling of hands/feet) usually is reversible if treatment is stopped immediately upon appearance of neurologic symptoms. Seizures occur occasionally. BASELINE ASSESSMENT - Question for history of hypersensitivitytometronidazole, other nitroimidazole derivatives(andparabens with topical). - Obtain specimens for diagnostic tests, culturesbefore giving first dose (therapy may beginbeforeresults are known). INTERVENTION/EVALUATION- Monitor daily pattern of bowel activity,stool consistency. - Monitor I&O, assess for urinary problems. - Be alert to neurologic symptoms (dizziness, paresthesia of extremities). - Assess for rash, urticaria. - Monitor for onset of superinfection (ulceration/change of oral mucosa, furry tongue, vaginal discharge, genital/anal pruritus). PATIENT/FAMILY TEACHING- Urine may be red-brown or dark. - Avoid alcohol, alcohol-containing preparations(cough syrups, elixirs) for at least 48 hrs after lastdose. - Avoid tasks that require alertness, motor skillsuntil response to drug is established. - If taking metronidazole for trichomoniasis, refrainfrom sexual intercourse until full treatment iscompleted. - For amebiasis, frequent stool specimencheckswillbe necessary. Topical: Avoid contact with eyes. - May apply cosmetics after application. - Metronidazole acts on erythema, papules, pustulesbut has no effect on rhinophyma (hypertrophyof nose), telangiectasia, ocular problems (conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis). - Other recommendations for rosacea include avoidance of hot/spicy foods, alcohol,extremes of hot/cold temperatures, excessivesunlight. MECHANISM OF ACTION Disrupts DNA, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis. Therapeutic Effect: Produces bactericidal, antiprotozoal, amebicidal, trichomonacidal effects. Produces antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive effects when applied topically. CONTRAINDICATIONS Pregnancy (first trimester), use of disulfiram within 2 wks, use of alcohol during therapy or within 3 days of discontinuing metronidazole. Cautions: Blood dyscrasias, severe hepatic dysfunction; end-stage renal disease, history of seizures, HF, other sodium-retaining states, elderly. Downloaded by James Mcknight (careerdigitals@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|28323056 Giardiasis PO: ADULTS, ELDERLY: 500 mg 2 times/day for 5–7 days. Pseudomembranou s Colitis PO: ADULTS, ELDERLY: 250–500 mg 3–4 times/day. CHILDREN: 30 mg/kg/day in divided doses q6h for 7–10 days. Maximum: 2 g/day. Trichomoniasis PO: ADULTS, ELDERLY: 250 mg 3 times/ day or 375 mg twice/day or 500 mg twice/day or 2 g as a single dose. CHILDREN:15–30 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 7 days. Bacterial Vaginosis PO: ADULTS (NONPREGNANT): 500 mg twice daily for 7 days or 750 mg (extended-release) once daily for 7 days. Intravaginal: ADULTS: 0.75% apply twice a day for 5 days. ALERT: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend the use of topical agents during pregnancy. Downloaded by James Mcknight (careerdigitals@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|28323056 Rosacea Topical: ADULTS, ELDERLY: (1%): Apply to affected area once daily. (0.75%): Apply to affected area twice daily. Dosage in Renal Impairment Creatinine clearance less than 10 ml/ min: Administer 50% of dose or q12h. Dosage in Hepatic Impairment Mild to moderate: No dose adjustment. Severe: Reduce dose by 50% for immediaterelease; not recommended Downloaded by James Mcknight (careerdigitals@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|28323056 Read the full article

[tomatisaustralia]

Understanding the Key Differences Between Autism and Speech Delays

When discussing developmental challenges in children, it is essential to differentiate between conditions like autism and speech delays. While these conditions may exhibit overlapping characteristics, their scope, impact, and underlying causes vary significantly. Here’s a detailed look at the distinctions between autism and speech delays, helping parents and caregivers understand each condition better.

Scope of Symptoms

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental condition encompassing various challenges, including difficulties in social interaction, repetitive behaviours, sensory sensitivities, and speech and language development. This wide range of symptoms can affect multiple facets of a child’s life.

On the other hand, speech delays primarily involve difficulties in verbal communication. Children with speech delays may struggle with forming words, constructing sentences, or articulating sounds but generally do not exhibit the broader challenges associated with autism.

Pervasiveness

One of the key distinctions lies in the pervasiveness of the conditions. Autism affects all aspects of a child’s life, influencing their cognitive, emotional, and behavioural development. This pervasive impact often requires multi-disciplinary intervention to address various challenges. Conversely, speech delays are more specific to language and communication, making targeted speech therapy an effective treatment option.

Persistence

Usually, autism lasts a lifetime. The fundamental obstacles still exist even though therapy and support can greatly enhance the quality of life and developmental outcomes for people with autism. In contrast, speech delays are often temporary and may resolve with timely intervention. Speech therapy, along with parental support, can play a critical role in addressing and overcoming speech delays in children.

Causes

These conditions also have different causes. Although the precise causes of autism are still unknown, it is thought to be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors.Speech delays, however, often stem from more identifiable factors, such as hearing impairments, oral motor issues, cognitive delays, or specific language disorders. Identifying the underlying cause of a speech delay can help guide effective intervention strategies.

Understanding these differences is crucial for ensuring children receive appropriate diagnosis and support. For families navigating these challenges, early intervention is key to fostering positive developmental outcomes. If you are seeking guidance or services related to speech and language development Australia, consult professionals who specialise in helping children thrive through tailored therapies.

[childrensintensivetherapynw]

Potential Through Pediatric Speech Therapy in Oregon

At Children’s Intensive Therapy NW, our mission is to empower children to thrive by overcoming challenges related to speech, communication, and occupational skills. Pediatric Speech Therapy Oregon is a vital resource that can change lives, helping children of all abilities find their voice and build confidence. Combined with pediatric occupational therapy in Oregon, it provides a holistic approach to developmental support, ensuring that children are empowered to reach their fullest potential.

Understanding Pediatric Speech Therapy

Pediatric speech therapy focuses on addressing communication and speech challenges that may arise due to developmental delays, disabilities, or other conditions. Our therapists at Children’s Intensive Therapy NW specialize in tailoring therapy sessions to each child’s individual needs. Whether it’s helping a child pronounce sounds correctly, overcome stuttering, or develop language skills, our experts are dedicated to fostering growth and confidence in every little client.

By integrating pediatric occupational therapy in Oregon into our treatment plans, we work on building complementary skills, such as motor planning, sensory integration, and coordination. Together, these therapies create a comprehensive support system for children.

Why Early Intervention Matters

Early intervention plays a key role in the success of pediatric speech therapy. Research has shown that addressing speech and language issues at an early age not only helps children communicate effectively but also positively impacts their social interactions and academic performance. That’s why Children’s Intensive Therapy NW strongly advocates for early assessments and therapies.

Moreover, combining early pediatric occupational therapy in Oregon with speech therapy allows for a multidimensional approach to development. Occupational therapy aids in enhancing skills that directly impact speech, like oral-motor coordination and sensory regulation, ensuring children are supported in every aspect of growth.

Tailored Approaches for Every Child

No two children are alike, and that’s why our therapists use an individualized approach to therapy. From playful activities to structured exercises, our team at Children’s Intensive Therapy NW ensures that sessions are engaging, effective, and customized. We believe therapy should be an enjoyable journey of discovery and accomplishment.

We also incorporate pediatric occupational therapy in Oregon to address related developmental milestones. For example, if a child struggles with feeding due to oral-motor challenges, our occupational and speech therapists collaborate to provide a unified strategy for improvement.

Common Speech and Language Challenges We Address

Here are some of the areas our pediatric speech therapy focuses on:

Articulation Disorders: Difficulty in pronouncing specific sounds or words.

Expressive and Receptive Language Delays: Challenges in understanding or expressing ideas and information.

Apraxia of Speech: Difficulty in coordinating the movements required for speech.

Stuttering and Fluency Issues: Disruptions in the natural flow of speech.

Social Communication Disorders: Challenges in conversational skills or understanding social cues.

With pediatric occupational therapy in Oregon, we extend support to challenges that affect motor development, sensory processing, and overall coordination, creating a cohesive therapy program.

What to Expect During Pediatric Speech Therapy

When you reach out to Children’s Intensive Therapy NW at 503-895-1320, our team will guide you through the initial consultation and evaluation process. The therapy journey typically includes:

Assessment: Identifying speech and language challenges through in-depth evaluations.

Goal-Setting: Collaborating with families to set meaningful, achievable therapy goals.

Therapy Sessions: Regular, tailored interventions focused on progress and development.

Family Support: Equipping families with strategies and resources to support their child’s growth at home.

Our holistic approach ensures that speech therapy is complemented by pediatric occupational therapy in Oregon, enabling progress on multiple fronts.

The Role of Family in Therapy

At Children’s Intensive Therapy NW, we believe that families play an integral part in the therapy process. Parents and caregivers are encouraged to actively participate in sessions and implement therapy strategies at home. Together, we create a nurturing and supportive environment that accelerates a child’s progress.

Pairing this with pediatric occupational therapy in Oregon enhances outcomes by addressing both communication and functional skills, helping children excel in their everyday activities.

Why Choose Children’s Intensive Therapy NW?

Here’s what sets us apart:

Experienced Therapists: Our team comprises experts in pediatric speech and occupational therapy, dedicated to delivering exceptional care.

Tailored Programs: We design therapy plans that are as unique as each child we work with.

Family-Centered Care: We prioritize collaboration with families to ensure sustained progress beyond our sessions.

Comprehensive Approach: By integrating pediatric occupational therapy in Oregon, we provide a well-rounded approach to childhood development.

Take the Next Step Today

Helping your child communicate effectively and thrive in their daily life is our ultimate goal at Children’s Intensive Therapy NW. If you’re seeking  Pediatric Occupational Therapy Oregon considering adding pediatric occupational therapy in Oregon to your child’s support system, we’re here for you.

Reach out to us today at 503-895-1320 to schedule a consultation or learn more about our services. Together, we’ll help your child overcome challenges, build confidence, and unlock their incredible potential.

[2050healthcaresblog]

Effective Stroke Rehabilitation: Key Therapies and Strategies for Recovery

Stroke rehabilitation is a crucial component of recovery for individuals who have suffered from a stroke. The goal of rehabilitation is to help patients regain their independence, improve physical and cognitive functions, and enhance their overall quality of life. With the right stroke rehab care and neurological rehab care program, patients can make significant progress in their recovery journey. 

Understanding Stroke Rehabilitation

A stroke can disrupt various brain functions, affecting movement, speech, memory, and emotional regulation. Stroke rehabilitation is designed to address these challenges by promoting recovery through a comprehensive approach. It involves a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including physical therapists, speech-language pathologists, occupational therapists, and neurologists. Each specialist plays a vital role in restoring the patient's independence and helping them navigate the challenges they face post-stroke.

Key Therapies in Stroke Rehab Care

Physical Therapy (PT): Physical therapy is one of the most essential components of stroke rehabilitation. After a stroke, many patients experience weakness or paralysis on one side of their body. A physical therapist works with the patient to improve strength, balance, coordination, and mobility. Various exercises and activities are used to stimulate muscle activity and motor control, helping patients regain their ability to walk, climb stairs, and perform basic daily activities.

Occupational Therapy (OT): Occupational therapy focuses on helping patients regain the ability to perform daily tasks, such as dressing, eating, and grooming. Occupational therapists assess the patient's functional abilities and design customized rehabilitation plans to improve fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and cognitive function. The goal is to enable patients to live as independently as possible, despite any physical or cognitive impairments caused by the stroke.

Speech and Language Therapy: Many stroke survivors experience speech and language difficulties, such as aphasia, which affects their ability to communicate. A speech-language pathologist (SLP) helps patients recover their speech, language, and cognitive communication abilities. SLPs use various techniques, including exercises to strengthen oral muscles and cognitive exercises, to improve verbal communication, understanding, and memory.

Neuropsychological Therapy: Neuropsychological therapy focuses on helping patients recover from cognitive and emotional challenges brought on by a stroke. This type of therapy addresses issues such as memory loss, problem-solving difficulties, and emotional instability. Cognitive rehabilitation strategies are employed to enhance memory, attention, and processing speed, as well as improve emotional regulation and reduce feelings of anxiety or depression.

Stroke Rehab Care Strategies for a Holistic Recovery

In addition to the therapeutic interventions mentioned above, the following strategies are critical in achieving successful stroke rehabilitation:

Early Intervention: One of the most significant factors in stroke recovery is early intervention. Initiating stroke rehabilitation as soon as possible after the stroke occurs can significantly improve recovery outcomes. The brain has a remarkable ability to reorganize and form new neural connections, a process known as neuroplasticity. Starting therapy early maximizes the potential for recovery and improves the likelihood of regaining lost functions.

Personalized Rehab Programs: Every stroke survivor is unique, and rehabilitation programs should be tailored to the individual's specific needs and challenges. A neurological rehab care program that takes into account the patient’s age, type of stroke, pre-existing health conditions, and current physical abilities will increase the likelihood of achieving optimal results. Personalized rehabilitation plans provide targeted interventions that help each patient focus on their most pressing recovery goals.

Multidisciplinary Team Approach: Stroke rehab care is most effective when delivered through a multidisciplinary approach. Involving a team of healthcare providers, including neurologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, and psychologists, ensures that all aspects of the patient’s recovery are addressed. This collaborative approach fosters comprehensive care and enhances overall rehabilitation outcomes.

Consistent Monitoring and Feedback: Continuous monitoring and regular feedback from healthcare professionals help track the patient’s progress and identify areas of improvement or additional intervention. Adjusting rehab plans as needed allows for ongoing improvement and motivates patients to remain engaged in their recovery.

Patient and Family Support: Recovery from a stroke can be a long and challenging journey. Emotional and psychological support from loved ones, as well as involvement in support groups, plays a crucial role in a patient’s rehabilitation process. Encouragement and understanding from family members and caregivers create a positive environment that fosters motivation and resilience.

The Role of 2050 Healthcare in Stroke Rehabilitation

At 2050 Healthcare, we understand that stroke rehabilitation is a transformative process that requires a personalized, patient-centered approach. Our specialized neurological rehab care programs offer comprehensive therapies designed to meet the individual needs of stroke survivors. With a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals and state-of-the-art facilities, 2050 Healthcare is committed to helping patients achieve their full potential for recovery. Whether you’re seeking physical, occupational, speech, or neuropsychological therapy, we provide holistic care that empowers individuals to regain their independence and live fulfilling lives.

Conclusion

Effective stroke rehabilitation is essential for restoring independence and improving the quality of life for stroke survivors. With a combination of therapies, strategies, and a tailored neurological rehab care program, patients can make remarkable progress in their recovery journey. Early intervention, personalized care, and a supportive team are key factors in achieving long-term success. At 2050 Healthcare, we are dedicated to providing exceptional stroke rehab care to help individuals reclaim their lives and thrive once again.

For more information about our stroke rehabilitation programs, contact us today and take the first step toward a brighter future.

[skool4kidz]

Signs Your Child May Need Speech Therapy and How It Can Help

Every child develops speech and language skills at their own pace. However, if your child is struggling to communicate effectively, it may be a sign that they need speech therapy. Early intervention can make a significant difference in their ability to express themselves, understand others, and build confidence in social situations.

At Skool4Kidz, we understand how important communication skills are for a child’s development. In this guide, we’ll explore common signs that your child may need speech therapy and how professional support can help them thrive.

Understanding Speech and Language Development

Speech and language development begins at birth and progresses rapidly in the first few years of life. While some children may be late bloomers, persistent speech or language delays can affect their academic performance, social interactions, and overall confidence. Speech therapy provides the tools and techniques to help children overcome these challenges.

Signs That Your Child May Need Speech Therapy

1. Limited Vocabulary for Their Age

By the age of two, most children can say at least 50 words and start forming short sentences. If your child is not using many words or struggles to combine them into phrases, they may have a language delay.

2. Difficulty Pronouncing Words

It’s normal for young children to mispronounce words as they learn to speak. However, if your child’s speech is difficult to understand by age three or they consistently struggle with certain sounds, they may need speech therapy to improve articulation.

3. Trouble Understanding or Following Instructions

If your child has difficulty understanding basic directions, answering questions, or processing language, it could indicate a receptive language delay. Speech therapy can help strengthen their comprehension skills.

4. Stuttering or Difficulty Speaking Fluently

Some children experience disfluencies, such as repeating sounds, words, or struggling to get words out. If your child stutters frequently or becomes frustrated when trying to speak, speech therapy can provide strategies to improve their fluency.

5. Avoiding Social Interaction or Communication

If your child seems withdrawn, avoids talking, or becomes frustrated when trying to communicate, they may be struggling with speech or language skills. Speech therapy can help them gain confidence in expressing themselves.

6. Difficulty with Reading and Writing

Speech and language skills are closely connected to literacy. If your child has trouble recognizing letters, understanding stories, or forming sentences, they may benefit from speech therapy to strengthen their language foundation.

7. Problems with Oral Motor Skills

Some children struggle with controlling their tongue, lips, or jaw movements, making it difficult for them to produce sounds correctly. Speech therapy can help improve muscle coordination for better speech clarity.

How Speech Therapy Can Help

Speech therapy is designed to address speech and language challenges through targeted exercises and techniques. Here’s how it can benefit your child:

1. Improving Pronunciation and Clarity

Speech therapists help children practice sounds and correct mispronunciations, making their speech clearer and easier to understand.

2. Strengthening Vocabulary and Language Skills

Through structured activities, children learn new words, expand their sentences, and improve their ability to express ideas effectively.

3. Enhancing Social Communication

Speech therapy helps children understand social cues, engage in conversations, and build relationships with peers.

4. Boosting Confidence and Reducing Frustration

When children can communicate effectively, they feel more confident in school and social settings, leading to reduced frustration and better emotional well-being.

5. Supporting Academic Success

Strong language skills are essential for reading, writing, and comprehension. Speech therapy provides a solid foundation for academic achievement.

When to Seek Professional Help

If you notice any of the signs mentioned above, consulting a speech-language therapist is the best step toward helping your child. Early intervention leads to better outcomes and ensures that your child gets the support they need to succeed.

Get Expert Speech Therapy Support at Skool4Kidz!

At Skool4Kidz, we offer professional speech therapy services tailored to your child’s unique needs. Our experienced therapists use fun and engaging techniques to help children develop their communication skills.

📞 Call us today at +65 6280 2272 to schedule an assessment and give your child the best support for their speech and language development!

[lekshmiflumen]

How Speech Therapy Helps Children with Down Syndrome

Speech therapy plays a crucial role in helping children with Down syndrome develop effective communication skills, improving both their verbal and nonverbal abilities. Many children with Down syndrome experience challenges such as speech delays, low muscle tone (hypotonia), and difficulty with articulation, which can affect their ability to express themselves clearly. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) use specialized techniques, including oral motor exercises, visual cues, and sign language, to strengthen speech muscles and enhance pronunciation. Early intervention in speech and language development helps improve vocabulary, sentence formation, and social communication, making daily interactions easier for children with Down syndrome.

Beyond speech production, speech therapy also focuses on improving cognitive-communication skills, social interaction, and understanding of language. Therapists use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) tools, such as picture boards and speech-generating devices, to support children who have difficulty with verbal speech. Additionally, therapy sessions emphasize pragmatic language skills, helping children engage in conversations, understand gestures, and develop confidence in social settings. With consistent support from speech therapy, parents, and educators, children with Down syndrome can enhance their communication abilities, fostering independence and stronger connections with their peers and family.

[elainepaco]

Understanding and Overcoming the Yips in Baseball

The yips, a mysterious and frustrating phenomenon affecting athletes in various sports, particularly baseball, can have a devastating impact on performance. Characterized by involuntary muscle spasms, tremors, or freezing during skilled movements, the yips often manifest in throwing, pitching, or putting. Understanding the underlying causes and implementing effective interventions are crucial for helping athletes overcome this challenging condition.

The Multifaceted Nature of the Yips

Research suggests that the yips are influenced by a complex interplay of psychological, social, and neurological factors. This highlights the need for personalized interventions that address the unique needs of each athlete.

Psychological Factors

Fear of Failure: The fear of failure, amplified by negative self-perception and harsh social feedback, significantly contributes to the development and persistence of the yips.

Cognitive Fusion: Cognitive fusion, or the tendency to over-identify with thoughts and feelings, can exacerbate the condition. Athletes often get entangled in negative thought patterns, leading to increased anxiety and performance problems.

Negative Motor Imagery: Players with the yips exhibit higher levels of negative motor imagery specific to baseball throwing, suggesting an association between negative mental imagery and the yips.

Movement-Specific Reinvestment: Professional baseball players with the yips have higher levels of movement-specific reinvestment, indicating that an overemphasis on conscious control and monitoring of movements can disrupt automatic motor skills, leading to performance problems.

Neurological Factors

While there is no single muscle synergy pattern specific to all baseball players with yips, some individuals, especially those with dystonia, show unique muscle coordination patterns.

Treatment and Interventions

Personalized Approach: Treatments for yips should be tailored to the individual, as there's no one-size-fits-all solution.

Addressing Psychological Factors: Interventions should address psychological aspects like anxiety, fear of failure, and negative self-talk, which can contribute to negative motor imagery and the yips.

Cognitive Defusion Techniques: Techniques to reduce cognitive fusion, such as mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches, can help athletes detach from negative thoughts and feelings, reducing their impact on performance.

Supportive Environment: Creating a supportive coaching environment that emphasizes effort, improvement, and positive reinforcement can help reduce the occurrence of yips.

Motor Imagery Training: Both positive and negative motor imagery should be assessed in players with the yips, and interventions may incorporate motor imagery training to reprogram negative movement patterns.

Implicit Learning: Incorporating assessments of movement-specific reinvestment and creating training environments that foster implicit learning, where skills are acquired through unconscious processes, may help prevent or manage the yips.

Ventro-oral Thalamotomy: For cases where dystonia is the underlying cause and other treatments fail, ventro-oral thalamotomy can be a successful treatment for task-specific dystonia in athletes, potentially saving their careers.

The yips in baseball are a complex and challenging condition, but with a comprehensive understanding of the underlying factors and the implementation of personalized interventions, athletes can overcome this obstacle and regain their peak performance. By addressing the psychological, social, and neurological aspects of the yips, coaches and sports psychologists can help athletes regain confidence, reduce anxiety, and rediscover the joy of playing the game.

PASS's Services:

Annual Guidebooks: PASS publishes annual guidebooks for various sports, summarizing the latest research and providing practical recommendations for training and performance optimization.

Custom Reports: PASS offers custom reports that delve deep into specific performance challenges, providing tailored solutions based on the latest scientific evidence.

Researcher Exchange: PASS facilitates workshops and Q&A sessions with leading sports scientists, allowing coaches and athletes to gain valuable insights and connect with experts in the field.

The potential of sports science to revolutionize training and performance is vast, but it remains largely untapped in many areas of athletics. By embracing research-backed principles and utilizing the services of organizations like PASS, coaches and athletes can unlock new levels of performance, reduce the risk of injuries, and achieve their full potential.

About PASS | Practical Application of Sport Science:

PASS helps top sports teams make better decisions using science. The teams ask questions like: “how to manage workload; how to improve decision-making; what is an optimal periodization program”. PASS takes a deep dive into all relevant research articles, figures out what's useful, and gives the teams specific advice they can immediately implement – only things that have been scientifically proven.

Explore the resources available at PASS (https://sportscience.pro/) and discover how sports science can transform your approach to training and performance.

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🗣️ Speech Therapy for Children with Apraxia: Building Communication Step by Step 🚀

🔍 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)?

Apraxia is a speech disorder where children struggle to plan and coordinate the movements needed for speech, even when they know what they want to say. Speech therapy for children with apraxia is essential to improve their communication skills.

🎯 How Speech Therapy Helps:

✅ Strengthens oral motor skills 🏋️ ✅ Improves speech clarity & articulation 🗣️ ✅ Develops sound and word sequencing 🔄 ✅ Enhances rhythm and fluency 🎶 ✅ Boosts confidence in communication 🌟

💡 Effective Speech Therapy Techniques:

🔹 Repetitive speech drills to build muscle memory 🔹 Multisensory cues (visual, auditory, tactile) 🔹 Melodic intonation therapy to improve speech flow 🔹 AAC (Augmentative & Alternative Communication) for support

🏡 Parental Role in Speech Therapy:

Parents can support therapy by engaging in daily speech exercises, encouraging slow and clear speech, and using hand gestures to reinforce words.

🌟 Speech therapy for children with apraxia requires patience and consistency, but with early intervention, progress is possible! If your child shows signs of apraxia, consult a speech therapist today.

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Best Speech Therapy Centre and Hearing Aid Clinic in Delhi – Tarang Clinics

In a bustling city like Delhi, finding the right healthcare services is crucial for a better quality of life. When it comes to speech therapy and hearing solutions, choosing a trusted provider ensures effective treatment and long-term results. Tarang Clinics has emerged as one of the leading centers, recognized as the best Speech Therapy Centre Delhi and the best hearing aid clinic in Delhi. With state-of-the-art facilities, expert specialists, and personalized care, Tarang Clinics is the go-to destination for individuals facing speech and hearing challenges.

Why Speech Therapy is Essential?

Speech therapy plays a vital role in improving communication skills, especially for children and adults facing speech and language disorders. A professional speech therapist evaluates, diagnoses, and treats speech issues such as:

Stuttering

Articulation disorders

Language delays

Voice disorders

Cognitive-communication disorders

Swallowing difficulties

At Tarang Clinics, patients receive customized therapy sessions that address their unique needs. Whether it’s a child struggling with delayed speech or an adult recovering from a stroke, the clinic provides specialized intervention to enhance communication abilities.

Tarang Clinics – The Best Speech Therapy Centre in Delhi

Tarang Clinics stands out as the best speech therapy centre in Delhi due to its commitment to delivering top-quality treatment. The clinic offers:

1. Expert Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs)

The team at Tarang Clinics consists of highly qualified and experienced speech-language pathologists who utilize evidence-based approaches to improve speech and communication skills.

2. Personalized Treatment Plans

No two individuals are the same, and neither are their speech challenges. Tarang Clinics provides personalized therapy sessions tailored to the specific needs of each patient.

3. Advanced Therapy Techniques

Incorporating the latest speech therapy techniques such as AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication), oral-motor therapy, and fluency training, Tarang Clinics ensures effective progress for patients of all ages.

4. Child and Adult Speech Therapy

From pediatric speech therapy for children with developmental delays to adult speech rehabilitation, Tarang Clinics caters to all age groups with equal dedication and expertise.

Why Hearing Aids are Important?

Hearing loss can significantly impact an individual’s social life, work, and overall well-being. A high-quality hearing aid can restore sound clarity and enhance communication. If you are looking for the Best Hearing Aid Clinic In Delhi, Tarang Clinics offers top-notch hearing solutions with a range of advanced hearing aids to choose from.

Tarang Clinics – The Best Hearing Aid Clinic in Delhi

1. Comprehensive Hearing Evaluations

Tarang Clinics provides thorough hearing tests and assessments to diagnose the degree and type of hearing loss accurately. Using advanced audiological equipment, the clinic ensures precise results for effective treatment planning.

2. Wide Range of Hearing Aids

The clinic offers a variety of hearing aids from leading global brands, including:

Behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids

In-the-ear (ITE) hearing aids

Completely-in-canal (CIC) hearing aids

Rechargeable and Bluetooth-enabled hearing aids

3. Expert Audiologists

Tarang Clinics has a team of experienced audiologists who guide patients in selecting the right hearing aid based on their lifestyle, budget, and degree of hearing loss.

4. Hearing Aid Fitting and Customization

Proper hearing aid fitting is crucial for optimal performance. The clinic offers customized hearing aid fittings, adjustments, and post-purchase support to ensure maximum comfort and effectiveness.

5. Affordable Pricing and EMI Options

Hearing aids can be a significant investment, but Tarang Clinics makes them accessible by offering competitive pricing and easy EMI options for patients.

Why Choose Tarang Clinics for Speech and Hearing Solutions?

Comprehensive Services: One-stop solution for speech therapy and hearing aids.

Patient-Centric Approach: Personalized treatment tailored to each individual’s needs.

Cutting-Edge Technology: Advanced equipment and modern therapy techniques.

Experienced Professionals: Certified speech therapists and audiologists.

Convenient Location: Easily accessible clinic in Delhi with a comfortable and welcoming environment.

Conclusion

If you or a loved one are facing speech or hearing difficulties, seeking professional help is the first step toward better communication and quality of life. As the best speech therapy centre in Delhi and the best hearing aid clinic in Delhi, Tarang Clinics is dedicated to providing world-class treatment with a patient-first approach.

Schedule a consultation today at Tarang Clinics and take the first step toward a clearer, more confident future!

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The Impact of Speech Delay on Child Development and How to Address It

Speech and language development is an essential part of a child’s growth, enabling them to communicate, learn, and build relationships. When a child experiences a speech delay, it can have a ripple effect on their overall development, potentially impacting their cognitive, emotional, and social well-being.

In this blog, we’ll explore the impact of speech delay on a child’s development, the possible causes, and actionable strategies to address it effectively.

What Is Speech Delay?

Speech delay refers to a delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech. This might mean a child is slower to say their first words, form sentences, or pronounce words clearly compared to peers of the same age.

While every child develops at their own pace, certain speech milestones should typically be met by specific ages. Missing these milestones may indicate a speech delay.

The Impact of Speech Delay on Child Development

Speech delay can affect various aspects of a child’s development, including:

1. Communication Challenges

Children with speech delay may struggle to express their needs, thoughts, and emotions. This can lead to frustration, making it harder for them to interact with family, peers, and caregivers.

2. Social Development

Language is key to building relationships. Children with speech delays might have difficulty initiating or maintaining social interactions, leading to feelings of isolation or difficulties making friends.

3. Emotional Impact

Inability to communicate effectively can result in tantrums, anxiety, or low self-esteem. Children may feel misunderstood or become hesitant to participate in activities that require communication.

4. Academic Challenges

Language skills are foundational for learning. Speech delay can impact a child’s ability to follow instructions, engage in classroom discussions, and develop literacy skills like reading and writing.

5. Cognitive Development

Speech and language are closely linked to cognitive processes like problem-solving, memory, and reasoning. Delays in speech development may hinder a child’s ability to process and retain information.

Common Causes of Speech Delay

Understanding the root cause of a speech delay is crucial for providing effective support. Some common causes include:

Hearing Impairments: Difficulty hearing can impede a child’s ability to replicate sounds or understand language.

Developmental Disorders: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Down syndrome, or intellectual disabilities may affect language development.

Oral-Motor Issues: Problems with the tongue, lips, or palate can impact articulation and speech clarity.

Environmental Factors: Limited exposure to language or lack of interaction with caregivers can delay speech.

Neurological Conditions: Issues like cerebral palsy or brain injuries may contribute to delayed speech development.

How to Address Speech Delay

The good news is that many children with speech delay can make significant progress with the right intervention. Here are strategies to address speech delay effectively:

1. Seek Professional Help

Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP): An SLP can assess your child’s abilities, identify areas of concern, and create a personalized therapy plan.

Hearing Evaluation: Ensure your child’s hearing is functioning properly, as hearing impairments often contribute to speech delays.

2. Encourage Communication at Home

Talk to your child frequently, narrating daily activities to expose them to new words and phrases.

Use gestures, facial expressions, and visual aids to support verbal communication.

Be patient and give your child time to respond during conversations.

3. Read Together

Reading is one of the most effective ways to enhance language development. Choose books with repetition, rhymes, and engaging visuals to make the experience enjoyable.

4. Limit Screen Time

Excessive screen time can reduce opportunities for real-world interaction. Instead, focus on interactive play and face-to-face communication.

5. Use Play-Based Learning

Incorporate games and toys that encourage verbal expression, such as pretend play, puzzles, or singing nursery rhymes.

6. Reinforce Progress with Positive Feedback

Celebrate your child’s efforts to communicate, even if their attempts are imperfect. Positive reinforcement builds confidence and encourages further development.

The Role of Early Intervention

Early intervention is crucial for addressing speech delay. The earlier the issue is identified and treated, the better the outcomes for the child’s overall development. Early intervention services, often available through schools or community programs, can provide access to speech therapy and other resources tailored to your child’s needs.

When to Seek Help

It’s important to trust your instincts as a parent. If you notice the following signs, consult a pediatrician or speech-language pathologist:

Your child doesn’t babble or make sounds by 12 months.

They struggle to say single words by 18 months or combine words by age 2.

Their speech is unclear or difficult for others to understand by age 3.

They show frustration or behavioral changes when trying to communicate.

Conclusion

Speech delay can have a significant impact on a child’s development, but with early identification and the right support, children can overcome these challenges and thrive. By working with professionals and fostering a language-rich environment at home, parents can help their child build the communication skills needed for academic success, social relationships, and emotional well-being.

If you suspect your child may have a speech delay, don’t wait—seek professional guidance today. Early intervention is the key to unlocking their full potential.

Would you like additional tips for at-home activities or information on finding a speech therapist? Let me know!

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Building Better Communication: Speech Therapy for Kids at Be Me Services

Effective communication is fundamental to a child’s development — academically, socially, and emotionally. When speech or language delays arise, early support can make all the difference. At Be Me Services, we offer personalized speech therapy for kids in Dubai, guiding children to express themselves with confidence and clarity.

Why Speech Therapy Matters

Speech therapy plays a vital role in helping children overcome challenges related to articulation, language comprehension, fluency, and more. Whether your child struggles with forming sounds, understanding directions, or expressing their thoughts, professional intervention helps unlock their full potential.

Signs Your Child Might Benefit

Children develop at different paces, but some common signs that may indicate the need for speech therapy include:

Limited vocabulary for age

Difficulty forming full sentences

Challenges understanding instructions

Stuttering or voice irregularities

Frustration when trying to communicate

Delayed social interaction or play

At Be Me Services, we provide thorough assessments to create tailored strategies based on each child’s unique needs.

Our Comprehensive Approach

Every child is different — and so is their therapy plan. Our speech-language pathologists use evidence-based techniques to create a structured yet enjoyable learning environment. Through play, storytelling, visuals, and repetition, we help kids build communication skills in ways that feel natural and engaging.

Our focus areas include:

Articulation & Pronunciation

Language Understanding & Expression

Fluency & Stuttering

Voice & Resonance Disorders

Social Communication

Feeding & Oral-Motor Skills

Meet Our Expert: Carine El Lakis

Carine El Lakis leads our speech therapy services with over seven years of experience and dual master’s degrees in Speech Therapy and Neuropsychology. Her collaborative, child-centered approach ensures that kids feel safe, seen, and supported throughout their developmental journey.

Flexible, Family-Friendly Therapy Options

We offer therapy in a range of settings to suit your child’s comfort and routine, including:

Clinic sessions at our warm, child-friendly space in Dubai

Home visits for familiar surroundings

School-based support for consistency across environments

Online therapy for added flexibility

We work closely with families to maintain progress and reinforce learning at home.

Empowering Kids Through Communication

Speech therapy isn’t just about words — it’s about building confidence, self-esteem, and the ability to connect with others. Our mission at Be Me Services is to empower children to communicate effectively and grow into their fullest selves.

Start the Journey Today

Looking for expert-led, compassionate speech therapy for kids in Dubai? Let Be Me Services be your partner in nurturing your child’s voice.

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Dysarthria CORRECTING a SPEECH DISORDER This study used the descriptive-normative type of research in recording, describing, interpreting, analyzing and comparing data on dysarthria. It introduces communication disorders, specifically dysarthria and its causes, symptoms, assessment and treatments. The role of the speech language pathologist is outlined along with the methods he uses in every phase of diagnosis and treatment. Issues, however, still remain concerning some modes of treatment of the disorder and research continues on intervention. Disorder or impairment in a person's ability to communication can be distressing if not recognized and adequately treated (Melfi et al., 2011). If one's voice quality, pitch or volume is different from others of the same age, culture or location, he may have a voice disorder. One type if called dysarthria. It refers to a group of motor speech disorders, which develops from a disturbance in the neuromuscular control of speech. That disturbance may be a stroke, brain injury, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, cerebral palsy or tumors (Ashley, 2006). The most common symptoms include slurred speech or imprecise articulation, abnormal rate of speech, low volume, and impaired voice quality. Causes include paralysis, weakness or a lack of coordination of the muscles involved in speech. The five types are flaccid, ataxic, spastic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic. Flaccid dysarthria is associated with brain stem stroke or progressive bulbar palsy; ataxic disarthria with multiple sclerosis; spastic disarthria with stroke; hyperkinetic disarthria with Huntington's chorea; and hypokinetic disarthria with Parkinson's Disease (Ashley). Assessment and Treatment: the Role of the Speech Language Pathologist Assessment consists of a complete oral-peripheral examination of the speech muscles both at rest and when moving (Ashley, 2006). The speech language pathologist evaluates facial muscles and muscles used in chewing in structure, symmetry, strength, precision, and speed. He asks the patient to imitate his demonstrated labial and lingual movements in speaking and non-speaking posts. By making the patient perform diadochokinetic tasks, the pathologist can detect the speed, precision, and rhythm control of the respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory structures. He observes respiration both at rest and when speaking. Speech instruments are also used as objective measurements in combination with standard tests of intelligibility. Among those are the Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech and French Dysarthria Assessment (Ashley). The use of acoustic methods can identify any of the three classes of subclinical manifestations of dysarthria (Ganty et al., 2012). These characteristics may be temporal, spectral, or phonatory (Ganty et al.). Treatment varies according to the cause, type, severity of symptoms, and communication needs of the patient (Ashley, 2006). Changing the patient's speech or speaking conditions can bring overall improvement. The intention is usually to improve articulation by increasing lip, tongue movement and strength in order to achieve speech clarity. Other goals are to reduce the rate of speech and increase breath support. Management strategies include increasing volume by increasing phonatory effort or improving intelligibility through rate reduction and increased volume of the voice (Ashley). The pathologist will instruct the patient to perform exercises for vocal efficiency, velopharyngeal and resonatory stimulation, articulatory stimulation and for dealing with the prosodic aspects (Ganty et al., 2012). The pathologist also imparts communicative interaction strategies for the patient and his or her speaking partner to perform and augmentative strategies for the patient's use (Ganty et al.). The pathologist should be told by the patient's family or caregiver about the origin of his communication defect so he can develop an appropriate technique from it (Ashley, 2006. This is especially important if the defect developed from a degenerative disease (Ashley). Controversies in Treatment Non-Speech Methods and Procedures Thorough discussion and investigation of certain non-speech methods and procedures, which were claimed to treat developmental speech sound disorders, revealed no substantive evidence to support the claim (Ruscello, 2008). These methods and procedures were said to influence tongue, lip and jaw resting postures, increase strength, improve muscle tone. Ease up a range of motion, and foster muscle control. They are said to be used before or together with actual speech production treatment. The evaluation found that these methods and procedures are questionable in matters concerning the implied cause of developmental speech sound disorders, the neurophysiologic differences between the limbs and oral musculature, the development of new theories of movement and movement control, and the sparseness of research on these methods and procedure (Ruscello). Neuromuscular Treatments A review of the theoretical foundation for these treatments revealed limited empirical support to validate its use (Clark, 2003). It also showed that clinicians did not have sufficient foundational knowledge to judge the reliability of these treatment strategies. The treatment strategies consisted of strength training to alleviate dysarthria and/or dysphagia. Their theoretical foundations included active exercises, passive exercises, and physical modalities. The techniques address neuromuscular impairments in the limb muscles. They were to be applied to speech and swallow muscles. The key issues set up were the selection of treatment targets, specific training, progression and recovery. The factors claimed to influence the potential effectiveness of passive exercises and physical modalities and additional issues that contributed to the controversy concerning oral motor therapies were presented and investigated (Clark). Support Research on Speech Language Pathology This research assessed the effectiveness of the intervention delivered by speech and language pathologists to children with disarthric speech, which developed from acquired brain injury (Morgan & Vogel, 2008). Acquired brain injury or ABI spans etiologies, which include cerebrovascular accident, brain tumor, and traumatic brain injury. ABI is a common cause of disability among children and frequently associated with dysarthria. The authors reviewed literature at Central, Medline, Cinahl, Embase, and Eric databases from 1972 to 2007. From the gathered literature, the research group considered randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental design studies of children 13-16 years old and with acquired dysarhtria. They were groups by etiology. Each author separately assessed the titles and abstracts for relevance and then chose all potentially relevant articles. Only 3 were selected from 2,091 titles and abstracts identified. The rest did not include dysarhtia in their discussion and were diagnostic or descriptive papers and concerning adults rather than children. Some sources were excluded for not using RCT or quasi-randomized method. Five were again identified and taken from the bibliography of the Murdock 1999 paper. All were excluded as they did not include research populations without ABI, adults with dysathria or an inappropriate design. No studies met the criteria. The authors concluded the lack of critical studies that addressed the effective treatment of dysarthria in children with ABI. The lack may be because of a lack of data or understanding of its history, lack of diagnostic classification system and the heterogeneity of etiologies and the pediatric types of dysarthria (Morgan & Vogel). BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashley, J., et al. (2006). Speech, language, and swallowing disorders in the older adult. Vol 22, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine: NYU Langone Medical Center. Retrieved on December 2, 2012 fro http://www.med.myu.edu/pmr/residency/resources.atrokeandbraininjury/swallowingdisorders.pdf Clark, H.M. (2003). Neuromuscular treatments for speech and swallowing: a tutorial. Vol 12 # 4, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology: PubMed. Retrieved on December 4, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658992 Ganty, G. et al. (2012). The role of speech-language-pathologist in rehabilitation of people with multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation in MS: National Center. Retrieved on December 3, 2012 from http://www.rims.be/Documents/theroleofspeechandlanguagepathologist.pdf Morgan, a.T. And Vogel, a.P. (008). Intervention for dysarthria associated with acquired injury in children and adolescents. Vol. 16 # 3 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: PubMed. Retrieved on December 2, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646143 Melfi, R.S., et al. (2011). Communication disorders. Medscape: Medscape, Inc. Retrieved on December 2, 2012 from http://www.medscape.com/article/317758-overview Ruscello, D.M. (2008). Non-speech oral motor treatment issues related to children with developmental speech sound disorders. Vol 39 # 3 Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools: PubMed. Retrieved on December 2, 2012 from http://lshss.asha.org/cgi/content/short/39/3/380 Read the full article