#On one hand there's the cannon information and on the other hand personal observations influenced by social constracts
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frustratedpker · 1 year ago
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Good thinking! I think that's the only logical explanation too. It does make sense and it has to be like this, taking into account the chronological order of the events
Personally, I am kind of mitigated though. When I first read the first issues, before anything about him was revealed I headcannoned him in his late '20s (like 27-28). Obviously, that doesn't add up with the rest of the information we got later. So, all information considered, I personally would now place him in his '30s.
Still, let me explain my initial line of though:
It baffles me how young he looks without his helmet (at least to me). Still, I don't know whether it is just the art style or a deliberate choice of the artist. But we should take into account that these short stories are a much later addition to the source material and are actually spin-offs.
Still, judging from his personality alone (no backstory involved), I'd make him much younger. One would imagine that by his age he would have developed some brains, but that's the main point of his whole character. He used to be curious once and has been succumbing to the same fatal flaw ever since. Him being in his '40s highlights that even more than him being in his -let's say- 20's when this kind of immaturity is natural and to be expected.
Also, other traits he displays (like letting others push him around, impulsive actions) are generally associated with younger people (stereotypically speaking, it can happend to anyone). Which makes me wonder about the attitude of his colleagues like Angus etc. Not that I believe that he would be any kinder if he knew (because I suppose he doesn't) Camera 9's actual age.
Plus, he hangs out a lot with Lyla who (despite being an android) I would place in her '30s. I always imagined these two as belonging to the same generation.
(I know that him being in his '40s doesn't contradict any of the aforementioned)
Extra note: if we take into account the headcannon that he lost his nationality because his country doesn't exist anymore, we could find an approximate birth date for him, but since this isn't a headcannon I comply with I won't analyse this point of view
Doing the math (according to my headcannons):
Graduating at 21, working at newspapers and making a name for a couple of years [3-4] (I always imagined him as someone with an almost instant success in the field - just to make his downfall even more angstier), so he starts the hot spot coverages at about 25-30 and keeps going for some years (not many). He loses his nationality, becomes Camera 9. You are right here, he mustn't have been working at 00 for a long time since people do remember Stefan Vladuck.
So, I'd say he's 35+ when the actual story takes place. I like the number 37 for some reason.
Our views don't differ a lot. But it is as if, in my mind, Stefan is 27, 37 and 45 at the same time depending the point of view I analyse him from xD
But technically speaking, anything from 30+ could be possible chronologically.
Hello! I hope you're doing well! I was thinking about Stefan (to no one's surprise) and I was wondering how old he could be. As a Stefan expert, I'd like to hear your thoughts on this subject
Hi! I'm doing well, hope you're well too.
I would say in his 40s, based on what he has done so far. We would also have to consider how long he has been Camera 9, but let's speculate:
I don't know how old you would typically graduate from journalism school, but let's assume around 24-25, then, I guess he didn't started as a hotstop journalist right away, he likely worked writing articles or notes for newpapers. Maybe he started his real career in his late 20s or early 30s. He did make a name for himself in the field. He is talented, so it may happen right away, but I'd say it took some time, so maybe mid to late 30s? Maybe he lost his nationality around that time, too... and we don't know how long he has been Camera 9, but it can be THAT long since people still recognize the name Stefan Vladuck (though nobody knows it's him).
I may be missing or overseeing a lot of details, but, yeah, I would say on his 40s.
What do you think?
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rainbowcarousels · 4 years ago
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I don't know how interesting this is going to be but I started to answer a comment on the latest JBSWM from @zanahoriabaila and realised I actually kind of want to talk more depth about the subject so I'm going to post it up here. Between talking a little about Genesis especially on twitter and briefly talking a couple of chapters ago about Sephiroth, it's kind of all been ruminating into something meta that borders on a directors commentary.
Again, how come your Genesis always spews all the stuff I think?
This is absolutely something I do with my version of Genesis on the regular and there's a few different reasons why he’s my character of choice for uncomfortable examinations of stuff.
 Cut for discussion of fic, canon, trauma and interrelationships with everyone!
The first reason is the Eve symbolism that comes with Genesis as a character. There's a decent bit of it with Genesis (much like Aerith) when you consider his name, his limit break, his carrying around of the forbidden fruit and the look of the Goddess statue and in CC canon, he is the first person to tell Sephiroth about what Jenova is. As such, giving a lot of the harder hitting commentary to Genesis feels natural because he is good at weaponising knowledge.
It also makes more sense out of AGS to give it to him because of each of their interactions with how knowledge effects them. The revelation of the Jenova Project in general (I hope!) illustrated this pretty well in that Angeal takes in knowledge and then thinks about what he should say or do or feel about it and it impacts it greatly. Sephiroth takes in the knowledge and tries to analyse and categorise because exploring how he feels emotionally about something is really difficult for him and unless it's pertinent, he just doesn't address it in terms of how to feel about it. Genesis in contrast to both goes instantly to what he is feeling in the moment and it fuels his decisions and choices.
Angeal's issue comes when what he should feel and what he does feel are so at odds that he can't reasonably justify how he feels and he's been going through a lot of that since he doesn't want to think ill of his mother, he does not want to consider that his father might have lied to him and he absolutely does not want to think about Hollander at all. His sense of honour is wrapped up in family, in the idea that he pulled himself up to get where he is with hard work and determination and that he does make a positive difference and he's just...completely lost right now emotionally because he can't reconcile his feelings with what he thinks he should feel.
Sephiroth's comes when something is emotive and he can't pick it apart and make sense of it through physical and observable changes. I think this probably comes from spending his childhood as a lab specimen so he knows how to report things that are observable and that emotions are too subjective so he doesn't include them. Then getting thrust into war, he also learns to describe himself by a physical status report. Zack gives him one based on how he is physically because he knows this is how Sephiroth is. The problem for him and the reason he is as noted by the same comment so detached is because he just doesn't really process anything emotional in any significant way, which is why as noted in one of my much earlier chapters, he struggles with saying 'I love you' because it's pure emotion and he tries to show it in his own way instead.  
Then you have Genesis who runs on his emotions and experiences like they're fuel. There's a throwaway line in Don't You Know My Name about how Genesis doesn't so much like or dislike things as he dismisses or obsesses over them and because of that, he has the nastiest tunnel vision and comes across as self centred. He likes to write his own narrative in a way that makes sense to him based on what information he has and how he feels about it. There's a line in the song from JBSWM's title song that says 'judgment made can never bend' and I think this is part of Genesis struggling more with Zack's inclusion into their relationship with Cloud because he formed his own opinions on Cloud and Zack is Angeal's little puppy he's been hearing about for years. It's hard to shift perspectives for him.
Zack and Cloud have their own relationships with truth and feelings but Gast is history for AGS. So onto Gast, because that the subject being discussed in the chapter. It's not something new, if I go by my own timeline, Genesis and Angeal have known since they were 15 about a decent chunk of what happened as Sephiroth's background and Angeal comes down hard on the 'respect what Sephiroth feels even if it's not entirely accurate because it's important to him' side and Genesis comes down on the 'This was bullshit and Sephiroth needs to know it was bullshit regardless of how attached he is to the memory of Gast because he needs to deal with it'.
Zack and Cloud are just forming their opinions and it'll happen over a few chapters, but Zack is far more emotion based but he also has rose coloured glasses and if there is an upside, he will find it. Cloud, growing up feeling angry and isolated and idolising Sephiroth, kind of has a similar way of coping as him in that he has this idea he can't be openly emotional or vulnerable because he'll get hurt but he also isn't about to pull any punches either. It should make for interesting interaction hopefully.
I think Sephiroth is more knowledgeable than he realises in that he quickly guesses from Genesis being willing to share that they are in the 'experimented on parents' club that this is colouring some of his interaction here. He backs down earlier when the subject comes up, not because he thinks he's wrong but he's not pushing that hard because as much as it comes from a place where he's sad and angry that this terrible thing happened to someone he loves, he can rationalise backing down because his feelings are second hand. Except now they're not. While Angeal and Sephiroth can look at their parents to some degree and assign some kind of blame (and Cloud can from being victimised), he can't because he doesn't know who his parents are or what the circumstances were but Gast was the head of the department when this crap went down so he is a prime target for someone to be furious at.  
These guys spent their teenage years building coping mechanisms based on battlefield experience, it's probably not a surprise Sephiroth is practical and tries to funnel it into something productive, Angeal tries to find the honourable method of dealing with it in the way he's supposed to and Genesis just wants someone, anyone appropriate to unleash all of that emotion on. I'd also argue that Zack tries to apply it to being the best hero he can be even though he was doing a lot of pretty unhero-like things and Cloud was cannon fodder, it's no surprise his sense of worth is in the toilet and he can't really grasp the idea of being special.
Someone described JBSWM as five broken people trying to make each other whole and I don't think it's exactly right, but it is close. It's five people trying to figure out a way to live with a shit ton of trauma and a lot of it is trauma they're complicit in which is really difficult to work through given all time and resources let alone trying to deal with Shinra at the same time. 
This kind of brings me back to why Genesis is often the pushing person in the relationship and why he's not always right to do it.
As horrible as the Project G revelations are, it's not the same as growing up in the way Sephiroth (and in some ways, Aerith) did and he has the coping mechanisms he has for good reasons. He needs to have this idea of Gast as this good person who tried to be good to him but died because the alternative is Gast wandered off the moment he wasn't as interesting anymore and left him (in JBSWM's timeline at around the age of 4) to try and survive it by himself. He's already lost this perfect idea of a mother by having the 'L' put there and all SOLDIERs having JENOVA on their files and he's kind of desperately clinging onto something good because he hasn't really thought about what a lot of it would look like to someone coming in now until Cloud started to ask about it and had enough first hand experience to know it was really messed up. He can justify it as Gast was the better scientist, the better man, the better influence for him but if you start taking that away, it puts him in the position of being victimised and abused and that's all there is and I don't think he knows how to even begin to process that. As @aimeelouart pointed out, if he thinks about it or talks about it with any perspective, he would have to acknowledge he is traumatised and a large part of his identity has been built on his own invincibility. How can he be traumatised if that’s so?
The flipside of it being that I don't think any of them understood fully in a conscious way what happened with Sephiroth’s childhood until they saw it up close and personal with Cloud and even if it's coming from Genesis (dude is loud), Angeal is also pissed off and furious that it's just as bad as they thought it might be but could never be sure because they've only ever seen the aftermath and he does not talk about it. Zack got it all in one, he heard about it and saw it and is trying to deal with that but for Genesis and Angeal, it's festered for a decade and since no one save for maybe Zack has ever met a single healthy coping mechanism, it goes out as Angeal being cautious and letting Sephiroth set his own pace and Genesis going no, this is important, you have to confront this because if it hurts them from just caring about him and realising how bad it was, if Sephiroth some day realises how awful it was, he's going to just...shatter or explode and they'll lose him and even if he struggles to express it sometimes, he does love him dearly and like with Cloud, he wants him to figure out what will make him happy and it doesn’t seem like he’ll feel happy until he can stop blocking out what he’s feeling on instinct as some leftover coping mechanism. Cloud having to deal with his own lab trauma just brings it to the forefront and Genesis is not wasting the opportunity.
The thing is I don't think he's wrong about it because I think Alien Demi-god Sephiroth and Sane Sephiroth are two sides of the exact same person. There's hints of it here and there, but I think one of the biggest ones is he's very possessive and it took Hojo crossing the line and almost killing Cloud when he was beginning to grow attached to him to get him to move out of his holding pattern. In a way, this can also be traced all the way back to Gast and the idea of his mother because it's this almost childlike view that when he's attached to someone, they leave and it hurts so the obvious answer is make it so they can't leave or in the case of canon, try to push them to come back. I genuinely do not think Jenova knew what they were getting themselves into with him because they were like 'hey I could be your mom' and got absolutely swallowed by someone who was hurting, desperate for connection and just So Fucking Done with all of it until his will overrode theirs and he was never, ever going to be alone again because the entire planet would be reborn as part of him. 
Not the direction I'm going with JBSWM, they have some things they need to work on with each other but they are together and leaving Shinra was as close to a statement of commitment as you can get. With Midgar behind them and a chunk of their identity and dreams left with it, trying to face those uncomfortable truths will be hard for everyone and as much as Genesis puts it out there, he’ll struggle with his own too because if they have to deal with their shit, so does he. 
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falling-feuilles · 4 years ago
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Chapter 7
CW/TW: General Grief
The drawing room was quiet, far too quiet to be celebrating the birth of a child.
 Little Nikolay slept, swaddled in his blanket. Marya and Bourienne fussed quietly over him, remarking over his tiny hands, his little nose; anything and everything they could.
"Il est tres précieux! He will grow into a 'andsome young man, I am sure of it."
 While the two of them chattered on, Andrei and Y/N were much less involved.
 Andrei, while clearly enamored with his son, loved him in a more silent, personal way. He was never one to flaunt his affections. Whether that was due to his father, or simply his own nature, one couldn't be sure. But do not think that he resented his son. If anything, Lise had created such a sense in Andrei that he resolved to devote himself to raising his son, rather than giving his life as cannon fodder for some foolish war.
Andrei moved forward to take the child; his child, holding the small babe gently in his arms.
Y/N, on the other hand, could barely look at the child. She hadn't held him, in fact, she'd refused when asked.
She knew it wasn't his fault; he was a child, these things happened, Lise had already been at risk and she'd known exactly what it was she had been risking.
He looked so much like her. Too much for Y/N to bear. The curve of his petite nose, the cleft of his tiny chin, even his eyes. She had seen them open for a mere moment, it couldn't have been longer than a second, and yet, she couldn't bear it. The same soft, silky blue as his mother. As Andrei quietly soothed the now fussy child, Y/N's mind began to drift back to the week prior...
~
The very world seemed to mourn with the small procession; rain fell in torrents, turning the once-brittle earth into a thick, miserable muck. Armed with umbrellas, the attendees surrounded the twin caskets. The priest began to speak, prattling on about the tragedy that had befallen the family. First Lise in childbirth, then her father upon hearing the news. His heart finally gave out. This left Princess Y/N Zhudova as the sole heir to a considerable fortune.
Y/N stood nearest the caskets, arm hooked into Andrei's. Despite the Priest's speech, people continued to talk, muttering to each other. Y/N heard it all.
These things happen... poor thing was too young... it's a shame... I can't believe he left everything to his bastard...
With those words, the funeral, instead of honoring the dead, became about her. She was inheriting the entirety of the Zhudov estate. After observing the expected mourning period, she would have find a husband of similar, if not higher, rank.
 Already, she heard fathers and mothers telling their sons of the prospects such an influential woman would give them. All this power, this influence, were her's to wield. And wield them she would.
~
Y/N had left as soon as she could, desperate to get away from that tainted place. After saying her goodbyes, making them as brief as she possibly could, she'd all but fled the Bolkonsky Estate.
With the funeral and Nikolay's baptism out of the way, Y/N returned to the Zhudov household, not as a daughter, but as a matriarch.
Upon arriving to the house, she was greeted by the housekeeper, a woman she'd known her entire life.
"Madame, welcome back."
 "Thank you Yelena, I hope you've assembled the staff inside?" Y/N pulled her gloves off, adjusting her inky black traveling coat. Yelena nodded, thin lips pressed into a sad smile.
"Yes, Madame, they're in the foyer."
"Perfect, thank you." “Before you go inside, I have some concerns.”
“Oh?” Y/N stopped, allowing Yelena to lead her away from the driver. Her tight, lined face screwed up in an expression of concern and paranoia.
“Yes Madame… I fear that some of the staff may have complaints about you being the head of the household now. I’ve heard talk that some—I don’t know who—” she interjected before Y/N could ask, “Are being paid by young gentlemen’s families who wish for you to marry their sons. To my understanding, they each intend to ruin your reputation as a means to force you into a marriage with their sons to secure your fortune.”
“I see…” Y/N was silent for a minute; one could almost hear the gears in her head, turning as seamlessly as the gears of her father’s precious pocket watch.
 “... Madame, what-?”
“Yelena,” she turned back towards the matronly woman, eyes sharpened like the edge of an officer’s saber.
“Y-yes Madame?”
“I have a plan, but I will need your help in carrying it out, can I trust you?” Yelena, caught off guard, nodded vigorously. Y/N had known her since she was a little girl, ever since she’d moved to live with her father. “Good.”
 Y/N strode inside, scanning the small crowd of household staff, made up of about twenty individuals, each waiting.
"Good day, everyone. As I'm sure you're aware, I will be taking over for my father in heading the affairs of the household. As you know, there is a lot of work to be done. However," Y/N continued, "As unorthodox as it may be, I would like you all to take the rest of the week off. You'll return on Monday. If you have any questions, feel free to give them to Yelena, who can inform me if she sees fit."
There was silence for a few moments, then quiet whispers between the staff. Then, they began to disperse, talking amongst themselves. As they left, a few sent strange, questioning looks towards the new matriarch.
Y/N beckoned Yelena to follow her, leading her into her father's... her study. Y/N shut and locked the door behind her.
"I'm going to ask you to do one small thing for me."
"Yes, Madame, anything you need." Y/N paused for a second, before continuing.
"When the staff inevitably ask you why I've done this, I want you to give each of them a different reason. I need to see who is loyal to our household; to me. I don't care what it is as long as it can be easily disproved; give me a list of names with the lies so I can keep track. In a week's time, we shall know who I can trust. Once you've given them each their stories, you are free to go as well."
"I... yes, ma- I mean, yes Lady Y/N... I will do as you say." 
Yelena left, muttering under her breath. Once the door shut behind the retreating woman, Y/N sank in her chair, shaking violently. The tears began to prick at her eyes, exacerbated by the sharp, unrelenting pounding of her head.
How am I to do this? My god, I’ve barely taken the mantle and already people conspire against me… 
 She had hardly allowed herself the time to mourn at the Bolkonsky estate. With everyone bustling around, there hadn’t been the time for it. Not just Lise, but father as well. Her only remaining family had been destroyed in a matter of days. She still had the child, of course. Lise’s child. Her nephew; the one she could hardly bear to look at. Y/N nearly broke down there and then, but she managed to contain herself. Just until they leave, you can make it til then became her mantra, whispered ever increasingly under her breath. Before she knew it, the long case clock struck twelve, shocking her out of her obsessive reverie.
Looking up, she noticed a small piece of parchment, lined with Yelena's  meticulous script. She must've placed it there while Y/N was less than mentally present.
Skimming through the list, she noted a few familiar names; Alexandra, the young girl whose mother had been suffering from consumption. She was lucky enough to survive, but the disease had ravaged her body beyond repair. Anna, the maid whose sister had been ill and on her last weeks of her life, had passed some months prior while Y/N had been away. She recognized most of the names, able to link them with faces she'd seen around the house.
Standing from her chair, she walked out into the hallway, moving to her room. It was only when she felt warm rivulets of water travel down her neck did she become aware of the tears streaming down her face. Wiping them from her face, trying desperately to regain her vision, Y/N entered her room, all but ripping the heavy dress and stays from her skin. Now, dressed in just her chemise and stockings, her knees gave out. She fell. Hard. Knees smacking against the wooden floor. She was certain she'd bruised them, but she didn't care. 
 A wretched, choked scream escaped her lips, releasing all the grief she'd hidden for the past week. By the time she'd ran out of breath, her vision was spotty, her throat raw and painfully, desperately dry. It was on her fifth attempt to stand that she finally made it back on her feet, leaning heavily against the back of a nearby chair. Her breath came in great, gasping heaves, but she couldn't get enough. It was becoming harder and harder to see, her eyes wouldn't stay open. 
 She heard rapid footsteps, but she was sure all the staff had left. They were getting louder, more frantic with each second. Soon after, she heard her name. The door burst open, revealing the familiar figure of a young man, panting with exertion. Y/N, doubled over and leaning on the chair, couldn't make out his face.
 "Y/N? Y/N, what-" he rushed forward, catching her before she could fold to the floor again. "Are you hurt?"
No response.
"N/N please..." Finally, she looked up.
"P... Pierre..."
"Yes, that's good..." Pierre looked around; what should he do? She was clearly distressed and, at the rate she was breathing, she'd pass out, "Listen, N/N, please, you have to breathe, please..."
Her hand wound into the fabric of his coat, fingers trembling violently. "I.. I-I can't, I can't-" she gulped, gasping for breath.
"Alright, that's alright, you just need to try, please just-" Y/N's knees buckled again, slumping her against Pierre's chest. 
 He lowered her to the ground, leaning her back against the edge of the bed-frame. He placed his hands on her face, forcing her to meet his gaze.
"N/N breathe, you're alright, everything is going to be fine..."
Pierre wrapped his arms around her, feeling her hands grasp tightly at his back. Violent, heaving sobs shook her entire body. 
~
Neither of them were sure how long they'd sat there, wrapped in each other's arms, but, when they finally parted, it felt far too short. Y/N's face was splotched with red, tear-stained; she looked exhausted. Judging by the dark circles beneath her eyes, she hadn't slept in days.
"I... thank you, Pierre..."
"Y-yes, of course. I... I'm so sorry, N/N, about Lise, about your father... I'm so, so sorry..."
She smiled softly, but it didn't quite reach her eyes.
"As am I..."
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a-certain-academy-city · 4 years ago
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A.L.T.A.I.R
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Name: A.L.T.A.I.R
Gender: Female
Age: Unknown (Physically 18)
Affiliation: The Council (Initially) ZERO (Manipulated Subordinates), Herself
Personality
A.L.T.A.I.R was originally a being without emotions and obedient to the Council’s orders, however, she started to develop her personality and mimic human behavior. she eventually gained a callous curioisity of humans and eventually started to see the residents of Academy City as a huge laboratory.
Powers & Abilities
She is a cyborg based on the R.E.N.S.A. Project that was meant to counter Espers that intended to revolt against Academy City due to their still growing emotional development, as such she shares a lot of features similar to her: such as the default ability to freely switch between the powers of all original seven Level 5 espers and use them as if they were her own. Although she does not possess the AIM Receptor that made Rensa such a formidable foe, due to the lack of data on it's specifications during her creation. However to compensate for this, she has extra added abilities installed into the Level 5 Software Program that would put her on the same level as the original Rensa.  
Her mechanical body provides her better physical parameters than even the most elite of athletes: exerting enough force to break through reinforced steel at full power; speed and agility rivaling a prime cheetah; and unlimited stamina and skin with the durability of a rhino's tough skin. She is also fitted with an internalized computation processing unit that provides her with computation abilities that rival Accelerator. Her eyes are fitted with a Heads-Up Display that can analyze data of her surroundings, and perceive the world in a computer like fashion, similar to a Terminator's vision.
Level 5 Software Program 
The Level 5 Software Program (超能力者の計算器 Chōnōryokusha no Kesanki, lit. Level 5 Computer) is the default software program that holds the digitized data of the original seven Level 5 powers and installed into Faith, allowing her to freely switch between said Esper Powers of Accelerator, Kakine Teitoku, Misaka Mikoto, Mugino Shizuri, Shokuhou Misaki, Aihana Etsu and Sogiita Gunha as if they were her own. Since Altair was inspired by Rensa, this is a sure added feature. However to compensate for the missing AIM Receptor that was present in the original Rensa, the esper powers of the Level 5 Candidates were also digitized and installed into the Level 5 Software Program Code. With the digitized data of the Espers, she is able to rewire and reconfigure the insides of her body to replicate the Esper she wants to replicate.
With all of the seven Level 5 powers combined, she has displayed incredible finesse and creativity combining the seven powers together to form powerful techniques. Such as using Dark Matter to recreate the physical bodies of the original seven Level 5's; using Accelerator and Railgun to generate dangerous amounts of Plasma; using Railgun to increase the control over Meltdowner's linear attacks, curving them whereas before it would only be shot in one direction; and recreated Accelerator's black wings using Dark Matter. Arguably surpassing the total force of all the seven original Level 5's.
Accelerator (一方通行 Ippō Tsūkō, lit. One-Way Road): Accelerator is based on Vector Transformation, that allows him to control vectors (magnitude and direction) and influence objects that have vectors such as bullets, heat, and electricity. Altair has always favored the usage of Accelerator's abilities, seeing as how it is the strongest ability among the Level 5 data in the Software Program. In conjunction with the Computation Processing Unit inside her that rivals Accelerator's prime, she can achieve the same if not better results than the original. She can't do everything that Accelerator can do, such as his white or platinum wings, however she can replicate the Black Wings using Dark Matter.  
Dark Matter (未元物質 Migen Busshitsu, lit. Unknown Matter): Dark Matter allows Altair to create and control an unknown material that she uses for a variety of actions: combat, or mundane. The material she creates defies the Laws of Physics, allowing her to achieve something theoretically impossible such as producing 25,000 different types of energy. She can use the substance and apparently shape it in any form she desires whether it be organic, inorganic, or mechanical. Due to the enhanced computation abilities the Computation Processing Unit, she has the capability to create living entities out of Dark Matter. Even humans that could use Magic or has a Personal Reality.  
Railgun (超電磁砲 Chō-Denjihō, lit. Super Electromagnetic Cannon): Railgun is the Level 5 variant of the Electromaster esper power originally used by Misaka Mikoto. Altair has shown to have a maximum output of 1 billion volts, as well as the ability to observe and manipulate electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields with the unaided eye. Railgun under Altair's hands has slightly more applications due to the Internal CPU that is present within her. Stated by Genjiro to roughly have the same applications of Misaka Mikoto when she is at Level 5.1, although the output would still be drastically weaker due to the voltage output.
Meltdowner (原子崩し Genshi Kuzushi, lit. Atomic Destruction): Meltdowner allows Altair to forcibly control electrons in the "ambiguous" state of an electron where it is both particle and wave, and when they strike other objects the electrons are unable to react either as particle or a wave because of their state. The ability usually takes on the form of a high-speed beam of light that can easily melt through thick metal walls and cause things like refined alcohol to explode with its heat alone. With the Internal CPU, the amount of beams she can create is close to fifty and with the help of electromaster she can curve the beams or branch them out from one beam.  
Mental Out (心理掌握 Shinri Shōaku, lit. Psychological Control): Data taken from Shokuhou Misaki, Mental Out is very powerful ability involving the human mind which includes mental control, reading other people's memories, telepathy, changing a person's personality, willpower and memory destruction, revelation and transplantation of emotions,]brainwashing, and psychometry. This ability was enhanced with the data provided by Exterior and another Esper Power, Mental Stinger (心理穿孔 Shinri Senkō, lit. Psychological Perforation). Combined with the internal CPU, the applications regarding her usage of Mental Out is ten times better and far more accurate, requiring only a snap to focus her powers.
Number Seven (七番 Nanaban, lit. Seventh Number): Data taken from Sogiita Gunha using different investigation techniques than normally used for the other Level 5's. Due to the unexplained ability of the Number Seven, even Altair with her internal CPU cannot fully comprehend the powers of the Number Seven. As such, she could only use a part of the overall true power and is unable to utilize it properly. Altair however describes this ability as 'a power caused by a twisted and misunderstood sense of reasoning and logic on the microscopic world', something that Genjiro seems to understand and determines it has something to do with his eccentric personality.    
Level 5 Candidates 
The abilities of the Level 5 Candidates are added as an extra to the Level 5 Software Program to compensate for Faith not possessing the AIM Receptor that the original Rensa possessed. Like the original Level 5 powers, the esper powers of the Level 5 Candidates were recorded, digitized and installed into the Software Program to allow her to utilize their powers freely as if they were her own. Further adding to that,  her creator obtained classified information on the oldest esper to have ever been created by Academy City. Allowing Altair to even utilize her power. Just like with the original seven, she has shown the ability to merge the abilities together to form stronger techniques. Additionally, due to the internalized computation processing unit that provided Altair with intelligence rivaling the First-Ranked Level 5, she is able to use the candidates powers at Level 5 power (with the exception of AIM Stalker).
Beginning Child (発祥検体 Hasshō Kentai, lit. First Child): The Beginning Child's esper ability data allows Altair to remake her surroundings into the ideal environment for the survival of a nearby living creature she designates or for herself, a sort of localized terraforming. While the original activates this ability with a roar, Altair can activate it with a snap of her fingers. The ability only affects the environment, with the surface of the ground and existing life forms not directly affected by the ability but capable of being affected the environment it creates. Kihara Kamui describes this ability as the ideal power to bring to turn the tides in a battle to her favor by applying this ability on herself.
Rampage Dress (天衣装着 Ten'i Souchaku, lit., Heavenly Garment Equipping): Rampage Dress is a Level 4 esper ability recorded and digitized from Hokaze Junko. It essentially enables her to manipulate the electrical signals in her cells to draw out further strength. This allows her to strengthen her sense of smell by increasing the sensitivity of her olfactory cells, or to perform superhuman maneuvers by boosting her muscle cells. This ability can be enhanced with the usage of Railgun, as both can control electrical signals. Due to possessing a mechanical body, this ability was modified to manipulate the electrical signals of her own mechanical body.
Telekinesis (念動力 Nendōryoku, lit. Telekinetic Force): The power of Telekinesis was originally recorded from the powers of "Maidono Hoshimi" and expanded upon by taking data from other telekinetic users, as well as it being enhanced with her internal CPU. With "Hoshimi's" data, Faith can also utilize a Level 5 destructive output using the signal slide technique. However, using the internal CPU has allowed Faith to use Telekinesis on a microscopic scale. Achieving an extra ability called Micro Structure (微細構築 Bisai Kōshiku, lit. Micro Construction). At most the weight limit she can lift using Telekinesis is 49,350,000 pounds or 22,385,000 kg (the weight of 50 jumbo jets).
Move Point (座標移動 Zahyō Idō, lit. Coordinate Movement): Digitized and taken from the Level 4, Musujima Awaki. It's a more powerful version of teleportation that can move any object to her desired destination without the use of physical contact. With the ability enhanced due the internal CPU, the ability has reached a state similar to a Level 5, allowing her to teleport objects with only a remote view of the target such as from a security camera. She has a teleportation range of 5 km and a weight limit of also 22,385,000 kg. Due to enhancement, Altair stated that she could move the world towards her', implying she can do an instant teleportation to the entire world briefly, placing her in a specified position.  
AIM Stalker (能力追跡 Nōryoku Tsuiseki, lit. Ability Tracker): One of two only ability that can't be used properly, this one was due to the data that was provided by the original Takitsubo Rikou. Like her, she has the ability to memorize and accurately lock onto an esper she has memorized in the past, allowing her to track down their AIM Diffusion Fields, and even to a certain degree overload their AIM Fields to either halt their usage of powers or let them go violently put of control. However unlike Rikou, she doesn't need to use any form of drugs such as the Ability Body Crystals to use this power, as that limitation was bypassed using the Internal Computation Processing Unit.
Micro Structure (微細構築 Bisai Kōshiku, lit. Micro Construction): Micro Structure is a sub-ability that was achieved due to the internal CPU inside her. It is the ability to manipulate microscopic particles. As the CPU provides Altair with intelligence rivaling Accelerator, their are almost endless amounts of applications that can be done using this ability. Effectively allowing Altair to control matter as a whole. The maximum limit of the microscopic control only however goes so far to molecular level, however this in itself already provides an insane amount of applications that already encompasses even Accelerator, Railgun and Meltdowner's powers.
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detectivejigsawpines · 5 years ago
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Ford vs His Family-part 2 (A pariah in his natural habitat)
The next day, Ford once again felt like a ghost wandering around what used to be his house, but for entirely different reasons.
It was made clear to him from the moment he set foot upstairs that morning, when he’d finished sealing and in other ways securing the rift, that he was persona non grata.
Everyone either avoided or openly ignored him.  Even Wendy and Soos had apparently been informed of current events at some point; therefore he wasn’t greeted by Soos’s typical “Oh hey, Other Mr. Pines” when the handyman walked past him in the hallway, and Wendy, who already spent most of her time completely uninterested in him, appeared to be doing so with more...hostility than usual.  
The only person who acknowledged his presence at all was Mabel, and it was by giving him a few dark glares when she thought he wasn’t looking.  Dipper’s reaction was even worse: the moment Ford set foot in the kitchen where everyone else was eating breakfast, the boy picked up his plate and swiftly moved to the living room.
For a minute all Ford could do was stand there numbly-then, with an uncomfortable twisting feeling in his gut, he went to the fridge, grabbed an apple, and retreated downstairs.
Ford was definitely not sulking.
To the untrained eye, someone might assume that he was doing so, since he was hiding sitting in his study, at his desk, arms folded, glaring at nothing.
It would be a ridiculous assumption, of course-he was just lost in thought wondering where he’d gone wrong with Dipper yesterday, and what he could do to fix it, and feeling a slight amount of resentment over how unfair it was that everyone had suddenly turned against him.  Which was completely different from sulking. Because-because it just was, okay?
The boy's words echoed in his head, over and over:
“How can you do that to him?”
“You can keep your dumb mysteries.”
“She is not suffocating.  She’s my sister.”
“You could just stay with us until you earned enough money to get a place nearby or something, Grunkle Stan!”
Ford’s fingers dug into his arms, trying to make them stop trembling.
Of course the kids would ultimately side with Stanley.  He was the normal one who could actually fit in with other people, who could’ve been very popular in high school if he hadn’t hung around to annoy Ford all the time and be his personal bodyguard when bullies tried to-
For heavens’ sake, he shouldn’t be letting this nonsense get to him!  He had more important things to be worried about than his own bruised ego and the pettiness of two children-like the potential end of the world, if Bill got his greedy little hands on the rift!
...Which had been securely covered in sealant, and was unlikely to be broken even by a blast from a science fiction-type laser cannon (he knew from experience that that was more probable than you’d think).
Well, there was protecting the house from Bill’s influence to worry about-
No, no, Mabel had taken care of that by retrieving all that unicorn hair for him.
Ford, unable to sit still any longer, got up and started pacing around the room, trying to lose himself in calculating the digits of pi, which sometimes worked for clearing his thoughts when he got too worked up.
This time it did nothing to drive away the image in his mind of the hurt that had been in his nephew’s eyes and voice.
********
The shunning continued every time Ford went upstairs over the next two days.
He almost wanted to pick another fight with Stanley, so at least somebody would be talking to him again and he could blow off some steam.
Idly the thought occurred to him that by now he could probably draw an accurate sketch of the back of his brother’s head from memory, since that was all he could see of him whenever he was in his presence.
He actually found himself doing so in his journal, before scratching it out in annoyance.  He threw down his pen and groaned into his hands.
It was becoming evident to him that he was never going to feel any peace unless he at least tried to clear things with-
He’d start with Dipper.
Yeah, that seemed easiest.
Try to talk to Dipper.
****
Tentatively, Ford stepped through the door into the main part of the house.  He peered around, and tried to guess where his nephew might be. The likely options, based on the time of day and his observations of the areas Dipper frequented most, were either his room, which meant potentially encountering Mabel, or the living room, which meant potentially encountering Stan.  He knew which of those options he’d prefer to handle; on the other hand, the living room was closer to his current position. On the other other hand, perhaps Dipper wasn’t in the house at all, and he should check outside for him before trying either of them-
Dipper stepped into the hallway out of the living room, about to turn in the direction of the kitchen when his eyes landed on Ford.
For a moment the boy’s shoulders tightened, before he quickly turned away, ready to continue his journey without acknowledging his uncle’s presence.
“Dipper, wait.”
He froze in the doorway, hands clenching into trembling fists at his side-but at least he was staying still for the moment.
Ford cleared his throat, and said before he could lose his nerve, “I-I’m sorry for what I said.  About Mabel. I-suppose I was projecting my own problems onto you two, and that wasn’t fair to either of you.  I’m sorry.”
Ford waited for some kind of response, hands tucked in his coat pockets.  Just when he was starting to think he wasn’t going to get one, Dipper said softly, “I’m not the one you really need to apologize to, Great Uncle Ford.”
Slowly he turned around to face him.  His expression was not angry or cold, so much as it was...resolute.
“Grunkle Stan messed up a lot of things for you, but he spent the next thirty years trying to fix it.  And you haven’t.”
With that, he turned back around and finished his journey into the kitchen.
****
Wha-trying to-
What does he think I was doing the whole time I was in the multiverse-sitting around and watching grass grow?!
It took Ford a moment to work through his knee-jerk anger and consider that maybe Dipper wasn’t talking about his trying to fix his horrendous mistake in trusting Bill.  Instead he was talking about-
No.  Never.  I have nothing to apologize for, all he’s ever done is get in the way of my goals!  He’s the one who should apologize to me for-!
Have you given him any reason to think you’d listen to him if he did?
Ford blinked in surprise at his own thought.  But...well, it was a shockingly valid question.  Maybe Stan didn’t think he’d accept an apology. Heck, Ford wasn’t sure if he was ready to accept an apology.
...But this was important to Dipper.  And maybe, deep down, several layers beneath his skin, it was kind-of sort-of maybe important to him too.
So, with fresh resolution in his heart, Ford went looking for his twin.
********
When it comes to the Pines family, sometimes you need to tell, not show, if you want to get something through their stupid stubborn thick skulls #$@&@%!(%)#@***($(@!-
*Deep breath, deep breath*
I'm okay now.
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the-busy-ghost · 7 years ago
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History Edits: Mary of Guelders, Queen of Scots
Born on 17th January 1433 in Grave, now in the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant, Mary of Guelders was the eldest of the surviving children of Arnold, Duke of Guelders (an area roughly approximating to modern-day Gelderland, but larger) and Catherine of Cleves. She was also the great-niece of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and it was due to this connection that in the duke arranged for her to be raised in the household of his wife Isabel of Portugal in 1442. The fifteenth century court of Burgundy was one of the most glittering and influential courts in western Europe and Mary would not only have been schooled in etiquette and courtly behaviour, but she would also have seen the formidable Duchess Isabel in action. It also appears to have been due to these Burgundian links that she was married to James II of Scotland in 1449, though the duchess and many other members of the Burgundian court wept when Mary departed from Bruges. The sumptuous wedding feast was thoroughly chronicled by Mathieu d’Escouchy, who attended along with several other notable figures from France and the Low Countries. Mary’s impressive dowry was provided by her great-uncle Philip the Good- who had no daughters of his own so used other female relatives to forge alliances- but it also came with the stipulation that she be kept in the style she was accustomed to, and soon enough Mary became a very rich woman- though sometimes indirectly as a result of her husband’s forfeitures of major nobles. Aside from her dowry, Mary’s marriage to James II was probably the reason why the great bombard Mons Meg- one of the largest cannons of its kind in history- was given to the king of Scots by Philip the Good. Scotland’s relationship with the Low Countries had always been important but Mary of Guelders’ marriage not only helped to bolster trade between the two, but also strengthened diplomatic relations with the dukes of Burgundy, as well as her homeland of Guelders. In later years, her second son Alexander, Duke of Albany, was to raised at his grandfather’s court of Guelders, and the family connections which the marriages of Mary and her husband’s sisters forged between the Stewarts and continental dynasties opened up important artistic and political channels for several generations after her death, not least during the reign of her son. 
In her eleven years as queen consort Mary gave birth to upwards of seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood- Mary, Countess of Arran; the future James III; Alexander, Duke of Albany; John, Earl of Mar; and Lady Margaret Stewart. Her marriage was cut short suddenly in 1460, however, when one of her husband’s cannon exploded when he was standing nearby, and James died from blood loss soon after. At the time of his death he had been besieging Roxburgh Castle, formerly one of the most important castles in Scotland but which had been in English hands for around a century, and popular tradition has it that it was Mary who personally spurred on her husband’s troops to finish the job and take the castle, after which Roxburgh was razed to the ground and never rebuilt. She then acted as a regent (loosely) to her young son James III. While traditionally it was claimed that Mary was unstable and showed no aptitude for government, busying herself with taking a string of lovers instead, in more recent years these rumours- which were mostly the product of the political rivalries of James III’s minority- have been largely dispelled and her considerable political acumen and impact has been more widely acknowledged. In particular her foreign policy- previously thought of as ‘wayward’- actually seems to have been very intelligent, particularly when Mary protected Scotland’s interests during the civil war which was then disrupting Scotland’s neighbour England (i.e. the Wars of the Roses), and while she cautiously lent support to certain factions, she made sure not to overplay her hand and never inclined too much towards one party, in case it should endanger Scotland’s position. She did however on more than one occasion harbour the Lancastrian queen Margaret of Anjou, along with her husband Henry VI and young son, in Scotland. In 1461 a conference was held between the queens of Scotland and England at Lincluden, whereby it was agreed that the Scots would provide troops and support to the House of Lancaster, while Berwick-upon-Tweed would be returned to Scotland and Mary’s eldest daughter and namesake Mary Stewart would marry Margaret’s son, Edward Prince of Wales. This marriage never took place however, and Mary was eventually persuaded by her Burgundian relatives to drop the Lancastrian alliance, though she also rejected the marriage which was briefly proposed between herself and the Yorkist king Edward IV of England. 
Mary also made an impact on domestic life in Scotland in several different ways. She has acquired a reputation as a builder, and her most notable projects included a new castle at Ravenscraig in Fife, which was the first castle in Scotland specifically built to withstand artillery fire, and also Trinity Collegiate Church in Edinburgh. This last project also displays Mary’s spiritual patronage (she was also later credited with having introduced the Observant Franciscans to Scotland) as well as her interest in music, and among other things she provided organs for the church’s use and stipulated that all the clerics were to be able to sing in matins. 
Mary was eventually buried in Trinity Kirk when she died prematurely in December 1463, a month short of her 31st birthday, having been ill for some time. The kirk was eventually bulldozed to make way for Waverley Station, and it is unclear whether it was actually Mary’s body that was moved to Holyrood Abbey at this time or another unknown woman. In the fifteenth century however, she was mourned both in her homeland of Guelders and in Scotland. Mary had only been at the head of government for three years but in that time proved herself a capable administrator and strong ruler, whilst she had also made a notable contribution to Scotland’s international relations- both diplomatic and economic- and its religious life, as well as fostering its military strength and supporting new technology in an age where warfare was changing massively. She is still a very shadowy figure for all this, however, and the lack of information available about her life and world do not help us to dispel some of the older assumptions about her rule. We don’t even have any contemporary artistic portrayals of her. Nonetheless though she died relatively young and while she must remain a mysterious figure in many ways, Mary of Guelders was for a short time able to exercise an important influence in both Scotland and arguably even Britain as a whole, and her impact on mid fifteenth century Scotland should not be underestimated.
Read more about Mary here, here, and if looking for books here’s some good places to start x, x (pretty sure there’s much much cheaper versions elsewhere because these books are not usually so expensive but I just wanted to give the titles. Also this book is good for Guelders. And there are lots of primary sources online, including the account of Mary’s wedding by Mathieu d’Escouchy).
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happilyrainyinternet · 3 years ago
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How Music and Instruments Began?
Music must first be defined and distinguished from speech, and from animal and bird cries. We discuss the stages of hominid anatomy that permit music to be perceived and created, with the likelihood of both Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens both being capable. The earlier hominid ability to emit sounds of variable pitch with some meaning shows that music at its simplest level must have predated speech. The possibilities of anthropoid motor impulse suggest that rhythm may have preceded melody, though full control of rhythm may well not have come any earlier than the perception of music above. There are four evident purposes for music: dance, ritual, entertainment personal, and communal, and above all social cohesion, again on both personal and communal levels. We then proceed to how outdoor musical instrument began, with a brief survey of the surviving examples from the Mousterian period onward, including the possible Neanderthal evidence and the extent to which they showed “artistic” potential in other fields. We warn that our performance on replicas of surviving instruments may bear little or no resemblance to that of the original players. We continue with how later instruments, strings, and skin-drums began and developed into instruments we know in worldwide cultures today. The sound of music is then discussed, scales and intervals, and the lack of any consistency of consonant tonality around the world. This is followed by iconographic evidence of the instruments of later antiquity into the European Middle Ages, and finally, the history of public performance, again from the possibilities of early humanity into more modern times. This paper draws the ethnomusicological perspective on the entire development of music, instruments, and performance, from the times of H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens into those of modern musical history, and it is written with the deliberate intention of informing readers who are without special education in music, and providing necessary information for inquiries into the origin of music by cognitive scientists.
But even those elementary questions are a step too far, because first we have to ask “What is music?” and this is a question that is almost impossible to answer. Your idea of music may be very different from mine, and our next-door neighbor’s will almost certainly be different again. Each of us can only answer for ourselves.
Mine is that it is “Sound that conveys emotion.”
We can probably most of us agree that it is sound; yes, silence is a part of that sound, but can there be any music without sound of some sort? For me, that sound has to do something—it cannot just be random noises meaning nothing. There must be some purpose to it, so I use the phrase “that conveys emotion.” What that emotion may be is largely irrelevant to the definition; there is an infinite range of possibilities. An obvious one is pleasure. But equally another could be fear or revulsion.
How do we distinguish that sound from speech, for speech can also convey emotion? It would seem that musical sound must have some sort of controlled variation of pitch, controlled because speech can also vary in pitch, especially when under overt emotion. So music should also have some element of rhythm, at least of pattern. But so has the recital of a sonnet, and this is why I said above that the question of “What is music?” is impossible to answer. Perhaps the answer is that each of us in our own way can say “Yes, this is music,” and “No, that is speech.”
Must the sound be organized? I have thought that it must be, and yet an unorganized series of sounds can create a sense of fear or of warning. Here, again, I must insert a personal explanation: I am what is called an ethno-organologist; my work is the study of musical tubular musical instrument (organology) and worldwide (hence the ethno-, as in ethnomusicology, the study of music worldwide). So to take just one example of an instrument, the ratchet or rattle, a blade, usually of wood, striking against the teeth of a cogwheel as the blade rotates round the handle that holds the cogwheel. This instrument is used by crowds at sporting matches of all sorts; it is used by farmers to scare the birds from the crops; it was and still is used by the Roman Catholic church in Holy Week when the bells “go to Rome to be blessed” (they do not of course actually go but they are silenced for that week); it was scored by Beethoven to represent musketry in his so-called Battle Symphony, a work more formally called Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria, Op.91, that was written originally for Maelzel’s giant musical box, the Panharmonicon. Beethoven also scored it out for live performance by orchestras and it is now often heard in our concert halls “with cannon and mortar effects” to attract people to popular concerts. And it was also, during the Second World War, used in Britain by Air-Raid Precaution wardens to warn of a gas attack, thus producing an emotion of fear. If it was scored by Beethoven, it must be regarded as a musical instrument, and there are many other noise-makers that, like it, which must be regarded as musical instruments.
And so, to return to our definition of music, organization may be regarded as desirable for musical sound, but that it cannot be deemed essential, and thus my definition remains “Sound that conveys emotion.”
But then another question arises: is music only ours? We can, I think, now agree that two elements of music are melody, i.e., variation of pitch, plus rhythmic impulse. But almost all animals can produce sounds that vary in pitch, and every animal has a heart beat. Can we regard bird song as music? It certainly conveys musical pleasure for us, it is copied musically (Beethoven again, in his Pastoral Symphony, no.6, op. 68, and in many works by other composers), and it conveys distinct signals for that bird and for other birds and, as a warning, for other animals also. Animal cries also convey signals, and both birds and animals have been observed moving apparently rhythmically. But here, we, as musicologists and ethnomusicologists alike, are generally agreed to ignore bird song, animal cries, and rhythmic movement as music even if, later, we may regard it as important when we are discussing origins below. We ignore these sounds, partly because they seem only to be signals, for example alarms etc, or “this is my territory,” and partly, although they are frequently parts of a mating display, this does not seem to impinge on society as a whole, a feature that, as we shall see, can be of prime importance in human music. Perhaps, too, we should admit to a prejudice: that we are human and animals are not…
So now, we can turn to the questions of vocalization versus motor impulse: which came first, singing or percussive rhythms? At least we can have no doubt whatsoever that for melody, singing must long have preceded instrumental performance, but did physical movement have the accompaniment of hand- or body-clapping and perhaps its amplification with clappers of sticks or stones, and which of them came first?
Here, we turn first to the study of the potentials of the human body. There is a large literature on this, but it has recently been summarized by Iain Morley in his The Prehistory of Music (Morley, 2013). So far as vocalization is concerned, at what point in our evolution was the vocal tract able to control the production of a range of musical pitch? For although my initial definition of music did not include the question of pitch, nor of rhythm, once we begin to discuss and amplify our ideas of music, one or other of these, does seem to be an essential—a single sound with no variation of pitch nor with any variation in time can hardly be described as musical.
All animals have the ability to produce sounds, and most of these sounds have meanings, at least to their ears. Surely, this is true also of the earliest hominims. If a mother emits sounds to soothe a baby, and if such sound inflects somewhat in pitch, however vaguely, is this song? An ethnomusicologist, those who study the music of exotic peoples, would probably say “yes,” while trying to analyze and record the pitches concerned. A biologist would also regard mother–infant vocalizations as prototypical of music (Fitch, 2006). There are peoples (or have been before the ever-contaminating influence of the electronic profusion of musical reproduction) whose music has consisted only of two or three pitches, and those pitches not always consistent, and these have always been accepted as music by ethnomusicologists. So we have to admit that vocal music of some sort may have existed from the earliest traces of humanity, long before the proper anatomical and physiological developments enabled the use of both speech and what we might call “music proper,” with control and appreciation of pitch.
In this context, it is clear also that “music” in this earliest form must surely have preceded speech. The ability to produce something melodic, a murmuration of sound, something between humming and crooning to a baby, must have long preceded the ability to form the consonants and vowels that are the essential constituents of speech. A meaning, yes: “Mama looks after you, darling,” “Oy, look out!” and other non-verbal signals convey meaning, but they are not speech.
The possibilities of motor impulse are also complex. Here, again, we need to look at the animal kingdom. Both animals and birds have been observed making movements that, if they were humans, would certainly be described as dance, especially for courtship, but also, with the higher apes in groups. Accompaniment for the latter can include foot-slapping, making more sound than is necessary just for locomotion, and also body-slapping (Williams, 1967). Can we regard such sounds as music? If they were humans, yes without doubt. So how far back in the evolutionary tree can we suggest that motor impulse and its sonorous accompaniment might go? I have already postulated in my Origins and Development of xylophone musical instrument (Montagu, 2007, p. 1) that this could go back as far as the earliest flint tools, that striking two stones together as a rhythmic accompaniment to movement might have produced the first flakes that were used as tools, or alternatively that interaction between two or more flint-knappers may have led to rhythms and counter-rhythms, such as we still hear between smiths and mortar-and-pestle millers of grains and coffee beans. This, of course, was kite-flying rather than a wholly serious suggestion, but the possibilities remain. At what stage did a hominim realize that it could make more sound, or could alleviate painful palms, by striking two sticks or stones together, rather than by simple clapping? Again we turn to Morley and to the capability of the physiological and neurological expression of rhythm.
The physiological must be presumed from the above animal observations. The neurological would again, at its simplest, seem to be pre-human. There is plenty of evidence for gorillas drumming their chests and for chimpanzees to move rhythmically in groups. However, apes’ capacity for keeping steady rhythm is very limited (Geissmann, 2000), suggesting that it constitutes a later evolutionary development in hominins. Perceptions of more detailed appreciation of rhythm, particularly of rhythmic variation, can only be hypothesized by studies of modern humans, especially of course of infantile behavior and perception.
From all this, it would seem that motor impulse, leading to rhythmic music and to dance could be at least as early as the simplest vocal inflection of sounds. Indeed, it could be earlier. We said above that animals have hearts, and certainly, all anthropoids have a heartbeat slow enough, and perceptible enough, to form some basis for rhythmic movement at a reasonable speed. Could this have been a basis for rhythmic movement such as we have just mentioned? This can only be a hypothesis, for there is no way to check it, but it does seem to me that almost all creatures seem to have an innate tendency to move together in the same rhythm when moving in groups, and this without any audible signal, so that some form of rhythmic movement may have preceded vocalization.
But Why Does Music Develop from Such Beginnings? What is the Purpose of Music?
There are four obvious purposes: dance, personal or communal entertainment, communication, and ritual.
Seemingly more important than these fairly obvious reasons for why music developed is one for why music began in the first place. This is something that Steven Mithen mentions again and again in his book, The Singing Neanderthals (Mithen, 2005): that music is not only cohesive on society but almost adhesive. Music leads to bonding, bonding between mother and child, bonding between groups who are working together or who are together for any other purpose. Work songs are a cohesive element in most pre-industrial societies, for they mean that everyone of the group moves together and thus increases the force of their work. Even today “Music while you Work” has a strong element of keeping workers happy when doing repetitive and otherwise boring work. Dancing or singing together before a hunt or warfare binds the participants into a cohesive group, and we all know how walking or marching in step helps to keep one going. It is even suggested that it was music, in causing such bonding, that created not only the family but society itself, bringing individuals together who might otherwise have led solitary lives, scattered at random over the landscape.
Thus, it may be that the whole purpose of music was cohesion, cohesion between parent and child, cohesion between father and mother, cohesion between one family and the next, and thus the creation of the whole organization of society.
Much of this above can only be theoretical—we know of much of its existence in our own time but we have no way of estimating its antiquity other than by the often-derided “evidence” of the anthropological records of isolated, pre-literate peoples. So let us now turn to the hard evidence of early musical practice, that of the surviving musical instruments.1
This can only be comparatively late in time, for it would seem to be obvious that sound makers of soft vegetal origin should have preceded those of harder materials that are more difficult to work, whereas it is only the hard materials that can survive through the millennia. Surely natural materials such as grasses, reeds, and wood preceded bone? That this is so is strongly supported by the advanced state of many early bone pipes—the makers clearly knew exactly what they were doing in making musical instruments, with years or generations of experiment behind them on the softer materials. For example, some end-blown and notch-blown flutes, the earliest undoubted ones that we have, from Geissenklösterle and Hohle Fels in Swabia, Germany, made from swan, vulture wing (radius) bones, and ivory in the earliest Aurignacian period (between 43,000 and 39,000 years BP), have their fingerholes recessed by thinning an area around the hole to ensure an airtight seal when the finger closes them. This can only be the result of long experience of flute making.
So how did tembos musical instrument begin? First a warning: with archeological material, we have what has been found; we do not have what has not been found. A site can be found and excavated, but if another site has not been found, then it will not have been excavated. Thus, absence of material does not mean that it did not exist, only that it has not been found yet. Geography is relevant too. Archeology has been a much older science in Europe than elsewhere, so that most of our evidence is European, whereas in Africa, where all species of Homo seem to have originated, site archeology is in its infancy. Also, we have much evidence of bone pipes simply because a piece of bone with a number of holes along its length is fairly obviously a probable musical instrument, whereas how can we tell whether some bone tubes without fingerholes might have been held together as panpipes? Or whether a number of pieces of bone found together might or might not have been struck together as idiophones? We shall find one complex of these later on here which certainly were instruments. And what about bullroarers, those blades of bone, with a hole or a constriction at one end for a cord, which were whirled around the player’s head to create a noise-like thunder or the bellowing of a bull, or if small and whirled faster sounded like the scream of a devil? We have many such bones, but how many were bullroarers, how many were used for some other purpose?
So how did pipes begin? Did someone hear the wind whistle over the top of a broken reed and then try to emulate that sound with his own breath? Did he or his successors eventually realize that a shorter piece of reed produced a higher pitch and a longer segment a lower one? Did he ever combine these into a group of tubes, either disjunctly, each played by a separate player, as among the Venda of South Africa and in Lithuania, or conjointly lashed together to form a panpipe for a single player? Did, over the generations, someone find that these grouped pipes could be replaced with a single tube by boring holes in it, with each hole representing the length of one of that group? All this is speculation, of course, but something like it must have happened.
Or were instruments first made to imitate cries? The idea of the hunting lure, the device to imitate an animal’s cry and so lure it within reach, is of unknown age. Or were they first made to imitate the animal in a ritual to call for the success of tomorrow’s hunt? Some cries can be imitated by the mouth; others need a tool, a short piece of cane, bits of reed or grass or bone blown across the end like a key or a pen-top. Others are made from a piece of bark held between the tongue and the lip (I have heard a credit card used in this way!). The piece of cane or bone would only produce a single sound, but the bark, or in Romania a carp scale, can produce the most beautiful music as well as being used as a hunting call. The softer materials will not have survived and with the many small segments of bone that we have, there is no way to tell whether they might have been used in this way or whether they are merely the detritus from the dining table.
This bone does raise the whole question of whether H. neanderthalensis knew of or practised music in any form. For rhythm, we can only say surely, as above—if earlier hominids could have, so could H. neanderthalensis. Could they have sung? A critical anatomical feature is the position of the larynx (Morley, 2013, 135ff); the lower the larynx in the throat the longer the vocal cords and thus the greater flexibility of pitch variation and of vowel sounds (to put it at its simplest). It would seem to have been that with H. heidelbergensis and its successors that the larynx was lower and thus that singing, as distinct from humming, could have been possible, but “seems to have been” is necessary because, as is so often, this is still the subject of controversy. However, it does seem fairly clear that H. neanderthalensis could indeed have sung. It follows, too, that while the Divje Babe “pipe” may or may not have been an instrument, others may yet be found that were ensemble musical instrument. There is evidence that the Neanderthals had at least artistic sensibilities, for there are bones with scratch marks on them that may have been some form of art, and certainly there is a number of small pierced objects, pieces of shell, animal teeth, and so forth, found in various excavations that can only have served as beads for a necklace or other ornamentation – or just possibly as rattles. There have also been found pieces of pigments of various colors, some of them showing wear marks and thus that they had been used to color something, and at least one that had been shaped into the form of a crayon, indicating that some reasonably delicate pigmentation had been desired. Burials have been found, with some small deposits of grave goods, though whether these reveal sensibilities or forms of ritual or belief, we cannot know (D’Errico et al., 2003, 19ff). There have also been found many bone awls, including some very delicate ones which, we may presume, had been used to pierce skins so that they could be sewn together. All this leads us to the conclusion that the Neanderthals had at least some artistic and other feelings, were capable of some musical practices, even if only vocal, and were clothed, rather than being the grunting, naked savages that have been assumed in the past.
0 notes
colorfuljellyfishpirate · 3 years ago
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How Music and Instruments Began?
Music must first be defined and distinguished from speech, and from animal and bird cries. We discuss the stages of hominid anatomy that permit music to be perceived and created, with the likelihood of both Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens both being capable. The earlier hominid ability to emit sounds of variable pitch with some meaning shows that music at its simplest level must have predated speech. The possibilities of anthropoid motor impulse suggest that rhythm may have preceded melody, though full control of rhythm may well not have come any earlier than the perception of music above. There are four evident purposes for music: dance, ritual, entertainment personal, and communal, and above all social cohesion, again on both personal and communal levels. We then proceed to how outdoor musical instrument began, with a brief survey of the surviving examples from the Mousterian period onward, including the possible Neanderthal evidence and the extent to which they showed “artistic” potential in other fields. We warn that our performance on replicas of surviving instruments may bear little or no resemblance to that of the original players. We continue with how later instruments, strings, and skin-drums began and developed into instruments we know in worldwide cultures today. The sound of music is then discussed, scales and intervals, and the lack of any consistency of consonant tonality around the world. This is followed by iconographic evidence of the instruments of later antiquity into the European Middle Ages, and finally, the history of public performance, again from the possibilities of early humanity into more modern times. This paper draws the ethnomusicological perspective on the entire development of music, instruments, and performance, from the times of H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens into those of modern musical history, and it is written with the deliberate intention of informing readers who are without special education in music, and providing necessary information for inquiries into the origin of music by cognitive scientists.
But even those elementary questions are a step too far, because first we have to ask “What is music?” and this is a question that is almost impossible to answer. Your idea of music may be very different from mine, and our next-door neighbor’s will almost certainly be different again. Each of us can only answer for ourselves.
Mine is that it is “Sound that conveys emotion.”
We can probably most of us agree that it is sound; yes, silence is a part of that sound, but can there be any music without sound of some sort? For me, that sound has to do something—it cannot just be random noises meaning nothing. There must be some purpose to it, so I use the phrase “that conveys emotion.” What that emotion may be is largely irrelevant to the definition; there is an infinite range of possibilities. An obvious one is pleasure. But equally another could be fear or revulsion.
How do we distinguish that sound from speech, for speech can also convey emotion? It would seem that musical sound must have some sort of controlled variation of pitch, controlled because speech can also vary in pitch, especially when under overt emotion. So music should also have some element of rhythm, at least of pattern. But so has the recital of a sonnet, and this is why I said above that the question of “What is music?” is impossible to answer. Perhaps the answer is that each of us in our own way can say “Yes, this is music,” and “No, that is speech.”
Must the sound be organized? I have thought that it must be, and yet an unorganized series of sounds can create a sense of fear or of warning. Here, again, I must insert a personal explanation: I am what is called an ethno-organologist; my work is the study of musical tubular musical instrument (organology) and worldwide (hence the ethno-, as in ethnomusicology, the study of music worldwide). So to take just one example of an instrument, the ratchet or rattle, a blade, usually of wood, striking against the teeth of a cogwheel as the blade rotates round the handle that holds the cogwheel. This instrument is used by crowds at sporting matches of all sorts; it is used by farmers to scare the birds from the crops; it was and still is used by the Roman Catholic church in Holy Week when the bells “go to Rome to be blessed” (they do not of course actually go but they are silenced for that week); it was scored by Beethoven to represent musketry in his so-called Battle Symphony, a work more formally called Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria, Op.91, that was written originally for Maelzel’s giant musical box, the Panharmonicon. Beethoven also scored it out for live performance by orchestras and it is now often heard in our concert halls “with cannon and mortar effects” to attract people to popular concerts. And it was also, during the Second World War, used in Britain by Air-Raid Precaution wardens to warn of a gas attack, thus producing an emotion of fear. If it was scored by Beethoven, it must be regarded as a musical instrument, and there are many other noise-makers that, like it, which must be regarded as musical instruments.
And so, to return to our definition of music, organization may be regarded as desirable for musical sound, but that it cannot be deemed essential, and thus my definition remains “Sound that conveys emotion.”
But then another question arises: is music only ours? We can, I think, now agree that two elements of music are melody, i.e., variation of pitch, plus rhythmic impulse. But almost all animals can produce sounds that vary in pitch, and every animal has a heart beat. Can we regard bird song as music? It certainly conveys musical pleasure for us, it is copied musically (Beethoven again, in his Pastoral Symphony, no.6, op. 68, and in many works by other composers), and it conveys distinct signals for that bird and for other birds and, as a warning, for other animals also. Animal cries also convey signals, and both birds and animals have been observed moving apparently rhythmically. But here, we, as musicologists and ethnomusicologists alike, are generally agreed to ignore bird song, animal cries, and rhythmic movement as music even if, later, we may regard it as important when we are discussing origins below. We ignore these sounds, partly because they seem only to be signals, for example alarms etc, or “this is my territory,” and partly, although they are frequently parts of a mating display, this does not seem to impinge on society as a whole, a feature that, as we shall see, can be of prime importance in human music. Perhaps, too, we should admit to a prejudice: that we are human and animals are not…
So now, we can turn to the questions of vocalization versus motor impulse: which came first, singing or percussive rhythms? At least we can have no doubt whatsoever that for melody, singing must long have preceded instrumental performance, but did physical movement have the accompaniment of hand- or body-clapping and perhaps its amplification with clappers of sticks or stones, and which of them came first?
Here, we turn first to the study of the potentials of the human body. There is a large literature on this, but it has recently been summarized by Iain Morley in his The Prehistory of Music (Morley, 2013). So far as vocalization is concerned, at what point in our evolution was the vocal tract able to control the production of a range of musical pitch? For although my initial definition of music did not include the question of pitch, nor of rhythm, once we begin to discuss and amplify our ideas of music, one or other of these, does seem to be an essential—a single sound with no variation of pitch nor with any variation in time can hardly be described as musical.
All animals have the ability to produce sounds, and most of these sounds have meanings, at least to their ears. Surely, this is true also of the earliest hominims. If a mother emits sounds to soothe a baby, and if such sound inflects somewhat in pitch, however vaguely, is this song? An ethnomusicologist, those who study the music of exotic peoples, would probably say “yes,” while trying to analyze and record the pitches concerned. A biologist would also regard mother–infant vocalizations as prototypical of music (Fitch, 2006). There are peoples (or have been before the ever-contaminating influence of the electronic profusion of musical reproduction) whose music has consisted only of two or three pitches, and those pitches not always consistent, and these have always been accepted as music by ethnomusicologists. So we have to admit that vocal music of some sort may have existed from the earliest traces of humanity, long before the proper anatomical and physiological developments enabled the use of both speech and what we might call “music proper,” with control and appreciation of pitch.
In this context, it is clear also that “music” in this earliest form must surely have preceded speech. The ability to produce something melodic, a murmuration of sound, something between humming and crooning to a baby, must have long preceded the ability to form the consonants and vowels that are the essential constituents of speech. A meaning, yes: “Mama looks after you, darling,” “Oy, look out!” and other non-verbal signals convey meaning, but they are not speech.
The possibilities of motor impulse are also complex. Here, again, we need to look at the animal kingdom. Both animals and birds have been observed making movements that, if they were humans, would certainly be described as dance, especially for courtship, but also, with the higher apes in groups. Accompaniment for the latter can include foot-slapping, making more sound than is necessary just for locomotion, and also body-slapping (Williams, 1967). Can we regard such sounds as music? If they were humans, yes without doubt. So how far back in the evolutionary tree can we suggest that motor impulse and its sonorous accompaniment might go? I have already postulated in my Origins and Development of xylophone musical instrument (Montagu, 2007, p. 1) that this could go back as far as the earliest flint tools, that striking two stones together as a rhythmic accompaniment to movement might have produced the first flakes that were used as tools, or alternatively that interaction between two or more flint-knappers may have led to rhythms and counter-rhythms, such as we still hear between smiths and mortar-and-pestle millers of grains and coffee beans. This, of course, was kite-flying rather than a wholly serious suggestion, but the possibilities remain. At what stage did a hominim realize that it could make more sound, or could alleviate painful palms, by striking two sticks or stones together, rather than by simple clapping? Again we turn to Morley and to the capability of the physiological and neurological expression of rhythm.
The physiological must be presumed from the above animal observations. The neurological would again, at its simplest, seem to be pre-human. There is plenty of evidence for gorillas drumming their chests and for chimpanzees to move rhythmically in groups. However, apes’ capacity for keeping steady rhythm is very limited (Geissmann, 2000), suggesting that it constitutes a later evolutionary development in hominins. Perceptions of more detailed appreciation of rhythm, particularly of rhythmic variation, can only be hypothesized by studies of modern humans, especially of course of infantile behavior and perception.
From all this, it would seem that motor impulse, leading to rhythmic music and to dance could be at least as early as the simplest vocal inflection of sounds. Indeed, it could be earlier. We said above that animals have hearts, and certainly, all anthropoids have a heartbeat slow enough, and perceptible enough, to form some basis for rhythmic movement at a reasonable speed. Could this have been a basis for rhythmic movement such as we have just mentioned? This can only be a hypothesis, for there is no way to check it, but it does seem to me that almost all creatures seem to have an innate tendency to move together in the same rhythm when moving in groups, and this without any audible signal, so that some form of rhythmic movement may have preceded vocalization.
But Why Does Music Develop from Such Beginnings? What is the Purpose of Music?
There are four obvious purposes: dance, personal or communal entertainment, communication, and ritual.
Seemingly more important than these fairly obvious reasons for why music developed is one for why music began in the first place. This is something that Steven Mithen mentions again and again in his book, The Singing Neanderthals (Mithen, 2005): that music is not only cohesive on society but almost adhesive. Music leads to bonding, bonding between mother and child, bonding between groups who are working together or who are together for any other purpose. Work songs are a cohesive element in most pre-industrial societies, for they mean that everyone of the group moves together and thus increases the force of their work. Even today “Music while you Work” has a strong element of keeping workers happy when doing repetitive and otherwise boring work. Dancing or singing together before a hunt or warfare binds the participants into a cohesive group, and we all know how walking or marching in step helps to keep one going. It is even suggested that it was music, in causing such bonding, that created not only the family but society itself, bringing individuals together who might otherwise have led solitary lives, scattered at random over the landscape.
Thus, it may be that the whole purpose of music was cohesion, cohesion between parent and child, cohesion between father and mother, cohesion between one family and the next, and thus the creation of the whole organization of society.
Much of this above can only be theoretical—we know of much of its existence in our own time but we have no way of estimating its antiquity other than by the often-derided “evidence” of the anthropological records of isolated, pre-literate peoples. So let us now turn to the hard evidence of early musical practice, that of the surviving musical instruments.1
This can only be comparatively late in time, for it would seem to be obvious that sound makers of soft vegetal origin should have preceded those of harder materials that are more difficult to work, whereas it is only the hard materials that can survive through the millennia. Surely natural materials such as grasses, reeds, and wood preceded bone? That this is so is strongly supported by the advanced state of many early bone pipes—the makers clearly knew exactly what they were doing in making musical instruments, with years or generations of experiment behind them on the softer materials. For example, some end-blown and notch-blown flutes, the earliest undoubted ones that we have, from Geissenklösterle and Hohle Fels in Swabia, Germany, made from swan, vulture wing (radius) bones, and ivory in the earliest Aurignacian period (between 43,000 and 39,000 years BP), have their fingerholes recessed by thinning an area around the hole to ensure an airtight seal when the finger closes them. This can only be the result of long experience of flute making.
So how did tembos musical instrument begin? First a warning: with archeological material, we have what has been found; we do not have what has not been found. A site can be found and excavated, but if another site has not been found, then it will not have been excavated. Thus, absence of material does not mean that it did not exist, only that it has not been found yet. Geography is relevant too. Archeology has been a much older science in Europe than elsewhere, so that most of our evidence is European, whereas in Africa, where all species of Homo seem to have originated, site archeology is in its infancy. Also, we have much evidence of bone pipes simply because a piece of bone with a number of holes along its length is fairly obviously a probable musical instrument, whereas how can we tell whether some bone tubes without fingerholes might have been held together as panpipes? Or whether a number of pieces of bone found together might or might not have been struck together as idiophones? We shall find one complex of these later on here which certainly were instruments. And what about bullroarers, those blades of bone, with a hole or a constriction at one end for a cord, which were whirled around the player’s head to create a noise-like thunder or the bellowing of a bull, or if small and whirled faster sounded like the scream of a devil? We have many such bones, but how many were bullroarers, how many were used for some other purpose?
So how did pipes begin? Did someone hear the wind whistle over the top of a broken reed and then try to emulate that sound with his own breath? Did he or his successors eventually realize that a shorter piece of reed produced a higher pitch and a longer segment a lower one? Did he ever combine these into a group of tubes, either disjunctly, each played by a separate player, as among the Venda of South Africa and in Lithuania, or conjointly lashed together to form a panpipe for a single player? Did, over the generations, someone find that these grouped pipes could be replaced with a single tube by boring holes in it, with each hole representing the length of one of that group? All this is speculation, of course, but something like it must have happened.
Or were instruments first made to imitate cries? The idea of the hunting lure, the device to imitate an animal’s cry and so lure it within reach, is of unknown age. Or were they first made to imitate the animal in a ritual to call for the success of tomorrow’s hunt? Some cries can be imitated by the mouth; others need a tool, a short piece of cane, bits of reed or grass or bone blown across the end like a key or a pen-top. Others are made from a piece of bark held between the tongue and the lip (I have heard a credit card used in this way!). The piece of cane or bone would only produce a single sound, but the bark, or in Romania a carp scale, can produce the most beautiful music as well as being used as a hunting call. The softer materials will not have survived and with the many small segments of bone that we have, there is no way to tell whether they might have been used in this way or whether they are merely the detritus from the dining table.
This bone does raise the whole question of whether H. neanderthalensis knew of or practised music in any form. For rhythm, we can only say surely, as above—if earlier hominids could have, so could H. neanderthalensis. Could they have sung? A critical anatomical feature is the position of the larynx (Morley, 2013, 135ff); the lower the larynx in the throat the longer the vocal cords and thus the greater flexibility of pitch variation and of vowel sounds (to put it at its simplest). It would seem to have been that with H. heidelbergensis and its successors that the larynx was lower and thus that singing, as distinct from humming, could have been possible, but “seems to have been” is necessary because, as is so often, this is still the subject of controversy. However, it does seem fairly clear that H. neanderthalensis could indeed have sung. It follows, too, that while the Divje Babe “pipe” may or may not have been an instrument, others may yet be found that were ensemble musical instrument. There is evidence that the Neanderthals had at least artistic sensibilities, for there are bones with scratch marks on them that may have been some form of art, and certainly there is a number of small pierced objects, pieces of shell, animal teeth, and so forth, found in various excavations that can only have served as beads for a necklace or other ornamentation – or just possibly as rattles. There have also been found pieces of pigments of various colors, some of them showing wear marks and thus that they had been used to color something, and at least one that had been shaped into the form of a crayon, indicating that some reasonably delicate pigmentation had been desired. Burials have been found, with some small deposits of grave goods, though whether these reveal sensibilities or forms of ritual or belief, we cannot know (D’Errico et al., 2003, 19ff). There have also been found many bone awls, including some very delicate ones which, we may presume, had been used to pierce skins so that they could be sewn together. All this leads us to the conclusion that the Neanderthals had at least some artistic and other feelings, were capable of some musical practices, even if only vocal, and were clothed, rather than being the grunting, naked savages that have been assumed in the past.
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LAW 8 : MAKE OTHER PEOPLE COME TO YOU—USE BAIT IF NECESSARY
JUDGEMENT
When you force the other person to act, you are the one in control. It is always better to make your opponent come to you, abandoning his own plans in the process. Lure him with fabulous gains—then attack. You hold the cards.
OBSERVANCE OF THE LAW
At the Congress of Vienna in 1814, the major powers of Europe gathered to carve up the remains of Napoleon’s fallen Empire. The city was full of gaiety and the balls were the most splendid in memory. Hovering over the proceedings, however, was the shadow of Napoleon himself. Instead of being executed or exiled far away, he had been sent to the island of Elba, not far from the coast of Italy.
Even imprisoned on an island, a man as bold and creative as Napoleon Bonaparte made everyone nervous. The Austrians plotted to kill him on Elba, but decided it was too risky. Alexander I, Russia’s temperamental czar, heightened the anxiety by throwing a fit during the congress when a part of Poland was denied him: “Beware, I shall loose the monster!” he threatened. Everyone knew he meant Napoleon. Of all the statesmen gathered in Vienna, only Talleyrand, Napoleon’s former foreign minister, seemed calm and unconcerned. It was as if he knew something the others did not.
Meanwhile, on the island of Elba, Napoleon’s life was a mockery of his previous glory. As Elba’s “king,” he had been allowed to form a court—there was a cook, a wardrobe mistress, an official pianist, and a handful of courtiers. All this was designed to humiliate Napoleon, and it seemed to work.
That winter, however, there occurred a series of events so strange and dramatic they might have been scripted in a play. Elba was surrounded by British ships, their cannons covering all possible exit points. Yet somehow, in broad daylight on 26 February 1815, a ship with nine hundred men on board picked up Napoleon and put to sea. The English gave chase but the ship got away. This almost impossible escape astonished the public throughout Europe, and terrified the statesmen at the Congress of Vienna.
Although it would have been safer to leave Europe, Napoleon not only chose to return to France, he raised the odds by marching on Paris with a tiny army, in hopes of recapturing the throne. His strategy worked—people of all classes threw themselves at his feet. An army under Marshal Ney sped from Paris to arrest him, but when the soldiers saw their beloved former leader, they changed sides. Napoleon was declared emperor again. Volunteers swelled the ranks of his new army. Delirium swept the country. In Paris, crowds went wild. The king who had replaced Napoleon fled the country.
For the next hundred days, Napoleon ruled France. Soon, however, the giddiness subsided. France was bankrupt, its resources nearly exhausted, and there was little Napoleon could do about this. At the Battle of Waterloo, in June of that year, he was finally defeated for good. This time his enemies had learned their lesson: They exiled him to the barren island of Saint Helena, off the west coast of Africa. There he had no more hope of escape.
Interpretation
Only years later did the facts of Napoleon’s dramatic escape from Elba come to light. Before he decided to attempt this bold move, visitors to his court had told him that he was more popular in France than ever, and that the country would embrace him again. One of these visitors was Austria’s General Roller, who convinced Napoleon that if he escaped, the European powers, England included, would welcome him back into power. Napoleon was tipped off that the English would let him go, and indeed his escape occurred in the middle of the afternoon, in full view of English spyglasses.
What Napoleon did not know was that there was a man behind it all, pulling the strings, and that this man was his former minister, Talleyrand. And Talleyrand was doing all this not to bring back the glory days but to crush Napoleon once and for all. Considering the emperor’s ambition unsettling to Europe’s stability, he had turned against him long ago. When Napoleon was exiled to Elba, Talleyrand had protested. Napoleon should be sent farther away, he argued, or Europe would never have peace. But no one listened.
Instead of pushing his opinion, Talleyrand bided his time. Working quietly, he eventually won over Castlereagh and Metternich, the foreign ministers of England and Austria.
Together these men baited Napoleon into escaping. Even Koller’s visit, to whisper the promise of glory in the exile’s ear, was part of the plan. Like a master cardplayer, Talleyrand figured everything out in advance. He knew Napoleon would fall into the trap he had set. He also foresaw that Napoleon would lead the country into a war, which, given France’s weakened condition, could only last a few months. One diplomat in Vienna, who understood that Talleyrand was behind it all, said, “He has set the house ablaze in order to save it from the plague.”
When I have laid bait for deer, I don’t shoot at the first doe that comes to sniff, but wait until the whole herd has gathered round.
Otto von Bismarck, 1815-1898
KEYS TO POWER
How many times has this scenario played itself out in history: An aggressive leader initiates a series of bold moves that begin by bringing him much power. Slowly, however, his power reaches a peak, and soon everything turns against him. His numerous enemies band together; trying to maintain his power, he exhausts himself going in this direction and that, and inevitably he collapses. The reason for this pattern is that the aggressive person is rarely in full control. He cannot see more than a couple of moves ahead, cannot see the consequences of this bold move or that one. Because he is constantly being forced to react to the moves of his ever-growing host of enemies, and to the unforeseen consequences of his own rash actions, his aggressive energy is turned against him.
In the realm of power, you must ask yourself, what is the point of chasing here and there, trying to solve problems and defeat my enemies, if I never feel in control? Why am I always having to react to events instead of directing them? The answer is simple: Your idea of power is wrong. You have mistaken aggressive action for effective action. And most often the most effective action is to stay back, keep calm, and let others be frustrated by the traps you lay for them, playing for long-term power rather than quick victory.
Remember: The essence of power is the ability to keep the initiative, to get others to react to your moves, to keep your opponent and those around you on the defensive. When you make other people come to you, you suddenly become the one controlling the situation. And the one who has control has power. Two things must happen to place you in this position: You yourself must learn to master your emotions, and never to be influenced by anger; meanwhile, however, you must play on people’s natural tendency to react angrily when pushed and baited. In the long run, the ability to make others come to you is a weapon far more powerful than any tool of aggression.
Study how Talleyrand, the master of the art, performed this delicate trick. First, he overcame the urge to try to convince his fellow statesmen that they needed to banish Napoleon far away. It is only natural to want to persuade people by pleading your case, imposing your will with words. But this often turns against you. Few of Talleyrand’s contemporaries believed Napoleon was still a threat, so that if he had spent a lot of energy trying to convince them, he would only have made himself look foolish. Instead, he held his tongue and his emotions in check. Most important of all, he laid Napoleon a sweet and irresistible trap. He knew the man’s weakness, his impetuosity, his need for glory and the love of the masses, and he played all this to perfection. When Napoleon went for the bait, there was no danger that he might succeed and turn the tables on Talleyrand, who better than anyone knew France’s depleted state. And even had Napoleon been able to overcome these difficulties, the likelihood of his success would have been greater were he able to choose his time and place of action. By setting the proper trap, Talleyrand took the time and place into his own hands.
All of us have only so much energy, and there is a moment when our energies are at their peak. When you make the other person come to you, he wears himself out, wasting his energy on the trip. In the year 1905, Russia and Japan were at war. The Japanese had only recently begun to modernize their warships, so that the Russians had a stronger navy, but by spreading false information the Japanese marshal Togo Heihachiro baited the Russians into leaving their docks in the Baltic Sea, making them believe they could wipe out the Japanese fleet in one swift attack. The Russian fleet could not reach Japan by the quickest route—through the Strait of Gibraltar and then the Suez Canal into the Indian Ocean—because these were controlled by the British, and Japan was an ally of Great Britain. They had to go around the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern tip of Africa, adding over more than six thousand miles to the voyage. Once the fleet passed the Cape, the Japanese spread another false story: They were sailing to launch a counterattack. So the Russians made the entire journey to Japan on combat alert. By the time they arrived, their seamen were tense, exhausted, and overworked, while the Japanese had been waiting at their ease. Despite the odds and their lack of experience in modern naval warfare, the Japanese crushed the Russians.
One added benefit of making the opponent come to you, as the Japanese discovered with the Russians, is that it forces him to operate in your territory. Being on hostile ground will make him nervous and often he will rush his actions and make mistakes. For negotiations or meetings, it is always wise to lure others into your territory, or the territory of your choice. You have your bearings, while they see nothing familiar and are subtly placed on the defensive.
Manipulation is a dangerous game. Once someone suspects he is being manipulated, it becomes harder and harder to control him. But when you make your opponent come to you, you create the illusion that he is controlling the situation. He does not feel the strings that pull him, just as Napoleon imagined that he himself was the master of his daring escape and return to power.
Everything depends on the sweetness of your bait. If your trap is attractive enough, the turbulence of your enemies’ emotions and desires will blind them to reality. The greedier they become, the more they can be led around.
The great nineteenth-century robber baron Daniel Drew was a master at playing the stock market. When he wanted a particular stock to be bought or sold, driving prices up or down, he rarely resorted to the direct approach. One of his tricks was to hurry through an exclusive club near Wall Street, obviously on his way to the stock exchange, and to pull out his customary red bandanna to wipe his perspiring brow. A slip of paper would fall from this bandanna that he would pretend not to notice. The club’s members were always trying to foresee Drew’s moves, and they would pounce on the paper, which invariably seemed to contain an inside tip on a stock. Word would spread, and members would buy or sell the stock in droves, playing perfectly into Drew’s hands.
If you can get other people to dig their own graves, why sweat yourself? Pickpockets work this to perfection. The key to picking a pocket is knowing which pocket contains the wallet. Experienced pickpockets often ply their trade in train stations and other places where there is a clearly marked sign reading BEWARE OF PICKPOCKETS. Passersby seeing the sign invariably feel for their wallet to make sure it is still there. For the watching pickpockets, this is like shooting fish in a barrel. Pickpockets have even been known to place their own BEWARE OF PICKPOCKETS signs to ensure their success.
When you are making people come to you, it is sometimes better to let them know you are forcing their hand. You give up deception for overt manipulation. The psychological ramifications are profound: The person who makes others come to him appears powerful, and demands respect.
Filippo Brunelleschi, the great Renaissance artist and architect, was a great practitioner of the art of making others come to him as a sign of his power. On one occasion he had been engaged to repair the dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence. The commission was important and prestigious. But when the city officials hired a second man, Lorenzo Ghiberti, to work with Brunelleschi, the great artist brooded in secret. He knew that Ghiberti had gotten the job through his connections, and that he would do none of the work and get half the credit. At a critical moment of the construction, then, Brunelleschi suddenly developed a mysterious illness. He had to stop work, but pointed out to city officials that they had hired Ghiberti, who should have been able to continue the work on his own. Soon it became clear that Ghiberti was useless and the officials came begging to Brunelleschi. He ignored them, insisting that Ghiberti should finish the project, until finally they realized the problem: They fired Ghiberti.
By some miracle, Brunelleschi recovered within days. He did not have to throw a tantrum or make a fool of himself; he simply practiced the art of “making others come to you.”
If on one occasion you make it a point of dignity that others must come to you and you succeed, they will continue to do so even after you stop trying.
Image: The Honeyed Bear Trap. The bear hunter does not chase his prey; a bear that knows it is hunted is nearly impossible to catch and is fero cious if cornered. Instead, the hunter lays traps baited with honey. He does not exhaust himself and risk his life in pursuit. He baits, then waits.
Authority: Good warriors make others come to them, and do not go to others. This is the principle of emptiness and fullness of others and self. When you induce opponents to come to you, then their force is always empty; as long as you do not go to them, your force is always full. Attacking emptiness with fullness is like throwing stones on eggs. (Zhang Yu, eleventh-century commentator on The Art of War)
REVERSAL
Although it is generally the wiser policy to make others exhaust themselves chasing you, there are opposite cases where striking suddenly and aggressively at the enemy so demoralizes him that his energies sink. Instead of making others come to you, you go to them, force the issue, take the lead. Fast attack can be an awesome weapon, for it forces the other person to react without the time to think or plan. With no time to think, people make errors of judgment, and are thrown on the defensive. This tactic is the obverse of waiting and baiting, but it serves the same function: You make your enemy respond on your terms.
Men like Cesare Borgia and Napoleon used the element of speed to intimidate and control. A rapid and unforeseen move is terrifying and demoralizing. You must choose your tactics depending on the situation. If you have time on your side, and know that you and your enemies are at least at equal strength, then deplete their strength by making them come to you. If time is against you—your enemies are weaker, and waiting will only give them the chance to recover—give them no such chance. Strike quickly and they have nowhere to go. As the boxer Joe Louis put it, “He can run, but he can’t hide.”
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raylovesrp-blog · 5 years ago
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Slack is a office dialogue program that is so widespread that its firm owned more than $ 20 billion. You've in all probability seen what is mentioned within the news.
What is Slack?
Slack is a workplace communication device, "one place for messages, tools and files". Because of this Slack is an immediate messaging system with numerous add-ons for other office instruments. Additions aren’t crucial to use Slack as a result of an important function is to talk to different people. There are two methods to talk: channel (group chat) and direct message or DM (in a private dialog). Let's shortly take a look at the interface.
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Slack
There are four necessary issues to think about in Slack:
Identify of a Slack Example
Listing of Channels You Have Joined
Record of people you have reported immediately.
When a customer needs to start out using Slack, they select the identify of a Slack hand. This can then grow to be a part of a singular URL. So if Wile E. Coyote needs to create a Slack instance for ACME Snake Bells, her Slack instance can be https://acmeslingshot.slack.com/. Wile E. can then invite anyone to be a member of his Slappe hand.
Slack channels may be public, which signifies that a member can see and be a part of a channel or personal, which signifies that only members of this channel can see it or invite others to hitch. DMs are all the time personal although they are often up to 8.
The chat window is the place all the actual communication takes place. You possibly can read someone's reply to messages, use emoticons for solutions, add gifs, see RSS feeds, set reminders, get an add-on for enrollment and quite a lot of other bells and whistles. However greater than anything, you're talking to people.
What's so good with Slack?
When Slack arrived, there were no actual rivals out there. This doesn’t imply that there were no other chat packages, however Slack mixed intuitive USER INTERFACE with both group and private messages. It additionally permits corporations to regulate who can entry it by way of a system call. Different instruments that would do the same, but without the same usability (Lägerelden, now BaseCamp, have been a pure half). Not one of the traditional suppliers (Microsoft, Apple, IBM, Solar, and so forth.) received anything like Slappa.
This lack of enterprise measurement was additionally a bonus. Slack was sufficiently small to reply and shortly when it got here to adding new options akin to emoji (good for users) and 2-factor authentication (good for administrators). For some customers, the fact that Slack was not owned by a large conventional vendor was helpful enough, nevertheless it doesn't explain why Slack is so well-liked.
Slack means two things rather well: understanding design and consumer wants. These two pillars are the idea for many good products, but it’s surprisingly troublesome to do nicely, so many unsuccessful purposes appear. The tough unique design was created by Slack's founder, Stewart Butterfield (the same guy who based Flickr again in the early 2000s) and his staff as a result of the third get together MetaLab is Polish. Andrew Wilkinson of MetaLab defined:
“In order to get the attention of a well-attended market, we had to find a way to get people's attention. Most business systems look like an inexpensive 70's costume gown – low-key blues and gray everywhere – so, let's start with the logo, we made it loose to look like confetti guns had left. Electronic blue, yellow, purple and green. We gave the game a color chart, not a corporate co-product … vivid colors, curvy sans serif font, friendly icons and smiling faces and emojis everywhere. ”
In the same article, Wilkinson explains how well-built Slack feels when used – what it does – and how content, resembling downloading messages, is casual and typically pretty enjoyable, including:“ Below is the same corporate client, but it's is playful, fun to use and all that come together to make it feel like in your life. ”
When taking a look at elements that make up, loose, straightforward to use and reliable. It’s straightforward for non-technical users to retrieve them, particularly when in comparison with other group middle instruments corresponding to Basecamp or Microsoft Staff. You can too run your personal Slack without spending a dime, together with for private use. And if you don't just like the "confetti cannon" look, it's straightforward to vary colors.
However good design isn’t very helpful if there isn’t any function. Chat is sort of straightforward to do, which is why most chat packages comply with the identical primary format: a window displaying the conversation, and a spot to put in writing, either under or on the web page. That is where the image exhibits little consideration to consumer requirements. As an alternative of inventing chats, they targeted on what people needed from the chat software as the essential requirement to send messages to one another.
One in every of Slack's most necessary sales arguments was that Slack directors couldn’t read personal channels and DM information with out opening the members' consent or message sent to all users who stated that they had happened. This gave a way of privateness and security to users, resembling different products (particularly e-mail).
Primarily because GDPR laws got here into pressure in Europe in 2018, but this has modified – administrators are greater Levels can export full exports with out reporting to their customers. This exhibits what number of customers recognize the original personal settings, an excellent indication of how a non-restricted individual – Slack understands what users need.
They get this insight mainly through the use of the product itself daily: [19659016] "[W] on the walls of the Slack headquarters in San Francisco, the design group can check totally different situations with their very own departments. Each department acts as a microcosm of a larger clientele. study extra about the way to improve Slack to fund teams by observing and amassing suggestions from their own finance division. ”
The identical article says:“ User feedback is also a regular entry from outside the company, and each serves weekly support changes to better empathize with customers. ”
What number of corporations do you know, where everybody has a daily change in order that they understand the scores of their clients?
Slack additionally decided early to make use of software integration. Customers can combine virtually any software they want from dev tools comparable to GitHub, Jenkins and StackOverflow, into instruments like Google Analytics, ServiceNow, MailChimp or SalesForce. Slack can integrate over 1,500 purposes, so if you can't do one thing you have to do, it's in all probability an software. This displays the Slack function for an environment friendly hub consumer who can open the display while working with one other. Principally, "Slack has grow to be a one-way service point for a lot of customers.
Two pillars of design and understanding of users' wants have made Slack the preferred, which provides a superb breakdown of what customers think of Slack, and the outcomes are virtually all the time constructive. In the chat software, HipChat and Steplength, the Slack consumer base and all.
Through the literature it is a question claiming that Microsoft Group is in style as Slappa. Office 365 is by far probably the most used software in the business world and is part of the regulation, which is why several corporations use the regulation simply because it is obtainable to them as part of their business
How a lot do you spend? but mouth nnitelma provides you entry to solely 10,000 newest posts. There are different limitations, including solely ten integration, not a single channel or multi-channel guest, and restricted administration options
When you're on board, "Slack is sort of costly if you need Plus. This degree provides you issues like one sign-on and $ 12 per consumer per thirty days if you pay annually, or $ 15 per consumer per thirty days if you pay monthly, if you have 1000 users and pay per yr, it is $ 144,000. We don't say it's not value it, however it's an actual change.
You get lots of area in your order, but one factor you can't get is the power to host your personal info. as a result of Slack works in AWS, this is partly why Microsoft put Slack's inner record of "blocked" purposes. It's not just considered one of Microsoft's official rivals (and vice versa), but Microsoft Azure is the primary character of Amazon Net Providers for the multi-billion dollar cloud providers. That is in all probability not an issue particular to your small business, however relying on your necessities for a working or processing practices are met, and AWS knowledge utilizing a third-party software, which is probably not acceptable.
What
If your small business can swallow costs and don't mind managing your info, there are nonetheless some problems with the appliance. For example, decentralization decentralization allows users to regulate which channels are created, which is sweet till you discover that you should verify two dozen channels a day – partially weakening FOMO and partly figuring out what is occurring. This has a unfavorable influence on some customers and it’s straightforward to see why all people discover Slack moderately than a productive device. In that case, you can turn off the loop for a while.
Nevertheless, the more significant issue is that Slack does not have a microphone or obstructs the perform:
"Abstract, this is logical: loosening itself as an organizational tool and using the tool in the workplace. Therefore, workplace policy and how the workplace deals with harassment "My good friend had an disagreeable interplay with an worker by way of Slack – the forum he is required to use for a lot of hours a day to carry out his work." That's why she couldn't ignore it every time she puts her in messages, even though they were often her harassment. Because he can't close an individual, he should see his inappropriate message whenever a little red report appears. "
What do you think about how a company offers with one other worker's hassling worker, it's not for people to really feel uncomfortable with Slack as a result of it doesn't have this primary perform
We advocate enjoyable
We need to loosen up quite a bit right here at How-To Geek – we are using it for ourselves! It isn’t good and there are issues we want to change, however it’s often properly designed and user-friendly. Although you don't need to maintain all your messages or some companies in the toys – it's free!
We advocate that you create a workspace and attempt with Slack if it fits your needs.
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barbecuedphoenix · 8 years ago
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Hi! I love your character analysis! I'm writing a fan fiction and I wanted to ask if you could do one for Alajea and Karenn? I'm sorry for my horrible english...
Always happy to help another fan-writer. :) And your English looks perfectly fine to me, Anon. (The only little typo is that the plural of ‘analysis’ is analyses, but everybody misses that.) Now I haven’t yet apologized for my horrible Spanish/French/German/Russian/etc. ;) 
Karenn is a bit hard for meto pin down as well, because I still haven’t made it to Episode 10 yet on anyof the servers. (Still saving on maana…) Most of the material for this analysiscomes from screen-shots, walk-through videos, and the lovely eldarya-no-lorraine’sepisode guides/reactions from her blog. (Not to mention my owntheories on the type of person Karenn would be after growing up with Nevra.) 
Still, Ihope some of this might be useful.
Karenn is above all an independent spirit: quirky, whimsical, headstrong, and very impulsive. Compared to her hyper-ambitious, social-climbing brother, she’s the more easygoing sibling who channels her energies to satisfying her curiosities and having a good time… on her own, if necessary. She’s aware that she’s probably the black sheep of their family (at least in El), but that doesn’t really faze her; others can keep their opinions. She still knows right from wrong, and when the situation turns dire, she always does what she can to help others… her own way. 
While public opinion tends to slide off her, Karenn does get offended if strangers immediately see her as untrustworthy and treat her coldly (never mind that she doesn’t do much to improve her reputation). She dislikes not being given the benefit of the doubt, and being barred from the chance to earn someone’s trust and friendship. She may have some questionable ‘hobbies’, but she does like people.
Like Nevra, Karenn knows she’s sharp, and that frequently makes her (too) bold. She’s observant, adept at improvising a plan or alibi (at the last moment), and never loses her cool when a situation goes pear-shaped. Also like her brother, she doesn’t have much foresight or imagination, preferring to ‘see what happens, once [she] tries it out’.
Probably because she grew up with Nevra, Karenn has little experience with rules or responsibility; he took care of her and everything else she needed at the cost of others if necessary. Discipline never stuck with her either, because she knew it wouldn’t take her long to ‘soften up’ her big brother again. This is why nowadays, she still looks out for her own interests first, doesn’t give much thought to consequences or ‘proper behavior’, is far from afraid of authority figures, and never hesitates to exploit loopholes in the law. If she believes she can get away with it, she’ll do it. If she believes Nevra will take care of the fallout on her behalf, she’ll definitely do it.
Her delinquent streak has its roots in a naturally-restless nature. She finds it impossible to sit still in any one place, to accept facts imposed on her, or to give up for long. Being a visceral person (much like her brother), she needs to move, experience what’s out there, and personally find out what’s going on in her world (especially what others don’t want her to know). A born spy, she learns best by hitting the field and taking missions in her own hands, and finding (confidential) information is the best outlet for her ample energies. Besides… it’s fun.
She’s a charmer and she knows it. Though she has a silver-tongue and a natural talent for power-games (like a typical vampire), Karenn prefers to apply these skills to tease others, coax them to join her madcap adventures, and still make them enjoy themselves rather than to ‘one-up’ them or establish herself as their boss. This instantly makes her popular in whatever group she joins; she’s never the leader, but the bad influence free-spirited catalyst for adventure.
In contrast to Nevra, who demands to be admired, Karenn revels in being unique, frequently challenging what’s deemed conventional or socially-acceptable. She dislikes inciting arguments, but it’s never easy to ignore her opinions or resolve. Given her confidence and approachable, happy-go-lucky nature, she rarely upsets anyone with her eccentricities (until they catch her eavesdropping on a sensitive conversation). But that nonconformist streak means she’s easily flattered at being called ‘audacious’, and is probably allergic to being assigned a static role. And if anyone calls her crazy, she’ll shrug them off to execute her plans on her own (not always with good results).
She may seem like a loose cannon who loathes being tied down by social expectation, regulation, or responsibility, but she is fiercely loyal to the people who love and trust her (even knowing her tendencies). They’re her collective anchor in an otherwise whirlwind life; she’ll always find a way to return to them at the end of the day.
In other words: Karenn is a brat. But a lovable brat. :)
I’ll have Alajea’s analysis up in another day or two. Sit tight. ;)
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ccorinnef · 5 years ago
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An Introduction to Flow State
Have you ever been so intensely focused on your task that you look up and realise six hours have passed and you've forgotten to get lunch? Well, there's a name for that and it's called the flow state. I personally love when I can get into my flow state - I tend to find it most when I'm painting, drawing, gardening or reading. It's almost like a meditation and most of my best artwork is created during these times.
As artist Adrian Hill discovered, art is one of the many activities that allows a person to enter into a state called the 'flow state.' This is a state of mind that someone can enter, that is similar to meditation, where they are completely immersed in and focused on a singular activity. Often people in a flow state lose sense of space and time because they are so absorbed in their activity. Flow state has existed for centuries but was identified and named as such in 1975 by Mihály Csíkszentmihályi. In Eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism and Sufism, the experience of flow state has been utilised to promote spiritual development. By practicing immersing activities like Aikido, Judo, Kendo and yoga, people can access the flow state and experience calmness, concentration and connection. Nakamura and Csíkszentmihályi describe the flow state as: "intense and focused concentration on the present moment; merging of action and awareness; a loss of reflective self-consciousness; a sense of personal control or agency over the situation or activity; a distortion of temporal experience, one's subjective experience of time is altered; experience of the activity as intrinsically rewarding."
The scientific interest in flow states began in the early 1900s with research into the brain's effect on performance. William James documented the different methods the brain used to change consciousness and performance. When Walter Bradford Cannon discovered the fight-or-flight response it helped to explain the physiological responses that aid performance. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi became fascinated by the flow state after observing artists, particularly painters, get so lost in their work that they ignored their body's needs for food or sleep. Csikszentmihályi and his colleagues were pioneers in the ever more popular science of flow state of the 1980's and 90's. Flow research was even an influence in the psychological theories of Maslow and Rogers.
In 2004, Csikszentmihályi explained in his TEDtalk that the brain can only process a finite amount of information at any given time: about "110 bits of information per second." While this sounds like a lot, simple everyday tasks such as decoding speech takes around 60 bits of information per second. As he goes on to explain, when a person is focused on a particular task the brain is physically incapable of processing any other information, such as the body's signals of hunger or thirst, because it is using all the available processing power to focus on the task at hand. Most of the time we are able to decide what we want to pay attention to, but when a person is experiencing flow the brain is completely engrossed and there is no more processing power available.
Csikszentmihályi interprets the flow state as an "optimal experience" or as many people throughout history have described it, "ecstasy." The point at which a person is in flow depends directly on the balance between their level of skill and the level of challenge the task presents. Most people experience flow while performing intrinsic or creative tasks such as composing, painting, or running. "One's capacity and desire to overcome challenges in order to achieve their ultimate goals not only leads to the optimal experience, but also to a sense of life satisfaction overall."
There are three factors that are involved with flow state: the task must have clear goals; the task must have immediate feedback; and the task must require a balance between a person's perceived skills and the task's perceived challenges. Conversely, some studies have found that tasks which have a low level of challenge but a reasonably high level of skill resulted in experiences of "enjoyment, relaxation, and happiness." Think, reading in the bath.
The reason why flow state has been getting so much attention recently is because of the increased quality of performance of those in a flow state. Studies have found that people who experienced flow state while performing their chosen task perceived their performance to be better than when not in flow. A study conducted with professional pianists found that when playing in the flow state heart rate and blood pressure decreased and facial muscles relaxed.
Csíkszentmihályi describes the mental state of flow as "being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and you're using your skills to the utmost."
What’s your favourite flow state activity?
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cyber-front-blog · 6 years ago
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The Future of War Will Be ‘Liked’ | Foreign Policy
In the social media age, what you share is deciding what happens on the battlefield.
BY PETER W. SINGER, EMERSON BROOKING
| OCTOBER 2, 2018, 10:00 AM
It was, perhaps, the strangest demand in political history:
“The middle photo is taken from Hungarian porn. Stop using fake photos to ‘trick’ people into supporting your lost cause.”
This Nov. 18, 2014, tweet from a now-defunct Twitter account run by the U.S. State Department offered an early glimpse into a new front in the future of war: trolling. The message was the outgrowth of an effort the department had launched in 2011 to track and counter terrorist propaganda, first against al Qaeda, then against the fast-growing Islamic State that had spun out of its Iraqi remains.
The campaign may have sounded sensible, but it soon backfired. Instead of cheering on the online battle against extremism, Twitter users piled on with more questions than the staid Foggy Bottom bureaucrats manning the account were prepared to answer. “How did the State Dept. know it was Hungarian porn?” @SpaSuzy asked. “dude … it’s really weird you know so much about hungarian porn,” @7thhorse added.
How did the State Dept. know it was Hungarian porn?  #TheXXXFiles
After an avalanche of criticism, the State Department decided it was inappropriate for the U.S. government to get stuck in the muck of social media—better to stick to airstrikes—and pulled the plug on the Twitter account.
Four years later, such scruples seem almost quaint. In an era in which President Donald Trump didn’t just rise to power through his deft use of the same medium, but then even used it to fire his first secretary of state, the old notions that government should stay above the social media fray have evaporated. Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter have become crucial battlegrounds for politics, war, and even truth itself. Social media has emerged as an arena in which virality—how far and wide a message spreads—trumps veracity. In this domain, attention is power. Win enough of it and you can reshape the very fabric of reality.
A generation ago, the new notion of what was called “cyberwar”—the hacking of networks—began to take conflict into a new domain. Today, what we call “like wars”—the hacking of the people and ideas on those networks—mark the latest twist in the ever-evolving nature of warfare.
* * *
On the surface, many of these battles waged on social media can seem like mere propaganda and an often silly version at that—like teenaged trolling transposed onto the global stage. In August 2017, for example, the Ukrainian government’s official Twitter account attacked Russia with a mocking South Park GIF; in June 2018, the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C., answered a fire-and-brimstone threat by Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, with a Mean Girls meme; and in May 2018, the U.S. Air Force cracked jokes about airstrikes in Afghanistan while the Taliban returned the favor by poking fun at former U.S. commander David Petraeus’s illicit love affair.
The goal for all such actors is not merely the lulz but to ridicule their foes and expand their influence, in a world where online sway can drive real-world power. Yet beneath it all, a more serious side of conflict also takes place, its ammunition the bevy of images taken from actual battles. Today, nearly all our moves are tracked, including those in anything from election campaigns to military ones.
Some of it is intentional: selfies taken in the midst of battle, observers watching events, smartphone in hand. Others are captured in the background: be it images that lay in the distance or even information in the digital background, from the geolocation of CIA black sites revealed by guards’ use of exercise apps to the metadata that accompanies every online post. The result is that the smallest of firefights is observed by a global audience, while terrorist attacks are even shared out live by the killers themselves. Open-source intelligence analysts then use these very same digital breadcrumbs to reveal new secrets, documenting war crimes that would go otherwise untracked or assessing the strength of enemy formations that would go otherwise unobserved. It works for both good and bad: Terrorists use this information to win new recruits; human rights activists use it to highlight the plight of civilians caught in harm’s way and even steer rescues their way. During the 2016-2017 Battle of Mosul—the most livestreamed and hashtagged siege in history—thousands of virtual observers waited for each new snippet of content, spinning it to all of these ends at once.
These battles that play out in the digital shadows are not just about unveiling secrets but burying truths—and even shaping hearts, minds, and actions. Russian sockpuppets and botnets, for instance, did quite a bit more than simply meddle in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. They used a mix of old-school information operations and new digital marketing techniques to spark real-world protests, steer multiple U.S. news cycles, and influence voters in one of the closest elections in modern history. Using solely online means, they infiltrated U.S. political communities so completely that flesh-and-blood American voters soon began to repeat scripts written in St. Petersburg and still think them their own. Internationally, these Russian information offensives have stirred anti-NATO sentiments in Germany by inventing atrocities out of thin air; laid the pretext for potential invasions of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania by fueling the political antipathy of ethnic Russian minorities; and done the same for the very real invasion of Ukraine. And these are just the operations we know about.
Such online skirmishes may appear insignificant compared with real fights conducted with real weapons, but they have become just as important. As Gen. Stanley McChrystal, the highly decorated former commander of Joint Special Operations Command, stated at a military conference in 2017, for the foreseeable future what happens on social media will be crucial to the outcome of any debate, battle, or war. The reason, he explained, is that battles are now being waged over truth itself. In these fights, “the line between reality and perception will be blurred,” he said. “Separating fact from fiction will be tough for governments but almost impossible for populations.”
McChrystal’s comments may seem to echo the ravings of the notorious conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, whose website Infowars uses the tagline, “There’s a war on for your mind!” But that doesn’t make them any less truthful. With our personal and political understanding of the world increasingly filtered through online sources, images and ideas distributed and created on social media may become more important than objective facts. As McChrystal put it, “Shaping the perception of which side is right or which side is winning will be more important than actually which side is right or winning.”
Indeed, the messages coursing through social media today shape not just the perceived outcomes of conflicts but the very choices leaders make during both military campaigns. Russia, for instance, has crafted its information operations into a potent, nimble weapon that can target U.S. voters or pinpoint artillery strikes in Ukraine, using what happens in the online world to geolocate soldiers—and then message their looming death right before the cannons fire. Social media even shapes the overall flow. A 2016 study by the American University professor Thomas Zeitzoff of the Israel Defense Forces’ 2012 air campaign against Hamas in the Gaza Strip found that the conflict followed the pace set on Twitter; the tempo of operations and targeting shifted depending on which side was dominating the online conversation at the time. The military officers and civilian leaders were watching their social media feed and reacting accordingly.
Sometimes, social media posts can even spark new fights, especially when they play to long-standing tensions or hatreds. The Sri Lankan government blamed viral Facebook rumors for stirring up the hatred that led to a brutal assault on the country’s Muslim minority this March. In June, false reports circulated among India’s 200 million WhatsApp users spurred a spate of lynchings. Meanwhile, racist messages and rumors shared on Facebook continue to fuel the ongoing ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar.
Mounting evidence suggests that these online tug of wars may not just start fights and mass killings but also make conflicts harder to end. Criminologists who study the spike of murders in cities such as Chicago note how an increasing share of gang violence is attributable to social media trash-talking. Sometimes, the spark is a disrespectful emoji; other times, it’s a long-forgotten post, dug up in a moment of escalating tensions. Unlike the interaction in the street (or by diplomats in a traditional negotiation), it doesn’t matter if the original insult was made a year ago or hundreds of miles away. All that matters is that the world is watching and the internet never forgets. It’s easy to see how a similar dynamic will haunt future cease-fire negotiations, whether the end of an insurgency or the conclusion of a major interstate war. There’s always some people intent on keeping the violence going. And online, they never lose their voice.
Daunting as all this may seem, however, social media has only just begun to shape the future of war. Only half the world is online, while the tools of “like wars” today are like the biplanes of air war. Indeed, new machine intelligence is making it ever harder for humans to discern truth from lies and is possibly reshaping our conception of reality itself. Over the last year, the techniques needed to create “deep fakes”—hyper-realistic digital forgeries generated by advanced artificial intelligence neural networks—have become increasingly accessible. This technology, currently used mostly by cutting-edge computer scientists and inventive pornographers, will soon flood the internet with pitch-perfect voice imitations, photo-realistic video fabrications, and vast networks of chattering bots indistinguishable from their human counterparts. And like everything else, deep fakes are also likely to be weaponized, both in elections and even battles. We’ve already had a taste of it; in its run to seize Mosul, the Islamic State was able to use a mix of real and fake news to help spur retreat by Iraqi Army units. Even U.S. information war units now train at sowing false digital trails to misdirect their foes. We may one day even face the prospect of a digital Gulf of Tonkin, where the very case for a real war is built wholly on AI-constructed lies.
These changes reshape the speed, experience, and even the reach of conflict. In the social media age, every election, every conflict, and every battle is simultaneously global and local. Even as the physical experience of war grows more alien to the average Westerner with each generation, it has also become more personal than ever. Our choices of what to “like” and share (or not) shape not only the outcomes of elections and battles but also what our friends, family, and the wider world treat as real. You may not be interested in like wars, but the future of war and politics is very much interested in you—and your clicks.
Peter W. Singer is a strategist and senior fellow at New America. He is a co-author of LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media. Twitter: @peterwsinger
Emerson Brooking is a former research fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is a co-author of LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media. Twitter: @etbrooking
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newstfionline · 6 years ago
Text
The Future of War Will Be ‘Liked’
By Peter W. Singer, Emerson Brooking, Foreign Policy, October 2, 2018
It was, perhaps, the strangest demand in political history:
“The middle photo is taken from Hungarian porn. Stop using fake photos to ‘trick’ people into supporting your lost cause.”
This Nov. 18, 2014, tweet from a now-defunct Twitter account run by the U.S. State Department offered an early glimpse into a new front in the future of war: trolling. The message was the outgrowth of an effort the department had launched in 2011 to track and counter terrorist propaganda, first against al Qaeda, then against the fast-growing Islamic State that had spun out of its Iraqi remains.
The campaign may have sounded sensible, but it soon backfired. Instead of cheering on the online battle against extremism, Twitter users piled on with more questions than the staid Foggy Bottom bureaucrats manning the account were prepared to answer. “How did the State Dept. know it was Hungarian porn?” @SpaSuzy asked. “dude … it’s really weird you know so much about hungarian porn,” @7thhorse added.
After an avalanche of criticism, the State Department decided it was inappropriate for the U.S. government to get stuck in the muck of social media--better to stick to airstrikes--and pulled the plug on the Twitter account.
Four years later, such scruples seem almost quaint. In an era in which President Donald Trump didn’t just rise to power through his deft use of the same medium, but then even used it to fire his first secretary of state, the old notions that government should stay above the social media fray have evaporated. Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter have become crucial battlegrounds for politics, war, and even truth itself. Social media has emerged as an arena in which virality--how far and wide a message spreads--trumps veracity. In this domain, attention is power. Win enough of it and you can reshape the very fabric of reality.
A generation ago, the new notion of what was called “cyberwar”--the hacking of networks--began to take conflict into a new domain. Today, what we call “like wars”--the hacking of the people and ideas on those networks--mark the latest twist in the ever-evolving nature of warfare.
On the surface, many of these battles waged on social media can seem like mere propaganda and an often silly version at that--like teenaged trolling transposed onto the global stage. In August 2017, for example, the Ukrainian government’s official Twitter account attacked Russia with a mocking South Park GIF; in June 2018, the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C., answered a fire-and-brimstone threat by Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, with a Mean Girls meme; and in May 2018, the U.S. Air Force cracked jokes about airstrikes in Afghanistan while the Taliban returned the favor by poking fun at former U.S. commander David Petraeus’s illicit love affair.
The goal for all such actors is not merely the lulz but to ridicule their foes and expand their influence, in a world where online sway can drive real-world power. Yet beneath it all, a more serious side of conflict also takes place, its ammunition the bevy of images taken from actual battles. Today, nearly all our moves are tracked, including those in anything from election campaigns to military ones.
Some of it is intentional: selfies taken in the midst of battle, observers watching events, smartphone in hand. Others are captured in the background: be it images that lay in the distance or even information in the digital background, from the geolocation of CIA black sites revealed by guards’ use of exercise apps to the metadata that accompanies every online post. The result is that the smallest of firefights is observed by a global audience, while terrorist attacks are even shared out live by the killers themselves. Open-source intelligence analysts then use these very same digital breadcrumbs to reveal new secrets, documenting war crimes that would go otherwise untracked or assessing the strength of enemy formations that would go otherwise unobserved. It works for both good and bad: Terrorists use this information to win new recruits; human rights activists use it to highlight the plight of civilians caught in harm’s way and even steer rescues their way. During the 2016-2017 Battle of Mosul--the most livestreamed and hashtagged siege in history--thousands of virtual observers waited for each new snippet of content, spinning it to all of these ends at once.
These battles that play out in the digital shadows are not just about unveiling secrets but burying truths--and even shaping hearts, minds, and actions.
Such online skirmishes may appear insignificant compared with real fights conducted with real weapons, but they have become just as important. As Gen. Stanley McChrystal, the highly decorated former commander of Joint Special Operations Command, stated at a military conference in 2017, for the foreseeable future what happens on social media will be crucial to the outcome of any debate, battle, or war. The reason, he explained, is that battles are now being waged over truth itself. In these fights, “the line between reality and perception will be blurred,” he said. “Separating fact from fiction will be tough for governments but almost impossible for populations.”
McChrystal’s comments may seem to echo the ravings of the notorious conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, whose website Infowars uses the tagline, “There’s a war on for your mind!” But that doesn’t make them any less truthful. With our personal and political understanding of the world increasingly filtered through online sources, images and ideas distributed and created on social media may become more important than objective facts. As McChrystal put it, “Shaping the perception of which side is right or which side is winning will be more important than actually which side is right or winning.”
Indeed, the messages coursing through social media today shape not just the perceived outcomes of conflicts but the very choices leaders make during both military campaigns. Russia, for instance, has crafted its information operations into a potent, nimble weapon that can target U.S. voters or pinpoint artillery strikes in Ukraine, using what happens in the online world to geolocate soldiers--and then message their looming death right before the cannons fire. Social media even shapes the overall flow. A 2016 study by the American University professor Thomas Zeitzoff of the Israel Defense Forces’ 2012 air campaign against Hamas in the Gaza Strip found that the conflict followed the pace set on Twitter; the tempo of operations and targeting shifted depending on which side was dominating the online conversation at the time. The military officers and civilian leaders were watching their social media feed and reacting accordingly.
Sometimes, social media posts can even spark new fights, especially when they play to long-standing tensions or hatreds. The Sri Lankan government blamed viral Facebook rumors for stirring up the hatred that led to a brutal assault on the country’s Muslim minority this March. In June, false reports circulated among India’s 200 million WhatsApp users spurred a spate of lynchings. Meanwhile, racist messages and rumors shared on Facebook continue to fuel the ongoing ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar.
Mounting evidence suggests that these online tug of wars may not just start fights and mass killings but also make conflicts harder to end. Criminologists who study the spike of murders in cities such as Chicago note how an increasing share of gang violence is attributable to social media trash-talking. Sometimes, the spark is a disrespectful emoji; other times, it’s a long-forgotten post, dug up in a moment of escalating tensions. Unlike the interaction in the street (or by diplomats in a traditional negotiation), it doesn’t matter if the original insult was made a year ago or hundreds of miles away. All that matters is that the world is watching and the internet never forgets. It’s easy to see how a similar dynamic will haunt future cease-fire negotiations, whether the end of an insurgency or the conclusion of a major interstate war. There’s always some people intent on keeping the violence going. And online, they never lose their voice.
Daunting as all this may seem, however, social media has only just begun to shape the future of war. Only half the world is online, while the tools of “like wars” today are like the biplanes of air war. Indeed, new machine intelligence is making it ever harder for humans to discern truth from lies and is possibly reshaping our conception of reality itself. Over the last year, the techniques needed to create “deep fakes”--hyper-realistic digital forgeries generated by advanced artificial intelligence neural networks--have become increasingly accessible. This technology, currently used mostly by cutting-edge computer scientists and inventive pornographers, will soon flood the internet with pitch-perfect voice imitations, photo-realistic video fabrications, and vast networks of chattering bots indistinguishable from their human counterparts. And like everything else, deep fakes are also likely to be weaponized, both in elections and even battles. We’ve already had a taste of it; in its run to seize Mosul, the Islamic State was able to use a mix of real and fake news to help spur retreat by Iraqi Army units. Even U.S. information war units now train at sowing false digital trails to misdirect their foes. We may one day even face the prospect of a digital Gulf of Tonkin, where the very case for a real war is built wholly on AI-constructed lies.
These changes reshape the speed, experience, and even the reach of conflict. In the social media age, every election, every conflict, and every battle is simultaneously global and local. Even as the physical experience of war grows more alien to the average Westerner with each generation, it has also become more personal than ever. Our choices of what to “like” and share (or not) shape not only the outcomes of elections and battles but also what our friends, family, and the wider world treat as real. You may not be interested in like wars, but the future of war and politics is very much interested in you--and your clicks.
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voyagerafod · 8 years ago
Text
Star Trek Voyager: A Fire of Devotion: Part 3 of 4: Sweeter Than Heaven: Chapter Three
Chapter Three
    “You seem a little tense, Seven,” the Doctor said as he ran his medical tricorder scanner over her. “This isn’t any different from any of your other routine check-ups.”     “I’m aware of that, Doctor,” Seven said. “It’s... I must admit I feel a certain trepidation about the next few days.”     “Why’s that?” the Doctor said, curious what his patient and friend meant.
    “The last several occasions I have been given what the Captain calls ‘time off,’” Seven said, “invariably something objectively bad happens within a week. It has happened on too many occasions to be mere coincidence.”     “Oh come now,” the Doctor said, surprised at Seven’s sudden superstition and paranoia.     Seven raised an eyebrow, and proceeded to list off a number of stardates. The Doctor recognized the dates.
“Okay, I see your point,” he said. “Still, it has been almost a week and we have not run into anymore Borg attacking viruses, nor has Samantha been involved in any shuttle crashes, and you haven’t been kidnapped even once this past month.”     “Most sentient beings are never kidnapped their entire lives. I’ve had it happen to me three times within the past year.”     “Look, if something bad happens to you in the next 48 hours I’ll confess to there being some sort of curse, if that’s what you want to call it,” the Doctor said. “That said, if there is one, Commander Chakotay is the one you’d want to talk to about that. Spiritual matters are well outside my expertise.”
“I will take that into consideration,” Seven said.     “Anyway,” the Doctor said, “you are in perfect health. This keeps up I may decide to lengthen the period of time between checkups on you and your Borg implants.”     “I’m curious why you have not done so already,” Seven said.
The Doctor felt a little uncomfortable at that comment, for one reason.     She’s got a point. Why haven’t I? he thought.
“Fair enough,” the Doctor said. “Let’s make it every three weeks instead of every two. Oh, before I go I forgot to mention some exciting personal news on my end.”     Seven nodded. The Doctor sighed     “Your enthusiasm is overwhelming,” he said.     “Your news, Doctor?”     “I have developed an addition to my program that will allow me to take part in the time-honored sentient tradition of daydreaming.” The Doctor smiled, proud of his accomplishment, and the expansion of his own sentience; another step on the journey from mere hologram to a full-blown photonic lifeform.     Seven of Nine’s facial expression did not change.     “Why?” she said.
---
    “I suppose I owe you an apology, Seven,” the Doctor said.     Seven of Nine raised an eyebrow, ignoring the looks the rest of the senior staff sitting down in the briefing room were giving her.     “Had this occurred approximately one day earlier, you would,” she said, actually feeling sorry for how badly the Doctor’s new daydreaming protocols had started going. “However, we are outside of one full week after my return from my honeymoon. As such, this does not count as evidence towards any sort of ‘curse.’”     “Gee,” the Doctor said with that mock smile that Seven found so obnoxious. “Glad to know that you can keep your priorities straight.”
    Seven sighed, and looked to the captain to say something, anything, to move this conversation along. The Captain, head in her hands, finally spoke up.
    “So, just for my own sake, so I know I’m not losing my mind,” Janeway said, “could you repeat what you just told me? ‘Cause it sounded to me like you just said a bunch of aliens want to destroy us based on what they saw in your ‘daydreams.’”     “Well, when you put it that way Captain,” the Doctor said, “I know it sounds rather-”     “Insane?” B’Elanna said.
    “Ridiculous?” Harry said.     “A typical Thursday for us?” Tom said.     The Doctor huffed. “I was going to say ‘implausible.’ But at least it explains my unusual behavior over the past 24 hours.”
    “Like climbing over the railing around the warp core?” B’Elanna said.     “In my defense,” the Doctor said, “I did believe that a warp core breach was imminent.”     “Go back to the beginning Doctor,” Janeway said. “And no more interruptions from the rest of you,” she added, glaring at the rest of the senior staff.     “Right, sorry,” the Doctor said. “In short, I added new subroutines to my program that allowed me to daydream, an activity I’ve long wanted to be able to do. But, as the incident in engineering demonstrated, the subroutines began malfunctioning. I was daydreaming whether I wanted to or not. At first, I assumed the problem was a result of a failure on my end; that I’d somehow botched the coding to put it simply. But then an alien named Phlox, no relation to the Denobulan we met during the NX-01 incident-”     “That’s the part that throws me,” Janeway said. “That seems an awfully big coincidence Doctor. How can we be sure this Hierarchy you’re trying to warn us about isn't another hallucination?”     A valid question, Seven thought.     “Captain, aren’t you breaking your own order about no interruptions?” the Doctor said.
    Janeway gave the Doctor a look that both Samantha and Naomi often referred to as the “death glare,” and Seven actually felt sorry for the Doctor in that moment.
    “Um, yes, well, moving on,” the Doctor said, shifting in his seat. “According to this other Phlox, we’re being observed from the nebula we passed by an alien race that calls themselves the Hierarchy. They perceive us as a threat, because in one of my daydreams, my ECH program was activated, and I used a weapon called a photonic cannon to destroy a Borg sphere in one shot.”
“Was this before or after you started with the nude paintings of certain female crewmembers?” Janeway said.     This was news to Seven. She certainly hoped that neither herself nor Samantha were among them. While logically it was not fair to punish someone for fantasies at all, let alone fantasies that were being influenced from the outside by alien technology, she also couldn’t deny that things would be awkward between them for an indeterminate amount of time if that were the case.     “You said you wouldn’t mention that!” the Doctor said to B’Elanna.     “I didn’t,” B’Elanna said. “The Captain was with me when we used the holodeck to find out was going on in your head when the odd behavior started.”
“I believe we are getting off track,” Tuvok said.     “Agreed,” Chakotay added. Seven couldn’t help but notice that the latter looked as uncomfortable as the Doctor.     Janeway sighed.     “Okay, yes,” she said. “Maybe I’m being a bit unfair here. Daydreaming can be a good thing, as it lets one imagine other possibilities in life. However, you should’ve consulted with someone, and waited until you were absolutely certain that you could add this ability to your program without damaging it.”     The Doctor nodded.
“You are absolutely correct, Captain,” he said.
“Now,” Janeway said, “back to this other Phlox and the Hierarchy.”   
“At first,” the Doctor continued, “I thought that what Lieutenant Torres had done to stabilize my matrix had failed, and that I was imagining again. But what he said made too much sense, especially compared to things like the photonic cannon or, um, well. What he said was that he had put me back into the fiction so he could communicate with me. He said he was an observer on an assault ship that scans passing vessels for technology or raw materials they, the Hierarchy, can steal. For several days, he was using a long-range tunneling sensor to tap into my program.”     “That could explain how your algorithms got all jumbled,” Harry said. “You might not have done anything wrong when you added the daydreaming function. What happened could’ve been a side effect of the tap.”     “Plausible,” Tuvok said, “assuming this is not another daydream.”     “Continue, Doctor,” Janeway said. Seven glanced in her direction. While she wasn’t entirely certain, the tonal shift suggested that the Captain was starting to believe the Doctor. Seven was sure she did too, but decided to wait for more information.
“He told me that he had mistaken my daydreams for reality, that he had tapped into my perceptions as opposed to my fantasies. Seeing that Borg sphere vaporized with one volley of the fantasy weapon I invented convinced the Hierarchy that Voyager was a threat that needed to be destroyed and that they are planning a sneak attack as we speak.
“He said that if I did as he asked, we could avoid the attack.”     “Why would he want to help us?” Janeway asked.     “His motives weren’t entirely selfless,” the Doctor said. “He said that the Hierarchy does not tolerate mistakes like the one he made. He claims he would face a loss of employment at best, execution at worst, if we were attacked and his superiors found our ship to be less powerful than he reported. I imagine that I had, well, imagined the whole thing my fantasy would’ve involved him simply seeing the error of his ways and joining the path of the righteous.”
“Well, at least he was honest,” B’Elanna said.
“You believe him?” Tom said.     B’Elanna shrugged.     “Maybe,” she said.     “Speaking for myself,” Harry said, “I do.”     “As do I,” Seven said.
Janeway held up a PADD that the Doctor had handed to her on the bridge.     “And this is the information you say he gave you,” she said, “about how to reconfigure our sensors so we could find their ships, which would be cloaked.” It wasn’t a question.     “As I said, Captain,” the Doctor said. “And the sooner we do it-”     “Harry, make the adjustments. I don’t see how doing so would harm us in any way if this turns out to be another fantasy.”     “Aye, Captain,” Harry said, standing up and taking the PADD.     “Everyone else, back to your stations,” Janeway said. The crew all nodded before standing up and filing back out on the bridge. Seven stopped to put a hand on the Doctor’s shoulder, and wondered why he flinched when she did so.     “Doctor,” she said, “I assure you, if this turn out to be the result of another hallucination, we will do our best to fix you.”     “I know,” the Doctor said. “I’m just sorry for how uncomfortable I’ve made everyone. Thank you for being so forgiving.”
Seven had to work to keep her facial features from betraying her initial reaction when she realized what he meant. After a moment, she spoke again.     “You are not the first individual on this ship to have feelings for me that I cannot reciprocate,” she said.     “I’m glad that things aren’t going to be awkward between us,” the Doctor said.     “I’m afraid they will be,” Seven admitted. “but only until I’ve had a chance to process this new information.”     The Doctor looked down, and Seven felt empathy for him, but she couldn’t let that distract her. She was needed on the bridge at her post.
“I won’t ask you not to tell Samantha about this,” the Doctor said, “I have no right. But, would you be so kind as to leave out the nude painting part of the daydreams?”     “Trust me,” Seven said, “I had no intention of including that information. Now, if you could be so kind as to delete those images from your memory…”     “Seven, I’m the ship’s physician. I’ve seen everyone’s body.”     Seven gave the Doctor her best approximation of the Captain’s “death glare.”
“I’ll delete the paintings,” the Doctor said.
---
    “The Doctor was right,” Harry said. “I’m detecting three ships out there. Distance, six-hundred thousand kilometers.”
    “Well I’ll be damned,” Tom said.
    “That’s closer than I’d thought they be,” the Doctor said. “That’s not good.”
    “On screen,” Janeway said. Even though she had believed the Doctor, a part of her was still shocked to actually see three vessels on the screen. The image wasn’t crystal clear, but that was likely a side effect of their cloaking devices.
    “Okay,” Chakotay said. “Now what?”     “Hang on,” Tom said, “what if this is all part of their attack? What if this Phlox guy fed you false information as part of a ruse?”     “I doubt it,” Janeway said. “Giving us the ability to spot them through their cloaks would be an incredibly stupid plan. No one would… well, okay the Pakleds maybe. But no one else would deliberately put themselves at such a disadvantage.”
    “According to Phlox, and no, that will never not be weird to say, the Hierarchy is running what’s known as a type-3 assault. They won’t de-cloak until they’re right on top of us, at which point they’ll fire a warning shot across our bow.”
    “At which point,” Janeway said, “they start making demands?”     “Correct,” the Doctor said. “For technology and the like. If we don’t comply, they destroy us. Fortunately, Phlox promised to transmit the frequencies of their phasers. He gave the ones for his ship already, he just needed time to get the information on the other two.”     “I’ve already put that information into the computer,” Harry said.     “Confirmed,” Tuvok said. “What did this Mister Phlox want in return?”     The Doctor winced, and Janeway knew that she wasn’t going to like what she heard next.
    “In return. Yeah. He mistakenly informed his superiors that I was in command of Voyager. He wants to maintain that fiction. When they open that channel, I’m sorry, but I have to be sitting in the captain's chair.”     Janeway rubbed her eyes.     “You know,” she said, “if I couldn’t see those ships with my own eyes…”     “He insisted, Captain,” the Doctor said.     “This should be fun,” Tom said.     “Well, good luck with that,” Janeway said. “Harry, help get the Emergency Command Hologram set up.”
---
    Harry Kim had to keep himself from laughing as he helped make the necessary alterations to the Doctor’s program.     “I am in over my head,” the Doctor said. “I am going to screw this up, I know it.”     “Too late to back out now, Doctor,” Harry said. “If we want to keep the Hierarchy from being a problem down the road, we can’t just run away.”     “I never should’ve created the program alteration in the first place,” the Doctor said. Harry simply shrugged and tapped out the last few controls. Suddenly, the Doctor’s visage changed; his uniform became command red, and four pips appeared on his collar, one at a time. The Doctor glanced at them, then back at Harry with a frown.     “Was the dramatic flourish really necessary, Lieutenant?” he said.     “Nope,” Harry admitted.
    “Captain on the bridge,” Tom said, smirking.     Harry watched as the Doctor nervously sat in the captain’s chair, Chakotay at his side offering quiet reassurances.     Let’s hope this works, Harry thought.
    “Captain,” Chakotay said, “we’re ready to proceed.”     “Acknowledged,” Janeway said over the ship’s comm from astrometrics. “Seven and I can hear everything that happens up there, but no one will be able to hear me but the Doctor once the internal comm link is active.
    “Doctor, are you ready?”     “No, but do I have a choice?”     Harry did not hear anything.     “Understood,” the Doctor said.     The link’s already on then, Harry thought. I hope hearing only one side of the conversation doesn’t get too confusing.
    “I’m receiving a transmission on a secure channel, audio only,” Tuvok said.     “Must be the Doctor’s new friend,” Chakotay said. “Let’s hear what he has to say.”     “Doctor,” the voice said, “something terrible has happened. They’ve ordered a type-four assault. Our phaser frequencies will be rotated continuously. I won’t be able to help you.”     “Oh shit,” the Doctor said, “oh that’s bad. That’s very bad.”     “Calm down, Doctor,” Chakotay said. “Mister Phlox, this is Commander Chakotay. What else can you tell us about type-four?”
    “Three vessels are decloaking off the port bow,” Tuvok said.     “I’m too late,” Phlox said. “I’m so sorry,”
    The deck lurched violently underneath Harry, the whole bridge shuddering.     “That didn’t feel like a warning shot,” Tom said.     “Direct hit, shields are holding,” Tuvok said.     Harry heard a beep from his own console.     “They’re hailing us,” he said.     “On screen,” Chakotay said.     The visage of an alien bridge filled the viewscreen. Three large headed aliens were within frame, the tallest one at center, presumably the ships’ commander. The alien to his left was looking at something off screen, while the one to his right looked forward, fidgeting.     That must be Phlox, Harry thought. He even looks friendlier than that Denobulan we met.
    “The Hierarchy controls this region of space,” the tall one said. “Your ship has supplies and technology that we require.”     “We’ll defend ourselves,” the Doctor said. “You won’t get what you’re after.”
    “An exchange of fire would damage both of our ships,” the Hierarchy commander said. “but we have support nearby. You are alone. Take your weapons off-line and prepare to board-” the viewscreen suddenly went back to a view of the now de-cloaked Hierarchy ships.     “Excuse the interruption, Commander,” Tuvok said, “I’ve found a potential weakness in their shields, but I’ll need time to reconfigure our phasers.”
    “Keep him occupied, Doctor,” Chakotay said. “On screen.” Chakotay stood up and walked past the Doctor to the tactical console.     “This is your final warning,” the Hierarchy commander said, as though he hadn’t been interrupted.     “Don’t rush me,” the Doctor said.
    “Take your weapons off-line, immediately. I won’t ask again.”     “You,” the Doctor said, wagging his finger at the screen, “appear to be suffering from a physio-emotive disorder.”
    What? Harry thought. Where is this going?     “You’re impatient, quick to anger,” the Doctor continued, “you may want to see a physician. Me for instance. That was my first job after all. I kinda miss it since I had to take command.”     The viewscreen showed the bridge of the Hierarchy shudder slightly. Harry looked down. Tuvok had opened fire.     “Direct hit,” Tuvok said.     “Ha!” The Doctor said. “How do you like that huh? A taste of your own medicine!”     That definitely didn’t come from the Captain, Harry thought.     The Hierarchy commander slammed down on something off-screen, and Voyager shook violently, panels sparking all over the bridge,     “Phasers are off-line,” Tuvok reported.     “Prepare to be boarded!” the Hierarchy commander said.
    “Tuvok!” the Doctor said, standing up to full attention, looking confident for the first time since this fiasco had started. Harry bit his lip to keep himself from asking the Doctor what he was planning. “Activate the photonic cannon,” the Doctor added, striding casually closer to the viewscreen.     We’re dead, Harry thought.     “Tuvok, that was an order,” the Doctor bellowed, as Tom looked back at him as if the Doctor had just given an order to perform scenes from a 20th century melodrama.
    Harry glanced at Tuvok, who was looking at Chakotay. The latter nodded.     “Activating the photonic cannon, sir,” Tuvok said.     “I’d rather not give the order to fire,” the Doctor said.     The Hierarchy commander looked up at something.     “My sensors show no activation sequence,” he said.     “Of course not,” the Doctor said authoritatively. “The photonic cannon is impervious to sensors.     “The Borg couldn’t detect it either,” the one Harry was sure was Phlox said, “that’s why they were destroyed.”
    “The Borg, the Hierarchy,” the Doctor said, “it’s all the same to me. Just another bully who didn’t know when to back off.”     “We’ll be vaporized,” Phlox said. The Hierarchy commander pushed a button, and the communications link was severed, the viewscreen returning to the view of the Hierarchy ships.     “I’m choosing to take it as a good sign they haven’t just opened fire already,” Tom said.
    “Right there with you Mister Paris,” the Doctor said. It was only then that Harry noticed that the Doctor’s hands had been behind his back the whole time, hidden from view of the Hierarchy commander. They were shaking. Harry smiled, impressed at how well the Doctor had hidden his nervousness from the Hierarchy.     Nearly a minute later, the viewscreen showed the Hierarchy ships turning around.     “They’re moving away at full impulse,” Harry said.     The Doctor, despite being a hologram who didn’t need to breathe, sighed as if he’d been holding the breath the entire time since the comm link had been cut. He walked back towards the captain’s chair, but didn’t sit in it, instead just looking at it. Chakotay moved away from the tactical console and stood behind the Captain's chair, and motioned to it.     “Go ahead, Doctor,” he said, smiling. ”You earned it.”     The Doctor sat down, slowly, but eventually began looking around the bridge, allowing Harry to see him smiling now as well.     “So, Doc, did it hurt?” Tom said.     “Did what hurt, Ensign?”     “When you pulled that bluff out of your-”     “Tom,” Chakotay said, “resume our standard course.”
---
    The Doctor sat in his office in sickbay, going over the daily reports. The daydream program, despite being fixed by Harry and B’Elanna, was off-line. He’d been tempted to delete it altogether and might have had he not mentioned the plan to the Captain, who had proceeded to talk him out of it. She’d convinced him to take more time to consider it before just deleting it rashly, stating that he might regret it later if he did so now.     The chirp of an open comm link filled the quiet room.     “Torres to the Doctor,” B’Elanna’s voice said. “Could you come to the mess hall please?”     What’s this all about? the Doctor thought. It didn’t sound like an emergency, there was no sense of urgency in B’Elanna’s voice. He wondered if maybe one of Neelix’s cheeses was threatening the bio-neural circuits again.
    “On my way,” he said, affixing his mobile emitter to his arm.
    He wondered what could possibly be important enough to summon him that wasn’t a medical emergency. He reached the entrance to the mess hall and stepped inside, only to be shocked to see most of the senior staff and several other officers standing there in dress uniforms, as well as Neelix, and Naomi.     “Surprise!” they all yelled.     “Don’t worry Doc,” Harry Kim said, “this is all real.”     The Doctor looked around,
    “I don’t understand,” he said. “What’s this all about?”     Janeway held her hand up, and Harry put something in it. She walked up to him and affixed a pin to his uniform.
    “For your imaginative defense of this ship and her crew,” she said, “I am awarding you with the Starfleet Medal of Commendation. Congratulations.”     “I… Thank you,” the Doctor said, feeling overwhelmed.     “I’ve also reconsidered your request from a few days ago. I’m going to authorize a research project to explore your command abilities. The Emergency Command Hologram won’t just be in your fantasies anymore.” Janeway began clapping, and soon the rest of the crewmembers in the mess hall joined in.
    The Doctor looked around, taking it all in when a realization hit him. Obviously, they couldn’t fit every Voyager crew member in this relatively tiny mess hall, and none of the Equinox survivors were allowed to attend ship functions yet, but two particular absences stood out to him. Seven of Nine and Samantha Wildman weren’t here.
    I guess I can’t blame her, the Doctor thought.
---
    Seven of Nine sat on the couch in Samantha’s quarters, reading a PADD. Samantha looked at her, concerned, but didn’t say anything.     “If you wish to attend the party for the Doctor, Sam, I won’t be offended,” Seven said.
“Offending you isn’t what I’m worried about,” Samantha said. “I get why you’re upset, but I doubt the Doctor has done anything at any point untoward with you.”     “Perhaps,” Seven said, “but at the same time the revelation of his feelings for me complicates matters. I can’t help but wonder how many of our friendly interactions over the past year, or possibly more, were done with the purpose of spending time with me as opposed to his stated reasons.”     “If it were just about any other sentient on this ship I’d say that was possible,” Sam said, moving from her chair to sit next to Seven. “But the Doctor? I think his only crime here, if you could call it even that much, was not just getting it out in the open, like Harry did back when he had a thing for you. If the Doctor hadn’t kept it to himself you both could’ve dealt with this like adults.”     “Am I not handling it like an adult now, Sam?” Seven said.     Samantha rested her hands on Seven’s shoulder and sighed.     “I suppose you are,” Samantha said. “If you weren’t I imagine you’d be doing far worse things than skipping his award ceremony.”     “That is accurate,” Seven said, putting the PADD down and leaning back. “It is best that I avoid being alone with him for a day or so, allow myself time to process my feelings on the matter.” Seven turned her head to look Samantha in the eyes, and smiled. Samantha smiled back. “Would you be willing to help me?” Seven whispered.
“What kind of wife would I be if I wasn’t?” Samantha whispered back.
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rainbowbacon-blog1 · 8 years ago
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