#Indian payment systems

[newsso]

How to Create UPI ID: A Step-by-Step Guide

How to Create UPI ID: A Step-by-Step Guide

Do you want to know how to create UPI ID? Get all your queries solutions. UPI or Unified Payment Interface is a payment system that allows users to transfer money from one bank account to another instantly. It is a popular payment method in India, and more and more people are using it to make digital payments. To use UPI, you need to create a UPI ID, which is a virtual payment address. In this…

[m-ultraarticles]

Play Store policy breaches to face action

The announcement follows the controversy over its Play Store policies which led to the Competition Commission of India (CCI) directing the tech behemoth to allow third-party payment systems for apps on the Play Store. Google complied with CCI’s direction, allowing developers to start using third-party payment tools for subscription as well as in-app payments. However, it had set a 6 April…

[batboyblog]

Things Biden and the Democrats did, this week #7

Feb 23-March 1 2024

The White House announced $1.7 Billion in new commitments from local governments, health care systems, charities, business and non-profits as part of the White House Challenge to End Hunger and Build Healthy Communities. The Challenge was launched with 8 billion dollars in 2022 with the goal of ending hunger in America by 2030. The Challenge also seeks to drastically reduce diet-related diseases (like type 2 diabetes). As part of the new commitments 16 city pledged to make plans to end hunger by 2030, the largest insurance company in North Carolina made nutrition coaching and a healthy food delivery program a standard benefit for members, and since the challenge launched the USDA's Summer EBT program has allowed 37 states to feed children over the summer, its expected 21 million low income kids will use the program this summer.

The US House passed a bill on Nuclear energy representing the first update in US nuclear energy policy in decades, it expands the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and reduces reducing licensing fees. Nuclear power represents America's single largest source of clean energy, with almost half of carbon-free electricity coming from it. This bill will boost the industry and make it easier to build new plants

Vice President Harris announced key changes to the Child Care & Development Block Grant (CCDBG) program. The CCDBG supports the families of a million American children every month to help afford child care. The new changes include capping the co-pay families pay to no more than 7% of their income. Studies show that high income families pay 6-8% of their income in childcare while low income families pay 31%. The cap will reduce or eliminate fees for 100,000 families saving them an average of over $200 a month. The changes also strength payments to childcare providers insuring prompt payment.

The House passed a bill making changes to the Small Business Administration’s 8(a) program. The 8(a) is an intensive 9 year program that offers wide ranging training and support to small business owners who are socially and economically disadvantaged, predominantly native owned businesses. Under the current structure once a business reaches over 6.8 million in assets they're kicked off the program, even though the SBA counts anything under $10 million as a small business, many companies try to limit growth to stay on the program. The House also passed a bill to create an Office of Native American Affairs at the SBA, in order to support Native-owned small businesses.

The White House and HUD announced steps to boost the housing supply and lower costs plans include making permanent the Federal Financing Bank Risk Sharing program, the program has created 12,000 affordable housing units since 2021 with $2 billion and plans 38,000 additional units over ten years. As well as support for HUD's HOME program which has spent $4.35 billion since 2021 to build affordable rental homes and make home ownership a reality for Americans. For the first time an administration is making funds available specifically for investments in manufactured housing, $225 million. 20 million Americans live in manufactured housing, the largest form of unsubsidized affordable housing in the country, particularly the rural poor and people in tribal communities.

The Department of Energy announced $336 million in investments in rural and remote communities to lower energy costs and improve reliability. The projects represent communities in 20 states and across 30 Native tribes. 21% of Navajo Nation homes and 35% of Hopi Indian Tribe homes remain unelectrified, one of the projects hopes to bring that number to 0. Another project supports replacing a hydroelectric dam in Alaska replacing all the Chignik Bay Tribal Council's diesel power with clear hydro power. The DoE also announced $18 million for Transformative Energy projects lead by tribal or local governments and $25 million for Tribal clean energy projects, this comes on top of $75 million in Tribal clean energy projects in 2023

Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg put forward new rules to ensure airline passengers who use wheelchairs can travel safely and with dignity. Under the planned rules mishandling a wheelchair would be a violation of the ACAA, airlines would be required to immediately notify the passenger of their rights. Airlines would be required to repair or replace the wheelchair at the preferred vendor of the passenger's choice as well as provide a loaner wheelchair that fits the passenger's needs/requirements

The EPA launched a $3 Billion dollar program to help ports become zero-emission. This investment in green tech and zero-emission will help important transportation hubs fight climate change and replace some of the largest concentrations of diesel powered heavy equipment in America.

the EPA announced $1 Billion dollars to help clean up toxic Superfund sites. This is the last of $3.5 billion the Biden administration has invested in cleaning up toxic waste sites known as Superfund sites. This investment will help finish clean up at 85 sites across the country as well as start clean up at 25 new sites. Many Superfund sites are contained and then left not cleaned for years even decades. Thanks to the Biden-Harris team's investment the EPA has been able to do more clean up of Superfund sites in the last 2 years than the 5 years before it. More than 25% of America's black and hispanic population live with-in 5 miles of a Superfund site.

Bonus: Sweden cleared the final major barrier to become NATO's 32nd member. The Swedish Foreign Minster is expected to fly to Washington to deposit the articles of accession at the US State Department. NATO membership for Sweden and its neighbor Finland (joined last year) has been a major foreign policy goal of President Biden in the face of Russian aggressive against Ukraine. Former President Trump has repeatedly attacked NATO and declared he wants to leave the 75 year old Alliance, even going so far as to tell Russia to "do whatever the hell they want" with European NATO allies

[copperbadge]

Do you have any advice on how to get a "charity" to stop sending me mail solicitations? I keep getting mail asking for donations to a Indian School run by Catholics. No idea how I got on their list, but given the history of boarding schools and the Native American people I certainly don't want to giver them money.

The problem is, really, that direct mailings work -- they have something like a 3% return rate but that's still a pretty solid return on investment, so a lot of nonprofits find it worth it to send people mail even when they know they absolutely don't want it. And a lot of nonprofits tend to ignore "do not mail" directives conditionally -- like, they'll "not mail" most of the year but always include the person in annual campaigns, holiday card mailings, etc.

I've written about this before, but it is very difficult to get set up so that you are never, ever, ever mailed by a nonprofit. Having your record completely removed from their database often doesn't even work, because a lot of nonprofits do "list swaps" and if your name is on some other nonprofit's list, you'll go right back into their records the next time they do a swap. So you need to have your record in their system but marked "do not mail ever under any circumstances" and understand that even that will probably be ignored occasionally. Still, you can make the attempt.

So, to start with, the next time you get a donation request, remove the "coupon" part they want you to send back with a payment, write "Please remove me from your mailing list permanently; I do not wish to support your cause" on the coupon, put it in the envelope, and send it. Make sure your name and address are on the coupon somewhere, or write it on there. That envelope will go to someone who works with a database and can mark you "no mail".

If you get mail after that, you'll probably need to call them and ask to speak to someone in data, or in gift processing. Ask to have your record permanently marked "do not mail" and explain that you do not even wish to receive non-solicitation mailings. Politely explain that you do not support their cause and that it is a waste of time for them to solicit you. Make sure that whoever you speak to, you get their name and extension or job title, so that if you receive mail you can tell the next person who you spoke to last time about having it removed. (This tends to signal that you're serious and the added accountability sometimes helps ensure the person really, really marks you no-mail.)

But yeah, into every life a little junk mail must fall. I've been trying to get the local evangelicals to stop sending me mailings with middling success. It's because, unfortunately, direct mail works. :/

[fatehbaz]

In 1913, a year before the Panama Canal was completed, the journalist Frederic J. Haskin wrote that “the conquest of the Isthmian barrier was the conquest of the mosquito.” This was a period when America [had] [...] by 1902 taken control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. [...] The connection between mosquito control and the United States’ imperial conquest can be seen in the work of William C. Gorgas, the Alabama-born Army surgeon who led efforts to eradicate yellow fever and malaria -- both mosquito-borne diseases -- during the first US occupation of Cuba (1898–1902) and was subsequently appointed Chief Sanitary Officer of in Panama. [...] Gorgas claimed that he had “made sanitary discoveries that will enable man to return [...] and again live and develop in his natural home, the tropics.” [...] In particular, the dwellings erected for the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC) conjoined the management of mosquitos with manipulating the interactions between people of different races and social classes. [...]

Gorgas arrived in Panama in 1904 [...]. Gorgas and others saw sanitation work as indistinguishable from the military occupation in Cuba and the success of the canal construction in Panama. [...] Spraying was largely carried out by mosquito brigades, which checked households for compliance [...]. But [...] these brigades also policed the activity of local residents. [...]

---

There was much debate not only about who to enlist to build the canal, but also how to prevent organized resistance and revolt among them. 

As one official testified to the US congress in 1906, “there must be on the Isthmus a surplusage of labor. Otherwise, we will have interminable strikes.” [...] 

Furthermore, rather than one vulnerable workforce, Chief Engineer John Stevens believed that having several different nationalities and ethnicities would be easier to divide and create competition, compelling them to work harder.

In order to do this, the ICC created a segregated, dual payment system: the gold and silver rolls. [...] [W]hite workers from the US were mostly hired for skilled positions and received payment in gold. These “gold-roll” employees could spend leisure time in segregated clubs [...]. West Indians and Black workers from the United States were mostly assigned to the silver roll. [...]

[T]he gold- and silver-roll system constituted an apartheid society, a perverse reincarnation of the contemporary Jim Crow system that was in full effect at the time in the United States. [...]

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Although the ICC offered free housing to all its gold-roll employees, silver-roll employees paid rent. [...] As late as 1910, Galician workers on the silver roll were still living in boxcars ventilated only by a few small punched openings. [...] When West Indians requested basic amenities like blankets and shelter to keep their clothes from being soaked in the rain, the US government responded that they didn’t even need sheds. [...] For white workers [...] Type 13 [housing types] not only features a wraparound screened porch as a circulation space, but also a prominent band of empty space surrounding the enclosed bedrooms [...].

The distinctions associated with the categorical, systematic definition of different domestic architecture for different classes of people follows a history of typology in architecture and criminology that was closely associated with scientific racism, social Darwinism [...]. 

George W. Goethals, who took over as Chief Engineer of the project from Stevens in 1907, responded to requests for mosquito nets and screens for West Indians by repeating a common and racist misunderstanding: “It is generally admitted … [t]hat the colored people are immune.” Yet in 1912, “as many as two-thirds of all West Indians reported sick or required medical attention … [m]ost of them catching malaria several times [...].”

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Structured by prejudice, anti-mosquito architecture allowed malaria to continue spreading while reinforcing racial hierarchies. [...] US imperial concepts about the tropics as a place [...] “[...] divided the civilized, temperate North from the heat, humidity and backwardness of the tropics.” [...] While managing the laborers through their relationship to insects -- and each other -- this low-cost architecture was crucial in the broader effort to turn the Isthmus into an imperial outpost and render the landscape tropical.

---

All text above by: Dante Furioso. “Sanitary Imperialism”. e-flux (Sick Architecture series). May 2022. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me.]

[er-cryptid]

Ancient India and China - Vocabulary

Vedas -- a collection of hymns, chants, ritual instruction, and other religious teachings

Brahman -- a single spiritual power beyond the gods and existing in all things

Moksha -- union with Brahman

Karma -- action and result

Dharma -- personal religious and moral duties

Ahimsa -- nonviolence to all people and things

Siddhartha Gautama -- a Hindu prince -- seeked causes of human suffering

Eightfold Path -- right aspirations -- directs people in achieving moral life goals and enlightenment

Nirvana -- union with the universe

Chandragupta Maurya -- founded the first Indian empire

Asoka -- Chandragupta's grandson

Dowry -- payment to the bridegroom

Shang -- China's first dynasty

Clans -- groups of families -- share a common ancestor

Mandate of Heaven -- divine right to rule

Dynastic Circle -- rise and fall of dynasties

Feudalism -- where lords govern their own land but owed military support to a leader

Zhou Dynasty -- dynasty that established feudalism

Philosophy -- system of ideas

Confucius -- philosopher -- concerned with social order and good government

Laozi -- philosopher -- founded Daoism

Shi Huangdi -- "first emperor"

Qin Government -- Shi Huangdi's government

Hanfeizi -- philosopher -- inspired legalism

Expansionism -- policy of increasing territory

.

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[mariacallous]

Browsing through the official photos of the annual BRICS summit in the Russian city of Kazan last month yields intriguing surprises. In several of them, Russian President Vladimir Putin holds a mock-up banknote featuring the flags of the five core BRICS countries—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Looking at the pictures, one could be forgiven for assuming that the BRICS had just launched a common currency. This is exactly what Moscow would like the world to think as part of its bid to demonstrate that Russia is far from isolated on the global scene.

To the Kremlin’s chagrin, however, things did not go according to plan in Kazan. No BRICS currency was launched, and the official captions to Putin’s pictures do not even mention the banknote. The Kremlin also failed in its efforts to push for the adoption of BRICS Bridge, a financial mechanism that would help the group’s economies bypass Western channels. Interest from other BRICS members was so lukewarm that the scheme did not even make it into the final summit communiqué. Russia is unlikely to stop pressing, however: Developing non-Western financial mechanisms is an almost existential imperative for Moscow—and it highlights how finance has become a new arena for great-power competition.

In Kazan, the Russian summit hosts had a simple goal: to launch as many financial schemes as possible in order to mitigate the impact of Western sanctions on Moscow. Proposals include BRICS Pay (a scheme that would allow visitors from BRICS countries to make payments in Russia); BRICS Clear (an attempt to circumvent Euroclear, Clearstream, and the other Western firms that provide the global infrastructure for trading securities, such as stocks and bonds); BRICS (Re)Insurance (a bid to mitigate restrictions on the provision of insurance for Russian-owned aircraft and ships); a BRICS ratings agency (an alternative to the Western giants Standard & Poor’s, Fitch, and Moody’s); and the BRICS Cross-Border Payments Initiative (a scheme to facilitate payments between BRICS countries in their own currencies, such as the Russian ruble or the Brazilian real).

All five mechanisms matter, but attendees in Kazan quickly understood that Russia cared even more about a sixth scheme—BRICS Bridge. The project’s goal is both simple and ambitious: getting rid of intermediaries for international transactions made with central bank digital currencies (digital coins issued by central banks and stored on mobile phone wallets). To understand BRICS Bridge, picture a long-haul flight between, say, India and Brazil. Instead of having to go through an airport hub (a correspondent bank that is often located in the United States), these systems allow payments to make a direct trip between Indian and Brazilian banks. The benefits of going direct are obvious: Financial transactions do not need to make a stopover in a correspondent bank likely to be located in the United States or go through Swift, the Western-controlled global payment system between banks.

The symbolic dimension of BRICS Bridge is massive. As Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva said in 2023, “Every night, I ask myself why all countries have to base their trade on the dollar. Why can’t we do trade based on our own currencies?” This is not only about countries wondering why they need to settle cross-border trade using the greenback instead of their own currencies. Another aspect of the frustration is linked to the dollar being the currency of choice for issuing sovereign debt, putting developing economies at the mercy of the monetary policy of the U.S. Federal Reserve.

Bypassing Western financial channels also offers a layer of protection against sanctions from G-7 countries and their allies, since in most cases those sanctions only bite if the sanctioned country’s firms use Western currencies or have ties to G-7 economies. This highlights how BRICS Bridge is part of the effort by the West’s adversaries to sanctions-proof their economies by ditching Western currencies (in addition to reverting to old-fashioned barter, Russia now settles around 80 percent of its international trade in non-Western currencies) and building alternatives to Swift (like China’s homemade mechanism, CIPS). Dodging Western financial mechanisms also makes it easier to hide sensitive transactions that could trigger U.S. secondary sanctions, such as Chinese sales of military gear to Russia.

A final advantage of BRICS Bridge has to do with its digital nature. BRICS central banks could easily program a digital mechanism so that it blocks transactions that run counter to their interests or, in extreme scenarios, restricts Western access to their markets. Even short of these scenarios, the digital nature of BRICS Bridge would make it easier for surveillance-heavy dictatorships like Russia or China to track international transactions. By pressing ahead, BRICS economies could also be seeking a first-mover advantage in establishing a digitalized global financial architecture—betting that controlling emerging standards in the sector will enable them to weaponize global finance in the future.

Considering the potential benefits of BRICS Bridge, it may look surprising that Russia’s push for the mechanism’s adoption was met with lukewarm reception in Kazan. Moscow’s initial plans were to trial the scheme in 2025 before fully launching it around 2027. The fact that this timeline now looks unrealistic did not come as an entirely unexpected development for Moscow. A few weeks before the summit, China, India, and South Africa had already skipped a BRICS finance ministers’ meeting that was supposed to talk about the scheme.

The reluctance of other BRICS economies to get on board highlights three reasons why the development of non-Western financial mechanisms is unlikely to prove straightforward.

The first obstacle has to do with BRICS members’ diverging views of the urgency of such plans. At one end of the spectrum, Russia is the most enthusiastic backer of BRICS Bridge; the country has nothing to lose as Western sanctions already restrict its access to Western payments schemes. Other BRICS members are less convinced. China is doing preemptive work to have backup plans in case it were to be cut off from Swift or Western currencies, but it has no interest in ditching the dollar or Western financial channels any time soon. Meanwhile, Brazil’s plans to de-dollarize appear to have more bark than bite. South Africa and India are even less eager to connect to BRICS Bridge; bankers in both countries are uneasy about getting too cozy with non-U.S. financial initiatives for fear of antagonizing their Western partners.

A second factor hindering the development of BRICS Bridge is that the system can work only if all BRICS countries issue their own digital currencies. They are far from that point. Among them, only China has both a pilot digital currency in circulation—the digital renminbi—and the infrastructure in place for cross-border payments—through mBridge, a scheme that appears to have inspired the architecture of BRICS Bridge. (Shortly after the Kazan summit, the Bank of International Settlements, which led the development of mBridge, announced that it was withdrawing from the project after media reports suggested the scheme could help dodge sanctions.) Yet China’s extensive capital controls that restrict cross-border transactions will hamper the global rollout of the digital renminbi, including for use among the BRICS grouping. Without China on board, the mechanism is unlikely to have much global clout.

Basic economic theory highlights a final difficulty. With BRICS countries registering trade imbalances among themselves, it is hard to imagine how, say, Russian oil firms would not end up with huge piles of digital rupees for their sales to India. The issuance of a common BRICS currency would prevent such an issue. However, plans for what has been dubbed the “R5” (a potential joint currency replacing the rand, real, renminbi, ruble, and rupee) or for the “unit” (a potential gold-backed digital currency) can be dismissed as far-fetched for now if BRICS countries cannot even agree on launching BRICS Bridge. This looks a bit like a chicken-or-egg problem: BRICS Bridge is unlikely to launch before the five major BRICS economies have a common digital currency, but launching such a currency is useless if BRICS Bridge is not operational. As long as the BRICS countries do not come to a political agreement on the need for BRICS financial systems, these debates could last for a while.

Should Western policymakers lose sleep over BRICS Bridge? Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has turbocharged the fragmentation of the global trade landscape between geopolitically aligned blocs. It is therefore no surprise that financial systems are becoming increasingly geopolitical, as well. The threat posed by such schemes may be overestimated in the short term, since the dollar and Swift are nowhere near losing their global hegemony. However, we can bet that non-Western financial mechanisms will become more mainstream in the long run, further fueling the fragmentation of the global financial landscape. Perhaps the only certainty is that Russia will continue to pretend that it is successfully leading efforts to launch BRICS financial schemes—even when there are none to write home about for now.

[thestudyiashindi]

Balancing Rights and Welfare.

In India, the Rights and Welfare to own property and the government’s power to take it for public good have often conflicted. This ongoing debate was highlighted in a recent case, Property Owners Association v. State of Maharashtra, decided by the Supreme Court of India. The case focused on an important question: Should private property always be considered something that can serve the entire community? This question is not new; India’s leaders have faced it since the 1970s when socialist ideas inspired changes to the Constitution. Today, the Supreme Court’s decision seeks to balance property rights with public welfare, considering both personal freedoms and the country’s changing needs.

The 25th and 26th Constitutional Amendments for Rights and Welfare

In 1971, the Indian government introduced two important amendments—the 25th and 26th—to support socialist ideals. These amendments aimed to give the government greater control over property to promote fairer distribution of resources. Under the 25th Amendment, the term “compensation” in Article 31 was replaced with “amount,” meaning that the government could pay less than market value when acquiring private land. It also added Article 31C, giving priority to Articles 39(b) and (c) of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), which support the distribution of resources for the common good and prevent wealth from gathering in only a few hands.

The 26th Amendment went further, abolishing special payments to former princes, known as “privy purses.” This helped establish an equal society where everyone could benefit, not just a privileged few. Together, these amendments encouraged a system where the government could control resources to help everyone, especially the less fortunate.

Strengthening Public Welfare Through Articles 39(b) and 39(c)

The changes to the Constitution allowed the government to enforce Articles 39(b) and (c) more strongly. Article 39(b) calls for resource distribution to benefit everyone, while Article 39(c) works to prevent wealth concentration. With the 25th Amendment, the government could acquire land more easily to build schools, hospitals, and other public resources. This amendment prioritised public welfare over individual property rights, which meant the government could take land if it would help a larger number of people.

The Supreme Court Case: Property Owners Association v. State of Maharashtra

Recently, the Supreme Court revisited the question of property rights in the case Property Owners Association v. State of Maharashtra. The case arose from a law passed by the Maharashtra state government in 1986, which allowed the government to take over poorly maintained buildings from landlords and give them to tenants. This was meant to protect tenants from unsafe living conditions. However, landlords argued that this law violated their property rights.

Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, representing the majority of the judges, decided that not all private property could automatically be taken by the government for community purposes. Instead, the Court ruled that only certain types of property could be considered “material resources of the community,” depending on factors like scarcity, necessity, and the benefit to the community. This new approach means that the government can only acquire private property when it clearly serves the community’s interests.

Balancing Rights with Judicial Review on Rights and Welfare.

The Court’s ruling placed limits on the government’s power to acquire private property by strengthening the role of judicial review. Judicial review allows courts to examine government actions and decide whether they are fair and just. Previously, the government could simply claim that a law followed Article 39(b) and avoid judicial review. Now, however, the Court requires a case-by-case examination to ensure the law truly benefits the public and respects property owners’ rights.

Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia, in his dissenting opinion, argued that Parliament should have the final say on what counts as community resources, since elected representatives are responsible for making decisions on public welfare. Meanwhile, Justice B.V. Nagarathna added that personal items, like someone’s clothes or furniture, should never be considered community resources, emphasising the importance of respecting individual privacy.

Socialist Roots and the Shift to a Balanced Approach

The new ruling is a shift from India’s earlier socialist view, inspired by judges like Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer and Justice O. Chinnappa Reddy, who believed that all property could be controlled by the government to benefit society. This older view supported nationalisation and wealth redistribution, but India’s economic direction has since changed. The Court’s ruling acknowledges this shift and supports a welfare model that balances private ownership with public needs rather than focusing solely on socialist ideals.

The judgment also brings in the concept of “intergenerational equity.” This means that today’s property owners have a responsibility to future generations, ensuring that resources are used wisely and are available for the next generation. This idea encourages sustainable development and responsible ownership, aligning with a vision of long-term community welfare.

The Influence of Past Interpretations

The recent judgment also revisits and adapts earlier interpretations of property rights. In the past, Justice Krishna Iyer argued that all essential resources should serve the community and that the government should be able to control them. However, today’s Court chose a more balanced approach, recognising that while public welfare is essential, private property rights are also valuable in a modern, market-driven economy. This change reflects India’s growth from a strictly state-controlled economy to a mixed one that respects both private and public interests.

The Case’s Broader Socio-Economic Impact

This ruling comes at a time when India balances socialism with capitalist growth. After independence, the government often took over private industries to build a state-led economy. Over time, however, private investment has become essential to the nation’s economic growth. This Supreme Court ruling supports this new approach, respecting both community needs and private investment.

For property owners, the ruling offers protection, assuring them that their land cannot be taken without reason. It encourages a stable environment for people and businesses to invest without fearing that the government will take away their property unfairly. For the government, it means any property acquisition must be justified as genuinely benefiting the public.

The Continuing Story of Property Rights

This case reminds us of Saeed Akhtar Mirza’s film Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho, where the character Mohan Joshi fights for his right to live in a safe home despite his landlord’s neglect. Like in the film, this legal battle has gone on for decades, with both landlords and tenants waiting years for a decision. Although the nine-judge bench’s decision offers clarity, it leaves some questions open, as another bench will decide if the 1986 law is constitutional.

The judgment illustrates how the law can help people while also respecting personal property rights. It shows that both sides—property owners and the government—can be protected through fair laws.

Future Implications of the Judgment

The Supreme Court’s judgment has several long-term implications for both property owners and the government. First, it reinforces the right to private property, establishing that private ownership is not only constitutionally protected but also respected within the legal framework. For property owners, this judgment is a form of protection, as the government must now follow clear guidelines and provide fair compensation if it wishes to acquire private property​.

For India’s investment climate, this judgment is also significant. By protecting property rights, the Court has created a stable environment for investors. This move encourages individuals and companies to invest in private property without the fear of sudden, unjust acquisition by the state. As a result, this judgment can have a positive impact on India’s economy, supporting both domestic and foreign investments.

Conclusion

India’s journey with property rights reflects a continuous search for balance. The 25th and 26th Amendments gave the government greater control for public welfare, but today’s Supreme Court decision adds important safeguards for individuals. By allowing the government to take property only when it serves the community and compensating owners fairly, The Property Owners Association v. State of Maharashtra judgment protects both individual rights and public welfare. It represents a new direction in Indian constitutional law, rejecting a one-size-fits-all approach to eminent domain, and emphasising the importance of fairness and justice in government policies. This judgment is a milestone that reflects India’s evolving socio-economic landscape. It sets a guiding example for future cases, helping India grow as a country where personal responsibility and community needs are respected. As India develops, this balanced approach supports a vision of fairness and inclusion, ensuring that both private rights and public welfare are equally valued in the nation’s future.

[lavanyamuj00058]

History of Finance in India

The Evolution of Financial Management in India and Its Impact on the Economy

India’s financial management history is a fascinating journey that has significantly shaped its economy. Let’s explore this evolution in simple terms.

Early Beginnings

Financial management in India has ancient roots. Historically, India was known for its rich in nature trade and commerce. Ancient texts like the Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, provide insights into early financial practices, including taxation and statecraft.

Colonial Era

The British colonial period brought significant changes. The establishment of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in Kolkata 1935 marked a pivotal moment. The RBI became the sole central authority for regulating the country’s currency and credit systems. However, the financial system was primarily designed to serve colonial interests, focusing on trade and revenue and tax collection.

Post-Independence Reforms

After gaining independence in 1947, India faced the challenge of building a robust financial system. The government nationalized 13 major banks in 1969 to ensure financial inclusion and support economic development. This move aimed to extend banking services to rural areas and promote savings and investments.

Liberalization in the 1990s

The 1991 marked a turning point with economic liberalization. The government introduced reforms to open up the economy, reduce state control, and encourage private sector participation. The Multi National Companies across the globe were invited, encouraged to set up their businesses in India for cheap labour. To initiate this government also provided tax benefits to these companies.

These reforms led to significant growth in the financial sector. The stock market expanded, and new financial instruments like mutual funds and insurance products became popular. The liberalization era also saw the establishment of regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to oversee the capital markets.

Digital Revolution

In recent years, digital technology has revolutionized financial management in India. Initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana aimed to provide banking services to every household. The introduction of UPI or Unified Interface payments made transaction so quick and safe that today India is the largest country with the most number of online P2P and P2M transactions.

Impact on the Economy

The evolution of financial management has had a profound impact on the Indian economy:

Economic Growth: Financial reforms have fueled economic growth by attracting investments and promoting entrepreneurship. 

Financial Inclusion: Nationalization of banks and digital initiatives have improved financial inclusion. The number of users of credit cards, online payments, loans and Bank account holders has increased significantly.

Stability and Regulation: The establishment of regulatory bodies like the RBI and SEBI has ensured stability and transparency in the financial system. 

Innovation: The digital revolution has spurred innovation in financial services. Mobile Banking, Digital loans and Online Serices has made the work easier and efficient.

 Conclusion

The history of financial management in India is a story of transformation and resilience. From ancient practices to modern digital innovations, each phase has contributed to shaping the economy. As India continues to evolve, its financial system will play a crucial role in driving sustainable growth and development.

[spider-xan]

I haven't really seen any posts circulating much about this today, which is understandable between Lebanon being invaded and the hurricane in Appalachia, but today is the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation - not that this evil genocidal government has done anything to actually improve the lives of Indigenous peoples or stop their ongoing genocide here in so called 'Canada' while actively sending bombs to commit other genocides at the same time - and I know most people don't have much money to spare and there are a lot of causes that need donations right now, but if you are a settler in 'Canada' - not just the white ones, most POC are also settlers unless you are Indigenous or descended from enslaved Africans - you should at least donate to the Indian Residential Schools Survivor Society as a form of reparations or rent payment, not charity, at the very least, seeing as today was originally Orange Shirt Day to mourn the children who were murdered and abused in the residential school system.

[priyadharshinigamer]

Can You Play Real Money Ludo Games for Free?

Ludo, a traditional board game, has seen a remarkable transformation in India with the emergence of real-money Ludo apps. These platforms have elevated the game by introducing competitive play and the chance to win actual cash, making it a popular choice among users.

This article aims to highlight the premier Ludo money-earning app in India for 2024, providing a comprehensive review of its functionalities, advantages, and potential for earnings.

Exploring Ludo Money-Earning Apps

App like Zupee has reinvented the classic Ludo game, offering a way to earn money through various game modes like multiplayer contests and tournaments. Players can win cash based on skill and a bit of luck. The incorporation of features like secure payments, a variety of game options, and social elements has enriched the user experience, offering a modern twist to the age-old game.

The combination of enjoying a nostalgic game while also having the chance to win money has fueled the popularity of these apps, particularly in the diverse Indian market.

Evaluating Ludo Money-Earning Apps

Choosing the finest Ludo earning app requires considering several aspects that influence both user satisfaction and earning potential. Essential criteria include:

User Experience: An app must provide an easy-to-use interface, smooth navigation, and consistent gameplay.

Rewards: The value and regularity of rewards, such as cash prizes and bonuses, play a critical role in the app's appeal.

Security and Reliability: Ensuring user data and transactions are safe is paramount, necessitating robust security measures.

Customer Support: Efficient and readily available customer service is crucial for addressing any concerns.

Introducing India's Premier Ludo Earning App for 2024

After a thorough review, the leading Zupee Ludo earning app for 2024 distinguishes itself with an outstanding user interface, lucrative reward scheme, and top-notch security protocols. It caters to all kinds of Ludo fans through various gaming modes like rapid matches and tournaments. Key highlights include the provision for immediate money withdrawals, round-the-clock customer service, and frequent enhancements to both gaming experience and security.

This app's dedication to fairness and user enjoyment, backed by numerous positive reviews and testimonials, demonstrates its effectiveness in delivering a rewarding and enjoyable Ludo playing experience.

User Feedback and Success Stories

The app's reliability and entertainment value are underscored by the positive experiences shared by its users. Many appreciate the intuitive design, fast payout process, and the excitement of competing for real cash. This feedback reinforces the app's status as a top choice for online Ludo play in India.

Getting Started with the Premier Ludo Earning App

To begin earning real money through Ludo, users should:

Install the app from its official site or the app store.

Register by providing some basic information.

Go through any available guides to understand the app's functionalities and game strategies.

Start engaging in real-money Ludo games, taking full advantage of the app's features to boost earnings.

Emphasizing Safety and Security

Given the financial stakes, it's critical to prioritize safety. The leading Ludo earning app employs advanced security measures, such as encryption and anti-fraud systems, safeguarding personal and financial information. Users are also advised to practice secure online behaviors, like using robust passwords and avoiding phishing scams.

Conclusion

The top Ludo earning app in India for 2024 perfectly marries fun, competitive spirit, and the opportunity to win real money, setting a new benchmark for online gaming platforms. Its user-centric design, attractive payouts, and strict security policies make it the optimal choice for anyone looking to enjoy Ludo and earn money simultaneously. With ongoing improvements and updates, the app promises an exciting and lucrative future for Ludo enthusiasts, making now the ideal time to explore and begin playing.

[udyamapos]

Best Billing Machines in India

Effectiveness in transactions is essential in the busy realms of commerce and retail. Billing machines, a crucial tool in this process, have advanced significantly over time, with UDYAMA POS setting the standard in India. This article highlights UDYAMA POS's ground-breaking position in the industry while examining the innovations, customer satisfaction, and variety of (Best Billing Machines in India) that are supplied. (Best Billing Machines in Delhi) are essential for streamlining billing processes because they provide cutting-edge functionality catered to various corporate requirements. The choice of billing machines can have a big impact on revenue creation and productivity for businesses of all sizes, from small merchants to multinational corporations.

Considering the Value of Billing Equipment

Competent billing is the foundation of any flourishing company. For any type of business—retail, dining, or service—accurate and timely invoicing is essential to preserving both the company's finances and its reputation with clients. This procedure is automated using billing machines, which streamlines transactions and lowers the possibility of errors. Contemporary billing machines enable organizations to improve operational efficiency and concentrate on their core competencies by providing functions such as inventory management, sales analysis, and tax calculation.

Essential Factors to Take-into-Account:

Creative Software for Billing:

Linked billing software is the cornerstone of modern billing systems. Look for systems with powerful reporting features, user-friendly interfaces, and customizable invoice templates. These features simplify the process of creating invoices and provide useful information on sales patterns and inventory management.

Choices for Internet Access:

In today's networked environment, billing machines with several connectivity options are more versatile and easy. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi enabled devices facilitate seamless communication with other corporate systems, allowing for real-time data synchronization and remote management.

Reliable Payment Processing:

Security is essential while processing financial transactions. Choose billing machines with robust encryption features and PCI-compliant payment processing services installed. This ensures the confidentiality and integrity of client data while lowering the risk of fraud and data breaches.

Design compactness and portability:

Small, portable billing devices are ideal for businesses with limited space or that are mobile. Look for portable devices with long-lasting batteries and sturdy construction. This simplifies invoicing in a number of contexts, including shop counters and outdoor events.

Possibility of Development and Enhancement:

Invest in scalable and easily upgraded invoicing solutions to accommodate future business growth and changing needs. Modular systems with interchangeable parts facilitate the easy integration of additional features as your business expands.

UDYAMA Point of Sale Advantages

The Indian billing machine market has seen a radical transformation thanks to UDYAMA POS's state-of-the-art technology and customer-focused mentality. A selection of models designed to satisfy particular business needs are available from UDYAMA POS. These approaches have improved the checkout experience for customers while also increasing operational efficiency.

There are many different types of billing machines available on the market, ranging from sturdy desktop models for high-volume organizations to portable devices for transactions while on the go. Every kind has distinctive qualities designed for particular commercial settings, which emphasizes how crucial it is to choose a machine that fits your operational requirements.

Features of a Billing System to Take-into-Account

Durability, connectivity choices, and convenience of use are important factors to take-into-account when selecting a billing machine. A machine that performs well in these categories can significantly improve business operations by facilitating faster and more dependable transactions.

 (Best UDYAMA POS Billing Machine) Models

A range of models that are notable for their cost, dependability, and functionality are available from UDYAMA POS. With the help of this section's thorough analysis of these best models, you can make an informed choice depending on your unique business needs.

How to Choose the Right Invoicing Equipment

When choosing a billing machine, it's important to evaluate your company's needs, budget, and the features that are most important to your daily operations. This guide provides helpful guidance to assist you in navigating these factors.

Benefits of Changing to a Modern Billing System

Modern billing systems, such as those provided by UDYAMA POS, can greatly improve customer satisfaction and efficiency. The several advantages of performing such an upgrade are examined in this section, ranging from enhanced client satisfaction to streamlined operations.

Advice on Installation and Upkeep

Making sure your billing machine is installed correctly and receiving routine maintenance is essential to its longevity and dependability. Important setup and maintenance advice for your new gadget is included in this section.

Field Research: UDYAMA POS Success Stories

The revolutionary effect of UDYAMA POS billing devices on businesses is demonstrated by actual success stories from the retail and hospitality industries. These case studies demonstrate how businesses have benefited from increased customer satisfaction and operational efficiency thanks to UDYAMA POS technology.

All products in the Billing Machine are:

(Handy POS Billing Machine)

(Android POS Billing Machine)

(Windows POS billing Machine)

(Thermal Printer Machine)

(Label Printer Machine)

Enhancing Efficiency with Best Billing Machines in India:

The adoption of the (best billing machines in Noida) has revolutionized the way businesses manage their finances. These advanced solutions offer a myriad of benefits, including:

Simplified Billing Procedures: By automating invoice generation and payment retrieval, billing procedures are made more efficient and less prone to human error and delay.

Enhanced Accuracy: Up-to-date billing software guarantees precise computations, removing inconsistencies and billing conflicts.

Improved Customer Experience: Easy and quick transactions increase client happiness and loyalty and encourage recurring business.

Real-Time Insights: Rich reporting tools offer insightful information on inventory control and sales performance, facilitating well-informed decision-making.

Observance of Regulatory Mandates: Pre-installed compliance tools guarantee that financial reporting requirements and tax laws are followed, lowering the possibility of fines and audits.

Frequently Asked Questions:

Are billing systems appropriate for all kinds of companies?

Absolutely! Billing machines come in various configurations and are tailored to suit the needs of diverse businesses, from small retailers to large enterprises.

Can billing devices accept several forms of payment?

Yes, most modern billing machines support multiple payment options, including cash, credit/debit cards, mobile wallets, and online payments.

How frequently should the software on billing machines be updated?

It's recommended to update billing machine software regularly to ensure optimal performance, security, and compatibility with the latest regulations and technologies.

Do billing machines need to be connected to the internet?

While internet connectivity is not mandatory for basic billing operations, it may be necessary for accessing cloud-based features, software updates, and remote management capabilities.

Is it possible to link accounting software with billing machines?

Yes, many billing machines offer integration with popular accounting software packages, facilitating seamless data transfer and reconciliation.

Are POS terminals easy to use?

Most billing machines are designed with ease of use in mind, featuring intuitive interfaces and straightforward setup processes. Training and support are typically provided to ensure smooth adoption and operation.

UDYA MA POS, a business renowned for its wide range of products, innovative solutions, and happy clients, is the result of searching for the (best billing machines in India). Considering how organizations are always changing, choosing the right billing system is essential. Thanks to its commitment to quality and innovation, UDYAMA POS is a leader in the billing machine industry, ensuring that transactions will become more streamlined, dependable, and fast in the future. The strategic decision to invest in the (top billing machines in Gurgaon) could have a significant effect on businesses of all kinds. These innovative solutions help organizations thrive in the present competitive market by streamlining billing processes, increasing precision, and providing insightful data.

Regardless of the size of your business, selecting the correct billing equipment is critical to increasing productivity and spurring expansion.

Visit the website for more information: www.udyamapos.com

[beardedmrbean]

Helsingin Sanomat carries an editorial on the ongoing government formation talks at the House of the Estates, and their likely impact on trade unions.

HS says that the four right-wing parties engaged in coalition talks have some big disagreements, primarily on immigration and climate change, but there is a consensus on labour market reforms.

Finland's generous income-linked unemployment benefits face a shakeup, according to HS, with payments set to be tapered. That means they will be higher at the start of a stretch of unemployment, but reduce over time as the two-year-eligibility period expires.

The National Coalition Party also wants to eliminate the tax deduction for trade union membership fees, effectively making membership of trade unions more expensive.

HS suggests that the intention is to push union members to join YTK, a fund that offers eligibility for unemployment benefits but does not negotiate pay rises for members or offer many of the other services that come with union membership.

That would weaken the trade unions' voice in society, says HS, likely prompting protests and a vote for the left in the next parliamentary elections — thereby increasing polarisation and features of a two-party system in Finland.

That said, HS warns that a new government is still some way off, and even if it is formed it might not last the distance due to dissent among the ranks of government parties.

Foreign students seeking work

Kauppalehti reports on a hot topic: foreign graduates looking for work. The paper focuses on those from India, interviewing two students hoping to stay in Finland after they finish their degrees.

India has a surplus of workers, says KL, meaning the government there is very happy for young people — even highly educated people — to seek higher incomes and a better life abroad.

The Indians interviewed for the story say they love Finland. India's pollution, corruption and "difficult atmosphere" weigh heavily on their minds, and they love the Finns' peaceful nature and the quality of life obtainable in Finland.

Back in India, one is a university teacher and the other manages a factory. But they are not so optimistic that they expect to find work in their fields in Finland.

One studying business administration says she'll do any work anywhere in the Nordic country, while the factory manager says he is considering driving a truck because he has the licence and it does not require Finnish language skills.

The stats are against them. Finland ranks fourth in the European Union for graduate employment, among graduates from outside the European Economic Area. But that still means only 13 percent of graduates from outside Europe get a job.

KL says that the job search is different in Finland.

"In India jobs are found through networks, but in Finland jobs are generally filled via application processes and according to [candidates'] merits," said KL.

That may come as a surprise to researchers who found recruiters discriminated extensively against those with foreign names.

Speeding fine

Ilta-Sanomat has a classic Finnish story: the quirky news report picked up internationally and then reported through the prism of the foreign news desk interpretations.

Anders Wiklöf, a shipping magnate from Åland, has received a humongous fine for speeding. He was clocked at 82 km/h in a 50 km/h zone, and was fined 121,000 euros.

That's because Finland has a system of income-linked fines for some offences, and Wiklöf's income is pretty high.

The penalty sounds pretty tough to foreign ears, however, and IS notes that the story was covered by The Guardian, the Daily Mail, ABC News and even AS, in Spanish.

The tabloid neglects to credit the original source, however. That appears to be the Aland outlet Nya Åland, which reported the fine two days ago.

Wiklöf had told the paper that he regretted the fine, and had just not slowed down enough when the speed limit changed. He did have a request for those handling his contribution to public coffers, though, suggesting that he has followed government formation talks closer than some.

"I have heard that they are planning to cut 1.5 billion euros from healthcare spending in Finland, so I hope my contribution can fill a gap there," Wiklöf told Nya Åland. "Ideally I'd like it to be earmarked for that purpose."

[mourning-again-in-america]

got bit by the equity bug while reading Ward v Love County. in it, Indians in Oklahoma had been pressured to pay a tax on lands that had been previously designated as tax-exempt by Congress (tho the exemption had been lifted by Congress, it was decided by the Court that the tax-exempt status was a property right, and so could not be arbitrarily destroyed as easily as it was created without issues of the Takings Clause). this pressure came in the form of agents of the county threatening the Indian plaintiffs to pay the tax or face the sale of their land to pay the tax plus an 18% penalty. by the time the case was at the Court, some Indian land had already been confiscated by the county and sold for the payment of the tax.

obviously, this could not stand and the Court made short work of the theory that the Indians who paid the tax while challenging it in court to prevent the sale of their lands had paid the tax voluntarily and were thus not entitled to return of the money they had paid in tax, after the Court found that the lands in question were in fact tax exempt.

it's a bit of an odd procedural posture, right. normally you'd expect that if so threatened with the sale of their land while their objections to the payment were pending, they could have gotten an injunction preventing the seizure and sale of the land by county or state officials, but i suspect that there could be some on-the-ground bit of Indian law that I didn't get; maybe fedcourts in 1910 would be unlikely to grant such an injunction but courts in 1920 would be more likely to. also the attitude towards such a thing was likely different in their days.

the question in the casebook that bothers me is, "What is the positive law justification for the refund of the monies taken by the county unlawfully under a theory of taxation which did not hold up when challenged in court?"

and, fuck. i like to think of myself as a positivist. but the Court is right and I am also not sure of the textual justification for such a thing!

but that's just one of those things about equity, right? i sure think so. it seems plain that the threat of coercion (established in the majority opinion) to compel payment of unlawful tax obviously has the remedy of refund, under any civilized system. but where is it listed? there is no Codex of Equity!

to take the Indian question out of the case, suppose firefighters called me up "just to make sure I was planning on paying my municipal taxes" and implied that if i didn't donate to the fire department in those taxes, then the fire department wouldn't come to save my house.

suppose one of my friends wanted to test the proposition, so he did not pay, his house went up in flames, he called the fire department, and they show up an hour later (when the average time for them to show up is say 5 minutes). if i then "donate" to the fire department while challenging the implied coercion in the "donation" system just to keep my house from burning down, then surely I have a right to collect back the "donation" if I win, right? but WHY? i don't know it just seems right! is that just how equity be?

[pratibha191]

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[back2lol-blog]

The Importance of IFSC Codes in Indian Banking

The Indian Financial System Code, commonly referred to as IFSC or Indian Financial System Code, is an eleven-character alphanumeric number that uniquely identifies bank branches and their associated NEFT or RTGS codes. This system was created by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

These IFSC codes are essential for Indian banking as they enable all online transactions such as the National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT), Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) and Immediate Payment Service (IMPS). Not only do these IFSC codes prevent errors from occurring but they make transfers quicker and smoother too.

Identifying a Bank Branch

The Importance of IFSC Codes in Indian Banking

The Indian Financial System Code (IFSC) is an 11-character alphanumeric code used by banks to identify their branches across India. This unique system ensures funds are directed correctly to the right bank branch within each nation.

IFSC codes are essential for many reasons, such as speed and efficiency, enhanced security, and nationwide coverage. Furthermore, they make online money transfers simpler which benefits both parties involved in the transaction.

The IFSC (International Financial System Code) is an eleven-character alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies each bank branch. This code is utilized by NEFT, RTGS and IMPS systems to guarantee funds transfer to their intended destination. Furthermore, IFSC codes enable tracking transactions which helps reduce errors and fraudulence.

Identifying a Beneficiary Account

Bank IFSC codes are 11-character identification numbers which uniquely identify every bank branch in India participating in the NEFT, RTGS and IMPS payment systems. These help banks settle and validate transactions quickly between branches by expediting settlement processes.

IFSC codes simplify paperwork and enable individuals and organizations to transfer funds online without visiting a branch, saving banks valuable time, effort, and manpower.

If you need to look up an IFSC code, there are various resources such as the Reserve Bank of India website that can be utilized. Nevertheless, it's wise to double-check its accuracy with the relevant bank before transferring funds elsewhere.

Indian banking relies heavily on IFSC codes. They guarantee your money is transferred to its intended beneficiary promptly and efficiently, making IFSC codes essential when doing online transfers or using services like net banking.

Identifying a Bank Account

The IFSC code is a unique identification that's needed when transferring funds online through various methods such as National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT), Real Time Gross Settlements (RTGS), Immediate Payment System (IMPS) and Unified Payment Interfaces (UPI). Additionally, this helps identify a beneficiary account by providing their bank details.

It is essential to comprehend that an IFSC code consists of eleven alphanumeric characters, consisting of letters, numbers and symbols. The first four characters represent a bank name while the last six are either numbers or letters representing branch codes.

Indian banking relies heavily on IFSC codes, which are used to uniquely identify each bank branch. You may find IFSC codes on various documents like cheque books and account statements.

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IFSC codes are an integral component of modern banking when transferring funds online. They identify the bank branch where your account is registered for NEFT, RTGS and IMPS transactions.

When sending money overseas or within India, the recipient's IFSC code is essential for smooth processing. To locate this number, check their cheque book or passbook.

An IFSC code is an 11-digit number issued by the Reserve Bank of India to all Indian banks and their branches. The initial four characters identify the bank, while the following six correspond to a particular branch.