#Land lawyer Ahmedabad

[advocate-paresh-m-modi]

Best Land Revenue Advocate in Ahmedabad | Advocate Paresh M Modi https://www.advocatepmmodi.in/tag/land-revenue-advocates-in-ahmedabad/

[ajmeralaw]

The United States has traditionally been a land of opportunity for global corporations, and Indian companies are no exception. One of the most cost-effective ways for Indian firms to establish and extend their presence in the United States is to use the L1 A and B visas.

The US government designed these visas to make it easier to move executives, managers, and technical workers from India to the United States. In this blog, we'll look at how Indian businesses might take advantage of this potential to grow in the American market.

[litigationfirm]

Best Litigation Law Firms In India

The primary function of a law firm is to inform clients (individuals or corporations) of their legal rights and obligations and to represent them in civil or criminal litigation, business transactions, and other circumstances requiring legal counsel and support Every law student hopes to land a job at a prestigious legal firm, either as an employee after graduation or as an intern while still in law school.

Why is the interest in legal firms continually increasing? Ever questioned? Law firms have long been the preferred employer for recent graduates of the discipline for a variety of reasons, including stable employment, respectable pay, a wide range of specializations, a sizable clientele, varied exposure, and so on.

List of top Litigation law firms

This is among the most well-known legal companies in India, according to Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas. 2015 saw the establishment of it. The company has offices in numerous prestigious Indian cities, including Kolkata, Bengaluru, Chennai, Ahmedabad, New Delhi, Mumbai, and Gurgaon. It comprises 145 partners and more than 684 solicitors. In the fields of general corporate, banking, finance, competition law, dispute resolution, tax, and intellectual property, businesses handle a wide range of challenges. At the Legal Era Awards in 2021, the firm was named the Best Law Firm of the Year.

Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas was founded in 2015 and is one of India's biggest legal firms. The company has offices in Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Chennai, among other places. It has about 750 lawyers. Capital markets, Litigation, Arbitration, Banking, Finance, Real Estate, Taxation, mergers and Acquisitions, Competition, etc. are some of the practice areas of the business. Numerous prestigious honors, including In-House Community Firm of the Year in 2021, The Legal Era honors in 2020–2021, Legal 500 Asia Pacific Rankings in 2021, etc., have been given to this firm.

In 1990, Luthra & Luthra Law Offices, now known as L & L Partners, were established. Its main offices are located in New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Bangalore, four significant cities. The company offers assistance with a variety of problems, including those relating to corporate, commercial, banking, finance, litigation intellectual property, real estate, private equity, ventures, media, and technology, among others. It has 300 licensed solicitors and more than 80 partners. 

A research-based worldwide legal company, Nishith Desai Associates (NDA) has offices in Mumbai, Palo Alto (Silicon Valley), Bangalore, Singapore, New Delhi, Munich, and New York. International tax, international tax litigation, competition law, human resources law (employee and labor), international dispute resolution and investigations practice, mergers and acquisitions, private equity investment, joint ventures, capital markets, private client, fund formation, technology law, and intellectual property are among its main practice areas. In 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017, it was named the Most Innovative Indian Law Firm.

Economic Law Practice (ELP) is a renowned, full-service Indian law practice that was founded in 2001 by a distinguished group of attorneys from several practice areas. With more than 200 highly skilled employees, it has offices in Mumbai, Ahmadabad, Pune, Delhi, Chennai, and Bangalore. Corporate, commercial, data protection, banking, finance, competition law, policy, litigation and arbitration, real estate, etc. are some of the areas of specialization. According to Forbes India's Legal Power List, this firm is the best law firm.

One of the top legal companies in India, Phoenix Legal, was established in 2008. There are two offices for it, one in Mumbai and one in Delhi. This business specializes in joint ventures and M&A, private equity and funds, real estate, infrastructure, banking and finance, corporate commercial, dispute resolution, mining, energy, oil and gas, and infrastructure. It has 75 highly skilled solicitors and 11 Partners. According to the most current Asian Legal Business (ALB) M&A Rankings 2020, it is acknowledged as a Tier 2 law firm.

One of the biggest direct tax businesses in India, Vaish Associates also specializes in corporate practice, banking, finance, real estate, private equity, competition, intellectual property rights, information technology, entertainment law, employment law, and labor law. This company was established in 1971 and has locations in Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru. The company has won a number of prestigious accolades from Asia Law Profiles and the India Business Law Journal.

You can contact Lead India for litigation lawyer Online data, legal services, and talk to a lawyer are all offered by Lead India. ask a legal question and talk to a lawyer is the best course of action in this situation.

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litigation law firm,litigation lawyer,litigation,litigation and arbitration.

[advocatepmmodi]

Section : 304A In The Indian Penal Code

304A. Causing death by negligence

Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

304B. Dowry death

Where the death of a woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under normal circumstances within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that soon before her death she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband or any relative of her husband for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, such death shall be called “dowry death”, and such husband or relative shall be deemed to have caused her death.

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram | YouTube

Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information visit advocatepmmodi.in or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Article Source: Best Advocate in Ahmedabad

[top-divorce-lawyer]

Denial Of Wife’s Rights By The Citizen Of Uae Could Be Grounds For Divorce ?

A marriage will not survive unless both p;erties to the marriage are willing to give all what it takes to continue their marriage. When a marriage breaks down, it will not only bring emotional breakdown, however would also attract legal process. For information on the legal process involved, you are advised to seek guidance from family lawyers in Mumbai or your city. 

Why is Divorcing a Foreign National Troublesome?

Divorce is not a simple procedure which could be easily followed by everyone. But when the matter involves divorcing a foreign spouse, the trauma would be twofold. The reasons behind such difficulty have been enunciated below: 

People do not know whether an immigration lawyer in Delhi will be able to deal with the matter in India, or in a foreign court.

Also there could be a confusion on whether an immigration lawyer in Ahmedabad is the same as that on a foreign land where the other spouse of the applicant  resides, or where the marriage was solemnised. 

If the husband and wife do not live at a common place could  also be a barrier, as among people lack of knowledge of such provisions could be a huge problem.

Divorcing a Foreign National in India

If you are a resident of Mimbai who married a foreign national, in India or abroad, it is advised that you consult with a divorce lawyer in Mumbai to understand the legal provisions involved before filing for a divorce a foreign spouse. Understanding the general rules may not be the best for your case specific facts. 

The general rule is that if one of the parties to marriage is an Indian and the other may or may not be a foreign national and the marriage took place in another country, the provisions of Foreign Marriage Act, 1969 applies. As has been provided under section 18 (3) (a) of Foreign Marriage Act, an application for dissolution of marriage shall be allowed in the following scenarios:

Parties to the marriage domiciled in India at the time of filing of the divorce petition.

The petitioner wife was permanently residing in India before marriage, and had been residing in India for the past 3 years immediately before applying for the divorce. 

As per the Act, provisions of divorce in a foreign marriage are governed by the Chapter 6 of Special Marriage Act, 1954. Such a divorce petition is allowed only when the petitioner is residing in India. 

If the above conditions have been fulfilled, one would have to send legal notice for divorce to the spouse through their lawyers. The divorce process will then be  initiated as per the laws applicable in the court of appropriate jurisdiction. 

Points to be considered before Divorcing a Foreign Spouse

When marrying a foreign national, following aspects should be followed so that divorcing a foreign national will not become the worst nightmare of you life:

Prepare for a social marriage ceremony and publicise it on the social media;

Register the marriage in India;

Keep the original or copy of the marriage registration certificate with you;

You should be prepared with all the paperwork necessary for the issuance of VISA;

Must have contact details of Indian embassy in the foreign country qat hand;

Contact details of any local Indian associations;

You should try to be in the network of Indian citizens in foreign;

You should be in contact with friends and family members who are in the foreign country in case of any emergency;

Never agree to forge any official documents, including not falling for any traps like green card or some easy migration schemes;

You should try avoid marrying in a foreign country, or else, at least get your marriage registered in India under the Foreign Marriage Act, 1969;

Never keep your passport and other crucial documents with someone else’s custody including your partner

Lead Indiaoffers you a team of experienced advocates who could help you with divorce cases as well as advising you on the provisions involved with the same. Hence, if you wish to talk to a lawyer or seek free legal advice, you may contact us.

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Immigration Lawyer Delhi, Immigration Lawyer In Ahmedabad, Family Lawyers In Mumbai,

[kashishjainblog]

Expert Immigration Consultancy in Ahmedabad | Bright Ways Immigration

Bright Ways Immigration is a leading immigration consultancy in Ahmedabad that offers expert immigration services to individuals and families looking to immigrate to countries such as Canada, Australia, USA, and UK, among others. With years of experience and a team of highly qualified professionals, Bright Ways Immigration provides clients with personalized and reliable services that help them achieve their immigration goals.

As the world becomes more interconnected, the need for immigration services has grown exponentially. People from different parts of the world seek to move to other countries in search of better opportunities and a better life. However, the immigration process can be daunting and complex, requiring a great deal of paperwork, documentation, and legal knowledge. This is where Bright Ways Immigration comes in – to simplify the process and provide expert guidance to clients.

Bright Ways Immigration is a one-stop solution for all your immigration needs. They offer a wide range of services, including visa application assistance, documentation, language proficiency testing, job placement, and post-landing services. They understand that each client has unique needs and requirements, and they work closely with them to ensure that their goals are met.

One of the key advantages of working with Bright Ways Immigration is their team of highly qualified professionals. Their team includes experienced immigration consultants, lawyers, and support staff who are well-versed in the immigration process and laws. They stay up-to-date with the latest changes and updates in immigration laws and regulations, ensuring that their clients receive accurate and timely information.

Another advantage of working with Bright Ways Immigration is their personalized approach to client services. They understand that each client has unique needs and requirements, and they work closely with them to ensure that their goals are met. They provide personalized guidance and support throughout the immigration process, from the initial consultation to post-landing services. They are committed to providing their clients with the highest level of service and support.

Bright Ways Immigration also offers a range of post-landing services to ensure that their clients have a smooth transition to their new country. These services include assistance with finding accommodation, setting up bank accounts, and enrolling in healthcare programs. They understand that moving to a new country can be overwhelming, and they strive to make the transition as smooth as possible for their clients.

In conclusion, if you are looking for expert immigration consultancy in Ahmedabad, Bright Ways Immigration is the perfect choice for you. With years of experience, a team of highly qualified professionals, and a personalized approach to client services, they provide clients with reliable and efficient immigration services. Their post-landing services also ensure that their clients have a smooth transition to their new country. Contact Bright Ways Immigration today to learn more about their services and how they can help you achieve your immigration goals.

[shahmanishadvocate-blog]

Manish Shah is Famous Top 3 Criminal Lawyers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Manish Shah Advocate in Ahmedabad High Court - in the practice areas of Divorce Advocate Law, Civil Advocate Law, Criminal Advocate Law, Family Property Disputes Law Matters Case, Mutual Consent Divorce, Arbitration Lawyer in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Satellite. Co-Operative Law Matters, Rent Act Matters, Banking Law Matters. Mutual Consult Divorce Advocate in Ahmedabad, Trust Matter Lawyer in Ahmedabad, Civil Best Lawyer in Ahmedabad, Commercial Court Matter in Ahmedabad, Commercial Appellate Division Matters in Ahmedabad, Negotiable Instrument Act Matters in Ahmedabad, Civil Law Matters in Ahmedabad, Property Law Matters in Ahmedabad, Rent Act Matters in Ahmedabad, SSRD Matters in Ahmedabad, RTI Matters in Ahmedabad.

Visit for more information -http://www.advocatemanishshah.com/about-us.php

[aggarwalassociate-blog]

Aggarwal Associate

Address: High Court, 1011, Elite Complex, Opp. Shapath Hexa, Nr Gujarat, Sarkhej - Gandhinagar Hwy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380060

Phone: 9978682211

Website- http://www.advocatesgujarat.com

[magical-book-lush]

Qotd: what is your biggest dream that you want to achieve no matter what??? Aotd: My biggest dream is to have a big bookshelf full of books that I can show off to people😂😂. Hello, people. How are you all doing today??? How's life??? I am not doing so well as I have been receiving bad news after bad news and trust me it sucks. I hope to be well and happy soon but I just feel depressed today. Now on this note let's start this post, shall we?? Book Info: It End With A Dream by Medha Nagur ( @medhanagur ). Pages: 184 Genre: Romance genre. This Book Review Tour is In Association With @outsetbooks Blurb: Yadnya- 26, Tall, dark, not so handsome. A lawyer aspiring to become the youngest MLA of Telangana state. He comes from a messed-up family, or so he believes. Yashika- 23, Tall, fair and beautiful. A doctor from Coorg, the land of sophistication and perfection. What more, the same is reflected in her work and in her presence. He has everything that he could possibly ask for in life, even the love of his family by the grace of God. But… She has a loving father, a coffee estate to look after, a degree to fulfil her dream to become an Obstetrician. But…Yadnya and Yashika first met in their childhood and then parted ways three times. Already. But fate keeps bringing them together. And it did yet again. But the question is, will they be together for good this time or will they part again, God forbid, for good? Ratings: 🌟4/5 Stars🌟. Review: This book has an exceptionally unique story. I thought that this book will be another 'old wine in new bottle' kind of romance novel but I am surprised to see a different kind of concept in it. The story was really fast-paced and it did confuse me in the starting but as I kept on reading it, the story became easy and the plot was understandable. I think this book was more of a theatre script than a normal novel and the drama and the character developments were so perfect that I liked it a lot. I will be reading more books by this author. Hope you enjoyed my review. See you soon Signing Out_X. #itendswithadream #medhanagur #outsetbookreviews #bookstagramfeaturesonly #booktour #bookreader #bookstagramreads #books (at Ahmedabad, India) https://www.instagram.com/p/CLlg1Oegi5j/?igshid=1b9tkgmn1lpgc

[gujaratadvocate]

Best Corporate Lawyer in Ahmedabad | Insolvency Advocate in Ahmedabad

One of the most captivating parts of present-day innovation is how it has infiltrated each extension and strata of society. Everybody from the uneducated specialist to the prominent CEO of a firm currently conveys a versatile and knows about what a PC is. These penetrations of innovation in our networks have, all around, demonstrated to be advantageous. Be that as it may, similar to each other beneficial thing, innovation also can be misused. These misuses, among other things have brought about specific wrongdoings being submitted through or against PCs, their subsidiary systems and the data contained inside them. In this way, it came about the neologism of cyber crime. Cyber Law Advocate in Ahmedabad, Cyber Crime Lawyers in Ahmedabad, Cyber Crime Lawyers in Gujarat

Although the term is currently generally utilized in law circles, contradictions are in abundance concerning what involves cyber crime. Leader of gujaratadvocates.com, India's biggest digital law data entry recommends that the term is a misnomer. "The idea of cyber crime. isn't drastically the same as that of customary wrongdoing," says in a report on the entry, "Both incorporate direct regardless of whether act or exclusion, which cause rupture of standards of law and [are] counteracted the approval of the state.

Cyber crime. might be said to be [one of] those species, of which, the class is customary wrongdoing, and were either the PC is an article or subject of the lead comprising wrongdoing, Environment and Forest Lawyer in Ahmedabad.

Nonetheless, in spite of the comparable lawful nature of both customary and cyber crime. They are considered unique by and by. Cyber Crime. are far simpler to  figure out how to submit, require fewer assets concerning the potential harm caused, can be submitted in a purview without being physically present in, what's more, up to this point, their status of wrongdoing has been, best case scenario, dubious. As the worldwide innovation strategy and the board counseling firm McConnell Institute notes in an exhaustive report regarding the matter, numerous nations' current age-old laws undermine the worldwide data dynamic "The developing risk from violations submitted against PCs, or against data on PCs, is starting to guarantee consideration in national capitals. Land Acquisition Matters Advocate in Ahmedabad, Passport Related Matters Advocate in Ahmedabad, Educational Matter Advocate in Ahmedabad, and Insolvency Advocate in Ahmedabad.

High Courts are at the highest point of the pecking order in each state and appreciate both unique locales just as re-appraising ward over the area courts of the States. Be that as it may, most work of High Courts incorporates claims from lower courts, civil writ petition under article 226 of the Constitution of India and supervisory purview under article 227. Accordingly, the High Court is the most elevated court of request in issues of common and criminal instances of the State. Top Criminal & Civil Writ Petition in High Court Advocate in Ahmedabad. Land Acquisition Matters Advocate in Ahmedabad, Media Advocate in Ahmedabad, Contract Matters Lawyer in Ahmedabad.

Interestingly the Supreme Court of India is the most elevated court of bid in the nation. The redrafting locale of the Supreme Court can be raised by declaration allowed by the High Court under Article 132(1), 133(1) and Article 134 of the constitution in a matter of any judgment or last request of the High Court in both crook and common cases, Best Corporate Lawyer in Ahmedabad.

Family issues that become legitimate issues fall under family law where it incorporates separate, spousal help, kid support, youngster snatching appearance rights, grandparent appearance, care, dissolution, property settlements, provision installments, division of advantages and liabilities because of separation, paternity tests, reception, surrogacy, end of parental rights, paternity, prenuptial understandings, authenticity parental duty requests, reliance and kid disregard and security from maltreatment. Should you have any worries in regards to these issues or if it influences you legitimately, at that point you can go to a family attorney to get conference and counsel on which move to make straightaway. Even though it is reasonable to settle your family's question without anyone else tact there will be times (in truth usually relatives won't concede to anything until an arbiter or a legal counselor will arrange the terms) when relatives won't have the option to go to a sound understanding. In any case, notwithstanding for minor subtleties understandings or inconsistencies, it is prudent to see a family attorney regardless, Family Property Matters Case Advocate in Ahmedabad.

Regardless of whether you are a youthful, moderately aged or resigned speculator, a money related misfortune permeates into different parts of your own and expert life. This could possibly have huge passionate and budgetary effect. Should you wish to determine your question with your representative or financier firm, holding the administrations of protections mediation arbitration lawyers is the most judicious choice. The initial step a financier firm takes in managing any case is investigate the lawyer who speaks to you to decide their experience, involvement and reputation in FINRA assertion. Arbitration Lawyer in Ahmedabad.

I am an accomplished lawyer speaking to singular financial specialists, financier house representatives, and general customers in issues identified with protections guidelines infringement, select criminal guard and other legitimate issues. Peruse my articles to get familiar with intervention arbitration lawyers and investment fraud attorneys in Ahmedabad, Arbitration Lawyer in Gujarat.

It is not necessarily the case that expense tax lawyers are not appropriate for any sort of duty issues. If you are being blamed for criminal issues, tax avoidance, charge extortion, or some other genuine duty-related violations, at that point an assessment legal counselor is you’re most logical option for safeguard. Expense tax lawyers are likewise the best individuals to look for assistance from on the off chance that you or your organization wishes to sue the IRS for any bad behavior. Goods and Services Tax Act Advocate in Ahmedabad, Central Excise and Customs Act Lawyer in Ahmedabad

What precisely is an expense attorney? Assessment lawyers are lawyer’s at-law who have practical experience in duty and expense related laws. They, as different sorts of rehearsing tax lawyers, holds a Juris Doctor qualification and have done the law-oriented scrutinization given by the state where they hold practice. Besides remaining as insight on your protection, a duty legal advisor can likewise perform different capacities; for example, give charge guidance and aid charge planning. There are, nonetheless, certain restrictions to what a duty lawyer can accomplish for you. For one, charge legal counselors are just permitted to rehearse in the state where their licenses were given. Likewise, charge tax lawyers are not ensured to have a wide comprehension of how the IRS works - what an assessment lawyer can guarantee for certain is just comprehension of duty laws of his separate state and the central government. Gst Act Lawyer in Gujarat.

Visit For More Information: http://www.gujaratadvocates.com/

[highcourtadvocateamedabad]

Best High Court Advocate in Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Pratik Thakkar Associates is top high court advocate in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.  He is specialist lawyer for matters likes Civil, Criminal, Insolvency & Bankruptcy, Corporate, Arbitration, NCLT (National Company Law Tribunal) Mergers and Acquisitions Lawyer, Labour Law, Trademark Matters, Patent, Mergers, Winding Up Matters, Liquidation, Auctions, Land Revenue Lawyer, Family Law, SAFEMA, Due Diligence for listing in stock exchange and Criminal Matters, he is the subject matter experts near me local area in Ahmedabad. 

He has completed his ILS Law College, University of Pune. Already Diploma in IPR & Cyber Law. Call to the Gujarat Bar Council in 2008.

Attorney Pratik Thakkar Associates, to ensure that your case is successful, you will need to hire a well-known and highly successful advocate. First, to make a reliable choice, you need to look for top lawyers or attorneys through high court advocate directory list in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Relatives and friends who may have gone through legal discussing something in the past can provide you with the right solution at times. However, it is best to choose your lawyer based on your previous case study and success rate.

When you choose or hiring a lawyer to represent your case, make sure you are familiar with their style of work and are convinced beyond a shadow of a doubt that their representation can help you win your case. This can be done by contacting some of your previous customers and considering their services. The attorney's interaction with his client must be highly cooperative and compassionate. 

If you are looking for a top lawyer to win your case, it is actually more effective to get an advocate who has a very high number of cases wins. Those attorneys who have a large number of court victories know how to get the loopholes within the rule of law and therefore have a greater opportunity to win the case for you. Typically, advocates who advertise over 90 percent wins are attorneys who are likely to win your case. So select the perfect professional lawyer if possible!

 Pratik Thakkar is a lawyer is a highly professional and very deep knowledge of the law and who has experience and skill in representing clients in court and speaking directly to a judge and jury. If you are in court for any reason, or in a position where you want to take someone to court and file a complaint, resolve a divorce or terminate a contract, then you will need to make sure you have the best lawyer in Ahmedabad, Gujarat on your side.

 So, selecting, the best lawyers is a major investment that can help you from numerous points of view - whether it helps you get out of an uncomfortable agreement, whether it helps you improving your functioning conditions, whether it assists you keep your assets a divorce or if it helps you retain legal rights to your work or intellectual property. Regardless, you will save a lot of money and inconvenience and that means it is worth spending some time and money right now on hiring a decent lawyer in Ahmedabad.  

 While looking through online high court civil advocate in Ahmedabad, you should above and foremost look for lawyers that will manage specifically with your area of the law. If you are in legal debates with your bosses, then you will need to utilize a corporate lawyer counselor for example, and if you are going through divorce then you will advantage from divorce lawyers.

Pratik Thakkar is the best lawyer in Ahmedabad or Best NCLT Lawyer in Ahmedabad is getting tougher day by day. The good lawyer is one who knows what is Ethics and Values. I would really recommend Ethical Legal Consultants for the best legal services in Ahmedabad. Ethical and Legal.... Someone who has been through the legal system would have a fair knowledge of the fact that there is hardly any ethics left in it.

Address:

304,305, Hi-Scan House, B/s Mithakhali Under Bridge, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380009 Mobile:+91 9725468686

Email:pratik.advocate@gmail.com

[advocate-paresh-m-modi]

Land Revenue Lawyer In Ahmedabad | Best Property Lawyer in Ahmedabad | Advocate Paresh M Modi

[pravasichhokro]

Communication –Hello! To …… 😊😊😊(emoji)

In today’s digital world a simple handheld device, call it a smart phone, can allow you to talk, send messages (text) as SMS or WhatsApp, receive, and send emails, take photos, or shoot video and send them to anyone anywhere.

I am reminded of my first twenty years (1955 to 1975) of life from childhood to first employment when the means to communicate were limited to Post &Telegraph and so-called telephone (better known as land line today). Both these were government-controlled departments in India. This covered personal, social, and business communication.

Written communication was with the sole help of Post & Telegraph Office. Post office had three types of stationary- post card which was open, inland letter (closed but single leaf and envelop wherein you can enclose a leaf of paper. All three had printed postal stamp which was the fee for the carrier. The tariff was same irrespective of destination within India. Post card was for paise five (now Rs. One), inland letter was Paise ten (now may be Rs. 2) and envelop with 10 gms weight for Paise twenty-five (now Rs. 5).

I recall, as a child, that my father and mother would receive a letter (mostly inland letter) once a month from their relatives from Karad and Sangli (both in Maharashtra). News mainly pertained to evens like birth or marriages or deaths and some about education of children. I had to resort to written communication once I left home to go to BITS Pilani and became a hostelite. I usually wrote once a month and received one in return. Once in a while I received my money by Demand Draft.

All postal documents were transported by trains and State Transport (S.T.) buses. Some trains had special compartment or bogie assigned to Postal department. Hence these trains were called Mail e.g., Frontier Mail, Toofan Mail or Gujarat Mail. There were some places not having its own post office and hence the address must include both place and post office e.g. At Thakurali but Post Dombivali.

Another fast method of written communication was telegrams by Telegraph Department. Most used the Morse key contraption to transmit the messages. The post or telegraph office had persons who could code and decode the messages for Morse key. My personal experience with telegram was bad. I sent a telegram to my parents who were still in Maharashra village after I got my SSC (Std XI) results in June,1966. It did not reach them in time before they left hometown and that worried them a lot. They made a frantic call from Bombay on their way back to find that I had done quite well. Another instance was when I sent a telegram to my friend from Baroda on his engagement in Delhi. I got my interview call in June 1972 by a telegram from Delhi and we used to send telegram later for interview calls till about 1980.

Voice two-way messages were by telephone (called land line today). It was quite an achievement to own a telephone at residence. Most offices had telephones and only Govt. Servants, Doctors, Lawyers and very senior staff of private companies or businessmen had one at home. I got my first residential phone in 1987 at the age of 38. All long-distance calls (called trunk calls) were to be routed manually through telephone exchanges. It would take enormous time and effort to succeed in getting the connection. I recall one of my classmates used to call his parents in Ahmedabad from Pilani some time. He would spend the whole day waiting at the telephone exchange as the call was being routed via Chirawa, Sikar and Jaipur.

During these days (till I think 1975), it was exceedingly difficult to make copies of a message if it needed to go to more than one person. We had carbon copy, photocopy, and ammonia printing then. That was very cumbersome and not clear copies. For more copies, one had to depend on printing and stenciling. I remember in 1979, DGSD purchase orders were stenciled and copies distributed to various parties within Govt and outside.

One major improvement happened with introduction of telex services around 1975. Telex was like two typewriters being linked so that message can be transmitted fast. Only disadvantage was it was mainly for commercial use by offices.

Around the same time (1975~) I think Xerox copy became available to many and copying became easy.

The next major change got introduced in India when Subscriber Truck Dialing (STD) was introduced around 1985. This permitted calling out station and even overseas parties by directly dialing from your telephone without going through an operator at the exchange. But scarcity of land line connections remained a reality. I had to get a radio operated phone connection in 1998 as I could not get a land line connection from Pune telephones after I returned from Japan.

In early 1980s, a small handheld device called pager was introduced and it helped travelling people to be contacted from a landline so that they would call back. It was an improvement over only landline option. It lasted for a couple of years but mainly it was for commercial use.

Around 1985 another big leap was taken in communication when a facsimile (fax for short) was introduced. When connected, fax machine could transmit a document and a drawing or even a photo. The instant sending and receiving was a great leap forward. Initially it was only for commercial use but later it became extremely popular.

On another front, the computer got introduced and made strides. We had a main frame computer in BITS Pilani around1970 (with inputs by punching cards) and by 1987 desktop computers (with complex keys to operate) were available in offices. When I reached Japan in 1990, the laptop had made its appearance. I bought my first laptop (Macintosh) in Japan in 1993.

In Japan, the telephones (land line) were quite easy to get and I got one in less than 24 hours of arrival in 1990. The public telephones were very efficient and easily accessible. The pre-paid cards were extremely popular and most public telephones could be activated by coins or prepaid cards. On Valentine’s day, Japanese girls would gift a prepaid card to boys which would dial only their number.

Communication got a boost when in 1990 the satellite was used to transmit messages and documents. The Indian IT industry benefitted from it and some engineering companies also started using VSAT. I got my first TV satellite dish in Japan to view many European channels in 1993.

When I was in Oman in 1997, I got internet access and to use email. I believe it was just introduced. It was a good facility as my daughter was in Australia and contacting became easy. I also got my first mobile phone in Oman in 1997.

Mobiles became easily available and affordable by 2000. I got my local mobile connection in 2000 and I still have the same mobile no. Then mobiles were used for urgent calls and to send text messages (called SMS).

Internet connections were made available on desktop and toggle for laptop in the initial phase for office use. Internet connection for home use took some time and till then toggle was the only option.

Due to popular and affordable cost of mobile phones, the landline lost its place of importance. Even govt (Pune Telephones and then BSNL) started offering mobile phone connections.

The other development was mobile phones started having more features. The camera was in built in the mobile and one could take pictures. Further development allowed video shooting by mobile phone camera. Next to come was back and front camera.

The service providers started (I think by 2010) to link internet to the mobile and provide data transfer. With this facility, one handheld device could make calls, send text messages, take photos, shoot videos, send messages by internet connections and also view one’s emails.

Around 2005 the international calls were expensive from India, so we had used Skype as paid calls and conference tool. There were some doubts about its security and many other options were being opted for by international companies from UK and Belgium that we worked with.

The introduction of smart phones (compatible to various band widths like 3G /4G) the ease and speed of communication of all types became a reality and affordable. The social media (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp) became popular. For children and youngsters, the various games and educational videos became extremely useful.

Then came cloud technology and a boom of Artificial Intelligence. Everything done on virtual, digital, and social networking platforms gets tracked, analyzed, and thus used to help with recommendations as appropriate.

There is a security threat while all our banking and credit card information is easily available on various Apps. Along with our personal information which is available on social platforms. Hence, cyber security is a thriving business opportunity and interesting working opportunity.

In 2018 the telegraph department finally closed its services and it got replaced by speed post or mobile connectivity. Today post office continues its traditional job of delivering post card, inland letter and envelop but started using air transport for bulk movement.

The biggest benefit of the digital world was during the lockdown due to COVID-19 19. With only a smart phone (tablet or laptop may be better) and Wi-Fi connection, it was possible to conduct classes by teachers for students who were locked down, business meeting with clients and panel discussions among business associates or experts or politicians (elected) or friends. I was able to view virtual musical shows and new released movies and serials on new platforms like Netflix or Amazon Prime etc. also attended virtual birthday and wedding anniversary parties online.

In conclusion I will edit the words of Elon Musk:

If you go back a couple of decades, what we take for granted today would seem magic-being able to talk to people over long distances, to transmit images, accessing vast amount of data like an oracle or google. All this progress in communication is easy to use, quick and affordable. Also, its reach is worldwide across countries, regions, languages and people.

Another issue, which has surfaced due to the pandemic in India or similar developing or poor countries, is the divide between haves and have not. Traditional divide of have and have not was based on the wealth/money but present-day divide is based on whether one has a smart mobile/laptop/tablet and Wi-Fi connectivity with adequate data.

[margdarsanme]

NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers Perceptions of Society

NCERT Class 12 History Solutions

Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers Perceptions of Society

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q l. Write a note on the Kitab-ul-Hind.

Ans. Kitab-ul-Hind was written by Al-Biruni in 1031. It was considered with India and also known by the name of Tarikh-ul-Hind and Tahqiq-ma-ul-Hind. It was written in Arabic. It is divided into 80 Chapters. They have thrown a detailed light on Hindu religions and philosphy, festivals, customs and tradition, the social and economic as well as political life of the people. In each chapter he adopted a distinctive style and had a question in the beginning. It was followed by a description based on Sanskrit tradition, At last he compare the India culture with other culture. This geometric structure he followed is known for its precision and predictability. The main reason for this structure was Al-Biruni’s mathematical orientation. Q 2. Compare and contrast the perspectives from which Ibn Battuta and Bernier wrote their accounts of their travels in India.

Ans. Both have written them accounts in their different prospectives. While Ibn Battuta describe everything that impressed and excited him because of his novelty, Bernier had followed a different intellectual tradition. He wrote whatever he saw in India. Bernier wanted to pin point the weakness of the Indian society and considered the Mughal India Inferior to European society. In his description Ibn Battuta recorded his observation about new culture, people, believes and values. Q 3. Discuss the picture of urban centres that emerges from Bernier’s accout.

Ans. During the 17th century nearly 15% of population was living in town. This was average proportion of urban population of western Europe. Bernier described Mughal towns as court towns. By it he meant those towns which depended upon the imperial court for their existence and survival. These towns came into existence with the imperial court and declined with the impanel court when they moved to other places. In his travel accounts, Bernier described many big towns and cities such as Delhi, Mathura, Kashmir, Surat, Masulipatnam and Golconda. These gained importance as manufacturing centres, trading towns, and sacred towns. The merchant communities had deep influence in these cities. They remained organised due to their own caste and occupational bodies. These trading groups were known as Mahajans in western India. Their head was called Sheth. In Ahmedabad, the chief of Merchant community was known as nagarsheth. Besides the trading groups, musicians, architects, painters, lawyers, calligraphies, etc. lived in towns. Q 4. Analyse the evidence for slavery provided by Ibn Battuta.

Ans. Battuta has given a detailed description on the practice of slavery prevalent in India. Delhi Sultan-Muhammad bin Tughlaq had a large number of slaves. Most of these slaves were forcibly captured during the aggressions. Many people sold their children as a slave, because of acute poverty. Slaves were also offered as a gift during this time. Battuta when visited him, also brought many horses, camels and slaves for the Sultan to present him. Sultan Muhammad bin Tuglaq, himself had presented two hundred slaves to Nasiruddin a religious preacher.

Nobels are used to keep slave those days. Through these slaves, the Sultan used to get information about the activities of the noble and all other important events of the empire. The woman slaves served as servants in the house of the rich (nobles). These women informed the Sultan about the activities of their masters (i.e., nobles). Most of the slaves used to do domestic works and there was a lot of difference between the status of these slaves and the court slaves. Q 5. What were the elements of the practice of sati that drew the attention of Bernier?

Ans. The practice of sati according to Bernier showed the difference in the treatment of women in western and eastern society. He noticed how a child widow were forcefully burnt screaming on the funeral pyre while many of the older women were resigned their fate. The following elements drew his attention. (i) Under this cruel practices an alive widow was forcibly made to sit on the pyre of her husband. (ii) People had no sympathy for her. (iii) The widow was an unwilling victim of the sati-practice. She was forced to be a Sati. Q 6. Discuss Al-Biruni’s understanding of the caste system.

Ans. Al-Biruni’s description about caste system as he understood. Al-Biruni tried to explain the caste system by looking far parallels in other societies. He described that in ancient Persia, four social categories were recognised. (i) knight and princes. (ii) monks (iii) fire-priests and lawyers; physicians, astronomers, other scientists; (iv) Finally, peasants and artisans. He attempted to suggest that social divisions were not unique to India.

His description of the caste system in India was deeply influenced by his study of Sanskrit texts. According to these texts, the highest castes were the Brahmins as they were created from the head of the Brahmins.

The Kshatriyas were the next caste created from the shoulders and hands of the Brahmin. The Vaishyas and Shudras were created from the thighs and feet of the Brahmin respectively. Thus, he sought to understand the Indian caste system by looking for parallels in other societies. Nothing that ancient Persian society was divided into four categories he realized that social division was not unique to India.

But despite accepting the caste system he was against the notion of pollution. He believed that according to the laws of nature anything which becomes impure ultimately becomes pure again, e.g. the sun clears the air. The concept of social pollution is the bedrock of the caste system. Thus, the caste system was according to him contrary to the laws of nature. He failed to realize that the caste system was not as rigid as portrayed in the Sanskrit texts. Q 7. Do you think Ibn Battuta’s account is useful in arriving at an understanding of life in contemporary urban centres? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans. Battuta’s observation about the cities of India.

(i) According to him, Indian cities had many exciting opportunities and are useful for those who had the necessary drive, skill and resources.

(ii) The Indian cities were prosperous and densely populated.

(iii) These cities had colourful market trading in different kinds of goods.

(iv) Delhi was the largest city of India and had a lot of population. Daultabad was an another important city of India which challenged Delhi in size.

(v) The cities were not only the centre of economic transactions but also the centres of ! social and cultural activities.

(vii) Most of the bazars in the cities had temple and mosques.

(viii) Cities also had fixed places for public performances by dancer, musicians and singer. He found that many towns derived their wealth and prosperity through the appropriation of surplus from villages.

(ix) Indian goods were in great demand in west Asia and South-east Asia. So the artisans and merchants earned huge profit. Q 8. Discuss the extent to which Bernier’s accounts enables historians to reconstruct contemporary rural society.

Ans. Bernier’s assessment about Indian rural society was not correct. It was far away from the truth, but it is not acceptable. There are some truth in his description which are evident from the following facts.

(i) According to his account, mughal empire was the owner of the land and distributed among its nobles. It had a disastrous impact on the society.

(ii) According to him the system of crown of ownership of land was good. It was because, the land holders could not pass on their land to their children. They did not make any long term investment on the land.

(iii) As there was no private property in land, there was not any improvement in the landlord class. This system ruin agriculture and led to opinion of peasants. Bernier’s view regarding Indian society had the following features: (a) The rich people Were in minority. (b) It had the poorest of the poor and the richest of the rich, no middle class existed there. (c) All the cities and towns were reined and had contaminated air. Q 9. Read this excerpt from Bernier:

List the crafts mentioned in the passage. Compare these with the descriptions of artisanal activity in the chapter.

Ans. :

I. Names of the crafts mentioned in this passage. In this passage the crafts such as making of muskets and following pieces and making beautiful gold ornaments are mentioned. These products were beautifully made. Bernier was amazed to see these products.

II. Comparison of crafts referred in the passage with the description of artisanal activity in the chapter. (i) In the chapter boat manufacturing and terracottan sculpture and temple architecture has been mentioned. (ii) Art of painting has been referred. (iii) Art of carpet manufacturing has been referred. (iv) Art of dance, music and calligraphy have been referred in the chapter. (v) Description about Rajal Khamos have also been mentioned. Q 10. On an outline map of the world, mark the countries visited by Ibn Battuta. What are the seas that he might have crossed?

Ans. :

Countries visited by Ibn Battuta: (i) Morocco (ii) Mecca (iii) Syria (iv) Iraq (v) Persia (vi) Yamen (vii) Oman (viii) China (ix) India (x) Maldives (xi) Sri Lanka (xii) Sumatra (Indonesia)

Name of Seas: (i) North Atlantic Ocean (ii) South Atlantic Ocean (iii) Indian Ocean (iv) Red Sea (v) Arabian Sea (vi) Bay of Bengal (vii) South China Sea (viii) East China Sea.

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[advocatepmmodi]

Section 302 : Punishment For Murder

Whoever commits murder shall be punished with death or 1 [imprisonment for life], and shall also be liable to fine.

भारत कोड: अनुभाग विवरण। जो कोई भी हत्या करता है उसे मौत की सजा या 1 [आजीवन कारावास] दिया जाएगा, और जुर्माना भी लगाया जाएगा।

Section 303. Punishment for murder by life-convict

Whoever, being under sentence of imprisonment for life, commits murder, shall be punished with death.

Section 304: Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder

Whoever commits culpable homicide not amounting to murder shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine, if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death, or of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death;

Or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, or with fine, or with both, if the act is done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause death, but without any intention to cause death, or to cause such bodily injury as is likely to cause death.

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Article Source: Best Advocate in Ahmedabad

[blognirmauniversity]

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