#National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909

[16woodsequ]

Things People Seem to Forget About Steve Rogers (aka the past is complex)

Things in the future didn't happen in a vacuum, and while Steve missed a lot of stuff while he was in the ice, he would have seen the roots of things like the Civil Rights, Women's Rights and even LGBTQ+ Rights movements in his time.

While I'm sure Steve encountered a lot of people expecting certain right-wing behaviours from him, due to his birth year and the things he missed in the ice, this doesn't mean he would act that way—even right out of the ice.

But first lets take a look at the things Steve missed and see what he did in fact know:

The atom bomb. Steve never saw the atomic fallout, but what did he see? Hydra bombs literally being flown to his home city. There is also a possibility that as a specialty team, he learned about the German Nuclear Program during the war. His unit was tied to the Strategic Science Reserve, so I wouldn't be surprised if between that, and Hydra's bomb initiatives, Steve was well aware of the potential of a bomb threat. I doubt Steve has clearance to know about the Manhattan project, and I think he would be horrified to learn about the impact of the atom bomb on Japan (especially since he essentially thwarted the same thing from happening to New York) but majorly powerful bombs would not surprise him.

• The Cold War. Steve may not have experience the Cold War, but he grew up surrounded by the outcome of the First World War after the Communist take over of Russia. The debates surrounding Communism, Socialism, and Capitalism aren't new. Steve would have grown up with them and would probably be familiar with American pro-capitalist, anti-communist rhetoric. But would he agree?

Here's some things we know about Steve: He's an artist, he grew up during the Depression which was heavily mitigated by socialist measures, he grew up poor, he grew up disabled. As an artist Steve would be well aware of the debates between the political movements, and with his background, and the success of Roosevelt's New Deal reforms, it would not surprise me if Steve leaned more towards the Socialist side of the scale.

All this to say: Steve would not be unfamiliar with the tension between Russia and the USA. Especially since even though they were allies during the war, there were already concerns that the USSR wasn't so much 'liberating' the countries they drove Germany out of, as putting them under new management.

Steve would be familiar with the tensions underlying the Cold War, and his background might lead him to have a critical view of some of the pro-Capitalist propaganda that came out during the Cold War. While I don't think Steve would approve of Russia's methods and the ultimate outcome of Communism there, I don't think he would approve of the Red Scare Witch Hunt that happened in the States either.

• Civil Rights Movement. While Steve missed the major changes that occurred during the 50s and 60s, he would not be unfamiliar with movements for equality. Steve would also not be unaware of the inequality that minorities faced in his country.

For example:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was established in 1909 and is still run today. The NAACP fought and fights against discrimination and advocates for equality.

In the 30s President Roosevelt responded to "to charges that many blacks were the "last hired and first fired," [his administration] instituted changes that enabled people of all races to obtain needed job training and employment. These programs brought public works employment opportunities to African Americans, especially in the North" (Link)

"The first precedent-setting local and state level court cases to desegregate Mexican and African American schooling were decided during [the late 1930s]" (Link)

In 1941 thousands of Black Americans threatened to march on Washington for equal employments rights which pushed Roosevelt to issue an executive order that "opened national defense jobs and other government jobs to all Americans regardless of race, creed, color or national origin." (Link)

The Double Victory or Double V Campaign during the war was an explicit campaign to win the war against fascism in Europe and the war against racism as home.

All this to say, Steve would not be unfamiliar with many of the issues tackled during the Civil Rights Movement of the 50s and 60s.

Not only that, but Steve led a multi-racial special unit during the war during a time of active army segregation. Not only does he have a Black man on his team, but also a Japanese man. This would have most definitely led to backlash from higher command as well as discrimination from other units against Jones and Morita. Steve and the entire Howling Commandos would be explicitly aware of prejudice against two of their members and likely had to fight for them many times.

• Anything space travel. It's true Steve wouldn't know anything about attempts to reach the moon. But there were still several space discoveries he could know about, especially since he and Bucky are clearly interested in scientific discoveries, considering how they went to the Stark Exbo before Bucky shipped out.

Some discoveries:

Hubble's Law: In 1929 Hubble published evidence for an ever expanding universe, and thus provided evidence of the Big Bang theory.

1930: Discovery of Pluto (makes me chuckle to think this is a relatively new discovery for Steve and he wakes up to find it is a dwarf-planet now. You think Millennials are protective of Pluto? I think Steve would be too 😆.)

1937: "the first intimation that most matter in the universe is `dark matter'"

Personally I think Steve would be absolutely amazed by the advances in space travel.

• Women's Rights. Like with Civil Rights, while Steve may have missed the large movements during the 50s and 60s, he was around for the early movements. The 60s movement is called Second Wave Feminism for a reason. This is because there was already many pushes for women equality in Steve's time.

For example:

1920: White women win the right to vote. This means Steve's mother first voted in his lifetime. I feel this alone would make Steve heavily aware of inequality faced by women. (As a side note I feel that Sarah always emphasized voting to Steve since it was such a major development in her lifetime.)

Also in the 20s the Flapper trend rose, along with hemlines. Women's skirts were shorter and they smoked and drank with men. Middle-class and working-class women also worked outside of the home. The 1920s-1930s 'modern' woman is very different from the Victorian vision of a woman in petticoats and skirts.

Early Birth Control movement: Was "initiated by a public health nurse, Margaret Sanger, just as the suffrage drive was nearing its victory. The idea of woman’s right to control her own body, and especially to control her own reproduction and sexuality, added a visionary new dimension to the ideas of women’s emancipation. This movement not only endorsed educating women about existing birth control methods. It also spread the conviction that meaningful freedom for modern women meant they must be able to decide for themselves whether they would become mothers, and when."

1936: A Supreme Court decision declassified birth control information as obscene. Legalised doctor-prescribed contraceptives.

WW2 Watershed: Women serve in the army and work factory jobs. The government establishes universal childcare while women work.

Women also wore pants and form fitting clothes to work in factories. We also see Peggy wearing pants during the last assault on Hydra. While Steve may need to get used to modern fashion, he would already be familiar with the 'morale outrage' over women's clothes in his time, and probably try to manage his surprise in private as well as possible.

• LGBTQ+ Rights. Like with the rest of the equality movements, LGBTQ+ rights movements also started before the late 1900s.

1924: "Society for Human Rights is founded by Henry Gerber in Chicago. The society is the first gay rights organization as well as the oldest documented in America." This organisation was broken up soon after founding due to arrests, but it published "the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom."

In the 1920s and 30s "the gay and lesbian movement started taking shape. Social analysts began rejecting prior medical definitions of "inversion" or "homosexuality" as deviant.

Communities of men and women with same-sex affiliations began to grow in urban areas. Their right to gather in public places such as bars was tenuous, and police raids and harassment were common." (Link)

WW2 Watershed: While many LGBTQ people lived in rural areas or outside 'queer neighbourhoods' the war brought people from all backgrounds together. "As with most young soldiers, many had never left their homes before, and the war provided them an opportunity to find community, camaraderie, and, in some cases, first loves. These new friendships gave gay and lesbian GIs refuge from the hostility that surrounded them and allowed for a distinct subculture to develop within the military."

They still had to hide their identities for fear of persecution and a 'blue discharge', however "Gay and lesbian veterans of World War II became some of the first to fight military discrimination and blue discharges in the years following the war."

It's unclear how much Steve would have known about the gay and lesbian rights movement. But in the comics he has a gay friend Arnie Roth, and there are many meta posts (X X X) about how Steve may have lived in a queer neighbourhood.

And, according to my history professor, gay and lesbian soldiers were often protected by their friends in the army instead of outed. This is not to downplay the discrimination and pain outed veterans faced, but there was a comaraderie and understanding that developed between soldiers that protected many gay soldiers.

• Computer and the internet. The seeds of modern computers began during World War Two. Arguably it began earlier with Ada Lovelace. While technology has changed a lot for Steve, there is a long history of it's development.

Colossus Computer: Kept secret until the 70s, it's unclear if Steve's association with the SSR, Peggy (who was a code breaker before SSR) and Howard, would have led him to know anything about the "the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer", but we see electric screens and machines being used in Captain America: The First Avenger. So he would know something of those mechanisms.

Also the first American TV was broadcasted in the 1939 World Fair, And since Steve and Bucky are already shown going to a science fair, I believe it is reasonable for Steve to know about the concept of television, though it looks much different in modern day.

• Rise of Neo-Nazis. Steve already saw the rise of fascism in his own country before the war, so while I think he would be horrified and saddened to learn of the Neo-Nazi movement, I don't think he would be surprised.

Because:

Eugenics: A large part of the Nazi campaign, this part of the movement originated and was inspired by the United States Eugenics movement. "It is important to appreciate that within the U.S. and European scientific communities these ideas were not fringe but widely held and taught in universities."

Lobotomies and institutionalisations were part of the treatments for disabled and 'weak-minded' individuals during Steve's time. With Sarah being a nurse it is likely Steve knew of these treatments and more. And as a disabled child of immigrants, I have no doubts Steve brushed up with eugenics beliefs many times.

1939: More than 20,000 people attended a Nazi rally in Madison Square while "[a]bout 100,000 anti-Nazi protesters gathered around the arena in protest".

In the comics Steve canonically has a Jewish friend, Arnie Roth. If he wasn't part of the protests against the Nazi rally, he would have heard about it and known about the rise of antisemitic sentiment in the US before the outbreak of the war.

So Where Does That Leave Us?

Steve has a history of anti-racist behaviour. While he would still have a lot to learn from the Civil Rights Movement and no doubt has unconscious biases he grew up with, he also explicitly builds a multi-racial team that would have led to clashes with systemic racism in the army. This would have inevitably led to him and the Howling Commandos taking an anti-racist stance in protection of their members.

Would Steve say the N-word? Likely not. The N-Word already held negative connotations by the 19th and early-20th century. I doubt Jones would be willing to follow a man who would knowing use the insult. 'Coloured' or 'Negro' were seen as the more acceptable terms. So Steve may use those words at first, instead of 'Black' or 'African-American'. 'Negro' is a controversial term for some Black Americans, so this would be something for him to learn, but he would not purposely by insulting or hurtful. And I believe he would adapt as quickly as possible upon learning.

Steve saw the early steps of many social movements. Given what we know about Steve—artist, disabled, immigrant, poor, raised by a single mom, gay and Jewish friend, potentially lived around queer people, worked with Peggy and smiled when she punched a sexiest, and built a multi-racial team—Steve would not only be aware of the social movements of his time, but he would be happy to learn of the developments after he went into the ice.

While it would take some time for him to learn all the changes that happened, Steve's background would led him to be pleased with the changes in society. This is the opposite of being racist, sexist, and homophobic. Some things might take some adjusting for Steve to get used to, but he is already open-minded and has a frame of reference for many of the social changes that happened.

People sometimes bring up Steve's Catholic upbringing to argue about some beliefs he might have. But while I do think this upbringing would lead to some biases, I think Steve's life experience helped counter, or helped him unlearn some of those biases, even before he hit the ice.

Also, as an Irish-Catholic, Steve would have faced some discrimination of his own. It is most certainly not on the same level as other minorities, and things were better in the 20th century. Being very clear, any discrimination Steve faced for being Irish-Catholic would not be systemic or commonplace like racism. But adding his heritage to the rest of Steve's background helps give us a better idea of why he was already open to social movements like the Civil Rights movement before the ice. And it may have made him already more understanding of LGBTQ+ people, who he may have lived around, even if he grew up being taught certain biases.

Other Things We Forget About Steve

He is quite tech-savvy. While Steve would have a lot to learn, we know he is capable. There are a lot of jokes about his technical know-how in Avengers, but I think he's actually managing very well considering it's probably only been a few weeks or months since he came out of the ice.

Examples:

Deleted scene where we see Steve using a laptop in his apartment. He presses the spacebar to pause a video, which is a keyboard shortcut. So not only can he set up a laptop to watch a video, but he already knows key shortcuts.

Deleted scene where waitress mentions 'wireless'. Steve is confused and thinks she means radio. But I think he actually knows about wi-fi at this point, but probably had never heard it referred to as 'wireless' before. By this point he knows radio is not as common, so his real confusion is why the waitress is offering him 'free radio'. If she had said free wi-fi (the more typical phrase in my opinion) I think he would have understood.

Canon scene of Steve helping Tony fix the Helicarrier engines. This is my favourite evidence because Tony asks Steve to look at the relays and Steve makes a quip that they 'seem to run on some sort of electricity' indicating he is out of his depth. But we never see Tony tell Steve what to do. Steve figures out how to fix the relays himself. Tony is busy with the debris in the rotors and the next thing we see is Steve telling Tony the relays are all good.

Steve is much better at adapting and figuring out technology than we give him credit for. This doesn't mean he won't be anxious or uncomfortable with the sheer amount of stuff he has to learn (especially if everyone keeps making jokes about it to him). But by 2014, it's clear he's already mastered all of it, which is amazing when you think about it, because that's only two years of learning.

Steve is very book smart. In the comics Steve goes to art college, implying he finished high school. Even if he did drop out of high school to work, we know Steve is very smart.

We see him unloading a whole suitcase of books in the barracks before he got the serum.

The mental math is must take to throw the shield at the right angles for it to bounce back is insane.

Steve is also known as a master tactician. So it is clear he has the brains and smarts to run his team during the war. Not only that, but he is not just Captain in name. He actually has that rank, which means he passed the Captain's exam. I also have a feeling he would have needed to pass some kind of evaluation to get the serum in the first place.

We see in Steve's 2014 apartment that his bookshelves are full of history books. Steve is a veracious reader and spends a lot of his time catching up on what he missed. Things he didn't learn or were taught differently growing up would definitely exist, but Steve is actively working to counter that.

Steve would swear. Swearing has been a constant throughout all of history. So too, the backlash against profanity. Even if Steve grew up being told not to swear he would have heard it. And, Steve became a soldier. If he didn't swear before the war, he most definitely picked up some of it then.

I think Captain America isn't supposed to swear, and I think Steve would be aware of this perception of the symbol of him. But I think when Steve is comfortable with people, he would swear. We see in Avengers he doesn't swear, but in Avengers: Age of Ultron, he does.

We joke about Steve and the "Language" line, but I think that line has something to do with Steve's history of being perceived as a symbol and as Captain America since he said it 'just slipped out'. So, while Steve may have been encouraged not to swear growing up, and expected not to swear as Captain America, I fully believe that soldier, veteran, and Irish man Steve Rogers does swear.

Wrap up

I hope you liked this deep dive into Steve's history and character.

I think it can be easy to take the past as a lump sum and view everyone in the past through one lens. We know the past was racist, sexist, and homophobic, so we view everyone from the past that way.

And while it's true things were different back then, people were most definitely fighting for change and aware of the issues. There is also a lot of nuance to the past, and a lot that can be gleaned from what we know about Steve.

It's true that Steve would have a lot to learn when it comes to terminology and specific technology, but I believe Steve's background would prepare him for a lot of the social changes that happened after he went into the ice.

[uwmspeccoll]

Milestone Monday

February 12th commemorates the founding of the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) established in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans. Over the years, the NAACP’s mission has evolved “to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination”.  

Milwaukee lawyer, Wisconsin state representative, and civil-rights activist Lloyd A. Barbee (1925-2002) devoted most of his life to the NAACP’s mission. Joining the association at just 12 years old Barbee went on to become the president of the Madison branch from 1955-1960 and the Wisconsin chapter from 1961-1964. He was simultaneously earning a law degree and using his prowess as an activist to draft Madison’s Equal Opportunity Ordinance, demand Milwaukee Public Schools end segregation, and ultimately ran and won a seat on the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1965-1977 where he was the only African American in the state legislature.  

Browsing the Special Collections stacks in search of materials to honor the day, I came across a quirky item belonging to Lloyd A. Barbee. The book in question is actually four titles Barbee had bound into a single item. The titles include An Outline of the Old Testament, A Hymarx Outline of the New Testament, A Hymarx outline of the Plays of Shakespeare, and NAACP Annual Report 1957-58. Why Barbee had the titles bound together is anyone’s guess, but the NAACP report provides insight into his civil rights passions, including an update on the association’s work with the Wisconsin Industrial Commission to secure Black tradesmen membership within local unions, an effort Barbee would have no doubt contributed to and has annotated with his initials.  

This book is part of the Fromkin Memorial Collection developed around the broad theme of social justice in the United States. 

Read other Milestone Monday posts here! 

– Jenna, Special Collections Graduate Intern 

[dailyhistoryposts]

On This Day In History

February 12th, 1909: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded.

[reasoningdaily]

Jim Crow America: A Documentary History

Jim Crow America: A Documentary History

Many of the fifty-six documents and eighteen images and cartoons, many of which have not been published before, reveal something significant about this subject or offer an unconventional or unexpected perspective on this era.

The term “Jim Crow” has had multiple meanings and a dark and complex past. It was first used in the early nineteenth century. After the Civil War it referred to the legal, customary, and often extralegal system that segregated and isolated African Americans from mainstream American life.

In response to the increasing loss of their rights of citizenship and the rising tide of violence, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909. The federal government eventually took an active role in dismantling Jim Crow toward the end of the Depression.

But it wasn’t until the Lyndon Johnson years and all the work that led up to them that the end of Jim Crow finally came to pass. This unique book provides readers with a wealth of primary source materials from 1828 to 1980 that reveal how the Jim Crow era affects how historians practice their craft.

The book is chronologically organized into five sections, each of which focuses on a different historical period in the story of Jim Crow: inventing, building, living, resisting, and dismantling.

Many of the fifty-six documents and eighteen images and cartoons, many of which have not been published before, reveal something significant about this subject or offer an unconventional or unexpected perspective on this era.

Some of the historical figures whose words are included are Abraham Lincoln, Marcus Garvey, Booker T. Washington, Richard Wright, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Adam Clayton Powell, and Marian Anderson. The book also has an annotated bibliography, a list of key players, a timeline, and key topics

[afrotumble]

In 1903, one of America''''s most monumental literary works of African Americans "The Souls of Black Folks" was published by W.E.B Du Bois.

W.E.B. Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Du Bois was a historian, civil rights activist, sociologist, author, editor, and Pan-Africanist. In 1909 he was also one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). On February 12, 1909, in response to a race riot in Springfield, Illinois, and the horrific acts that were being done against African Americans, a little over 50 white liberals and 7 African Americans met to discuss the racial crisis. Out of this meeting came the existence of the NAACP. Some of the African Americans in attendance were W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell. Among the white liberals at the meeting were Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard, The organization continued the focus of the Niagara Movement which was the precursor to (NAACP).

[kemetic-dreams]

Dr. Riley Andrew Ransom Sr. (1886-1951)

Dr. Riley Andrew Ransom, Sr., the founder of the first hospital for African Americans in Fort Worth, Texas, was born on March 9, 1886, in Columbus, Kentucky, to parents Allen and Alice Ransom. Ransom briefly attended Lane College in Tennessee then transferred to Southern Illinois State Normal University (now Southern Illinois University at Carbondale) where he earned his undergraduate degree.

Ransom attended Pharmaceutical College in Princeton, Indiana, and Louisville National Medical College in Louisville, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1908 as valedictorian of his class. He did post-graduate work at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

After receiving his medical license in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in 1909, Ransom started his medical practice in Brooksville, Oklahoma, where he worked for five years. In 1914 Ransom moved to Gainesville, Texas, where he established the Booker T. Washington Sanitarium. At that time Ransom was one of only 16 black doctors in Texas.

On June 3, 1915, Ransom married schoolteacher and graduate nurse Ethel Blanche Wilson of Gainesville, Texas. To this union one son, Riley Andrew Ransom, Jr., was born on March 12, 1915.

In 1918, Dr. Ransom moved the hospital to Fort Worth and added a Nurses’ Training School. The hospital was the first 20-bed facility for African Americans in Texas. It was also one of only three African-American owned hospitals in the United States accredited by the American Medical Association.

Booker T. Washington Hospital was known for its state-of-the-art medical equipment, fully equipped laboratory, a dining room, onsite food preparation area, and nurses’ quarters. Between 1925 and 1928 the facility was known as the Negro Baptist Hospital. In 1928 the name was changed to the Fort Worth Negro Hospital, and in 1938 Ransom renamed it the Ethel Ransom Memorial Hospital, in memory of his deceased wife.

Dr. Ransom was a member to the Fort Worth Branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the YMCA, Chairman of the Committee on Health and Sanitation, a Chairman of the Social Disease Committee of the Volunteer Health League, First-Aid Instructor for the American Red Cross of Tarrant County, and member of the Lone Star Medical Association. He was also a Mason.

Dr. Riley A. Ransom, Sr. died on January 4, 1951, in Houston, Texas. He was 64. His work in Fort Worth was continued by his son, Dr. Riley A. Ransom, Jr. The Ranson Memorial Hospital continued to serve the Fort Worth African American community until it closed in 1949.

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

Jack Ohman, Tribune Content Agency

* * * *

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

December 2, 2023

HEATHER COX RICHARDSON

DEC 3, 2023

On Wednesday, November 29, Senate majority leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) delivered a landmark speech on American antisemitism, inspired by the fact that protests against Israel’s assault on Gaza after the October 7 attack by Hamas have descended into an embrace of Hamas’s stated goal of the complete destruction of Israel. From there it has, for some people, been a short step to attacking Jewish people in general. 

“I feel compelled to speak because I am the highest-ranking Jewish elected official in America; in fact, the highest-ranking Jewish elected official ever in American history,” Schumer said. “And I have noticed a significant disparity between how Jewish people regard the rise of antisemitism, and how many of my non-Jewish friends regard it. To us, the Jewish people, the rise of antisemitism is a crisis—a five-alarm fire that must be extinguished. For so many other people of good will, it is merely a problem, a matter of concern. Today, I want to use my platform to explain why so many Jewish people see this problem as a crisis.”

Schumer anchored his speech in the long history of civil rights advocacy on the part of American Jews. In 1909, New York Jew Henry Moskowitz was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Jack Greenberg, whose family fled pogroms in Europe, served 23 years at the head of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund after its founder, famous Black jurist Thurgood Marshall, stepped down.

In 1958, in a speech to the American Jewish Congress, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said, “My people were brought to America in chains. Your people were driven here to escape the chains fashioned for them in Europe. Our unity is born of our common struggle for centuries, not only to rid ourselves of bondage, but to make oppression of any people by others an impossibility.” 

Five years later, the president of the American Jewish Congress, New Jersey rabbi Dr. Joachim Prinz, spoke before King at the March on Washington. “I speak to you as an American Jew,” he told the crowd. “As Americans we share the profound concern of millions of people about the shame and disgrace of inequality and injustice which make a mockery of the great American idea. As Jews we bring to this great demonstration, in which thousands of us proudly participate, a two-fold experience—one of the spirit and one of our history…. It…is not merely sympathy and compassion for the Black people of America that motivates us. It is above all and beyond all such sympathies and emotions a sense of complete identification and solidarity born of our own painful historic experience.”

It was that painful historic experience and an attempt to make oppression impossible that led Jewish activists to support the civil rights movement. In the Freedom Summer of 1964, half the civil rights workers who traveled to Mississippi were Jewish, including Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, murdered alongside Black activist James Chaney outside of Philadelphia, Mississippi. 

That history of Jewish support for civil rights is written across the landscape of our country: the main bridge dominating the Boston skyline is named for civil rights worker Leonard P. Zakim in memory of his work to “build bridges of understanding between different ethnic, racial, and religious groups,” as his wife said at the bridge’s dedication. 

In his speech, Schumer tied into that history, saying that “bigotry against one group of Americans is bigotry against all” and noting that he had worked to protect Asian-Americans and Arab-Americans, as well as to protect houses of worship for all religions from extremists. He also noted, at some length, that it is possible both to abhor Hamas and to deplore the destruction that has rained down on the Palestinian people. 

But Schumer expressed dismay that as hatred toward American Jews is rising dangerously—the Anti-Defamation League estimates that antisemitic incidents have increased nearly 300 percent since October 7—some Americans, people that Jews believed were “ideological fellow travelers,” are celebrating the October 7 attack as an assault on “colonizers.” 

“Not long ago,” Schumer said, “many of us marched together for Black and Brown lives, we stood against anti-Asian hatred, we protested bigotry against the LGBTQ community, we fought for reproductive justice out of the recognition that injustice against one oppressed group is injustice against all. But apparently, in the eyes of some, that principle does not extend to the Jewish people.”

“Many, if not most, Jewish Americans, including myself, support a two-state solution,” he said, “We disagree with Prime Minister [Benjamin] Netanyahu and his administration’s encouragement of militant settlers in the West Bank, which has become a considerable obstacle to a two-state solution.” But “the most extreme rhetoric against Israel has emboldened antisemites who are attacking Jewish people simply because they are Jewish.”

These attacks, Schumer said, conjure up the history of millennia in which Jews were slaughtered. “[W]hen Jewish people hear chants like ‘From the river to the sea,’ a founding slogan of Hamas, a terrorist group that is not shy about their goal to eradicate the Jewish people, in Israel and around the globe, we are alarmed.”

“More than anything, we are worried—quite naturally, given the twists and turns of history—about where these actions and sentiments could eventually lead. Now, this is no intellectual exercise for us. For many Jewish people, it feels like a matter of survival, informed once again by history.”

“Can you understand why Jewish people feel isolated when we hear some praise Hamas and chant its vicious slogan?” Schumer asked. “Can you blame us for feeling vulnerable only 80 years after Hitler wiped out half of the Jewish population across the world while many countries turned their back? Can you appreciate the deep fear we have about what Hamas might do if left to their own devices? Because the long arc of Jewish history teaches us a lesson that is hard to forget: ultimately, that we are alone.”

Schumer begged the American people “of all creeds and backgrounds” to defend the “pluralistic, multiethnic democracy” that has enabled Jewish people in the United States “to flourish alongside so many other immigrant groups.” 

He asked them to “learn the history of the Jewish people, who have been abandoned repeatedly by their fellow countrymen—left isolated and alone to combat antisemitism—with disastrous results,” and to “reject the illogical and antisemitic double standard that is once again being applied to the plight of Jewish victims and hostages, to some of the actions of the Israeli government, and even to the very existence of a Jewish state.”

Schumer asked all Americans “to understand why Jewish people defend Israel.” They do not “wish harm on Palestinians,” he said, but instead “fear a world where Israel is forced to tolerate the existence of groups like Hamas that want to wipe out all Jewish people from the planet. We fear a world where Israel, the place of refuge for Jewish people, will no longer exist. If there is no Israel,” he said, “there will be no place, no place for the Jewish people to go when they are persecuted in other countries.”

In view of history and of rising antisemitism, Jewish Americans are afraid of what the future might bring, Schumer said. “And perhaps worst of all,” he said, “many Jewish Americans feel alone to face all of this, abandoned by too many of our friends and allies in our greatest time of need.”

He implored “every person and every community and every institution to stand with Jewish Americans and denounce antisemitism in all of its forms.”

“We are stewards of the flames of liberty, tolerance, and equality that warm our American melting pot, and make it possible for Jewish Americans to prosper alongside Palestinian Americans, and every other immigrant group from all over the world,” he concluded. 

“Are we a nation that can defy the regular course of human history, where the Jewish people have been ostracized, expelled, and massacred over and over again?” he asked. Then he answered his own question: “Yes. And I will do everything in my power—as Senate Majority Leader, as a Jewish American, as a citizen of a free society, as a human being—to make it happen.”

“Ken Y-hi Ratzon,” he concluded. “May it be his will.”

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

HEATHER COX RICHARDSON

[ausetkmt]

CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS AND RACIAL VIOLENCE p.2

November Wilmington, North Carolina, riot. 1898–1899 Coal mine riots at Pana, Virden, and Carterville, Illinois. 1899 Anti-Lynching Bureau is established. Anti-Lynching League is founded. Publication of Sutton Griggs’ first novel, Imperium in Imperio. April Sam Hose is lynched in Palmetto, Georgia, for allegedly killing his white employer and committing sexual assault on the man’s wife. 1900 Ida B. Wells-Barnett publishes her third anti-lynching pamphlet, ‘‘Mob Rule in New Orleans.’’ July New Orleans, Louisiana, riot. August New York City riot. 1901 Publication of Charles Chesnutt’s novel, The Marrow of Tradition, which was based on the Wilmington, North Carolina, riot of 1898. Pierce City, Missouri, riot. lvi CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS AND RACIAL VIOLENCE 1903 Publication of W.E.B. Du Bois’ The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Joplin, Missouri, riot. July In what is known as the Boston riot, militant activist William Monroe Trotter and his supporters disrupt a Boston speech by Booker T. Washington. 1904 March Springfield, Ohio, riot. 1905 Publication of The Clansman by Thomas Dixon, Jr. May First issue of the Chicago Defender. July The Niagara movement, an organization for young black intellectuals committed to ending racial prejudice, is founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter, and others. 1906 Springfield, Missouri, riot. January Chattanooga, Tennessee, riot. April Greensburg, Indiana, riot. August Brownsville, Texas, riot. September Atlanta, Georgia, riot; the Atlanta Civic League is organized in the weeks following the riot. 1908 William Monroe Trotter founds the all-black National Equal Rights League. August Springfield, Illinois, riot. 1909 February W.E.B. Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, and others found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an interracial organization dedicated to legal and social reform. 1910 The Crisis, the official magazine of the NAACP, is founded by W.E.B. Du Bois. July Palestine, Texas, riot. 1911

[usedcarheaven]

The N.A.A.C.P., the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, was founded on Feb.12th 1909..  Portrait one of the organization's founders:

  W.E.B. Du Bois. (1868-1963)

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 5.31 (before 1940)

455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat Kievan Rus' and Cumans. 1293 – Mongol invasion of Java was a punitive expedition against King Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of its ministers. However, it ended with failure for the Mongols. Regarded as establish City of Surabaya. 1578 – King Henry III lays the first stone of the Pont Neuf (New Bridge), the oldest bridge of Paris, France. 1601–1900 1610 – The pageant London's Love to Prince Henry on the River Thames celebrates the creation of Prince Henry as Prince of Wales. 1669 – Citing poor eyesight as a reason, Samuel Pepys records the last event in his diary. 1775 – American Revolution: The Mecklenburg Resolves are adopted in the Province of North Carolina. 1790 – Manuel Quimper explores the Strait of Juan de Fuca. 1790 – The United States enacts its first copyright statute, the Copyright Act of 1790. 1795 – French Revolution: The Revolutionary Tribunal is suppressed. 1805 – French and Spanish forces begin the assault against British forces occupying Diamond Rock, Martinique. 1813 – In Australia, William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth reach Mount Blaxland, effectively marking the end of a route across the Blue Mountains. 1859 – The clock tower at the Houses of Parliament, which houses Big Ben, starts keeping time. 1862 – American Civil War: Peninsula Campaign: Confederate forces under Joseph E. Johnston and G.W. Smith engage Union forces under George B. McClellan outside the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. 1864 – American Civil War: Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor: The Army of Northern Virginia engages the Army of the Potomac. 1879 – Gilmore's Garden in New York City is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Henry Vanderbilt and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue. 1884 – The arrival at Plymouth of Tāwhiao, King of Maoris, to claim the protection of Queen Victoria. 1889 – Johnstown Flood: Over 2,200 people die after a dam fails and sends a 60-foot (18-meter) wall of water over the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. 1902 – Second Boer War: The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the war and ensures British control of South Africa. 1909 – The National Negro Committee, forerunner to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), convenes for the first time. 1910 – The South Africa Act comes into force, establishing the Union of South Africa. 1911 – The RMS Titanic is launched in Belfast, Northern Ireland. 1911 – The President of Mexico Porfirio Díaz flees the country during the Mexican Revolution. 1916 – World War I: Battle of Jutland: The British Grand Fleet engages the High Seas Fleet in the largest naval battle of the war, which proves indecisive. 1921 – The Tulsa race massacre kills at least 39, but other estimates of black fatalities vary from 55 to about 300. 1924 – Hope Development School fire kills 24 people, mostly disabled children. 1935 – A 7.7 Mw  earthquake destroys Quetta in modern-day Pakistan killing 40,000.

[lboogie1906]

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization in the US, formed on February 12, 1909, as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey, and Ida B. Wells.

Its mission in the 21st century is “to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination.” National NAACP initiatives include political lobbying, publicity efforts, and litigation strategies developed by its legal team. The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct, the status of African American foreign refugees, and questions of economic development. Its name, retained by tradition, uses the once-common term colored people, referring to those with some African ancestry.

The NAACP bestows annual awards to African Americans in two categories: Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment, and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind. Its headquarters is in Baltimore. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence

[crowgirlpictures]

Ida B. Wells Life

Ida B. Wells was a prominent African American investigative journalist, educator, and civil rights activist. Here are some key facts about her life:

Birth and Early Life:

Ida Bell Wells-Barnett was born on July 16, 1862, in Holly Springs, Mississippi, during the Civil War.

She was born into slavery but became an orphan at the age of 16, after her parents died in a yellow fever epidemic.

Educational Achievements:

Despite the challenges she faced, Ida B. Wells attended Rust College and later became a teacher.

Journalistic Career:

Ida B. Wells gained national attention as a journalist and editor for several black newspapers, including the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight.

She wrote extensively on issues such as civil rights, women's suffrage, and the injustices faced by African Americans.

Anti-Lynching Activism:

One of Ida B. Wells' most significant contributions was her fearless and pioneering work in exposing and challenging the widespread practice of lynching in the United States.

Her investigative journalism documented and denounced the false accusations against African Americans that often led to lynchings.

The Red Record:

In 1895, Ida B. Wells published "The Red Record," a groundbreaking pamphlet that compiled statistics and details about lynching in the United States. It laid bare the brutality and racism behind these acts.

Founding the NAACP:

Ida B. Wells was one of the founding members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

Women's Suffrage:

Wells was an advocate for women's suffrage and worked alongside prominent suffragists. However, she was often marginalized in the suffrage movement due to racial prejudices.

Legacy and Recognition:

Ida B. Wells is remembered as a trailblazer in the fight against racial injustice and an early leader in the civil rights movement.

The Ida B. Wells-Barnett Museum is located in Holly Springs, Mississippi, in her honor.

Personal Life:

Ida B. Wells married Ferdinand L. Barnett, a lawyer, editor, and civil rights activist, in 1895. She became Ida B. Wells-Barnett after her marriage.

Death:

Ida B. Wells-Barnett passed away on March 25, 1931, in Chicago, Illinois. She left behind a powerful legacy of courage, activism, and advocacy for justice.

Ida B. Wells remains an inspiration for her courage in the face of adversity and her relentless pursuit of truth and justice.

[art150mediaproject]

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; NAACP (Social Media Post)

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization that was founded in 1909 by W.E.B Du Bois, Ida Wells-Barnett, Mary White Ovington and others and is concerned with the challenges facing African-Americans, especially following the 1908 Springfield Race Riots. Since its inception in 1909 the NAACP has been responsible for a number of civil rights advancements like the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. As discussed in class the Fair Housing Act was a national movement but a big portion of the protests where a part of the March on Milwaukee campaign in the 1960s. The NAACP was the main organization that was handling and conducting protests in the Milwaukee area. Today, the NAACP and its followers focus on promoting the achievements of people of color while still spreading awareness for the civil rights issues that exist today.

This post by the NAACP on November 30, 2023 is a great example of how the organization spreads awareness through advertising the accomplishments of people of color. In this post we see the actress Fantasia Barrino Taylor on the cover of Elle magazine and the caption reads, "Black women gracing the cover of @elleusa's 2023 Women in Hollywood issue." There are many posts like these on the NAACP Instagram page and I think it is very important to showcase the achievements of people of color because it is another step towards a multicultural society.

This post by the NAACP on November 7, 2023 is in response to the jury verdict surrounding the officer responsible for the death of Elijah McClain. McClain was a 23 year-old black man who was killed by police in Aurora Colorado while he was walking home from the convenience store on August 30, 2019. Throughout this class we have talked a lot about the injustices and violence towards black people in America but I think that Peggy Mcintosh and her invisible knapsack summed it up best to me. What stood out to me while reading more about Elijah McClain was one of the invisible privileges from Peggy Mcintosh's Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, that privilege being, "I can travel alone without expecting embarrassment or hostility in those who deal with us" (Mcintosh). because I'm white I have never had to be fearful of a simple traffic stop or encounter with the cops but that can be very different for people of color. I think spreading awareness about the injustice of McClain and others like him is incredibly important and is necessary if we want to see any true change and organizations like the NAACP are pivotal in getting the word out.

NAACP Seal National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Naacp, https://naacp.org/. Accessed 17 Dec. 2023.

NAACP Instagram Posts Instagram @naacp https://www.instagram.com/p/CzXS_KKs4y_/

[mic-nz]

Hargrave Military Academy (2023 Complete Info)

New Post has been published on https://militarywifi.com/hargrave-military-academy/

Hargrave Military Academy (2023 Complete Info)

Hargrave Military Academy has been educating and preparing young men for the military for more than a century.

The goal of the academy is to give pupils an organized and orderly atmosphere that will help them succeed in college and beyond. Hargrave Military Academy has established a reputation as one of the best boarding schools in the country thanks to its distinctive blend of demanding academics and military-style training.

There are some important facts about the school’s history, curriculum, and culture that you should be aware of if you’re thinking about sending your son to Hargrave Military Academy. To assist you in making an informed choice about your child’s education, we’ll go over everything you need to know about Hargrave Military Academy in this blog post.

About The Military Academy

The community of Chatham, Virginia, is home to Hargrave Military Academy (HMA), the private, all-male military boarding school. Hargrave is associated with the Baptist General Association of Virginia, which emphasizes Christian ideals and concentrates on a program for students to prepare for college and the military.

Boys from all around the world attend school from grade 7 through the postgraduate level (PG). In 2016, Hargrave was recognized as a National School of Character. Hargrave is a member of the Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States and the National Association of Independent Schools.

It is accredited by the Virginia Association of Independent Schools and AdvancEd on a national level. The campus of the school is mentioned in the National Register of Historic Places.

Brief History of Hargrave Military Academy

Hargrave Military Academy was founded by T.Ryland Sanford and J.Hunt in 1909 as Chatham Training School (CTS). In 1925, CTS has renamed Hargrave Military Academy in honor of J. Hunt Hargrave. The renaming of the school in the early twenties was part of the school’s transformation into a military high school.

Although HMA has been approved for JROTC several times, a good number of people in the Hargrave community, particularly the Board of Trustees, express concern that the addition of the program would far too much emphasis on military studies as compared to academics. Ever since, HMA has operated independently of JROTC, including using its own cadet rank structure, a chain of command, and even uniform. 

Hargrave Hall and Founders Hall were destroyed by fire on February 20, 1950. Sanford Hall was the only structure to survive unharmed, yet neither the faculty nor the cadets were hurt. A two-week break was announced during a meeting in the auditorium of Sanford Hall before Colonel Camden. This was done to give the Hargrave staff some time to figure out how to keep the usual academic calendar going.

After the board of trustees passed a resolution declaring that Hargrave would not take race, color, or country of origin into consideration when determining admission or employment policies, and Colonel Vernon T. Lankford signed the Civil Rights Agreement, the first African-American

cadets were allowed to enroll at the academy in the summer of 1971. In 1991, Andrew Ballen was appointed as the first black battalion commander.

Admission Acceptance Criteria in Hargrave Military Academy

Hargrave is a college preparatory school.  Hence, the academy looks for and supports candidates who want to pursue further education, perform well in a setting where an excellent moral character is expected, and who will abide by the academy’s Honor Code.

Qualified candidates will exhibit the moral and character qualities required to succeed at an all-boys military school and be prepared to enroll and take part.

Admission Process

Step 1: Create your Account. This can be done by visiting the academy online application form and clicking on “Create an account” in the right column. Next, click the green “Begin admission process” button.

Step 2: Submit personal and academic information for your son or ward

Step 3: Pay your $75 application fee ($150 for international students). This application fee will cover the processing of your admission and your financial aid application.

Step 4: Speak with an admission counselor. The counselor will contact you to discuss your application, as well as assist you in getting references and scheduling an interview.

Step 5: Academic reference. You will be required to submit transcripts or report cards, a principal evaluation form, and two current English and Math teacher evaluation forms.

Step 6: Schedule an interview with the admission team.

Summer Class at Hargrave Military Academy

Both returning and new Hargrave students are welcome to participate in the Hargrave summer program. The summer program is used by many families to experience boarding school life.

Following their morning classes, students participate in athletics or the Leadership Challenge (weeks 3 and 4) in the afternoon. All Summer Program participants will, for the first time ever, have access to the High Adventure program, with those events taking place on the weekends rather than during the weekdays while sports are in session.

How much does Hargrave Military Academy cost?

The price of attending Hargrave Military Academy varies depending on several variables, including the student’s grade level, whether they attend on a boarding or day basis, and any other services or programs they may choose to sign up for.

As of the 2021–2022 academic year, boarding students’ tuition costs range from $42,625 to $47,975, while day students’ tuition costs range from $20,540 to $22,740.

There are additional expenses to take into account in addition to tuition, such as accommodation and board, uniforms, textbooks, and various fees for extracurricular activities and programs. These extra expenses can total up to several thousand dollars annually.

It’s important to note that Hargrave Military Academy provides financial aid and scholarships to help make the school more affordable for families who may otherwise struggle to pay.

You can use the academy’s website or get in touch with the admissions office to submit applications for financial help and scholarships.

What is the quality of Hargrave Military Academy?

For many years, Hargrave Military Academy has been known as a premier boarding school that offers a controlled, orderly environment to help students get ready for success in college and beyond.

A military-style training program that instills leadership abilities, self-discipline, and respect for authority supplements the school’s demanding academic curriculum.

The outcomes of this original strategy speak for themselves. Graduates from Hargrave have attended some of the most esteemed colleges and universities in the nation, including Ivy League institutions like Harvard and Yale. Numerous graduates of the institution have also achieved success in the military, business, and other fields.

Hargrave Military Academy is renowned for its supportive and nurturing environment in addition to its strong academic and military programs.

Character development and values-based education are strongly emphasized, and the instructors and staff are deeply committed to each student’s success.

Overall, Hargrave Military Academy is unquestionably a school to take into consideration if you’re searching for one that combines academic quality, military-style training, and a caring community.

How many Cadets does Hargrave Military Academy have?

The average annual enrollment at the private residential Military school is between 200 and 300 cadets. Due to the school’s modest size, children benefit from a close-knit community where teachers and staff give each student their undivided attention.

Students at Hargrave come from all across the United States and other parts of the world, making up a diverse student body. Students learn teamwork and camaraderie through the school’s military-style training program as they collaborate to overcome obstacles and accomplish their objectives.

Hargrave Military Academy can give each student individualized attention and support because of the school’s low student-to-teacher ratio. Students who might find it difficult to learn in larger, more traditional classroom environments may find this to be especially helpful.

The academy’s small size also allows for a close-knit community where students can develop close relationships with their peers and faculty members.

Conclusion

Hargrave Military Academy offers a special blend of demanding academics and military-style training.

Hargrave trains young men for success in college and beyond with an emphasis on character development, leadership abilities, and self-discipline. There are financial aid and scholarship alternatives available to make the school more affordable for families, even though the tuition and other expenditures may be on the higher side.

Due to its small size, the school can offer a close-knit community and individualized care from staff and faculty. Overall, Hargrave Military Academy is a fantastic choice for families wishing to provide their sons with a regulated, orderly, and encouraging environment.

[history-today]

Today In History:

A bit of February 12th history…

1554 - Queen of England for 9 days, Lady Jane Grey is executed for treason (pictured)

1879 - 1st artificial ice rink in North America - Madison Square Garden, NYC

1909 - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) forms

1935 - 1st secret demonstration of radio signals detecting aircraft - England

2001 - NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touchdown in “saddle” region of 433 Eros, becoming 1st spacecraft to land on an asteroid

2019 - Mexican drug lord Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman found guilty of all 10 federal crimes against him in NY after 200 hours of testimony 

[skykittywhatchamahcallit]

True- but at least it seems like she did good activism under the Spokane chapter of the NAACP. I think actions speak way louder than words to be honest with you.

White people have also been a part of the NAACP “The NAACP’s founding members included white progressives Mary White Ovington, Henry Moskowitz, William English Walling and Oswald Garrison Villard, along with such African Americans as W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Archibald Grimke and Mary Church Terrell.” https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/naacp#

But yes, there is a limited number of these things- and what percentage of the entire population do you think trans gender and trans racial people actually make up?

I believe that we should do more about oppressed classes- with slow steps upwards with increased funding slowly leading our way up to equality as a whole.

I’m sorry @everything-is-crab feminism isn’t about equality? At all? So what’s it about then- if not to allow women the same freedoms and opportunities as men? If misogny is only about systemic issues then why do we care that women get cat-called? Molested? That’s not systematic- there’s nothing allowing that in our society.

Also I’m gonna blow ur mind dog but I also don’t care about transracial people. None of my buisness either, people are gonna be weird and I really think we should care less about it.