#Kidney Function Evaluation

[hrdiagnostics-blog]

Comprehensive Renal Function Tests for Kidney Health | H.R. Diagnostic

Renal Function Tests: Understanding the Importance for Kidney Health

Your kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. They filter waste, balance electrolytes, and regulate fluids in your body. However, many people don’t realize their kidneys may be failing until symptoms become severe. That’s why Renal Function Tests are essential. These tests help detect problems early and allow for timely treatment. At H.R. Diagnostic, we offer a range of Kidney Function Tests to assess your kidney health accurately and efficiently.

What Are Kidney Function Tests?

Kidney Function Tests measure how well your kidneys are working. They evaluate the ability of your kidneys to filter blood, remove waste, and maintain proper chemical balance. These tests also check if your kidneys are effectively removing excess fluids from your body. Early detection through these tests can help prevent further damage and complications.

Why Kidney Function Tests Are Important

Kidney diseases often progress without noticeable symptoms. Therefore, regular Kidney Function Tests are vital, especially if you are at risk. These tests give you a detailed insight into how well your kidneys are functioning. If there is an issue, you can address it early. Early intervention can improve the chances of treatment success and prevent severe kidney problems.

Who Should Get Nephrological Tests?

While everyone can benefit from Nephrological Tests, some individuals are at higher risk of kidney problems. Therefore, they should consider testing regularly.

Diabetes Patients: High blood sugar can damage kidney filters over time. Regular monitoring is crucial for those with diabetes.

People with High Blood Pressure: Hypertension can impair kidney function, so frequent testing is essential for early detection.

Individuals Over 60: As you age, kidney function naturally declines. Testing helps monitor this decline and manage any arising issues.

Family History of Kidney Disease: If kidney disease runs in your family, you may be at a higher risk.

People on Long-term Medications: Certain medications can affect your kidneys. Monitoring kidney health ensures that medications are not causing harm.

At H.R. Diagnostic, we offer comprehensive Nephrological Tests that suit your specific needs. We use advanced technology for accurate results, helping you stay proactive about your kidney health.

Common Renal Function Tests

Several tests fall under the category of renal function tests. Each provides unique insights into different aspects of kidney health.

1. Serum Creatinine Test

Creatinine is a waste product that your kidneys remove from your blood. The Serum Creatinine Test measures how much creatinine is in your bloodstream. High levels indicate that your kidneys are not filtering blood effectively.

Why It’s Important:

A high creatinine level is often the first sign of kidney dysfunction. This test is simple but offers critical insights into your kidney health. Therefore, it is one of the most commonly used renal function tests.

2. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) measures how well your kidneys are filtering blood. It estimates the rate at which your kidneys remove waste from the bloodstream. A lower GFR indicates reduced kidney function.

Key Insights:

GFR is a highly accurate measure of kidney function. Doctors often use it to stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) and determine the level of kidney impairment.

3. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test

The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood. Urea is a waste product that kidneys normally remove. High BUN levels may suggest kidney dysfunction.

Why This Test Matters:

While a high BUN level could indicate kidney disease, it may also be a sign of dehydration or excessive protein intake. Therefore, doctors often interpret this test alongside others for a more comprehensive assessment.

4. Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a routine test that checks for protein, blood, or other abnormalities in your urine. It helps detect kidney damage early, even before noticeable symptoms occur.

Importance of Urinalysis:

If protein or blood is present in your urine, it could indicate kidney damage. Therefore, this test is critical for those with diabetes or hypertension who are at risk of kidney problems.

5. Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR)

This test measures the amount of albumin (a protein) in your urine. A high albumin level suggests that your kidneys may be leaking this protein, which they shouldn’t be.

Why It’s Important:

The Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) helps detect early kidney damage. It is particularly useful for individuals with diabetes or high blood pressure. Therefore, early detection allows for timely treatment, preventing further deterioration.

Symptoms That May Indicate Kidney Problems

Kidney diseases often progress silently. However, certain symptoms suggest that it’s time for a Renal Function Test. If you experience any of the following, it’s essential to seek testing:

Swelling: When kidneys aren’t working efficiently, excess fluids build up in the body, causing swelling in the legs, feet, or ankles.

Fatigue and Weakness: Kidney dysfunction can lead to anemia, resulting in feelings of extreme tiredness and weakness.

Frequent Urination: If you are urinating more often, especially at night, this could indicate a kidney issue.

Foamy Urine: This may suggest that your urine contains too much protein, which is a sign of kidney damage.

Blood in the Urine: Blood in your urine is never a good sign. If you notice this, seek medical help immediately.

If you experience any of these symptoms, renal function tests can provide clarity. At H.R. Diagnostic, our specialists will guide you through the process and recommend the necessary tests.

Risk Factors for Kidney Disease

Certain factors increase the risk of kidney disease. If you have any of these, regular renal function tests become even more critical.

Diabetes: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of kidney disease. High blood sugar can damage the kidney’s filtering units.

High Blood Pressure: Chronic hypertension puts added stress on your kidneys, causing long-term damage.

Obesity: Carrying excess weight can lead to kidney problems. Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for kidney health.

Smoking: Smoking reduces blood flow to your kidneys, accelerating the loss of kidney function.

Family History: A family history of kidney disease increases your risk of developing kidney problems.

If you fall into any of these categories, don’t delay. Get your renal function tested regularly.

How to Prepare for Renal Function Tests

Most renal function tests are straightforward, but preparation is key to ensuring accurate results. Here are a few simple steps to follow:

Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water unless instructed otherwise by your doctor.

Avoid Heavy Meals: Some tests may require fasting. Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions regarding food and drink.

Inform Your Doctor: If you’re on medications, let your doctor know. Some drugs can affect test results.

At H.R. Diagnostic, we provide you with all the information you need to prepare for your renal function tests. Our goal is to make the process smooth and stress-free.

Why Choose H.R. Diagnostic for Renal Function Tests?

At H.R. Diagnostic, we prioritize accuracy, convenience, and patient care. Here’s why you should choose us for your Renal Function Tests:

Accurate Results: We use state-of-the-art technology to ensure your test results are precise. Therefore, you can trust us to provide reliable data about your kidney health.

Experienced Staff: Our team of healthcare professionals is highly skilled in conducting renal function tests and interpreting the results. They are always available to address your concerns and answer any questions.

Affordable Testing Packages: We offer a variety of renal function test packages that are affordable and comprehensive. Therefore, you can take care of your health without financial strain.

Convenient Locations: We have multiple locations, so you can choose the most convenient one. Additionally, we offer home sample collection for your convenience.

When Should You Get a Renal Function Test?

The frequency of Renal Function Tests depends on your health status. However, here are some general guidelines:

Every 6 Months: If you have diabetes, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease, consider testing twice a year.

Annually: For individuals over 60 or those taking medications that may affect the kidneys, annual testing is recommended.

Immediately: If you experience any symptoms of kidney disease, such as swelling, fatigue, or blood in your urine, seek testing as soon as possible.

Regular testing is crucial for maintaining kidney health. At H.R. Diagnostic, we make it easy to stay on top of your health with our advanced renal function tests.

How to Book a Renal Function Test at H.R. Diagnostic

Booking your Renal Function Test at H.R. Diagnostic is quick and easy. Follow these simple steps:

Visit Our Website: Go to our H.R. Diagnostic website and select the renal function test you need.

Choose Your Location: Select a convenient location or opt for home sample collection.

Pick a Time: Schedule your test at a time that suits you.

Get Tested: Arrive at the clinic or have your sample collected at home. Results will be available online within a few days.

Taking care of your kidney health has never been easier!

Read More…..

Author Bio: Simi Gajala has been working in digital marketing since 2018, amassing 6 years of experience. Currently Working as a Digital Marketing Executive at H.R. Diagnostics. Simi specializes in SEO, SMO, Google Ads, Meta Ads, and blogs & content writing, Boosting Brands, Increasing Visibility, And Enhancing Online Performance.

[reasonsforhope]

"For the first time, genetically modified pig kidneys provided “life-sustaining kidney function” during the course of a planned seven-day clinical study—a first step in addressing the critical crisis worldwide of kidney donor organ shortage.

The University of Alabama’s pre-clinical human study at Birmingham also advances the science and promise of xenotransplantation as a therapy to potentially cure end-stage kidney disease—just as a human-to-human transplants can.

“It has been truly extraordinary to see the first-ever preclinical demonstration that appropriately modified pig kidneys can provide normal, life-sustaining kidney function in a human safely and be achieved using a standard immunosuppression regimen,” said UAB transplant surgeon scientist Jayme Locke, M.D., director of UAB’s Comprehensive Transplant Institute and lead author of the paper...

The peer-reviewed findings published last month in JAMA Surgery describes the pioneering pre-clinical human research performed on a recipient experiencing brain death...

The pre-clinical human brain death model developed at UAB can evaluate the safety and feasibility of pig-to-human kidney xenografts, or transplants, without risk to a living human. It is named for transplant pioneer Jim Parsons, an organ donor whose family generously donated his body to advance xenotransplant kidney research, like the latest patient did.

A Critical Need

Kidney disease kills more people each year than breast or prostate cancer, while more than 90,000 people are on the transplant waiting list. More than 800,000 Americans are living with kidney failure and 240 Americans on dialysis die every day. The wait for a deceased donor kidney can be as long as five to 10 years, and almost 5,000 people per year die waiting for a kidney transplant.

Groundbreaking Study Details

The 52-year-old study subject for this research lived with hypertension and stage 2 chronic kidney disease, which affects more than one in seven U.S. adults, or an estimated 37 million Americans. As part of this study, the subject had both of his native kidneys removed and dialysis stopped, followed by a crossmatch-compatible xenotransplant with two 10 gene-edited pig kidneys, or UKidney.

The transplanted pig kidneys made urine within four minutes of re-perfusion and produced more than 37 liters of urine in the first 24 hours. The pig kidneys continued to function as they would in a living human for the entirety of the seven-day study. Also, the kidneys were still viable at the time the study was concluded.

“In the first 24 hours these kidneys made over 37 liters of urine,” said Dr. Locke. “It was really a remarkable thing to see.” ...

Gene editing in pigs to reduce immune rejection has made organ transplants from pigs to humans possible. The natural lifespan of a pig is 30 years, they are easily bred, and they have organs of similar size to humans. Genetically modified pig kidneys have been extensively tested in non-human primates, and the addition of UAB’s preclinical human research model—the Parsons Model—now provides important information about the safety and efficacy of kidneys in human transplant recipients."

-via Good News Network, September 17, 2023

[caffeinatedattorney]

Okay so there are two tapes in game where Harvey speaks.

The first tape Harvey appears in is (#10) where Harleen and Harvey appear. She complains to him about Crane's experiments, implying Harvey's partly responsible for his presence there? and that Harvey trusts him. Apparently Crane is there to help Harvey in court and evaluate inmates. He says it's a necessary evil and he tells her to kick rocks.

The second one, tape #13, is interesting. It's found in the ship where you find out Harvey is the rat king near the console. The tape starts with Harvey asking Crane for help. But then...

HARVEY: I just... I-I lost it. You shoulda seen the police photos. This bastard didn't just beat his kid, he starved him! Kept him locked in a closet for six months. Eight years old, fighting with this- with the rats over scraps of food. When the cops finally freed him, his kidneys had failed and his heart was scarred by infection.

Foreshadowing. And guess this confirms for me that Harvey becomes retraumatized by his job and knows it but won't quit.

CRANE: My goodness. Harrowing stuff.

HARVEY: And his dad has the nerve to take the stand and tell the court his kid deserved it? Piece of shit's lucky I only took a couple of swings at him. Besides, I might've just torched my whole career.

CRANE: Oh, I doubt that. You're a hero in the papers. "Two-Fisted DA Decks Deadbeat Dad." The public's behind you on this.

HARVEY: My own dad's to blame for my short fuse. But I can't lose my temper like that again.

CRANE: Your father? I'd like to hear more about him.

So Harvey had been having issues waaay before Batman was in the picture? (Also Harvey sounds so sinister saying "Piece of shit's lucky I only took a couple of swings at him." Love Troy Baker's performance and how Elijah Wood gives this impression that he's just letting Harvey talk to examine him like another one of his tests subjects-- i mean patients.)

And it's BTAA scarecrow and Harvey again, but Bruce isn't there to help

HARVEY: You really think this stuff will help?

CRANE: Early trials are quite promising. Now, hold this, hold it- There you go. And take three deep breaths. Good.

HARVEY: *Inhales loudly*

CRANE: I want you to consider that your recent outbursts may be stress -induced. Building a case agaisnt Carmine Falcone clearly had you burning the candle at both ends.

HARVEY: Well, tell that to the press. All i hear about is how "the batman brought down the Roman Empire." We worked together, y'know. Me, him, Gordon, too. [laughs] Ah, I'm starting to lose my cool again.

Harvey's voice is way way lower. Okay, Harvey is mad about someone else taking credit. Guess that explains his reaction to seeing batman again. More ppl taking advantage of him.

CRANE: No, no-no-no, that's good. Good. We've already touched on how much you've been repressing. Themore you try to contain your shadow, the more that aspect of your psyche starnates and festers. We need to bring it to the light.

HARVEY: [almost a whisper?] Drag if out of the darkness? That's what I've been trying to do with this whole city. Too many trials. Too many appeals. Better let fate judge. Fifty-fifty, like flippin' a coin. Better odds than my old man gave me.

HARVEY: No, it's um, getting worse. The headaches mostly.

CRANE: That's only a function of your conscious mind giving way to your shadow self. As it rises to the surface, your awareness becomes fuzzy in a neurological sense as you grapple with the--

HARVEY: [as a whisper? / hiss?] That's not it. It's never been this bad. Gilda is scared. And I am too.

OKAY so, Gilda must have left at some point because Crane is making him worse. He already believes in the coin. This Crane is so interesting thinking talk therapy is universally effective with dissociation and trauma. He seems to genuinely believe in what he's doing.

CRANE: you fear becoming your father. You fear you'll assume his worst traits as you get older.Please: sit. Have a sip of water. Good, good, good. Listen thins always feel more intense just before the real healing begins. You are making remarkable progress.

HARVEY: We.

CRANE: Hm?

HARVEY: 'We' are making remarkable progress

CRANE: Of course, Mr. Dent. This is good for both of us.

So, safe to say, Crane caused this lmao.

Also, In the tape between Arnold and Harley (#3), Arnold has the same symptoms as Harvey but he doesn't seem to have the puppet yet until she encourages her to do so? so unless i'm missing something, it kinda seems like Crane's treatment is the one causing DID like symptoms.

Okay, I heard the tape between Joe and Thompkins (tape #8) and it seems everyone gets headaches so it's not DID per se. (also Leslie used to have a free clinic in park row and a crisis center for kids. idk if at the same time or the same place, tho)

LESLIE: Any other complaints?

JOE: Just some reactions to Dr. Crane's treatment. Headaches. Can't remember some stuff.

Okay, next part.

HARVEY: Doctor, I wanna stop the treatments.

CRANE: But why?

HARVEY: Why? What the hell happened to your lab rat this morning?

CRANE: it's the unfortunate reality of medical testing that on occasion we have to put an animal through a measure of discomfort in order to-

HARVEY: The shit you got me breathing melted its fur off! Melted its skin.

CRANE: Mr Dent, the individual chemicals in this solution are heavily corrosive but, when properly diluted they are intert and stable.

HARVEY: Inert and stable? I-I-I don't know-

CRANE: Harvey, Harvey. I've been reviewing our recorded sessions and i'm confident you're on the cusp of a major breakthrough. Trust the process. If not for yourself, then do it for Gilda. Doesn't she deserve a healthier, happier husband?

HARVEY: [basically a growl] Crane, if my symptoms don't resolve soon, I'm out.

CRANE: I understood. You're making the right choice. I'll prepare the dose.

This is insane. There's... so much here. Crane manipulates Harvey into using the treatment bc Harvey loves Gilda so much. Harvey was aware of what that thing could do (adding humiliation to having his own face burnt off by some malone?) This must have implanted the idea in his head about being a lab rat and staying one forever bc of his self doubt and letting it get this far.

I wonder if Crane's treatment actually fucked him up the way something like, idk, joker gas would, rather than that darkness coming solely from Harvey? but then again, Harvey beat up a man in court in front of everyone so it wasn't that big of a step.

TLDR; Everything is kinda Crane's fault.

[some1s-sista]

Happy Ash Valentine’s Wednesday!

Had my physical with my GP today. I have to monitor my blood pressure for two weeks and share the numbers so she can evaluate whether or not I can come off any of the meds after having lost 23% of my body weight. (I hate being on meds)

The dizziness … I’m dehydrated! So I have to ramp up the water intake. She said that’ll help with the joint pain too. But she’s gonna run some tests on my kidney function cuz sometimes chemo can mess with that. So off for a bunch of labs I went.

Now I have a killer headache. I think my body is rejecting the water.

[anaswaraseo]

Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics: Science for Better Health

Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics is a specialized field that uses nutrition to manage and prevent disease, improve health outcomes, and promote overall well-being. Here’s a deep dive into the essential aspects of this field:

What is Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics?

Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics involves assessing, diagnosing, and treating nutrition-related health issues. Dietitians and clinical nutritionists work closely with patients to develop dietary plans tailored to their medical conditions, lifestyle, and specific health goals.

Key Areas of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics

Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT): MNT is the cornerstone of clinical dietetics, involving specialized dietary interventions based on scientific evidence. It’s used to treat chronic illnesses like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and kidney disease.

Nutritional Assessment: This includes evaluating a patient’s diet, medical history, physical health, and lab results to create personalized nutrition plans. Tools include BMI, body composition analysis, dietary history, and blood tests to assess nutrient levels.

Therapeutic Diets: Dietitians often develop therapeutic diets to manage health conditions, which can include:

Low-sodium diets for hypertension and heart health.

Low-glycemic diets for managing diabetes.

High-protein diets for malnutrition and muscle recovery.

Renal Diets for kidney disease patients to reduce the intake of specific nutrients.

Pediatric and Geriatric Nutrition: Clinical dietitians specialize in creating age-appropriate nutritional plans for children and elderly patients, addressing issues like growth, development, bone health, and cognitive function.

Mental Health and Nutrition: Dietitians are increasingly focusing on the connection between nutrition and mental health, as certain nutrients (e.g., omega-3s, and B vitamins) can impact mood and cognitive function.

Emerging Areas in Clinical Nutrition

Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Functional foods (like probiotics) and nutraceuticals (such as dietary supplements) are increasingly used in clinical nutrition to support specific health outcomes, such as immune function or gut health.

Personalized Nutrition and Genomics: Nutrigenomics studies how genes influence individual responses to nutrients, leading to personalized nutrition plans based on a patient’s genetic makeup. This method works especially well for treating chronic illnesses.

Integrative and Holistic Nutrition: Integrative nutrition considers lifestyle factors, stress, and mental health along with diet, promoting a more holistic approach to patient care.

Plant-Based Diets: The use of plant-based diets in clinical settings is becoming popular for their benefits in reducing inflammation, improving heart health, and supporting weight management.

Role of Clinical Dietitians in Healthcare Settings

Hospitals: Clinical dietitians are essential in hospitals, where they design dietary plans for patients recovering from surgeries, dealing with chronic illnesses, or undergoing treatment that affects their nutritional status.

Outpatient Clinics: Many dietitians work in clinics, providing ongoing support for patients with chronic conditions like diabetes or high cholesterol.

Rehabilitation Centers: Nutritionists here help patients with recovery, focusing on high-calorie or high-protein diets to promote healing.

Skills for Clinical Dietitians

Analytical Skills: Strong understanding of biochemistry and physiology to interpret lab data and develop dietary plans. Counseling and Communication: The ability to communicate effectively with patients to promote adherence to dietary plans.

Evidence-Based Practice: Staying updated with the latest research to provide science-backed advice. Career Opportunities

Clinical dietitian: employed by long-term care homes, clinics, or hospitals.

Nutrition Researcher: Contributing to research on disease prevention and dietary interventions.

Consultant Dietitian: Providing freelance or consultancy services for healthcare facilities, wellness centers, or private clients.

Corporate Wellness Programs: Supporting employees’ health and well-being through nutritional guidance in corporate settings.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics is a transformative field that bridges the gap between nutrition science and patient care, offering personalized approaches to health and wellness. By understanding the intricate relationship between diet, disease, and overall health, clinical dietitians play a crucial role in improving health outcomes and enhancing quality of life. As new research and innovations in nutrition continue to emerge, this field remains essential in advancing preventive care, supporting disease management, and promoting holistic well-being.

[friedchopstick]

A Kidney Function Test Ensure Well Functioning of Your Organ

A kidney function test is a laboratory test that is being done to evaluate the functioning of the kidney. The increasing risk of kidney disease leading to increased demand for kidney function tests. According to click here National Kidney Foundation, 1 in 3 adults is at the risk of kidney disease in the United States.

So it is important to have an earlier diagnosis of these diseases. This in turn can help in proper treatment and complications and any permanent damage to the kidney can be avoided.

What is a kidney function test?

A kidney function test is a clinical or laboratory procedure. It is designed to evaluate the functioning of the kidney. It helps in the diagnosis of kidney disorders. So various aspects of kidney capacity can be evaluated by a kidney function test.

What functions does the kidney perform?

The kidney is a vital organ of your body. It is bean-shaped and two in number. The kidney is located in the posterior side of your abdomen just below the ribcage. It plays many important roles in the body.

The main function of the kidney is to filter waste materials from the blood that is removed from the body in the form of urine. It also helps in maintaining an osmotic balance of the body fluid. Not only this, but the kidney also helps in the production of vitamin D, red blood cells, releases hormones important for maintaining blood pressure. So now you can imagine how crucial it is for the kidney to work efficiently.

[jcsmicasereports]

End-stage renal disease patients developed left ventricular hypertrophy, Gezira State- Sudan by Dr. Nahla Ahmed Mohammed Abdurrahman in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstract

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy is the strongest independent predictor of cardiovascular death, and it is worsening in association with SCD. According to studies from the main international registers, cardiac disease is the leading cause of unexpected mortality in dialysis patients. Several studies have found that the prevalence of LVH is high among patients on maintenance haemodialysis, and that numerous risk factors linked with it, such as anaemia, hypertension, and volume overload, are common in these patients. Many clinical and nephrologist researchers are focusing their attention on the processes and factors that are present in these patients in order to prevent and regress the development of LVH.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and associated risk factors among patients receiving routine haemodialysis at Gezira Hospital for Renal Disease and Surgery.

Method: This was a cross-sectional research with 70 patients receiving routine haemodialysis. Personal and clinical information was collected. The measurements included blood pressure, ECG, and echocardiogram. The concentration of haemoglobin was determined.

Result: Patients in the study ranged in age from 20 to 80 years old. Male made up 57 % (n=40). 75% of the individuals had LVH, with 68% undergoing echocardiography and just 7% receiving an ECG diagnosis. LVH affected 30 of the 40 male patients and 15 of the 30 female patients. Anaemia was detected in 44 (88%) of the 48 LVH patients with Hb12 gm/dl. In 74 % of the patients, systemic hypertension (BP>140/90mmHg) was present, and it was identified in 42 of the 48 patients with LVH. According to the evaluation, volume overload was evident in 63 % of the patients (32 out of 48 patients with LVH). The Chi-squire test was performed to determine the frequency and distribution of study participants based on several characteristics (age, gender, anaemia, volume overload, HTN, and dialysis duration) and LVH; the link between age and LVH, HTN and LVH, and DOD and LVH was statistically significant. P-values of 0.001, 0.013, and 0.005 were all significant.

Conclusion: We concluded that LVH is common among haemodialysis patients, and that there is a link between age, HTN, and DOD and LVH in this study.

KEY WORDS: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, End Stage Renal Disease, Gezira State, Sudan

ABBREVIATION: CKD= Chronic kidney disease, ECG= Electrocardiograph, ESRD=End stage renal disease, Hb=Haemoglobin, HD=Haemodialysis, IVS=Interventricular septum, LVEDD=left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVH=Left ventricular hypertrophy, LVM=Left ventricular mass, MRI=Magnetic resonance imaging, PW=Posterior wall.

Introduction

When kidney function declines and renal replacement therapy is required, the heart and vascular tree undergo major structural and functional changes, and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease is higher than in the general population (Usrds, 2017), with 40 % of all deaths in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to cardiac causes ( Steddon, S, 2014). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a typical indication of cardiac structural disease in ESRD patients, defined as an increase in left ventricular mass (LVM) due to increased wall thickness. Anaemia, hypertension, hypervolemia, and mineral metabolism problems are all linked to a loss in renal function, which increases the risk of LVH (McCullough et al., 2016). The researchers discovered that the strongest independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease is LVH (Shlipak et al., 2005), and that worsening of it is associated with SCD in haemodialysis patients (Kim H et al., 2015), which is a major cause of mortality in these patients (Paoletti et al., 2004). In individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the prevalence of LVH is around 40%, and it increases with CKD progression until it reaches 75% in ESRD patients (McCullough et al., 2016).

Chronic kidney disease CKD is defined as kidney damage or a GFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months and is divided into five stages ('K/DOQI clinical practice recommendations for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification, 2002). Left ventricular hypertrophy LVH, reduced LV function, regional wall motion abnormality, pericardial effusion, and valvular calcification are among the anatomical and functional cardiac abnormalities seen in ESRD patients. LVH is a common complication in ESRD patients and is a preventable risk factor (Charytan, 2014). HTN, vascular calcification (Nitta et al., 2004), anaemia, and volume overload (Vaiinien et al., 2017) are all risk factors for LVH in ESRD patients. The prevention or regression of LVH was achieved with early and effective management of these risk factors (Kim et al., 2015; Erdan et al., 2018).

LVH was caused by a variety of pathophysiologic variables in CKD and ESRD patients, who were categorized into three groups (Ritz and Wanner, 2008):

Afterload: an increase in systemic arterial resistance, raised arterial blood pressure, and impaired large-vessel compliance, which necessitates a rise in intra cavity pressure during ventricular contraction (Mominadam et al., 2008).

Preload: a condition caused by intravascular volume expansion (salt and fluid loading), anaemia, and an AV fistula (Di Lullo, et al., 2011; Cuadrado et al., 2004).

Not related to afterload or preload.

Arterial hypertension and poor control of blood pressure is the most common cause of chronic pressure overload of the left ventricle and cardiac adaptation in response to chronic pressure overload is LVH (Sweety et al., 2014).

Renal dysfunction and poor cardiovascular prognosis are linked to the coexistence of anaemia and LVH (Chang et al., 2014). Non-hemodynamic and hemodynamic adaptations are used in anaemic persons to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation. Increases in erythropoietin synthesis and intra-erythrocytic concentrations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) lower the affinity between oxygen and haemoglobin, resulting in a shift to the right of the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve (Oski et al., 1971).

When compared to conventional haemodialysis, short haemodialysis reduces LVH due to proper fluid control (Ayus et al., 2005), and intensive HD (McCullough et al., 2016). While frequent haemodialysis resulted in LVH regression (Trinh and Chan, 2016;Chan et al., 2018). In comparison to traditional haemodialysis, the improved clinical outcomes resulted in a higher frequency of vascular access procedures complications (Slinin et al., 2015).

Despite the numerous research that have been conducted to improve the quality of haemodialysis, it remains a complex procedure that necessitates a coordinated effort from your entire health-care team, including your nephrologist, dialysis nurse, dialysis technician, nutritionist, and social worker.

Diagnosis of LVH is by

ECG: This is the first non-invasive test, although it is less sensitive in diagnosing LVH (Vanezis and Bhopal, 2008), and there are various criteria for diagnosing LVH:

Limb lead voltage criteria: R in a VL > 11 mm, R in a VL > 13 mm if left axis deviation is present, and S in L III > 15 mm if left axis deviation is present. >25 mm R in LI + S in LIIII

Sokolow-Lyon criteria for chest lead: S in V1 + R in V5 or V6 >35 mm (Sokolow and Lyon, 1949).

Romhilt-Estes criteria: deep S in V1/V2 and tall R in V5/V6, with the aggregate of both exceeding 7 large squares or one of them exceeding 5 large squares (Romhilt and Estes, 1968).

Echocardiography: is a more sensitive and specific method of diagnosing LVH than an ECG. ECG criteria must account for ethnicity in people of African descent (Vanezis and Bhopal, 2008), and they must be correct in patients with HTN to rule out LVH (Pewsner et al., 2007). Left ventricular mass (using the Troy formula according to the American Society of Echocardiography ASE recommendation):= 1.05 (LVEDD+IVS +PW)3 LVEDD3.

The LVMI is calculated by dividing the LVH mass by the body surface area. LVH was characterized as an LVMI of greater than 150 g per m2. (from the Framingham Heart Study) (Armstrong and colleagues, 2014).

MRI: is the gold standard for assessing left ventricular mass, cavity volume, and pattern of LVH, whereas M-mode echocardiography (ECHO) overestimates LV mass in haemodialysis patients when compared to CMRI (Ebeid et al., 2017)

ESRD: but they are not commonly utilized due to cost and lack of availability. In practice, echocardiography is a good all-around instrument that is well-suited to long-term research studies.

Sudden cardiac death is the most prevalent cause of mortality in dialysis, accounting for 40% of deaths, most of which occur in the first three months of dialysis due to difficulty adapting to the cardiovascular stress that is characteristic of dialysis. And it could be due to LVH after a period of acclimatization. LVH is becoming more common among ESRD patients, particularly those on haemodialysis. It is also one of the most common causes of mortality among such patients. Many risk factors for LVH in such people could be treated to reduce the prevalence or regress LVH, and thus the risk of death. As it stands, diagnosis is not difficult and can be accomplished using less invasive techniques such as echocardiography and ECG.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area: The study was conducted in Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery- Gezira State- Wad Madani Central Sudan, which service the Gezira and whole nearby areas.

Study design: In Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was done among haemodialysis patients.

Study population: The study comprised 70 patients on daily haemodialysis, both male and female, ranging in age from 20 to 80 years. Each of the patients in this study dialyzed twice a week at the Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery. Time and duration of dialysis, symptoms of volume overload, blood pressure, and lower limb oedema were among the personal, demographic, and clinical data obtained. The concentration of haemoglobin was determined. In patients with patent arterio-venous fistulae, blood pressure was monitored in the contralateral arm with a mercury sphygmomanometer. Standard limb and chest leads were used, with a paper speed of 25mm/s and a gain of 10mm/mV (or 5mm/mV). Sum of S wave in lead V1 and R wave in lead V5 or V6 35mm and/or R wave in lead aVL 11mm was classified as Sokolow-Lyon LVH. A physician performed the ECG interpretations. IVS, LVPW, LVEDD, and LVESD were measured using M-mode echocardiography and 2-dimensional ultrasonography.

Haemodialysis: The blood is filtered and cleaned out of the body, then reintroduced to the body in this operation, three times a week, for 4-5 hours. which has been used to treat advanced and permanent kidney failure.

Inclusion criteria: All patients who receive regular haemodialysis are eligible.

Exclusion criteria: Patients with established congenital heart disease or a history of heart disease, diabetics, and hypertensive patients prior to dialysis are also excluded.

Data analysis: The data were analysed using statistical package of social science (SPSS) version 24 .

Ethical consideration: All participants in this study were fully told about the study's goal and were promised that any personal information regarding their health status would be kept private.

Ethical clearance: Ethical clearance was acquired from the Gezira university faculty of medicine's ethical committee. Permission to conduct research in the Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery from the director.

RESULTS

This study included 70 patients on regular haemodialysis in Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery, including 40 males and 30 females ranging in age from 20 to 80 years. The Chi-square test was performed to determine the frequency and distribution of research participants based on various characteristics. At 0.05, the P-value is considered significant.

There is a significant relationship between duration of  hemodialysis and LVH P value (0.005 )

DISCUSSION

Many risk factors contribute to the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in CKD and ESRD patients, which has encouraged clinical nephrologists and researchers to focus their attention on processes and factors that are present in these patients for many years. LVH, which worsens with SCD in haemodialysis patients, is the strongest independent predictor of cardiovascular death in patients with chronic renal disease (Shlipak et al., 2005). The goal of this cross-sectional study was to find out how common LVH is and what the risk variables are among haemodialysis patients.

The main conclusion is that,  68 % of patients had LVH, accords with Foley et al, 2010 who found that LVH was present in 62 % of the study group, implying that the prevalence of LVH is dependent on the degree of renal impairment (Amoako et al., 2017). The current study found no statistically significant link between gender and LVH (p= 0.141), in contrast to the study of Amoako et al. and Paoletti et al., 2016. The link between age and LVH was confirmed in this investigation, with a substantial rise in patient age (P-value 0.001), which was constant with previous findings of (Paoletti et al., 2016).

The drop in haemoglobin concentration begins at levels of creatinine clearance of around 70 ml/min in men and 50 ml/min in women (Hsu, et al., 2002). As a result, the majority of ESRD patients suffer anaemia. In the current study, 88 % of patients have anaemia, defined as Hb 12 mg/dl, with a P-value of 0.512. Many studies have found that a haemoglobin level of 12-13 mg/dl in ESRD patients is related with a better outcome (Regidor, 2006), while a higher haemoglobin level is associated with a higher risk of mortality and arteriovenous access thrombosis (Phrommintikul et al., 2007). The goal haemoglobin level was not reached in the majority of patients due to poor management, blood loss in the dialyzer, and repeated blood sampling, however the basic underlying issue is erythropoietin insufficiency. Sweety et al. (2014) found an association between anaemia and LVH. Anaemic patients have insufficient tissue oxygenation, which is compensated for by increasing blood volume, resulting in an increase in left ventricular mass and assuming an eccentric geometry LVH (Metivier et al., 2000). This finding was consistent with our finding of blood volume in 42 of LVH patients, which was confirmed also by Nasri and Baradaran, 2005. Moreover, their study was confirmed our findings that 40 participants with hypertension had a significant connection between HTN and LVH with P-value of 0.013. Because volume overload is the most common cause of hypertension in ESRD patients (Bellizzi et al., 2006), insufficient clearance of this excess fluid leads to resistant hypertension (Fishbane, et al.,1996). The target blood pressure for adults with CKD is 130/80 mmHg, and for hypertensive individuals without target organ damage is 140/90 mmHg (Chobanian et al., 2003). However, this aim is not met in most patients, resulting in chronic pressure overload of the left ventricle and LVH.

When it comes to volume overload, 15% extracellular volume overload equates to around 2.5 litres of extra fluid in an HD patient (Wabel and colleagues, 2008). As a result, total fluid evacuation during dialysis may not be completed, and normal fluid status may not be achieved even immediately after dialysis. We discovered that 62% of patients were overloaded based on clinical assessment and the presence of lower limb oedema, and that 32 out of 48 patients had LVH (presence of lower limb oedema and shortness of breath does not indicate haemodialysis patients have LVH), but there was no significant relationship between volume overload and LVH P-value 0.238. While Unver et al. found a substantial positive link between hypervolemia and LVH in a study of 97 patients on regular haemodialysis (Unver et al., 2015), and that the presence of lower limb odema and shortness of breath does not mean that haemodialysis patients had LVH. Observational studies have shown that more frequent or longer haemodialysis sessions are associated with proper fluid management and a lower prevalence of LVH (Ly and Chan, 2006). However, another study found that more frequency and longer dialysis did not improve clinical outcome (Slinin et al., 2015).

Significant connection between haemodialysis duration and LVH was found in this study, with P-value of 0.005. Because all patients in this trial have just two- four hrs. sessions per week, they will not achieve their dry weight and will stay hypovolemic even after dialysis, as their Intera-dialytic weight gain will be more than 3 kg between sessions. Foley et al. (2010) investigated whether the incidence of LVH correlates with the length of dialysis in 596 incident haemodialysis patients with no prior history of heart disease. According to the study, 62% of the patients had an elevated LV mass volume index, and 49% of them developed overt LV failure.

Conclusion

We concluded that LVH is common among haemodialysis patients, and that there is a link between age, HTN, and DOD and LVH in this study.

RECOMMENDATION: • Follow up with a nephrologist and a nutritionist on a regular basis to ensure adequate anaemia management during the pre-dialysis phase and after the start of haemodialysis, as well as blood pressure control and prober volume  management.

Before starting haemodialysis, all ESRD patients must have an echocardiogram to see if they have LVH and be treated as high-risk patients.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Our best regards and thanks to the staff member of Gezira Hospital for Renal Disease and Surgery , and our appreciate is extend to the patients who participate in this study.

[mobileblooddrawservices]

Blood Testing Services - Personalized Healthcare

Blood testing services have emerged as a cornerstone of modern healthcare, offering a window into the inner workings of our bodies. With a simple blood sample, these services can provide critical insights into our health, ranging from diagnosing diseases to monitoring treatment effectiveness. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of Blood draw at home services, exploring the wide range of tests available, their significance in healthcare, and how they empower individuals to take charge of their well-being.

The Significance of Blood Testing Services

Blood is a treasure trove of information, carrying vital clues about our health. Blood testing services have gained immense importance for several reasons:

Early Disease Detection: Blood tests can detect diseases and health conditions at an early stage, often before symptoms become apparent. Early detection allows for timely intervention and improved treatment outcomes.

Monitoring Chronic Conditions: For individuals managing chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and thyroid disorders, regular blood tests are essential for monitoring disease progression and treatment effectiveness.

Personalized Healthcare: Blood tests enable personalized healthcare by tailoring treatment plans and interventions based on an individual's unique health markers and needs.

Preventive Care: Blood tests play a crucial role in preventive care, identifying risk factors and enabling lifestyle adjustments to reduce the likelihood of developing certain diseases.

Treatment Guidance: Physicians use blood test results to guide treatment decisions, adjust medication dosages, and assess the impact of treatments.

The Range of Blood Tests

Blood testing services encompass a vast array of tests, each designed to assess specific aspects of health. Here are some common categories of blood tests:

Complete Blood Count (CBC): Measures various components of the blood, including red and white blood cells and platelets, providing insights into overall health.

Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): Assesses essential metabolic functions such as glucose, calcium, and electrolyte levels.

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP): Extends the BMP by including liver and kidney function tests, as well as protein levels.

Lipid Profile: Evaluates cholesterol levels, including LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol, and triglycerides, to assess cardiovascular risk.

Thyroid Function Tests: Measure thyroid hormone levels, helping diagnose thyroid disorders.

Blood Glucose Tests: Assess blood sugar levels, crucial for diagnosing and managing diabetes.

Coagulation Profile: Evaluates the blood's ability to clot, important for monitoring blood thinners and diagnosing clotting disorders.

Hormone Tests: Measure hormone levels, including sex hormones, thyroid hormones, and adrenal hormones.

Infectious Disease Testing: Detects antibodies or antigens for infections such as HIV, hepatitis, and Lyme disease.

Cancer Markers: Blood tests can identify specific markers associated with certain cancers, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring.

Vitamin and Mineral Levels: Assess levels of essential nutrients like vitamin D, vitamin B12, and iron.

The Process of Blood Testing

The process of blood testing typically involves the following steps:

Sample Collection: A trained healthcare professional collects a blood sample, usually from a vein in the arm, using a needle and syringe or a vacuum tube.

Sample Processing: The collected blood is processed in a laboratory to separate the various components for analysis.

Laboratory Testing: Specialized equipment and techniques are used to measure specific markers in the blood sample accurately.

Result Reporting: Test results are reported to the patient and their healthcare provider. Many blood testing services offer online access to results for convenience.

Blood testing services are a cornerstone of modern healthcare, offering a wealth of information about our health and well-being. They enable early disease detection, personalized treatment plans, and preventive care, ultimately empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health. Regular blood testing, in collaboration with healthcare providers, is a powerful tool for maintaining and enhancing one's health throughout life. By understanding the significance of blood tests and their role in personalized healthcare, individuals can embark on a journey toward optimal well-being and longevity.

Certainly, here are some frequently asked questions (FAQs) about blood testing services:

What are blood testing services?

Blood testing services are healthcare facilities or providers that offer a range of tests and analyses using blood samples to assess various aspects of an individual's health, including disease detection, monitoring chronic conditions, and evaluating overall well-being.

Why are blood tests important?

Blood tests are crucial for early disease detection, monitoring chronic conditions, guiding treatment decisions, assessing risk factors, and promoting preventive care. They provide valuable insights into an individual's health.

How is a blood sample collected?

A trained healthcare professional typically collects a blood sample from a vein in the arm using a needle and syringe or a vacuum tube. The procedure is relatively quick and generally causes minimal discomfort.

What types of tests can be performed with a blood sample?

Blood testing services offer a wide range of tests, including complete blood counts, metabolic panels, lipid profiles, thyroid function tests, blood glucose tests, hormone tests, infectious disease testing, cancer marker tests, and vitamin/mineral level assessments, among others.

How long does it take to get blood test results?

The turnaround time for blood test results varies depending on the specific tests conducted and the laboratory's processing time. Some results may be available within a few hours, while others may take a few days.

Are blood test results confidential?

Yes, blood test results are confidential and protected by patient privacy laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Only authorized healthcare professionals and the patient have access to these results.

Can I request specific blood tests?

Yes, many blood testing services allow patients to request specific tests based on their healthcare needs and preferences. You can discuss your testing requirements with the provider or your healthcare practitioner.

How often should I get blood tests done?

The frequency of blood tests depends on your age, overall health, family history, and any specific medical conditions you may have. Your healthcare provider can recommend an appropriate schedule for blood tests.

Do I need to fast before certain blood tests?

Some blood tests, like fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles, require fasting for a specific period (usually 8-12 hours) before the test to obtain accurate results. Your healthcare provider will provide instructions if fasting is necessary.

Are blood tests covered by insurance?

The coverage of blood tests by insurance may vary depending on your insurance provider, policy, and the specific tests being conducted. It's advisable to check with your insurance company to understand the extent of coverage.

Can I access my blood test results online?

Many blood testing services offer online portals or apps where patients can access their test results securely. This provides convenient access to your health information.

How can I find a reliable blood testing service near me?

You can search online for blood testing services in your area, ask your healthcare provider for recommendations, or use healthcare directories to locate nearby facilities. Reading reviews and checking accreditation can help you make an informed choice.

Blood testing services play a crucial role in healthcare by providing valuable information that guides diagnosis, treatment, and preventive care. If you have specific questions about blood testing or require particular tests, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or a trusted blood testing service provider.

Read more at website: http://www.mobileblooddrawservices.com/

[radioactiveradley]

join me in pell (piss hell)

Let's talk kidneys!

Your kidneys are situated:

Inferior to the liver and the suprarenal glands

Superior to the ureters

Anterior to the posterior wall of abdomen and diaphragm

Posterior to the peritoneum (sack with yer guts in it)

Their job is to:

Regulate blood ions (like sodium) and control blood pH

Maintain blood volume (by extracting or conserving water)

Secrete hormones

Excrete toxic waste (urea, ammonia, creatinine…)

Guess what shape they are. Go on, guess.

YEAH THAT’s RIGHt – IT’S BEAN TIME, BITCHEs

[CW: beneath the cut you will find CT images of kidney trauma]

(and here is some very basic anatomy, sketched on… that same bean)

The renal cortex + renal pyramids together form the PARENCHYMA, aka the functional bit of the kidneys (aka where your peepee is made)

But HOW is that peepee made, I hear you cry?

Lemme introduce you to my good friend

The Nephron

The afferent arteriole carries blood to the Glomerulus (which isn’t actually some weird DnD spell – just a knot of arteries surrounded by the Glomerular Capsule!) This arteriole then slims down considerably to form the efferent arteriole. This pressure increase forces loads of waste products and water out of the bloodstream into the glomerular capsule – but the holes in the arteriole wall are too small to release blood cells, plasma proteins, and other large molecules. This part of the nephron is called the ‘corpuscle’ (again, not a DnD spell). It’s where your blood plasma gets filtered!

The arteriole then follows the nephron around its windy path, wrapping around it at several points – notably the proximal/distal convoluted tubules, and the Vasa Recta that runs parallel to the Loop of Henle. To horrifically simplify a complex process, this provides lots of opportunities for secretion (Bad Stuff to be squeezed out of the blood – those dangerous ions and waste products we talked about earlier!) and selective reabsorption (Good Stuff (water) gets squeezed back in). It’s a careful balancing act, orchestrated in part by hormones! The end result (theoretically) is that all the stuff you DON’T want is shlorped into the nephron as urine, and all the water you need is shlorped back into the blood.

Once your kidneys have produced your peepee, it takes a fun rollercoaster ride through a series of ducts and tubes! Collecting duct -> papillary duct -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra -> you know the rest.

Your kidneys produce 180 litres of fluid a day (aka, a hell of a lot) but most of this is reabsorbed in these little nephrons, with water & useful solutes going back into the bloodstream! As a result, you only pee about 1-2 litres a day (though I swear I feel closer to the 180 litres some days)

Because kidneys are SOOOO important (your body does NOT like to be full of urea/ammonia/sodium, or acid!) they’re really, really vascular (lots of blood supply). They receive up to 25% of your resting cardiac output! So, when you’re just chilling, literally 25% of your blood is being gobbled by those hungry, hungry kidneys!

This means the kidney is VULNERABLE TO TRAUMA.

Although kidney trauma can be picked up on Ultrasound, we will take anyone who has suffered abdominal trauma through to CT, as you get better pictures there! We usually use a multiphase protocol – a longer scan, basically – to show us the extent of the injury, with a non-contrast phase (shows calculi clearly), an arterial phase (evaluates any injury to the renal arteries), a nephographic phase (shows renal lesions clearly), and a delayed phase (shows bleeding and injuries to the urinary collection system). Basically, contrast quickly moves to your kidneys from your blood stream, and filters through the collection system – so if we give a bolus of contrast and watch it flood through the renal arteries, then wait a little while, we can see how the kidneys are processing it or if it’s spilling into the surrounding space.

Kidney trauma is graded from 1 (no laceration but a haematoma (bruise) within the kidney capsule) to 5 (kidney torn away from renal vascular system and dying as a result, actively bleeding, structure of kidney shattered). Here’s a grade 5 (Left (looks like the right side of the image)) in comparison to the normal healthy kidney (Right (looks like the left side of the image)). Note the massive visible laceration + huge haematoma!

Loooooads of other stuff can go wrong with your kidneys too – but that’s a whole other post! Which I will make, one day soon, because it's super fascinating!

(Have you ever heard of a stag horn calculus? It will put you off holding onto your pee FOR LIFE. If you're sitting there kinda needing the loo but not going... GO NOW. PLEASE.)l

[hanskinlavina]

How to lose weight conveniently, safely, and quickly

Can't seem to lose weight no matter how much you exercise? Are you afraid of liposuction and not sure if it's safe? Today's product is a Beauty-line solution from the Bijunel series.

Beauty-line solution is a safe lipolysis solution whose main ingredient is L-carnitine.

What is L-carnitine?

Amino acid derivatives

Stored in skeletal and cardiac muscles

Affects heart, skeletal muscle, liver, nerves, and endocrine function

The vitamin B complex carnitine, which contains basic substances produced in the liver, brain, and kidneys, breaks down fatty acids in mitochondria and converts them into energy, helping to promote fat combustion and strengthen muscle exercise.

Who needs to take L-carnitine?

People who lack L-carnitine

People who want to increase weight loss

People who want to improve their athletic ability

People with certain diseases (People with heart disease, diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome)

Treatment Cycle

It is generally recommended to inject the treatment every 1-2 weeks, depending on its purpose.

Should be noted

✦ 01. The suitability of L-carnitine injections for individuals is determined by medical professionals. It should be noted that decisions should be made based on specific requirements and medical history

✦ 02. Before you start a treatment, you should always consult with the doctor first.

Benefits

✦ 01. Decrease in body fat

The most representative efficacy of L-carnitine breaks down fat. It plays a role in promoting the energization of fatty acids, and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety also acknowledged that L-carnitine helps reduce body fat.

✦ 02. Protection of the heart

It is effective in protecting the heart by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation of heart muscle cells. L-carnitine is also used as a treatment for ischemic cardiomyopathy that occurs after myocardial infarction.

✦ 03. Improvement of athletic ability

When taking L-carnitine, it plays a role in improving muscle activity by increasing blood flow.

✦ 04. Blood sugar control

L-carnitine is a protein hormone that plays an important role in metabolism. It is known to help control blood sugar by improving insulin levels.

Real Q&A

✦ 01. Is there an age limit for this procedure?

There is generally no specific age limit for receiving L-carnitine injections. However, it should be noted that the use of L-carnitine injections should be determined on a case-by-case basis and with the guidance of a medical professional. For children or individuals younger than 18 years of age, a pediatrician may evaluate the specific needs, medical history, and potential risks or benefits associated with L-carnitine injections. Alternatively, it is particularly important to consult with your doctor first.

✦ 02. As far as I know, lipolysis components have severe side effects, is it safe?

Yes, Hanchung Medical's beauty line solution is made with only safe ingredients and two ingredients. L-carnitine and deoxycholate, are safe and effective ingredients.

L-carnitine: It transfers fatty acids to mitochondria produces energy through oxidation and burns afterward. It accelerates body fat breakdown because it facilitates the process of transporting fat and uses more fat to generate energy.

Deoxycholate: Deoxycholate is effective in reducing fat and cellulite by activating metabolism and converting fat into a water-soluble form, which is then expelled from the body without steroids.

✦ 03. Does it have skin sagging side effect after lipolysis injections?

It can if lipolysis injections contain steroids. Continuous exposure to steroids can lead to various side effects such as menstrual irregularities, osteoporosis, skin spasms, and skin atrophy, which are dangerous. In addition, the ingredient of general fat-releasing products is PPC, which has a strong fat-releasing effect, while it has many side effects. Typical side effects include hypothermia, decreased skin elasticity, and a long recovery period.

✦ 04. So-called Britney's shot. Is it safe?

The PPC (Polyen Phodphatidy|choline) injection is called the "Britney injection" because it was injected by Hollywood's popular female singer Britney. When fat-dissolving substances extracted from soybeans are injected into fat-rich areas, a substance called deoxycholate activates metabolism. It helps to convert it into water solubility and releases it through sweat, urine, etc. Many plastic surgeons promote PPC injections as safe and simple obesity treatment injections, saying that you can easily select and lose the flesh of the desired area.

Fat Dissolving Injection VS Bijunel Beauty Line Solution VS Liposuction

Decide after you look up the differences between Fat Dissolving Injection, Bijunel Beauty Line Solution, Liposuction

Those who do not want to get a liposuction can try the Bijunel Beauty Line Solution Injection Procedure

Treatment areas

Cheekbone

Thighs

Double chin

Forearm

Abdomen

Thighs

Cheekbones

Just the parts you want! Lightly, slimly, smoothly

What if you felt that normal lipolysis injections had no effect?

Combine these procedures!

Bijunel Beauty line solution Iniection procedure (body) + High frequency

Bijunel Beauty line solution After the injection procedure the process of change

Bijunel Beauty line solution Injection (Face) + In-mode, Shrink

It can be managed with a V-line jawline and a firm and elastic face, and it is to see the combined effect of melting fat by injection and destroying fat cells by in-mod. Each has a different mechanism for reducing fat, so you can expect a better effect when you combine the two than when you combine them with one.

Do you have more questions about Beauty-line solution or want to buy it? Contact us Han's kin 🤩

We look forward to introducing you to more derma products in the future :)

[puppyexpressions]

Hypothyroidism in Dogs: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

When a dog’s thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, a condition called hypothyroidism occurs. Middle-aged and older dogs are most commonly affected. Thyroid hormones help regulate many internal functions, such as metabolism and heart rate. When these hormones are low, vital functions are impaired and symptoms develop. Fortunately, with early detection and treatment, most hypothyroid dogs have a normal life expectancy.

Causes of hypothyroidism in dogs

Lymphocytic thyroiditis, an immune-mediated condition, is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in dogs. It occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys the thyroid gland, resulting in significant inflammation and low hormone production. It is unknown why the immune system decides to attack the thyroid gland, but it is thought to be hereditary.

Hypothyroidism in dogs can also occur due to thyroid gland atrophy. During this process, the functional tissue of the thyroid gland is replaced by fat. Veterinarians also don’t know why this process occurs.

A pituitary gland tumor is another cause, but it is extremely rare. The pituitary gland is located at the base of a dog’s brain and is responsible for secreting thyroid stimulating hormone. In dogs with a pituitary tumor, this process is impaired, and the thyroid gland is not stimulated. Therefore, thyroid hormones are not produced.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism in dogs

Hypothyroidism causes numerous symptoms in dogs, which may include the following:

Weight gain despite a normal appetite

Fat accumulation around shoulders, neck, and hind end

Lethargy

Dull hair coat

Slow hair regrowth

Flaky and/or thickened skin

Patches of alopecia (hair loss)

Slow heart rate

Cold intolerance

Recurrent skin and ear infections

Fertility issues

Reduced tear production (dry eye)

Nerve abnormalities

Dogs with hypothyroidism may have high cholesterol, high fat content and mild anemia on bloodwork.

How to treat hypothyroidism in dogs

Dogs with hypothyroidism require oral supplementation of a synthetic thyroid hormone called levothyroxine. This medication is given daily and is relatively inexpensive. The dose, which is determined by the dog’s weight, may change over time based on his response to treatment. Periodic bloodwork helps the veterinarian assess hormone levels and adjust the dose when necessary. Supplementation is required for the remainder of the pet’s life.

Since hypothyroid dogs are already prone to high cholesterol, switching to a low-fat kibble is beneficial. Omega-3 fatty acids also promote a healthier skin and coat. Your veterinarian can recommend the best type of food to meet your dog’s specific needs.

Life expectancy

Hypothyroidism is not a curable condition. However, most healthy, hypothyroid dogs live long, happy lives with the proper monitoring and treatment. Dogs with additional health issues, such as heart disease or kidney disease, may have shorter lifespans due to the difficulty in managing hypothyroidism alongside concurrent illness.

If left untreated, hypothyroidism results in a poor quality of life, an increased risk of complications and a reduced lifespan. Early diagnosis ensures your pet receives the treatment he needs to be happy and healthy. If you notice any signs of hypothyroidism in your dog, bring him to the veterinarian for evaluation.

[mcatmemoranda]

Doing review questions.

Hyperkalemia is a known side effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers such as olmesartan. The risk of hyperkalemia is increased with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, moderately severe to severe heart failure, NSAID use, and older adults. Chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide can cause hypokalemia.

In men who are diagnosed with hypogonadism with symptoms of testosterone deficiency and unequivocally and consistently low serum testosterone concentrations, further evaluation with FSH and LH levels is advised as the initial workup to distinguish between primary and secondary hypogonadism. If secondary hypogonadism is indicated by low or inappropriately normal FSH and LH levels, prolactin and serum iron levels and measurement of total iron binding capacity are recommended to determine secondary causes of hypogonadism, with possible further evaluation to include other pituitary hormone levels and MRI of the pituitary. If primary hypogonadism is found, karyotyping may be indicated for Klinefelter’s syndrome.

Daily use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution has been found to be more effective than lactulose, senna, or magnesium hydroxide in head-to-head studies. Evidence does not support the use of fiber supplements in the treatment of functional constipation. No adverse effects were reported with PEG therapy at any dosing regimen. Low-dose regimens of PEG are 0.3 g/kg/day and high-dose regimens are up to 1.0–1.5 g/kg/day. Ref: Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, et al: Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: Evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58(2):258-274. 2) Gordon M, MacDonald JK, Parker CE, et al: Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;(8):CD009118. 3) Lauters R, Saguil A: Laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Am Fam Physician 2017;96(7):433-434

Primary hyperaldosteronism should be suspected as a cause for hypertension if a patient has a spontaneously low potassium level or persistent hypertension despite the use of three or more antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic. This can be evaluated by checking a serum renin activity level and a serum aldosterone concentration and determining the aldosterone/renin ratio. Primary hyperaldosteronism typically presents with a very low serum renin activity level and an elevated serum aldosterone concentration. A 24-hour urine collection for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) would be used to evaluate for a neuroendocrine tumor, which can present as chronic flushing and diarrhea. Cortisol levels can be checked if Cushing syndrome is suspected. Hypertension can be present in Cushing syndrome, but it is typically associated with other signs such as obesity and an elevated blood glucose level due to insulin resistance.

Psychogenic tremor is characterized by an abrupt onset, spontaneous remission, changing characteristics, and extinction with distraction. Cerebellar tremor is an intention tremor with ipsilateral involvement on the side of the lesion. Neurologic testing will reveal past-pointing on finger-to-nose testing. CT or MRI of the head is the diagnostic test of choice. Parkinsonian tremor is noted at rest, is asymmetric, and decreases with voluntary movement. Bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability are generally noted. For atypical presentations a single-photon emission CT or positron emission tomography may help with the diagnosis. One of the treatment options is carbidopa/levodopa. Patients who have essential tremor have symmetric, fine tremors that may involve the hands, wrists, head, voice, or lower extremities. This may improve with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol. There is no specific diagnostic test but the tremor is treated with propranolol or primidone. Enhanced physiologic tremor is a postural tremor of low amplitude exacerbated by medication. There is usually a history of caffeine use or anxiety.

Ref: Crawford P, Zimmerman EE: Tremor: Sorting through the differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician 2018;97(3):180-186.

I got 100% on the first quiz! :)

[n-writes12]

A little boy named Mark Sullen, his parents conceived him in the US, but when they were caught without papers, they were sent back to their home country. Mark was put into foster care from age five to ten. They were caught because people in that neighborhood kept reporting a small child around age six was caught near a camp site. They reported he looked malnourished, covered in scraps. People had already been going missing in the town, so authorities were quick to investigate.

When they showed up, it seemed like a nice camp. Three big tents, utensils, water. It was well put together for what little this family had. Behind the came were tubs, blood smear on the side. They assumed it was animal meat because of the 22 leaned up against it.

They would’ve questioned the family, but no one was seemed to be home.

The authorities came back the next day, this time in the morning. The tubs were gone, and the family was back. They quickly found out that these people didn’t speak a lick of English. Collecting their names, they later found out they weren’t legal. Seeing the poor conditions of this child, he was put into the system and the parents were sent back to their country until they got legalized.

Ten-year-old Mark now lives with Jean and Patrick Ridges. He’s gotten little meat on his bone and has learned English, or at least somewhat. Jean loved Mark with all her heart. He was her baby boy. She helped him with school work, cooked his favorite meals, coaxed him through his night terrors. Both of the foster parents knew their son was troubled, but it wasn’t until he was twelve did they noticed.

Jean was in the kitchen, cleaning off the bar. Mark was in the living area, watching TV. She heard her boy giggle, and she smiled to herself. His giggle turned into a laugh. A laugh that continued for a few seconds. She glanced up to see what was so funny.

She chuckled. “What’re you gigglin’ about?” She asked, a teasing edge to her voice.

Mark continued to laugh, and she felt a spike of hurt at his lack of response. She places the rag back down and walks to the couch, seeing Mark laying down. He was clutching his chest, laughing hysterically as tears stream down his rose-tinted cheeks.

He’s laughing, but his hand gripping at his chest showed that he was not enjoying this laughing fit. Concern filled Jean, and she grabs her son, holding him up and trying not to panic. Patrick was at work, so she felt slightly helpless.

“Alright, baby. You gotta get up. I’m gonna take you to the doctor.” She lifted the boy up, but Mark couldn’t walk straight. He stumbled, holding onto his mother as he laughs uncontrollably through his sobs. His tears screamed at her for help.

Upon entering the office, the boy is rushed to a room. The medics take a multitude of tests: thyroid, folic acid level, and the functionality of the boy’s liver and kidney. They evaluate him and soon his laughing ceases when he passes out from exhaustion.

He’s not allowed home.

Week after week he grows worse. His mind clouded by paranoia. He’s unable to read well or even speak. He shakes uncontrollably. As weeks pass he becomes harder and harder to understand. Doctors were debating on just institutionalizing him to free up hospital rooms.

Within twelve months, the boy is bedridden. Left to rot in his tears, laughs, and twitchy body. Doctors have been speculating what might be wrong, but the only thing can think of is something that makes any sane person’s stomach churn in disgust.

Dr. Sens is the one to finally bring it to a conclusion. He brought this forth to the police, who rummaged through reports of the boy’s living condition before foster care. There are pictures. Those tubs in the brought this man’s attention.

They had no food source. People started going missing. Now a boy lays before him with a rare disease steaming from cannibalism. The “coincidence” is uncanny.

It’s hard to look at the poor boy shake as he becomes unable to swallow his food after knowing that the food he once ate was of his own species. Of course, it wasn’t Mark’s fault, but that doesn’t ease the doctor’s nausea.

[manipalhospital1]

What Is A Dual Organ Transplant? When Do You Need A Dual Organ Transplant?

A combined or dual organ transplant is a viable option for those who have suffered multiple organ failures wherein the patient will receive two organs simultaneously during one surgical procedure. A dual organ transplant may usually include a combined liver and kidney transplant or a pancreas and kidney transplant. Whether a liver and kidney transplant or a pancreas and kidney transplant, both organs must be replaced when they fail to function properly. The most common type of dual organ transplant is a kidney-pancreas transplant, which is performed on patients with type 1 diabetes who also have end-stage renal/kidney failure.

When Do You Need Dual Organ Transplant?

When you suffer from end-stage diseases like kidney failure and liver failure associated with comorbidities such as diabetes, congenital defects, autoimmune disorders, chronic infections, or long-term damage from substance abuse, you may have to undergo dual organ transplantation. Some patients may have a genetic predisposition to develop multiple organ failure, while others may experience organ damage as a result of an accident or injury. Patients undergo liver and kidney transplants because their liver and kidney fail to function. Those who have to undergo pancreas and kidney transplantation have kidney failure and suffer from insulin resistance (diabetes) simultaneously. Liver and kidney transplantation is recommended in case of Chronic Kidney Disease and defects in the liver at the same time.

Visit a top multispecialty hospital if you or your loved one needs a dual organ transplant in Old Airport Road. 

What to Expect from Dual Organ Transplant?

There are many advantages of dual organ transplants. Some of these are:

Two Organ Transplants Simultaneously

One of the significant benefits of a dual organ transplant is that you receive two organs simultaneously and do not need to undergo two surgeries separately.

Less Suffering

Undergoing surgery may drain a patient. When two organs are transplanted in one surgery, the patient is relieved from undergoing two surgeries. Thus, a dual organ transplant helps the patient avoid additional surgeries and recover faster.

Long-Term Outcomes

For patients with end-stage organ diseases, a dual organ transplant can greatly improve their quality of life and increase their life expectancy. 

Steps Involved in Dual Organ Transplant

There are different steps involved in the transplantation of various organs.

Kidney and Liver Transplant

To perform kidney and liver transplants together, the patient has to undergo a series of tests and evaluations such as a comprehensive medical evaluation, blood tests, and imaging studies, to determine if they are healthy enough to undergo the transplantation surgery. The liver and kidneys are often received from a deceased donor. The size of the liver must exceed 2% of the recipient's body weight. After the liver implantation, the single kidney is implanted into the right or left of the liver transplantation.

The liver will be transplanted in the following procedure:

The doctor will make an incision in your abdomen.

Blood vessels will be separated from your diseased liver.

The diseased liver will be replaced with a healthy liver.

The blood vessels will be reconnected.

The incision will be closed and the patient will be moved to the recovery room.

To transplant a kidney, the doctor will follow the procedure mentioned below:

The surgeon will place your kidney in the area of the lower abdomen. The new kidney is placed under the existing kidney. The existing kidney is removed if the doctor finds it is cancerous or leads to increased blood pressure.

Kidney and Pancreas Transplant

A simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplant is required when a patient suffers from kidney failure and diabetes and needs a very high insulin dose to control diabetes. Once the doctor confirms that you require a kidney and pancreas transplant through a complete medical assessment, blood tests, imaging tests, etc., you will wait for a donor kidney and pancreas. The doctor will test the compatibility when the donor's kidney and pancreas are available.

During the procedure, the surgeon will place the new kidney below the left side of the abdomen and connects the blood vessels to the kidney. The vein and artery are then connected to the new kidney, and the ureter of the new kidney is also connected to your bladder. After that, the new pancreas is placed below the right side of the abdomen and connects the blood vessels. The kidney and pancreas combined surgery take almost 5 to 7 hours and you may have to stay in the hospital for up to 2 weeks. 

The surgeon will monitor your condition for the next few days after the surgery, whether it is a combined liver and kidney transplant or a kidney and pancreas transplant. If everything is found normal, you will be discharged from the hospital with a post-transplant care module, which includes regular check-ups and monitoring of the function of the new organs. By following these guidelines and taking immunosuppressant medications as prescribed, patients can help ensure the long-term success of their dual organ transplant.

Risks Involved in Dual Transplants

Risks in dual organ transplants depend on the health of the patients. Since your surgeon will monitor your entire health, there is less chance of risk during the surgery. In rare cases, a patient undergoing dual transplant surgery may suffer bleeding, pain, and other infections.

Currently, dual organ transplant has emerged as an effective way for those who have suffered an acute disease. This transplant procedure is recommended when there is no other option left. The organs are received normally from a deceased patient, and you will be on a waiting list until the organs are available.

Consult a nephrologist in Old Airport Road if you require dual organ transplant services. 

FAQs

Name some complications of organ transplant.

Rejection, infection, high blood pressure, and delayed graft function are common complications of organ transplants. 

Which is the most complicated organ to transplant?

Lungs are the most complex organs for transplant as they are more susceptible to infections.

Can two organs be transplanted together?

Yes, two organs can indeed be transplanted together. This procedure is called a combined or dual organ transplant.

[its-wharris]

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[teachingrounds]

Ultrasound is the first imaging modality of choice for imaging transplant kidneys, which can evaluate vasculature and for the presence of hematoma or urinoma. A nuclear renogram can also be performed to assess graft function.

Today's case is a renogram of a patient 4 days post renal transplant with poor urine output. Ultrasound revealed elevated resistive indices. Renogram shows poor perfusion (early images with transplant similar to iliac blood pool), minimal excretion, and persistent cortical retention of tracer throughout the study. Findings may indicate severe ATN, renal artery stenosis, or transplant rejection. This case was likely severe ATN as there was no intervention and graft function recovered.