#Leptosporangiate

[thebotanicalarcade]

n417_w1150 by Biodiversity Heritage Library Via Flickr: Our native ferns, or, A history of the British species and their varieties /. London :Groombridge,1865-1867.. biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19979257

[theoarfishexpress]

The Ancestors

Before divine selection could take place and the Tetrarch could begin, the deities had to choose what would inhabit their world. They would need to be adaptable enough to survive the ecological shock, and able to form a functional ecosystem from the beginning, but the rest was up to the deities’ own inscrutable choices. The majority of colonists were sourced from Earth’s Holocene epoch, but a handful of the founders were inexplicably from various other time periods. To allow more ecologically complex organisms to survive colonization, the cherry-picked settlers were introduced in successive waves, each supporting the next. The first assisted in the final steps of terraforming, the hardiest microbes starting or regulating such vital processes as oxygenation and the carbon cycle. Each wave that followed increased in size and diversity, until the Tetrarch’s founding menagerie was complete. This eclectic sample of Earth would give rise to every oddity making up the Tetrarch’s biosphere, the primordial ancestors from which all of its life descends. What follows is a list of these ancestors at the time that the Tetrarch was ready to begin, not including the myriad unicellular organisms and viruses whose descendants are also important. Plants and Algae -Brazilian Waterweed (Egeria densa) -Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) -Erect Prickly Pear (Opuntia stricta) -Grasses (~ 5 species) -Hooker’s Chives (Allium hookeri) -Leptosporangiate Ferns (~ 5 species) -Lithops (~ 5 species) -Mosses (~ 5 species) -Macroscopic Algae (~ 25 species, including Undaria and Acetabularia) -Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) -Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoides) -Turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) Vertebrates -African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis) -Banded Knifefish (Gymnotus carapo) -Conodonts (~ 5 species) -Hapalops sp. -Longspined Porcupinefish (Diodon holocanthus) -Pacific Viperfish (Chauliodus macouni) -Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera) -Star-Nosed Mole (Condylura cristata) Arthropods -Atlantic Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) -Coccus Soft Scales (~ 5 species) -Copepods (~ 25 species) -Earwigs (~ 5 species) -Goose Barnacles (~ 5 species) -Hoverflies (~ 5 species) -Lacewings (~ 5 species) -Mites (~ 25 species) -Pseudoscorpions (~ 5 species) -Rainbow Mantis Shrimp (Pseudosquilla ciliata) -Springtails (~ 15 species) -Water Fleas (~ 5 species) Molluscs -Applesnails (~ 5 species) -Hippurites sp. -Sea Angels (~ 5 species) -Sea Butterflies (~ 5 species) -Venus Clams (~ 5 species) Other Animals -Arrow Worms (~ 5 species) -Brittle Stars (~ 5 species) -Clitellate Worms (~ 15 species, including leeches, earthworms, and naidids) -Demosponges (~ 10 species) -Dugesia Planarians (~ 5 species) -Nematodes (~ 300 species) -Rotifers (~ 5 species) -Tardigrades (~ 5 species) -Velvet Worms (~ 5 species) Fungi -Collared Earthstar (Geastrum triplex) -Lichens (~ 5 species) -Molds (~ 50 species)

[phytochorion]

Aliwen

Name: Aliwen Añpe

Pronouns: She/Her

Order Represented: Cyatheales

Age: Bajocian, Middle Jurassic

Height: 7 centimetres

Eye colour: Light brown

Magical Proclivity: Shadow

Spells: Wings of Shade, Spore Shroud, Steadfast Stipes

A tall and robust young woman, with lush tresses that she ties in a ponytail or loose chignon. Her arms and legs are covered in formidable scales, tough stipes ring her collar, while her wings are composed of a pair of mighty diamondleaf ferns. Like most fern fairies, her crown, or diadem as crowns of this kind are sometimes known, is a cluster of fern sori set directly on her brow, rather than a pair of strobili or seed pods. She typically wears a küpam cloak overlain by an ükülla cape, or a cueca dress on some occasions.

Despite being one of the younger leptosporangiate ferns, she has a mature outlook and an even temper, with many finding hers to be a reassuring voice in uncertain times. While some other fern Orders have struggled under the growing dominance of the gymnosperms, her clade’s tolerance to shade has enabled them to thrive in the understory. Her magic is attuned to the element of shadow and has quelling effects, able to calm others down, dissuade them from attacking and even preventing them from using their own spells. Wilbur Fiddlehead, another young leptosporangiate who has found success in the shade, shares similar abilities.

With her strong stature and reliable defences, she has little to fear in the forests she calls home, and spends a lot of time at ground level. While she can take to the air if necessary, she, like many heavily-built fairies, finds the process taxing, and will only do so if necessary. She is in a long-term relationship with the eusporangiate fern fairy Gawain Quacey. His plants not only inhabit the same ecosystem as hers, but grow directly on them and clean up the detritus that accumulates in their fibrous trunks. Gawain’s family are all too happy to have her around, and she has become a Quacey in all but name.

[cedar-glade]

Young rock polypody, establishing multiple footholds(no pun intended) off of one protonema network. Really nice to see early establishment. Rhizome formation is so cool.

Polypodium virginianum,  

Poly (many) podia (feet) virginianum (of Virginia in accusative singular)

[natural-reflection]

Star Cloak Fern or Stadley's Cloak Fern Notholaena stadleyi

Concan, Texas, United States, 2015 Garner State Park

[a-dinosaur-a-day]

Osmakasaurus depressus

By Jack Wood

Etymology: Reptile from the Canyon  

First Described By: McDonald, 2011

Classification: Dinosauromorpha, Dinosauriformes, Dracohors, Dinosauria, Ornithischia, Genasauria, Neornithischia, Cerapoda, Ornithopoda, Iguanodontia, Dryomorpha, Ankylopollexia, Styracosterna

Status: Extinct

Time and Place: Between 140 and 137 million years ago, from the Berriasian to the Valanginian ages of the Early Cretaceous 

Osmakasaurus is known from the Chilson member of the Lakota Formation in South Dakota 

Physical Description: Osmakasaurus was an animal fairly like Camptosaurus, a bulky bipedal herbivore with short arms and thick legs. It probably ranged between 4 and 5 meters long, and compared to its close relatives it had a fairly narrow and weirdly-shaped hip, though of course very little else is known of it to determine how else it may have differed from its close relatives. Osmakasaurus would have been primarily scaly, though it may have had some residual tufts of feathers or a feather cape of some sort for display.

Diet: Osmakasaurus would have been a mid-level browser, feeding on bushes and low-lying tree branches, probably specializing on tough vegetation like its close relatives.

Behavior: Osmakasaurus probably wasn’t a herding sort of animal - dinosaurs in this group of Ornithopods tend to be more solitary than the earlier flocks of small bipedal friends and the later magnificent herds of the later hadrosaurs. Instead, Osmakasaurus would have been fairly solitary, moving around its environment and trying to stick to places of denser vegetation in order to stay hidden. It is possible that it formed family groups during the mating season - it almost decidedly took care of its young, so it is not unreasonable to suppose that mated pairs would care for the young during the season together, but that would probably be the extent of its social behavior after leaving the families. They would have been somewhat slow animals, given their size, but able to run when needed.

Ecosystem: The Chilson environment was a sandy floodplain, filled with winding rivers and greatly affected by seasonal ebbs and flows of water. As such it was mainly filled with plants able to deal with these changes - hardy conifers and seed ferns, though there were some leptosporangiate ferns as well. These rivers, though fickle, hosted a wide variety of animals in addition to Osmakasaurus. There were many types of fish, as well as mammals such as Bolodon, Passumys, Lakotalestes, and Infernolestes. Other dinosaurs mainly included other herbivores - an ankylosaur, Hoplitosaurus; some sort of large sauropod; and a more Iguanodon-like Ornithopod, Dakotodon.

Other: Osmakasaurus used to be a species of Camptosaurus, since the latter was a wastebasket taxon in which large, bipedal ornithopods that weren’t quite Iguanodon-like enough were dumped into. It was since separated out, but not much more has been said about it. It was close to being Iguanodon, but not quite, and so still was in the group of generic-Camptosaurus-esque things. It is only known from scattered remains.

~ By Meig Dickson

Sources under the Cut 

Cifelli, R.L., Davis, B.M., and Sames, B. 2014. Earliest Cretaceous mammals from the western United States. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (1): 31–52.

D'Emic, M. D., & J.R. Foster (2014) The oldest Cretaceous North American sauropod dinosaur. Historical Biology (advance online publication) DOI:10.1080/08912963.2014.976817  

Gilmore, C.W., 1909. Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, with a revision of the species of the genus, and description of two new species. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 36: 197-332.

McDonald, A.T., 2011. The taxonomy of species assigned to Camptosaurus (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda). Zootaxa 2783: 52-68.

Ruiz-Omeñaca, L. Piñuela, J. C. García-Ramos. 2012. New ornithopod remains from the Upper Jurassic of Asturias (North Spain). 10th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists. ¡Fundamental! 20: 219 - 222.

Sames, B., Cifelli, R.L., and Schudack, M. 2010. The nonmarine Lower Cretaceous of the North American Western Interior foreland basin: new biostratigraphic results from ostracod correlations, and their implications for paleontology and geology of the basin—an overview. Earth-Science Reviews 101: 207–224.

[riyazme]

A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta /ˌpɒliˌpɒdiˈɒfɪtə, -oʊfaɪtə/) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns. #art #life #plants #photography #macro #amazing https://www.instagram.com/p/CJDyTR0ptBY/?igshid=79hn15bdm4ub

[dancincu]

Nature study. Leptosporangiate ferns / ferns / ferigă. [ ] The fern is an ancient image that is rich with symbolism and meaning. The fern contains the deep wisdom of Mother Earth within its graceful fronds, both literally as a medicinal plant, and figuratively as a multi-cultural and ancient symbol. [ ] #WhatArchitectsDraw #Architect #Architects #DanCINCU #architecture #project #drawing #handrender #sketch #love #instagood #photooftheday #style #beautiful #happy #fern #ferns #nature [ ] #设计师 #معماری [ ] #igersRESITA #igersROMANIA [ ] #DoSomethingCreativeEveryDay #VapingAndDrawing #Vape [ ] #Opus88KoroloDemo #fountainpen from @opus88writing , Vert Pré #Ink from @herbinink #greenisgreendontforget [ ] #leuchtturm1917 via @descris_penshop (la Time - Coffee & Snacks)

[thunderheadfred]

He holds out a plain green fern. Humble but vibrant, it curls sweetly into a soft fiddlehead. She blinks at it, too confused to breathe. 

When she fails to act, he teases the plant through the air, invitingly.

“Mordin…” She closes her fingers over his hand, stilling him. “What is this?”

“Literally: Sur'Keshi leptosporangiate fern, stolen from Operative Lawson’s office. Tricky. Top secret mission - with scalpel! For that reason alone, a valuable gift.”

"You broke into Miranda's office and chopped up her potted plants? For me?"

He hmms conspiratorially and presses the fern into Shepard's hand. Once she's accepted, he speaks again - slowly. Looking into her face, savoring every word with uncharacteristic patience, he explains:

“This is... a traditional gift. Inspired by an old, typical salarian proverb. One leaf: the tree withers quickly. Many leaves: the jungle lives forever."

For fear of crushing something sacred and fragile, Shepard holds incredibly still. Absorbing her silence, Mordin touches his naked fingers to her neck. A thoughtful smile thins his lips as he traces her pulse with his warm, smooth thumb. 

“Thank you,” he says. “For inviting me.”

[cutemoniic]

A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having certain tissue that conducts water and nutrients, and having branched stems. Like other vascular plants, ferns have leaves, and these are "megaphylls", which are more complex than the "microphylls" of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes termed "true ferns"; they produce what are called "fiddleheads" that un

haha fiddleheads.

[newtshirtcom]

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[emmagreen1220-blog]

New Post has been published on Biology Dictionary

New Post has been published on https://biologydictionary.net/sporangium/

Sporangium

Sporangium Definition

A sporangium (plural: sporangia) is the capsule structure belonging to many plants and fungi, in which the reproductive spores are produced and stored.

All land plants undergo an alteration of generations to reproduce; the sporangium is borne upon the sporophyte, which is the asexual second generation structure.

The majority of sporangia produce haploid spores through meiosis, although some are able to produce spores through mitosis.

Typically, the plants which develop two types of gametophyte do so within separate microsporangia and megasporangia. These produce microspores and megaspores, which are functionally equivalent to the male (micro-) and female (mega-) gametes. The term used to describe this trait is heterosporous, and it applies to some bryophytes (non-vascular plants, including liverworts, hornworts and mosses), some lycophytes (lesser clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts), a few pteridophytes (ferns) and the seed-bearing spermatophytes (angiosperms and cycads). In some cases, both types of spore are produced within the same sporangium.

On the other hand, equisetophytes (horsetails) and most bryophytes are homosporous; they produce only one type of spore within the sporangia, which subsequently develops into a monoecious gametophyte, possessing both male and female organs.

Sporangia can be found at the tips or along the sides of stems or leaves. In the case of fungi, the sporangia are usually found at the tips of the hyphae.

The sac containing the spores is often elevated by a long stalk called a ‘sporangiophore’, and is supported by a non-reproductive structure, which extends into the sporangium called the ‘columella’. In fungi, the fungus may produce the columella, or it can be formed of a material produced by the host on which the fungus is growing.

The image shows the terminal sporangia found at the end of the long sporangiophore called the ‘seta’ in a moss species

In the ferns, the sporangia are clustered into dense aggregations called ‘sori’, which appear as round dots on the under side of the fronds. Conversely, the sporangia of the lycophytes are on the upper side of the leaves or along the stems.

The image shows the sori of a fern. Each of the round dots contains multiple sporangia.

The microsporangia of the angiosperms (flowering plants) develop within the anther of the stamen. The microspores produced within the microsporangia—of which there is typically four per anther—eventually develop into pollen grains.

The Launching Fern Sporangia

Because plants are sessile, the process of reproducing can be problematic when it comes to reaching other plants with which to breed. Rather than moving themselves, they have evolved to use methods which disperse the spores or pollen away from the parent plant.

In a large group of ferns called the leprosporangiate ferns, the sporangia of ferns have developed a catapult system to ensure their wide dispersal.

The sporangium of the fern has a ring of cuboid-shaped cells around the outside called the ‘annulus’’; each of the cells is filled with water, which is lost to evaporation when the environment is dry. The loss of water causes the cells to shrink as the volume inside the cell decreases.

As the row of cells shrinks, the annulus is forced to slowly move into a backbend and straighten out in the opposite direction—similar to how one side of an accordion moves as the musician compresses the other side.

The change in the curvature of the annulus causes the sporangium to open at the ‘stomium’ and the spores become exposed.

The image shows a diagram of the leptosporangiate sporangium. The row of cells around the top and left is the annulus, the two longer cells on the right form the stomium, and the spores are in the center.

The negative pressure (approximately –9MPa to –20MPa) resulting from the loss of water in the cells causes ‘cavitation’, whereby a bubble is formed within each of the cells. The generation of the internal cavity creates a sudden increase in the volume of the cell and the annulus springs back to about 30-40% of its preliminary position in 10 microseconds, propelling the spores as it does so—this is possibly the fastest motion made in the shortest time ever recorded in plants. The annulus then completes the cycle over the next few hundred milliseconds, making a full return to its original shape.

The sophisticated method of spore dispersal is commonly compared to the action used in the functioning of medieval catapults.

Quiz

1. What is the term used to describe plants that produce only one type of spore? A. Homosporous B. Eusporangiate C. Heterosporous D. Microsporangia

Answer to Question #1

A is correct. Homosporous plants produce only one type of spore, which gives rise to a monoecious gametophyte. Heterosporous plants produce two different types of micro and megaspores within the sporangium.

2. What is the role of the columella? A. To support the sporangium. B. To grow the spores. C. To propel the spores. D. To support the sporangiophore.

Answer to Question #2

A is correct. The columella supports the rigidity of the sporangium by extending within its base.

3. What does the negative pressure inside annulus cells cause? A. A backbend of the annulus. B. The cells to shrink. C. The stomium to open. D. Cavitation of the cells.

Answer to Question #3

D is correct. Negative pressure caused by loss of water in the cells causes a bubble to form in a process called cavitation. This results in the springing forward of the annulus.

References

Forterre, Y. (2013) Slow, fast and furious: understanding the physics of plant movements. Journal of Experimental Botany. 64:15. Pp.4745-4760

Noblin, X. Rojas, NO. Westbrook, J. Llorens, C. Argentina, M. Dumais, J. (2012) The fern sporangium: a unique catapult. Science. 16:335

Rost, T. Barbour, M. Stocking, R. Murphy, T (2006) Plant Biology (2nd Edition). Thompson Brooks/Cole

[r-29-blog]

another terrible story about a tree

I can never be alone. Everywhere I go, I bombarded by the trite readers who care nothing about my banal existence. I am an apple tree. Those filthy humans climb upon their disgusting ladders, stepping one over the other so as not to fall over, and they reach the top. At my very top I have apples, so many apples, that bring joy to myself, bring joy to others, and yet these disgusting creatures do nothing but take them. They steal from me. They take it all from me. Some disgusting man in dreadlocks once told me that he wanted to create a society where they would pay me for my fruit.

LMAO!

No such thing. There is no revolution in the ostensible reformism they attempt to sell me. Let me tell you what happened:

 I was minding my business one day, or yesterday, or possibly the other day—it happens all too often that I no longer care to keep track. Simple objects no longer interest me. My roots began to flourish in the ground. I must admit to much that I have a very nasty secret. I will tell you this secret before I begin my story and I will ensure that you know every last secret of mine by the end of this tale. It’ll be joyous—possibly adventurous! There are so many genres that I can no longer keep track. You’ll see. Oh I hope that you are not blind, for the blind do not make good conversation. They are so free in their adventures that they cannot keep a sturdy conversation. Especially those that were not born blind. But what does genesis have to do with any of this? No matter, I am a simple sad soul who dislikes everything around me. I am twelve feet tall, brown in the bottom, and green at the top. You guessed it! I am a fern, a ferns sensu lato, a monilophyte, a leptosporangiate, and a eursporangiate. (I did not want to scroll through Wikipedia any longer, feigning some transcendental knowledge, so I will end my pointless ramble there). In fact, I just lied.

I am an apple tree, one that bears the sweetest fruit, the calamitous needs and joys that supplies my dear friends, the rocks and birds, with an amazing meal. Yet, one day, a wretched body came stumbling about. They looked strange. They had hair for one. Who the fuck has hair? They carried a spoon in what looked like their roots, but they were not roots, they were just legs. Legs that moved so slowly and stupidly. How can a leg move stupidly if it is meant to symbolize the real world? How can the real world be a symbol of the legs? I do not know, so please do not ask me. They sport a magnificent beard, one akin to Socrates and the late Charles Manson. Their features are distasteful, especially with that repugnant scent emanating from their brightly colored torso. This torso bears lines upward and downward, all symmetrically placed. It seems to me that it is signifying some message. I look closer. Closer. Closer. Ah, now I can see it. I had to put on my glasses, which were right on the concrete table to my right. Why could they just not have these wonderful lime green leaves that flow with the world? Why do they need some obtuse lines all over their shirts? Just tell me what you mean you trite buffoon!

I understand now.

I am an apple tree and I know what letters are. They are on this PERSON’s shirt. However, can I call them a person? After all, they do not think me to be one. They merely walk up with their black colored shirt underneath their misplaced tuxedo vest. I do not understand why they would combine such distasteful classes with the exquisite luxurious skinny-leg jeans. They are so tight you can see their knee bulge out. I cannot tell whether they are a Christian, but their Penis suggests that they are not. They are in fact an Atheist, one that browses the empty letters that are on their black-colored shirt: HTTP : // WWW .  REDDIT . COM/ R / ATHEISM. No matter, it’s just an empty person, or non-person, who stares back at me. They do not really look at me though, because, if you recall, they do not consider me a person. It is so strange that only people can stare back or return stares. They appropriate so many cultures and yet there they are unable to return the most basic gesture.

They merely reap my fruit, sell it off to droves of ignorant advertisers who make a few coins. When did ears suddenly emerge from our pockets? When did people begin staring at me while I am taking a shit on the toilet? I used to believe that the restroom was the only place that I could be alone. I am now mistaken. I was probably still mistaken when I made that thought. Alas, it’s no longer an issue. It is now a sadness that stuns my roots.

When I am all alone I become a child. I looked at myself and asked: “what is this?” I did not have the answer nor did I ever think that I would. I would simply continue moving forward, empting my soul in some vapid detail. There’s nothing of value aside from torn strawberries. Berries: the current fruit IN season.

I would describe myself if I did not believe that writing was itself a sham—it is. There is no more writing, merely puss and piss amalgamated into a pathetic form. It is slop fed to the degraded patrons who so mechanically demand thirds, fourths and even fifths. It is indescribable filth, and yet they are here asking for J.K. Rowling to write more, so that they can escape away to their pathetic, inept existence where they no longer have anything to worry about. She is trite and her books are pathetic excuses for novels.

(I must be honest with you, my dear, I at one point or another had actually taken the time to read those tedious novels. Those annoying liberal lies used to placate children, showing them what insignificant garbage is They wanted their children to read more, so authors began writing those abominations.)

This society is so obsessed with terrorists, but little do they know that the terrorists are actually all around us. They are J.K. Rawlings, Stephen King, and the like. They are our mothers. They are our fathers. They are in our schools. They are in our beds. They are in our mirror. But remember, they are no longer in the bathrooms—except for those terrifying transgenders (for it is no longer appropriate to use the word “hermaphrodite”).

[cedar-glade]

Asplenium rhizophyllum, the walking fern

I’ve often talked about the apomictic clonal habit of this species, it’s ability to migrate populations along karst outcroppings; but, I realized that I failed to highlight any abaxial action. I managed to get some good shots of the sori, each one packed with sporangia producing spore filled recurved spore conglomerates attached to a stornium and closed prior to a rainy season. When rainier days overlap with spore development, stornium abscission occurs. and this turgor release organ, called an annulus, can whip out spores into the environment and even into the thermals that disperse the spores more in terms of long distance. 

This is the case for almost all leptosporangiate ferns, the only clearly defined outliers are aquatic.  

Photographed: Boone co. Cliffs. 

[hiddenbritain-blog]

“Fern fronds, as with all leaves, arise from the stem, either directly, or on an outgrowth from the stem termed a phyllopodium. The stem of a typical (leptosporangiate) fern is subterranean or horizontal on the surface of the ground. These stems are called rhizomes. Many fern fronds are initially coiled into a fiddle-head or crozier (see circinate vernation), although cycad and palm fronds do not have this pattern of new leaf growth.

Fronds may bear hairs, scales, glands, and, in some species, bulblets for vegetative reproduction.”

en.wikipedia.org

This image is copyright and belongs to Sean Kinnear

[cedar-glade]

Howdy partners, y’all ever think about how true ferns are also called the non true sporangiates and are termed leptosporangiate; but, true sporangiates are not called the true ferns and are termed eusporangiate accordingly.