#Lisbon pogrom

[rabbitcruiser]

The Lisbon massacre (alternatively known as the Lisbon pogrom or the 1506 Easter Slaughter)  began in the Igreja de São Domingos de Lisboa on Sunday, 19 April 1506.    

[momo-de-avis]

I have no faith in the portuguese. I have absolutely no faith in my people. I think we're all stupid and superfluous people that don't care about anything that does not concern us. Take this israel situation right now. We're a country that has so, so many "political commentators", literally a full job, and everyone's opinions is based on that. Just that. I remember years ago when the conflict flared up again everyone I talked to had an opinion, but I kept asking "but do you know why? Do you understand how it started? Do you know the reason?" And no one did. Everyone's opinions are superfluous enough to be said at a dinner party, a café, to be overheard by someone and you're just safe. Because you agree with the commentators. And then these people go on people's social media profiles and leave racist and xenophobic comments that they don't believe are exactly that, no matter what you say, because they're locked in their own perspective of the world. Trapped in a narrow view shaped by colonialism, by 50 years of propaganda, and by the absolute denial that the past was worse than things are today. We're negative people that refuse to have hope and see the light at the end of the tunnel, but it's always someone else's fault. I remember reading a comment that said "you're gay you should support israel because they have pride parades" you don't care about gay people either, you fucking dipshit. I can make you froth at the mouth with just two words: gender ideology. Don't use other social problems you don't care about to shield humanitarian crises and defend genocide. You don't even know the jewish history of our country, the horrific persecution and the tragic Lisbon Pogrom, to come out and speak like you're the know it all piece of shit who isn't really defending anyone or anything. Read a fucking book. Listen to people. Develop some empathy. I hate our people. I apologise for the negativity but I look around and hear what everyone's saying and I don't feel hope for these people. We're fucking doomed

[atheostic]

"Stalin was an atheist, so atheism is bad!"

Okay, let's assume for the sake of argument that you're right.

Now let's see a small sample of atrocities by religious people, shall we?

Atrocity - Number of people killed

Warsaw pogrom - 2

Boston Massacre - 5

Częstochowa pogrom - 14

Porvenir Massacre - 15

Brussels Pogrom - 20 (rest of community exiled)

Assassinations over abortion rights - 23 (not a complete number - just what I could find with a quick search)

Salem Witch Trials - 25

Pinsk massacre - 36

Vilna offensive - 65

Basel massacre (pogrom) - 600 (plus 100 kids forced to convert to Christianity)

Worms massacre - 800

Black War - 878

Lisbon Pogrom - 1,000+

Conquest of the Desert - 1,300

Proskurov pogrom - 1,700

Aragon and Flanders massacres - 2,000

9/11 - 2,996

Erfurt Pogrom - 3,000

Massacre of the French in Sicily - 3,000

Trail of Tears - 3,464

Massacre of Verden - 4,500

Genocide of Native Tasmanians - 6,708

1391 Pogroms - 10,000

Massacre of the Rhineland Jews - 12,000

Iași pogrom - 13,266

Massacre at Béziers - 15,000+

1098 Ma'rra massacre - 20,000

Rintfleisch massacres - 20,000

Australian Frontier Wars - 22,249

Parsley Massacre - 24,393

Reign of Terror - 26,272

Kyrgiz Massacre - 28,460

Witch trials of the early modern period - 44,721

Herero & Namaqua Genocide - 61,156

Decossackization - 70,711

Spanish Repressions of Dutch Protestants (80 Years War) - 100,000

Antisemitic pogroms in the Russian Empire - 115,039

Iceni Revolt - 150,000

Albigensian Crusade - 200,000

Inquisition - 300,000

Cromwelian Conquest of Ireland - 400,000

Kitos War - 440,000

Circassian Genocide - 447,214

Bar Kokhba Revolt - 580,000

Partition of India - 632,456

French Conquest of Algeria - 707,107

Italian Conquest of the Horn of Africa - 1,000,000

Gallic Wars - 1,000,000

Rwandan Genocide - 1,234,190

Punic Wars - 1,850,000

Jewish–Roman Wars - 2,000,000

French Wars of Religion - 2,828,427

30 Years' War - 5,873,670

Holocaust - 17,000,000

Crusades - 20,000,000

Colonization of the Americas - 34,047,026

If I did my calculations right, that's 91,298,812 people in just a small sample.

You still wanna go there?

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.10 (before 1950)

138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina. 420 – Having usurped the throne of Emperor Gong of Jin, Liu Yu proclaims himself Emperor of the Liu Song dynasty. 645 – Isshi Incident: Prince Naka-no-Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka during a coup d'état at the imperial palace. 988 – The Norse King Glúniairn recognises Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland, and agrees to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law; the event is considered to be the founding of the city of Dublin. 1086 – King Canute IV of Denmark is killed by rebellious peasants. 1212 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground. 1290 – Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, is assassinated at the castle of Körösszeg (modern-day Cheresig in Romania). 1460 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton. 1499 – The Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama. 1512 – The Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre commences with the capture of Goizueta. 1519 – Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing. 1553 – Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England. 1584 – William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland, by Balthasar Gérard. 1645 – English Civil War: The Battle of Langport takes place. 1668 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1671): Notable Buccaneer Henry Morgan with an English Privateer force lands at Porto Bello in an attempt to capture the fortified and lucrative Spanish city. 1778 – American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1789 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Mackenzie River delta. 1806 – The Vellore Mutiny is the first instance of a mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company. 1832 – U.S. President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States. 1850 – U.S. President Millard Fillmore is sworn in, a day after becoming president upon Zachary Taylor's death. 1877 – The then-villa of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, formally receives its city charter from the Royal Crown of Spain. 1882 – War of the Pacific: Chile suffers its last military defeat in the Battle of La Concepción when a garrison of 77 men is annihilated by a 1,300-strong Peruvian force, many of them armed with spears. 1890 – Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state. 1921 – Belfast's Bloody Sunday occurs with 20 killings, at least 100 wounded and 200 homes destroyed during rioting and gun battles in Belfast, Northern Ireland. 1924 – Paavo Nurmi won the 1,500 and 5,000 m races with just an hour between them at the Paris Olympics. 1925 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins of John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act. 1938 – Howard Hughes begins a 91-hour airplane flight around the world that will set a new record. 1940 – World War II: The Vichy government is established in France. 1940 – World War II: Six days before Adolf Hitler issues his Directive 16 to the combined Wehrmacht armed forces for Operation Sea Lion, the Kanalkampf shipping attacks against British maritime convoys begin, in the leadup to initiating the Battle of Britain. 1941 – Jedwabne pogrom: Massacre of Polish Jews living in and near the village of Jedwabne. 1942 – World War II: An American pilot spots a downed, intact Mitsubishi A6M Zero on Akutan Island (the "Akutan Zero") that the US Navy uses to learn the aircraft's flight characteristics. 1943 – World War II: Operation Husky begins in Sicily. 1947 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah is recommended as the first Governor-General of Pakistan by the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee.

[tuscanwalker]

September 3, 2021 - The First Cut is The Deepest

18+ km, 760 (~2,500 ft) gross climb

It seems that the first day of every walk is the worst (Fingers crossed). Out of Florence, Kim and I mistakenly shared a litre of wine at lunch and paid for it the rest of the day. Out of Paris our directions placed our first hotel in the centre of a small lake miles off the route. Out of Lisbon it was in the mid to high 30s and we had to climb over a mountain (or it seemed like one to us) to get to our hotel.

Today I learned what walking in the Rhine Gorge is like. Essentially, it involves climbing straight out of the Gorge on switchbacks, endless staircases or near vertical slopes, walking for a long time on the rolling plateau and then dropping (and I do mean dropping) back to the river for lunch. Then you do whole thing over again in the afternoon.

My day started late in Bingen (breakfast at 7:30) where I caught the train to Niederheimbach and started walking straight up the side of the gorge. After about 45 minutes I came to the medieval ruins Furstenberg Castle. This is one of the ubiquitous toll castles built every few kilometres along the Rhine to extract wealth from the trade on the river. I made a short detour to see it, not realizing the trail went right by above it further on.

As I proceeded along, I noted that many of the hillside vineyards were at least at a 45 degree angle if not more. I often shook my head wondering what fools cut the weeds, trimmed the vines and harvested these vineyards. I soon got my answer. I passed a farmer running his tractor by remote control while he rode on a small trailer behind. He would line up the trailer between rows and suddenly go flying down the hill in a small ride-on mower attached to a winch on the trailer. He would then be quickly hauled back up onto the trailer and moved on to the next row. Unfortunately, I got so distracted by all this that I missed a turn and had to climb up one of the rows myself.

An hour later I reached the 12th century Stahleck Castle another very profitable river toll booth overlooking Bacharach. I did a quick detour to visit the castle. It was used during the war as a “Re-education Camp for Young People”; in fact a training camp for young Luxembourg conscripts who were then sent to the Russian Front. Ironically, it is now a youth hostel.

Just below the castle were the gothic ruins of the Werner Chapel, built in 1287 and destroyed when Castle blew up in 1689. The Chapel was built to commemorate the alleged murder of a young boy by Jews. This has since proved to be untrue but the resulting pogrom killed about 40 Jews and the story has been used to justify persecution in the region for centuries.

A quick lunch of bratwurst and frites on Bacharach and I started the long climb back out of the gorge. This time it was a series of long wooden, earthen and stone staircases that rose 200+ m in only about 100 m of net horizontal travel. This is roughly the same as climbing a 50 story building in the hot sun with a 10 pound backpack (second time today). This was followed by more up and down, with the only consolation being the endless wild blackberries to pick if you could brave the ridiculous thorns (my granddaughter Zadie would love it). On this section was my only meeting with other long distance walkers, three friendly women walking the Way of St Jacob (we would say St James or Santiago). Apparently there is a route through this region that runs for about 125km here. My only other company was a huge flock of rather aggressive Tundra bean geese (I looked it up) and some very friendly heavy horses behind a flimsy looking electric fence.

Finally, I reached a long series of very narrow, very steep switchbacks returning me to the river where I caught the ferry across to Kalb. Here also was the last toll castle of the day: Pfalzgrafenstein, right in the middle of the river on an island with its big brother on the hill keeping watch.

[sins-of-the-sea]

3 for Giovanni, Rashid and Phoebus!

Send a number and ask my muse about their father.

3 - What was your father like in general?

"I loved my Papa! He taught me to be kind and always be mindful of other people's misery and misfortune. He taught me why money is important but also how to not focus on money so much when it came to providing their needs. He was so good to me when I was growing up, always taking the time out of work to play with me or teach me things and he was always patient and loving. If I ever have kids of my own, I'm going to be a papa to them like mine was to me!"

"I'm afraid mine was distant in comparison. Yes, he also taught me values and the trade routes and methods into the North African, Indian, and Chinese seas, and I have happy memories of him, but I was also the middle child of six brothers of the same mother, and I had to discover myself into manhood roughly on my own. He was not a bad father. We just weren't all that close."

"I'm afraid I never knew my father, at least my birth father. According to my mother, he passed during a pogrom in Lisbon before she found out she was pregnant at all. And from what I'm told, while she did like him, their marriage was arranged and it didn't last long when the pogrom took place.

"I only have vague memories of my stepfather in Avignon, though, but even his marriage with Mama lasted maybe a year before he ran off like a coward. As far as I know, I never had a father at all. Ever."

[pamphletstoinspire]

Catholic Physics - Reflections of a Catholic Scientist - Part 21

Suffering--a Catholic|Jewish perspective*

"Whether we will or not, we must suffer...There are two ways of suffering — to suffer with love, and to suffer without love. The saints suffered everything with joy, patience, and perseverance, because they loved. As for us, we suffer with anger, vexation, and weariness, because we do not love. If we loved God, we should love crosses, we should wish for them, we should take pleasure in them." St. John Vianney, Catechism on Suffering

"One must not think that a person who is suffering is not praying. He is offering up his sufferings to God, and many a time he is praying much more truly than one who goes away by himself and meditates his head off, and, if he has squeezed out a few tears, thinks that is prayer."--St. Teresa of Avila

"Our people have experienced suffering in its many forms, as a nation as well as individually. Every so often, someone suggests a reason for suffering. This is presumptuous, because while there may be various reasons for suffering, they are largely unknown to us." Rabbi Dr. Abraham Twerski, The Mystery of Suffering

Lent soon will be over, and Good Friday, which celebrates the Passion of Our Lord, will be upon us.  A comment on Catholic Answers Forum to the effect that Christians and Jews have different perspectives on suffering has given me cause to ponder.  Is this true, and if so, what are the differences and what are the similarities?  I'll have to add that I was a cultural, not a religious Jew, so that some of my knowledge was acquired after my conversion to Catholicism (and partially through my wife, a cradle Catholic and historian of all things Judaica).

Let's start off by considering the differences.  The most important, I believe, is the notion (not accepted by all Jewish faithful) stated in Rabbi Dr. Twerski's quote above, and much earlier in the book of Job: the reason for suffering is mysterious, because we cannot know the mind of G-d.  To this must be added historical evidence that "Schverzer sein a Yid" (Yiddish for "It is hard to be a Jew").  Even in the happiest of occasions, a Jewish wedding, the groom smashes the glass cup under his feet as a commemoration of the destruction of the Second Temple.  Historical testimony to Jewish suffering is given by the persecutions and massacres culminating in the Holocaust--indeed, the terms "ghetto", "pogrom", "holocaust" have gained a usage for more universal suffering than just Jewish.   I refer readers to an article by Marc Krell, Suffering and the Problem of Evil , which gives a much better account of the history of Jewish suffering and the several theodicies engendered in response than I could in this brief post.  

One point I will add to his article: no explanation other than that given in the parable of Lazarus and the rich man (Luke 16:19-31), namely, that the arms of Abraham await those who have greatly suffered in their earthly life, can possibly suffice to justify God's allowing the Holocaust to occur.  In fact there is a strain of Jewish Talmudic teaching that does credit heaven (as a Garden of Eden) as recompense for earthly suffering:

"Rabbi Ya'akov taught: This world is compared to an ante-chamber that leads to Olam Ha-Ba, (the World-to-Come)" (Pirkei Avot 4:21). That is, while a righteous person might suffer in this lifetime, he or she will certainly be rewarded in the next world, and that reward will be much greater. In fact, in some cases, the rabbis claim that the righteous are made to suffer in this world so that their reward will be that much greater in the next (Leviticus Rabbah 27:1)." (See Heaven and Hell in Jewish Tradition)

This compensation theodicy and the notion of suffering found in the writings of Deutero-Isaiah, the hymns on The Suffering Servant, are links, a commonality between the Jewish and Catholic concepts of suffering:

" Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted.  But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. ... for he was cut off out of the land of the living: for the transgression of my people was he stricken... Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin... by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities." Isaiah 53:3-11 (KJV)

A theodicy proposed by the Medieval sage, rebbe Rashi, after the massacres of the Crusades, held that the Jews, not Jesus, suffered for the sins of the world.  To the extent that all of us to a degree suffer for the sins of the world, that may be true, but it omits a very important part of the suffering of Jesus: it was by this that He procured our salvation, and thus fulfilled the prophecy of Deutero-Isaiah.

And therein is one great difference between Jewish and Catholic interpretations of suffering.  To discuss others I'm going to rely on the thoughts of Bl. John Paul II in his Apostolic Letter Salvici Doloris and of C.S. Lewis in The Problem of Pain.  One view of suffering in the Old Testament was as a punishment for sins, but this explanation is only partially successful, and recognized thus in Job.  In Salvici Doloris, John Paul acknowledges the punishment aspect of suffering, but adds another dimension:

"Suffering must serve for conversion, that is, for the rebuilding of goodness in the subject, who can recognize the divine mercy in this call to repentance. The purpose of penance is to overcome evil, which under different forms lies dormant in man. Its purpose is also to strengthen goodness both in man himself and in his relationships with others and especially with God. " Bl. John Paul II, Salvici Doloris

In more homely terms, C.S. Lewis echoes this:

"While what we call 'our own life' remains agreeable we will not surrender it to Him. What then can God do in our own interests but make 'our own life' less agreeable to us and take away the sources of false happiness (emphasis added)?  It is just here, where God's providence seems at first to be most cruel, that the Divine humility...deserves most praise." C.S. Lewis, The Problem of Pain

On a personal note, I can testify to this: it was through suffering that I came to a Twelve-Step Program and thence to the Catholic Church.

As said in Salvici Doloris, Christ's love for us saves us from that most extreme suffering, an eternity without God, damnation.  We are called therefore to participate in the suffering of the Passion, to "offer it up" continually and happily.  When I recite the Fourth Sorrowful Mystery, I preface it with a prayer, offering up my sins, faults and failures that they might make the Cross less burdensome, for the Passion exists always, not just at an instant in time. St. Teresa, in the quote given above, acknowledged that suffering is a form of prayer.

Suffering is a necessary consequence of Free Will.  If we are not automatons, constrained to do good only, then we must have the capacity to do evil and thereby to suffer from evil done by others.  And even with inanimate non-sentient entities, God so chooses a framework of physical laws that will ultimately be for our good, but that may also entail natural catastrophe.  Voltaire, when he gloated over the deaths of tens of thousands in the Lisbon earthquake (to contradict Leibniz's best of all possible worlds), did not consider that many of those dead would be eventually in heaven.  It is by the vision of an eternal paradise that we are enabled to endure earthly suffering.

"In the Cross He showed us how to bear suffering. In His resurrection He showed us what we are to hope for." St. Augustine, On the Creed 9

*Note: The notation Catholic|Jewish has a special meaning for me; a conditional probability is denoted as P(B|A), that is the probability of event B given that event A occurs.

From a series of articles written by: Bob Kurland - a Catholic Scientist

[audiobookers]

New Audiobook has been published on http://www.audiobook.pw/audiobook/last-kabbalist-of-lisbon/

Last Kabbalist of Lisbon

The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon, an international bestseller, is an extraordinary novel that transports listeners into the universe of Jewish Kabbalah during the Lisbon massacre of April 1506. Just a few years earlier, Jews living in Portugal were dragged to the baptismal font and forced to convert to Christianity. Many of these “New Christians” persevered in their Jewish prayers and rituals in secret and at great risk, the hidden, arcane practices of the kabbalists, a mystical sect of Jews, continued as well. One such secret Jew was Berekiah Zarco, an intelligent young manuscript illuminator. Inflamed by love and revenge, he searches, in the crucible of the raging pogrom, for the killer of his beloved uncle Abraham, a renowned kabbalist and manuscript illuminator, discovered murdered in a hidden synagogue along with a young girl in dishabille. Risking his life in streets seething with mayhem, Berekiah tracks down answers among Christians, New Christians, Jews, and the fellow kabbalists of his uncle, whose secret language and codes by turns light and obscure the way to the truth he seeks. A marvelous story, a challenging mystery, and a telling tale of the evils of intolerance, The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon both compels and entertains. “A moody, tightly constructed historical thriller that is both entertaining and instructive…both a good mystery story and an effective evocation of a faraway time and place…Little riffs of mysticism and Jewish lore…give [this] book its special and endearing character.”—New York Times

[monteirodavid]

Lisbon's pogrom of 1506

Lisbon’s pogrom of 1506

In 1506, Easter in Lisbon was forever marked by a tragic event. Between 4000 and 5000 people were killed and, some of them, after being tortured, accused of being Jews.

Portugal is country of tolerance, is part of the Portuguese heritage.

That being said it doesn’t mean that there are not problems concerning tolerance, of course there are. But, in the actual world I can consider Portugal as being…

[jewish-history]

Depiction of the Lisbon Massacre, 1506 The Lisbon Massacre, alternatively known as the Lisbon Pogrom or the 1506 Easter Slaughter was an incident in April, 1506, in Lisbon, Portugal in which a crowd of Catholics, as well as foreign sailors who were anchored in the Tagus, persecuted, tortured, killed, and burnt at the stake hundreds of people who were accused of being Jews and, thus, guilty of deicide and heresy. This incident took place thirty years before the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal and nine years after the Jews were forced to convert to Roman Catholicism in 1497, during the reign of King Manuel I.

[rabbitcruiser]

The Lisbon massacre (alternatively known as the Lisbon pogrom or the 1506 Easter Slaughter)  began in the Igreja de São Domingos de Lisboa on Sunday, 19 April 1506.    

[momo-de-avis]

Today a client asked me a question but with his own intent into it. Basically, after explaining the Lisbon Pogrom of 1506, he asked "How do the portuguese deal with that? Because it feels it's not very well dealt with" and I knew exactly what he meant and gave him my honest opinion, very carefully worded, that I do believe the portuguese have accepted and learnt to deal with the fact that our past and our catholicism is heavily rooted in a vast history of anti semitism and the government has provided means to rectify that with its possibility and there have been official governmental "gestures" like apologies and monuments raised in memory of the victims over time. And yet. In my mind, as these words are leaving my mouth, I am thinking "please don't ask the same about colonialism, you are NOT going to like my answer"

[fyeah-history]

A representation of the 1506 Jewish Massacre in Lisbon The Lisbon Massacre, alternatively known as the Lisbon Pogrom or the 1506 Easter Slaughter was an incident in April, 1506, in Lisbon, Portugal in which a crowd of Catholics, as well as foreign sailors who were anchored in the Tagus, persecuted, tortured, killed, and burnt at the stake hundreds of people who were accused of being Jews and, thus, guilty of deicide and heresy. This incident took place thirty years before the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal and nine years after the Jews were forced to convert to Roman Catholicism in 1497, during the reign of King Manuel I.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 4.19 (before 1940)

AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all of the conspirators are arrested. 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria). 1506 – The Lisbon Massacre begins, in which accused Jews are slaughtered by Portuguese Catholics. 1529 – Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: After the Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms. 1539 – The Treaty of Frankfurt between Protestants and the Holy Roman Emperor is signed. 1608 – In Ireland, O'Doherty's Rebellion is launched by the Burning of Derry. 1677 – The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops. 1713 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor, Maria Theresa, was not born until 1717. 1770 – Captain James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia. 1770 – Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI of France in a proxy wedding. 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The war begins with an American victory in Concord during the battles of Lexington and Concord. 1782 – John Adams secures Dutch recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in The Hague becomes the first American embassy. 1809 – An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition. On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a First French Empire Corps led by Louis-Nicolas Davout at the Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory. 1810 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a junta is installed. 1818 – French physicist Augustin Fresnel signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the Fresnel integrals. 1839 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guarantees its neutrality. 1861 – American Civil War: Baltimore riot of 1861: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore attacks United States Army troops marching through the city. 1903 – The Kishinev pogrom in Kishinev (Bessarabia) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in Palestine and the Western world. 1927 – Mae West is sentenced to ten days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex. 1936 – The Jaffa riots commence, initiating the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.

[momo-de-avis]

I'm pretty positive I have jewish followers so I'm asking a question here

I have Jewish Heritage tour at the end of the month. What I want to ask is, if you guys were the ones who bought this tour, what would you want me to get into, keeping in mind a few things: 1. There is really not a lot that I can show you, physically. While lisbon was a thriving centre for judaism in its quarters, all of that was completely erased by Manuel I. I can show you one of the pld jewish quarters and describe where the biggest quarters were but these are scars in the urban layout. 2. It's marred with not just the lisbon pogrom but the horrific actions that led to it spanning through a century. I always talk about the lisbon pogrom in my tours but I do a quick and succint version because honestly there's no time, but of course that isn't going to be a problem here. Since it's at least 4h of jewish history I do have a script planned out that is also heavily focused on the achievements of judaism in several areas but again, there's nothing physical to show, and there is usually emphasis on the massacre and the persecution of new christians (I'm doing my reading on that so that's the part I haven't planned yet).

What I want to know so I can do a goddamn good job is, from a jewish perspective as someone who wants to learn the history of judaism in lisbon what tone do you expect and what would you want to hear and maybe see. I would really appreciate this input cause speaking for myself and my coworkers we usually are very sensitive about jewish heritage tours cause none of us is jewish.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 4.19

AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested. 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria). 797 – Empress Irene organizes a conspiracy against her son, the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI. He is deposed and blinded. Shortly after, Constantine dies of his wounds; Irene proclaims herself basileus. 1506 – The Lisbon Massacre begins, in which accused Jews are slaughtered by Portuguese Catholics. 1529 – Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: After the Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms. 1539 – The Treaty of Frankfurt between Protestants and the Holy Roman Emperor is signed. 1608 – In Ireland: O'Doherty's Rebellion is launched by the Burning of Derry. 1617 – The town of Uusikaupunki (Swedish: Nystad, lit. "New Town") is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. 1677 – The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops. 1713 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor, Maria Theresa was not born until 1717. 1770 – Captain James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia. 1770 – Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI of France in a proxy wedding. 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The war begins with an American victory in Concord during the battles of Lexington and Concord. 1782 – John Adams secures Dutch recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in The Hague becomes the first American embassy. 1809 – An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition. On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a First French Empire Corps led by Louis-Nicolas Davout at the Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory. 1810 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a junta is installed. 1818 – French physicist Augustin Fresnel signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the Fresnel integrals. 1839 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guarantees its neutrality. 1861 – American Civil War: Baltimore riot of 1861: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore attacks United States Army troops marching through the city. 1903 – The Kishinev pogrom in Kishinev (Bessarabia) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in Palestine and the Western world. 1927 – Mae West is sentenced to ten days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex. 1942 – World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski ghetto is established, situated between the Lublin Ghetto and a Majdanek subcamp. 1943 – World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins, after German troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto to round up the remaining Jews. 1943 – Albert Hofmann deliberately doses himself with LSD for the first time, three days after having discovered its effects on April 16. 1956 – Actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier of Monaco. 1960 – Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign. 1971 – Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president. 1971 – Launch of Salyut 1, the first space station. 1971 – Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted to life imprisonment) for conspiracy in the Tate–LaBianca murders. 1973 – The Portuguese Socialist Party is founded in the German town of Bad Münstereifel. 1975 – India's first satellite Aryabhata launched in orbit from Kapustin Yar, Russia. 1975 – South Vietnamese forces withdrew from the town of Xuan Loc in the last major battle of the Vietnam War. 1984 – Advance Australia Fair is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours. 1985 – Two hundred ATF and FBI agents lay siege to the compound of the white supremacist survivalist group The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord in Arkansas; the CSA surrenders two days later. 1987 – The Simpsons first appear as a series of shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, first starting with "Good Night". 1989 – A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors. 1993 – The 51-day FBI siege of the Branch Davidian building in Waco, Texas, USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Seventy-six Davidians, including eighteen children under the age of ten, died in the fire. 1995 – Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, USA, is bombed, killing 168 people including 19 children under the age of six. 1999 – The German Bundestag returns to Berlin. 2000 – Air Philippines Flight 541 crashes in Samal, Davao del Norte, killing all 131 people on board. 2005 – Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected to the papacy and becomes Pope Benedict XVI. 2011 – Fidel Castro resigns as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba after holding the title since July 1961. 2013 – Boston Marathon bombing suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev is killed in a shootout with police. His brother Dzhokhar is later captured hiding in a boat inside a backyard in the suburb of Watertown. 2020 – A killing spree in Nova Scotia, Canada, leaves 22 people and the perpetrator dead, making it the deadliest rampage in the country's history. 2021 – The Ingenuity helicopter becomes the first aircraft to achieve flight on another planet.