#Loxodonta africana cyclotis

[coochiewigz]

proboscid kid since day one

[dartxo]

"Elephantidae"

2020

Phylogenetic tree of the three extant elephant species

African Bush Elephant (Loxodonta africana)

African Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis)

Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)

In popular knowledge, elephants are commonly separated into two kinds, African and Asian (that is, when a distinction is made at all). In actuality, there are three very distinct, very different, very unique species of elephant alive today:

-The African Bush Elephant (Loxodonta africana)

-The African Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis)

-The Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)

The two species of African Elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian Elephants are from Woolly Mammoths. The African Forest Elephant is actually more closely related to the extinct, massive Straight-tusked Elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) than it is to its contemporary African cousin.

All three elephant species are endangered.

[cacatoto-2024]

Gajah (dari Sanskerta: gaja), liman[1], atau biram[2] adalah mamalia besar dari famili Elephantidae dan ordo Proboscidea. Secara tradisional, terdapat dua spesies yang diakui, yaitu gajah afrika (Loxodonta africana) dan gajah asia (Elephas maximus), walaupun beberapa bukti menunjukkan bahwa gajah semak afrika dan gajah hutan afrika adalah spesies yang berbeda (L. africana dan L. cyclotis). Gajah tersebar di seluruh Afrika sub-Sahara, Asia Selatan, dan Asia Tenggara. Elephantidae adalah satu-satunya famili dari ordo Proboscidea yang masih ada; famili lain yang kini sudah punah termasuk mamut dan mastodon. Gajah afrika jantan merupakan hewan darat terbesar dengan tinggi hingga 4 m dan massa yang juga dapat mencapai 7.000 kg. Gajah memiliki ciri-ciri khusus, dan yang paling mencolok adalah belalai atau proboscis yang digunakan untuk banyak hal, terutama untuk bernapas, mengisap air, dan mengambil benda. Gigi serinya tumbuh menjadi taring yang dapat digunakan sebagai senjata dan alat untuk memindahkan benda atau menggali. Daun telinganya yang besar membantu mengatur suhu tubuh mereka. Gajah afrika memiliki telinga yang lebih besar dan punggung yang cekung, sementara telinga gajah asia lebih kecil dan punggungnya cembung.

[wildbeimwild]

Elefanten sind Waldgärtner und helfen, die Erderwärmung einzudämmen

Bei der jüngsten Aktualisierung der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten hat die Weltnaturschutzunion (IUCN) beschlossen, zwei afrikanische Elefantenarten auf die Liste zu setzen. Neben dem bekannteren Savannenelefanten (Loxodonta africana) wurde auch der eher zurückgezogen lebende Waldelefant (Loxodonta cyclotis) als Art aufgenommen, nachdem neue genetische Hinweise auf seinen Status aufgetaucht…

[trash-gremlin]

actually back to designate exact species for all the great beasts and say what similar animals can and cant be summoned yayyyy

Briggan the Wolf - grey wolf, nominate subspecies: eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus)

can be summoned: red wolf (Canis rufus), domestic dogs (any breed) (Canis familiaris)*, foxes (genus Vulpes)

cant be summoned: tundra wolf (Canis lupus albus), arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), himalayan wolf (Canis lupus chanco) and other grey wolf subspecies under Canis lupus

*some argue dogs are actually a subspecies under Canis lupus but as seen in the books and game domestic dogs can be summoned so ive decided to include them as their own species. ive also extended this for all domesticated species as apparently a lot of experts disagree on whether they should be counted as their own species or a subspecies

Uraza the Leopard - leopard, nominate subspecies: african leopard (Panthera pardus pardus)

can be summoned: clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), jaguars (Panthera onca)

cant be summoned: amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis), indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and other leopard subspecies under Panthera pardus

Jhi the Panda - panda, nominate species: giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca)

can be summoned: red panda (Ailurus fulgens), literally any other bear (family: Ursidae) except polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

cant be summoned: quinling panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis)

Essix the Falcon - gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)

can be summoned: anything else in the Falco genus

can't be summoned: the other three members of the hierofalco subgenus: Lanner falcon, (Falco biarmicus), Lagger falcon (Falco jugger), Saker falcon (Falco cherrug)**

**these were included because gyrfalcon has no subspecies but exists in a subgenus in the Falco genus called hierofalco, which contains only three other species. these species apparently readily interbreed and have fully fertile offspring. theyre also one of the only subgenus (the other being the hobby birds under hypotriorchris), all other falcons exist under the Falco genus

Arax the Ram - bighorn sheep, nominate species: rocky mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis)

can be summoned: mountain sheep (Ovis ammon), barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), domestic sheep (Ovis aries)

cant be summoned: sierra nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae), desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni)

Rumfuss the Boar - wild boar, nominate species: central european boar (Sus scrofa scrofa)

can be summoned: common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), domestic pig (Sus domesticus), red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus)

cant be summoned: north african boar (Sus scrofa algira), Indian boar (Sus scrofa cristatus), central asian boar (Sus scrota davidi) and other boar subspecies under Sus scrofa

Dinesh the Elephant - asian elephant, nominate species: sri lankan elephant (Elephas maximus maximus)

can be summoned: african bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), african forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis)

cant be summoned: indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus)

Suka the Polar Bear - polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

can be summoned: literally any other bear (family: Ursidae)

cant be summoned: there are no subspecies or extremely close relatives of the polar bear!

Mulop the Octopus - giant pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)

can be summoned: literally any other octopus ever (order: Octopada, any family, any genus)***

cant be summoned: there are no subspecies or extremely close relatives of the giant pacific octopus!

***that is, if they can actually be summoned. there are no other cases of a non mammalian marine animal being summoned and mulop is an exception as no one is supposed to be able to summon the great beast species

Carboro the Lion - lion (Panthera leo)

can be summoned: mountain lion (Puma concolor)

cant be summoned: there are no subspecies or extremely close relatives of the lion!****

****a subspecies Panthera leo melanochaita does technically exist however experts debate over its validity due to the overlap with Panthera leo leo so ive decided to not count it

Ninani the Swan - mute swan (Cygnus olor)

can be summoned: black swan (Cygnus atratus), black-necked swan (Cygnus melancoryphus) and other swans (genus: Cygnus)

cant be summoned: there are no subspecies or extremely close relatives of the mute swan!

Halawir the Eagle - golden eagle, nominate species: european golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos)

can be summoned: bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax) and other "true eagles" (genus: Aquila)

cant be summoned: iberian golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos homeyeri), asian golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos daphanea), japanese golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos japonica) and other golden eagle subspecies under Aquila chrysaetos

Gerathon the Serpent - king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)

can be summoned: ring necked spitting cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus), indian cobra (Naja naja)

cant be summoned: there are no subspecies or extremely close relatives of the king cobra!

Kovo the Ape - gorilla, nominate species: western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

can be summoned: any subspecies of eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)

cant be summoned: cross river gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli)

Tellun the Elk - elk, roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti)*****

can be summoned: european fallow deer  (Dama dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus), whitetail deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

cant be summoned: tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes), manitoban elk (Cervus canadensis manitobensis), rocky mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) and other elk under Cervus canadensis

******the nominate species of elk is the eastern elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis), which is unfortunately extinct

and as a final note - just because its theoretically possible doesnt mean that it has or will happen, this was just an excuse to do a bunch of research and taxonomy is dodgy at best ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

the concept that the great beast species cant be summoned as spirit animals is very interesting to me, because in the game you can summon a red wolf when briggan is wolf. now obviously we can assume that briggan is a grey wolf so summoning a red wolf is theoretically possible, even if they look quite similar in real life.

but that brought me to the question, what animals could you summon that are similar to the great beasts?

assuming uraza is an african leopard, can you summon an amur leopard? these two are very similar and only really differ through their habitat. lets look at their taxonomy. the amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) and the african leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) are actually subspecies of the same species, with the african leopard being the nominate subspecies (repeats the species name as its subspecies, essentially the "default").

is being separated by subspecies enough? lets looks at the taxonomy for a grey wolf (Canis lupus) and a red wolf (Canis rufus). As you can see they are not subspecies but rather two separate species. using this i would conclude that animals must be separated by species (not subspecies) from the closest related great beast.

therefore, because uraza is the nominate subspecies for her species, it can be concluded that all great beast whose species contain subspecies would be the nominate subspecies and thus other subspecies such as the amur leopard can not be summoned.

this is also supported in books when abeke says that people can summon cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), but not leopards. cheetahs are not even in the same genus as leopards and all other leopards in the area are subspecies. other species of "leopard" (eg. clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and the jaguar (Panthera onca)) are all separated by a species if not more.

[just-wanna-travel]

Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Congo

[draconesmundi]

Where do you get the Ethiopian Elephant Eating Serpent from? Besides Ethiopia.

If I was to base the dragon’s range on the occurrence of forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) then the dragon would live in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, the Ivory Coast and Ghana – maybe I would be wise to rename the fictional dragon to better reflect its modern distribution?

They can eat other non-elephant animals: like bird-eating spiders the dragon is known for its most dramatic case of predation, not for its constant diet. For this reason, they can live beyond forest elephant range – in Ethiopia, which only has bush elephants (Loxodonta Africana – the BIGGEST elephant species!), the dragons may choose other prey for hunting. Broadly speaking, I will say the dragons thrive best where forest elephants are found, but can also be found generally in West, Central and forested portions of East Africa.

Matching biology to mythology is an interesting task – a bestiary which says a dragon should dangle its coils between trees to help it encircle an elephant and places this animal in ‘Ethiopia’ means I have to wiggle a fictional animal to fit this shape. I chose for the dragons to prey on forest elephants moreso than bush elephants, as I thought smaller elephants who live in forests would better fit the idea conjured up by the bestiaries, but this also meant the dragon is less likely to truly live in Ethiopia where these animals are present – however, as ‘Ethiopia’ in medieval times could mean ‘all of Africa’, rather than the country we know today as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, I decided giving the dragon prey not usually found in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia may be a reasonable creative choice to make – the next creative choice would be to maybe rename the dragon, or add more detail to what the Ethiopian Elephant Eating Serpents actually living in Ethiopia are more likely to eat!

[jurassicsunsets]

Paper summary: Semprebon et al (2016). An examination of the dietary habits of Platybelodon grangeri from the Linxia Basin of China: Evidence from dental microwear of molar teeth and tusks.

Paper is available here for all of you playing along at home!

The part with the backstory:

Platybelodon is an extinct genus of proboscidean (elephant relative) that lived in Africa and southwest Asia about 10-15 million years ago. You might know of it from certain tumblr posts. 

It’s famously been called a “shovel-tusker”, because its lower jaw looks like...well...a shovel.

(Image: The fossil skull of a Platybelodon. Its upper tusks are very small, but its lower jaw is extended and has two large rectangular “tusks”. [Source])

Take a closer look at that jaw!

(Image: The lower jaw of Platybelodon next to a typical coal shovel. They’re the same size and shape.)

Wow! That’s quite some jaw. You could clear your driveway off with that jaw, though I suspect it might make the Platybelodon a little grumpy. No wonder it’s often called a “shovel-tusker” — surely it must have been using that jaw for shoveling! And that’s exactly what palaeontologists immediately figured it did with it: shoveled water plants out of the bottoms of ponds, or shoveled roots out of the ground. 

(Image: 1931 reconstruction of Platybelodon shoveling plants out of a pond. [Source])

The part with the actual paper

It’s pretty much been taken for granted that Platybelodon and its relatives (collectively called amebelodontids) used their shovel jaws for shoveling plants. Consequently, not much research has been shoveled into seeing if that was true. Sure, there were some studies throughout the 1900s (notably Lambert’s 1992 paper), but none of these looked quantitatively to determine what they were doing with the tusks.

That’s one thing to say. How the heck do we do that?

Well, as it turns out, teeth get worn down differently depending on how they’re used. They’ll be scratched from debris, or pitted from chemicals, or whatever. And these scratches are really small — so small that you need a microscope to see them. They’re called microwear, and they’re different depending on what teeth are used for.

In modern animals – like pigs – that use their tusks to dig, we see large scratches (from encountering grit in the soil) and large pits (from erosion due to chemicals in the soil). So we’d expect to see that on the tusks of Platybelodon, especially on the underside of the tusks. 

Instead, they found that the lower tusks had really fine scratches and small pits, and they weren’t very different between the top and bottom of the tusk. The scratches were parallel to each other and parallel to the length of the tusk.

(Image: Microscope view of the microwear on the lower tusk of Platybelodon. There are a lot of very fine parallel scratches. Scale bar is 0.4mm.)

That’s weird! So what the heck were they using the tusks for then? We might be able to get a clue by looking at the cheek teeth, using the same method of looking at scratches and pits and comparing to modern animals.

Using databases of microwear of living herbivores, the researchers graphed living elephants based on the microwear of their molars. The results showed what was expected: African Bush Elephants and Asian Elephants were in the space ranging from grazers (animals that eat grass) and browsers (animals that eat mostly leaves and other brushy vegetation), while African Forest Elephants were squarely in the space that includes browsers. This matches with what’s known about the diets of each species. Good! We know that this method works for elephants!

(Image: Microwear graph of modern elephant species, showing average pits vs average scratches. Each dot represents an individual elephant. All three species of modern elephant are shown: Loxodonta africana, the African Bush Elephant, Loxodonta cyclotis, the African Forest Elephant, and Elephas maximus, the Asian Elephant. The Forest Elephant falls entirely within the space marked B for browsers, while the other two are scattered between browsers and grazers.)

What happens if we do this for Platybelodon? It falls completely within the range of browsers!

(Image: Microwear graph of Platybelodon, showing average pits vs average scratches. All individuals fall within the region marked B for browsers.)

When the size of the scratches on the molars were examined, they turned out to be much larger than those on the tusks. The authors interpret this as being similar to modern animals that eat a lot of bark. Thus, based on the scratch patterns of the tusks and of the molars, they propose that Platybelodon was not using its jaw as a shovel, but instead to strip bark from trees! (This doesn’t mean that it only ate bark, of course, just that it could.)

(Image: A more modern reconstruction of Platybelodon, feet planted firmly on the ground, standing near a tree that has its bark stripped off. Image by Julio Lacerda @paleoart​. [Source])

What this tells us: We can’t always take “common knowledge” for granted in palaeontology! New research on old specimens can completely overturn what we thought we knew about animals, and a shovel-tusked swamp dweller can become a scraper-tusked landlubber when we examine the scratches on its teeth.

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from The Revelator/EcoWatch:

Despite their massive size, African forest elephants remains an elusive species, poorly studied because of their habitat in the dense tropical forests of West Africa and the Congo.

But the more we learn about them, the more we know that forest elephants are in trouble. Like their slightly larger and better-known cousins, the bush or savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana), forest elephants (L. cyclotis) face rampant poaching for their majestic ivory tusks and the growing bush meat trade. More than 80% of the population has been killed off in central Africa since 2002.

Today fewer than 100,000 forest elephants occupy their dwindling habitat. Conservationists worry they could soon head toward extinction if nothing is done.

And now a new threat has emerged: A study published this September found that climate change has resulted in an 81% decline in fruit production in one forest elephant habitat in Gabon. That's caused the elephants there to experience an 11% decline in body condition since 2008.

But other research, also published in September, suggests a possible solution to both these crises.

It all boils down to carbon dioxide.

Forest elephants play a huge role in supporting the carbon sequestration power of their tropical habitats. Hungry pachyderms act as mega-gardeners as they roam across the landscape searching for bits of leaves, tree bark and fruit; stomping on small trees and bushes; and spreading seeds in their dung. This promotes the growth of larger carbon-absorbing trees, allowing forests to sequester more carbon from the air.

A July 2019 study by ecologist Fabio Berzaghi, a researcher at the Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Sciences in France, estimated that if forest elephants disappeared African forests would lose 7% of their biomass — a stunning 3 billion-ton loss of carbon.

[synapsid-taxonomy]

Why hasn't the African forest elephant been renamed to Palaeoloxodon yet? Is it because mammalologists are idiots?

No, there’s actually a very good reason for that. Palaeoloxodon antiquus isn’t the type species of Palaeoloxodon. Its position alone has no bearing on the use of the name Palaeoloxodon. We don’t know where the type species of Palaeoloxodon (which, if I’m reading things correctly, is P. naumanni) falls in relation. It could be closest to P. antiquus, closer to L. cyclotis, closer to L. africana, or outside crown-Loxodonta entirely. We don’t know. If we don’t know where the type species of Palaeoloxodon falls among the proboscidean phylogenetic tree, we can’t tell whether it makes sense to change the genus assignment of cyclotis or antiquus.

I really look forward to a big species-level elephantid phylogeny that includes taxa with no molecular evidence too.

[sciencespies]

New findings highlight threatened status of forest elephants

https://sciencespies.com/nature/new-findings-highlight-threatened-status-of-forest-elephants/

New findings highlight threatened status of forest elephants

Conservation efforts for the African forest elephant have been hindered by how little is known the large animal, according to researchers.

A newly published study by a 10-member international research team, including University of Oregon biological anthropologist Nelson Ting, offers new information that could help to understand and protect the elephants amid increasing threats to their existence.

The team’s study, published in PLOS ONE, suggests that the forest elephant population size is smaller than believed, leaving the species in an even graver position than previously acknowledged. This is based on one of the largest known populations, the researchers concluded, being 40 to 80 percent smaller than previously suggested.

The new findings provide insights into a revised population count and social behavior of the forest elephants, Loxodonta cyclotis. Both factors have been understudied, even as the elephant’s population has dramatically declined over recent decades from human-related activities like habitat loss and poaching.

“Forest elephants are among the most threatened animals, but their biology and behavior remain poorly understood,” said Ting, who is also a member of the UO’s Institute of Ecology and Evolution. “More information is key to figuring out the best ways to protect them and prevent extinction.”

Ting had a senior role in the study, which was led by UO graduate student Colin Brand and Gabonese scientist Mireille Johnson. It also featured several collaborators from the Smithsonian Institution.

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Ting was drawn to studying the elephants’ elusive nature in the same Central African jungles where he was studying primates, leading to a partnership with Johnson, who specializes in forest elephants.

African elephants often are grouped with the better-known savanna elephants, also known as bush elephants, Loxodonta africana, resulting in less scrutiny. The two tusked animals, however, are actually quite different, Ting said.

Reproductive lives, habitat preference, and physical characteristics such as body size, ear shape, and tusk shape and color are among the differences.

Savanna elephants roam open landscapes. Forest elephants stay in more densely wooded areas, where they are harder to study and count.

The research was done in the southern Industrial Corridor of the Gamba Complex of Protected Areas in southwestern Gabon, a global stronghold for forest elephants.

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To assess population size, the researchers counted elephants using a method known as genetic capture-recapture — which involves systematically collecting dung piles and analyzing their genetic composition to match the DNA of each deposit to its owner. The approach is like collecting genetic fingerprints for the elephants, Ting said.

In previous methodology, Ting said, researchers also counted dung piles but could not differentiate those deposited by one individual from another. That method can lead to over-counting since the same elephant could be responsible for multiple mounds.

Previous methodology had assessed the elephant population size in the Gamba Complex Industrial Corridor to be approximately 10,000 individuals, which would be a substantial proportion of the global forest elephant population, the researchers noted.

Ting and team estimated that their sampled region is actually home to 754 to 1,502 elephants or .47 to .80 elephants per square kilometer. That data suggests the population in the corridor is between 3,033 to 6,043 elephants, based on abundance, or 1,684 to 2,832, based on their density — the two different metrics they used to model the population size.

“Gabon is thought to be a population stronghold of African forest elephants,” Ting said. “But even our most optimistic results suggest a smaller population size than expected. Our research shows how endangered they really are if a region like this one is so overestimated.”

It is hoped, Ting said, that his team’s new findings can help inform government officials and conservation groups as they plan future conservation strategies.

“Our study emphasizes the threatened status of forest elephants and demonstrates the need for more research,” Ting said. “It is imperative that known populations are monitored to provide accurate data on the status of these populations and the global forest elephant population as a whole.”

#Nature

[whencyclopedia]

ELEPHANTS IN GREEK AND ROMAN WARFARE: 

IN the search for ever more impressive and lethal weapons to shock the enemy and bring total victory the armies of ancient Greece, Carthage, and even sometimes Rome turned to the elephant. Huge, exotic, and frightening the life out of an unprepared enemy they seemed the perfect weapon in an age where developments in warfare were very limited. Unfortunately, impressive though they must have seemed on the battlefield, the cost of acquiring, training, and transporting these creatures, along with their wild unpredictability in the heat of battle, meant that they were used only briefly and not particularly effectively in Mediterranean warfare.

In antiquity, two elephants were known – the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and the African Forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). The latter is now almost extinct and only found in the Gambia; it was smaller than the, at the time unknown, African elephant of central and southern Africa (Loxodonta africana), which explains why ancient writers all claimed the Indian elephant was larger than the African. The Asian elephant became known in Europe following the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE and contact with the Mauryan Empire of India. So impressed was Alexander with the war elephants of Porus, who was said to have had a corps of 200 when he fought the Battle of Hydaspes in 326 BCE, that he formed his own ceremonial elephant corps. 

Read More 

Article by Mark Cartwright || Photos by Carole Raddato on AHE

[planetearthquest]

#africa #capetown #gardenroute #elephant #loxodonta #loxodonta africana #loxodonta cyclotis #southafrica #addo #addoelephantnationalpark #Gqeberha #bigseven #bigfive (at Addo Elephant National Park) https://www.instagram.com/p/Cen5ZeYj09U/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[cilginfizikcilervbi]

Fildişi Ticareti ve Kaçak Avlanma

Fildişi Ticareti ve Kaçak Avlanma

Fildişi Ticareti ve Kaçak Avlanma Filler yaşayan en büyük kara hayvanlarıdır. Günümüzde yaşayan 3 adet fil türü var; bunların ikisi Afrika’da biri de Asyada yaşıyor. Afrika çalı fili (Loxodonta africana), Afrika orman fili (Loxodonta cyclotis) ve Asya fili (Elephas maximus). Bu devasa hayvanlar bile insanın bitmek bilmeyen para hırsının kurbanı olmuş, coğrafi keşiflerden sonra Avrupalıların…

[pearlofafricavacations]

Did you know there are two species of African Elephants in Uganda? Uganda  has got  two confirmed species of African elephant i.e the Bush elephant Loxodonta africana found in the savana parks of Savannah, Kidepo, & Murcsion and the Forest elephant Loxodonta cyclotis found in the forest parks of Kibale and Bwindi impenetrable national Park. both of which exist in Uganda. The elephant is the largest terrestrial mammal on earth. #visituganda www.pearlofafrica.travel https://www.instagram.com/p/CUqcsakItL5/?utm_medium=tumblr