#Hunga Tonga

[b-e-l-l-a--l-u-n-a]

♥ I realized "we" finally happened right around volcano #Tonga waking up. It was the largest volcanic explosion ever seen from space. ♥

To me, your presence has been this kind of life changing. You helped me wake, change and grow with your warm, mysterious, powerful love.

I now move past limiting beliefs and fears and welcome new strength and healing. Love is a force of our soul, much like a volcanic force of nature. 🌋 Beauty and the Beast.

LOVE hard & Experience all you can.

~Essence

💙🌹🌋💜

[oregoncoastfox]

I said this in the comments but I think it also deserves a full reblog: in late 2021-2022 the volcano Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai erupted and blasted an unprecedented amount of water into the upper atmosphere. Water vapor is one of the strongest greenhouse gasses, and as a result we're going to be dealing with hot summers for the rest of the decade or so, but it's not humanity's fault and there's nothing we could've done to prevent it.

https://www.nasa.gov/earth/tonga-eruption-blasted-unprecedented-amount-of-water-into-stratosphere/

https://research.noaa.gov/2023/12/20/hunga-tonga-2022-eruption/

[merelygifted]

Record-breaking Tonga volcano disrupted satellite signals in space | Space

The January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption continues to astound.

An underwater volcanic eruption last year was powerful enough to generate plasma bubbles that disrupted radio communications in outer space, a new study finds.

The new results could lead to ways to avoid satellite and GPS disruptions on Earth, and to learn more about volcanoes on alien worlds, scientists added.

In January 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcano — a large, cone-shaped mountain located near the 169 islands of the Kingdom of Tonga in the South Pacific — erupted with a violent explosion. The outburst generated the highest-ever recorded volcanic plume, one reaching 35 miles (57 kilometers) tall, and triggered tsunamis as far away as the Caribbean. All in all, the eruption was the most powerful natural explosion in more than a century...

[informationatlas]

The violent eruption a few hours ago of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai volcano captured by satellites GOES-West and Himawari-8.

via Wonder of Science

[memenewsdotcom]

Tonga volcano eruption causing 2023 heat

[2t2r]

Des images satellites de l' éruption du volcan Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai

Nouvel article publié sur https://www.2tout2rien.fr/l-eruption-du-volcan-hunga-tonga-hunga-haapai/

Des images satellites de l' éruption du volcan Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai

[xtruss]

Tonga 🇹🇴 Volcano Sparked the Most Intense Lightning Storm Ever Recorded

Last year’s eruption produced a raging storm at unprecedented altitudes, with 2,600 lightning flashes per minute at its peak

— Will Sullivan, Daily Correspondent | June 27, 2023 | Smithsonian Magazine

A photo of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruption taken on December 24, 2021, before the biggest eruption on January 15, 2022. Tsunamis caused by the eruption killed at six people in Tonga and Peru and displaced more than 1,500 people on Tongan islands. Maxar via Getty Images

On January 15, 2022, the underwater Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano blew its top in a massive eruption, propelling a giant plume of ash and gas beyond the stratosphere. It was the largest recorded eruption since 1991, when Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines.

Now, researchers say the 2022 eruption prompted the most intense lightning rates ever recorded, per a new study published last week in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. At its peak, the raging lighting storm produced 2,600 flashes per minute.

The scientists also detected lightning as high as an estimated 12 to 19 miles above sea level. Previous research elsewhere has only recorded lighting up to roughly 11 miles above sea level, according to the study.

“We’ve never seen anything like this sheer rate of lightning before—and at such high altitudes,” study co-author Alexa Van Eaton, a volcanologist at the U.S. Geological Survey, tells Space.com’s Keith Cooper.

“This is a fascinating study and shows how the Tongan eruption influenced the Earth system in ways that you might not immediately associate with a volcanic explosion,” Sam Purkis, a geologist at the University of Miami who did not contribute to the research, tells the Washington Post’s Kasha Patel.

Located near the islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha’apai in the South Pacific Ocean, the volcano started spewing ash on December 19, 2021. But its activity peaked with the cataclysmic eruption on January 15, resulting in tsunamis that caused the deaths of four people in Tonga and two people in Peru, the Guardian’s Nicola Davis wrote in April. The tsunamis also displaced more than 1,500 people on Tongan islands, and the eruption impacted over 80 percent of Tonga’s population.

The volcanic plume shot out of the ocean and reached a height of at least 36 miles above sea level. At its most intense moments, the volcano spewed out material at a rate of about 11 billion pounds per second—that’s the weight of more than 15 Empire State Buildings every second.

“It was clear right away that this was going to be a showstopping scientific event,” Van Eaton tells the Washington Post. “It’s several orders of magnitude larger than anything we’re used to looking at … This eruption clearly was going to teach us something new.”

Since last year’s eruption, scientists have been studying the event and adding to an ever-growing list of ways it made history. The volcano increased the amount of water vapor in the stratosphere by 5 percent, one study found. And that massive amount of water vapor could trap enough heat to temporarily warm Earth’s surface, according to another study.

For the new paper, the researchers examined records of the eruption from satellites and ground-based radio antennas. When viewing satellite imagery of the blast, they watched the volcanic plume rise and spread outward. Surprisingly, the lightning flashes also spread outward in four concentric rings, which matched the four phases of the eruption, writes Space.com.

Researchers had previously identified lightning in this circular pattern, but this was the first time they spotted multiple lightning rings.

Lightning, which is caused by an imbalance of electrical charges, occurs during volcanic eruptions when bits of ash brush against each other, creating charged particles, and similarly, when ice particles become charged.

“It may be that larger particles were going one direction and smaller particles were going in another, and that helped create the charge separation that leads to electrical discharges,” Van Eaton tells the Washington Post.

Researchers theorize that the lightning storm was so strong because of the eruption’s intensity, the rapid expansion of the ash plume and the large amount of vaporized seawater in the plume.

The volcanic plume may also be to blame for the high-altitude flashes: It could have raised the air pressure, leading the lightning to occur so high above sea level, Van Eaton tells Science News’ Skyler Ware. At the typical low air pressures at higher altitudes, it’s more difficult to form the channels of plasma that are necessary for lightning, according to the paper.

On top of all the existing evidence for how powerful and unusual this eruption was, the study demonstrates another way that the volcano led to unexpected events on and around the planet.

“Hunga has completely changed the way we think of how natural events can change the atmosphere and the environment where we thought lightning could exist,” Jeff Lapierre, a co-author of the study and lightning scientist at the company Advanced Environmental Monitoring, tells Science News.

[sepdet]

I have been waiting for Nova to cover the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption of Jan 2022.

(There was already a fascinating preliminary video from the NIWA science team last year.)

I was initially drawn to the record-setting loud bang of this eruption, which reminded me of Krakatoa's colossal 1883 explosion.

Also there's some indications that so much water blasted into the normally-dry troposphere it disrupted the southern hemisphere's climate, causing Australia's floods.

Finally, I've wondered if the c. 1620bce Thera eruption that destroyed the Minoan seaports was comparable. If so, this gives us insight into what happened. I'm especially curious whether it did the water-in-troposphere thing, because it deposited less ash across the Med than expected, just as Hunga Tonga did, so scientists had concluded that other than massive tsunamis it couldn't have affected the Minoans that much. But WAIT — now we have a new mechanism for climate disruption that leaves very little chemical footprint.

[fuckyeahfluiddynamics]

Tracking Tonga's Boom

When the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano erupted in January 2022, its effects were felt -- and heard -- thousands of kilometers away. A new study analyzes crowdsourced data (largely from Aotearoa New Zealand) to estimate the audible impact of the eruption.  (Image credit: NASA; research credit: M. Clive et al.; via Gizmodo) Read the full article

[reality-detective]

In December 2021, an eruption began on Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai which is classified as a submarine volcano. 🤔

[mindblowingscience]

​An unprecedentedly violent volcanic eruption that triggered a tsunami off the Pacific island nation of Tonga in 2022 unleashed the fastest underwater currents ever recorded, according to a study published on Thursday. The submerged Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano sent rocks, ash and gas racing across the seafloor at 122 kilometers (76 miles) per hour in January last year, found the paper published in the journal Science. The eruption – the most powerful ever recorded with modern equipment – triggered a deadly tsunami and "avalanche-like flows" of material that damaged underwater telecommunications cables connecting Tonga with the rest of the world. A research team led by scientists from Britain's National Oceanography Centre (NOC) used the timings and locations of cable damage to calculate the speed of the flows. The volcano's eruption plume, up to 57 kilometers high, fell directly into the water and onto steep underwater slopes, explained Mike Clare of the NOC. ​The speed and power of the currents were so great that they were capable of running at least 100 kilometers across the seafloor and wrecking the cables, he said. The flows were faster than those triggered by earthquakes, floods or storms, the paper added.

Continue Reading

[darkmaga-returns]

We can start with the “weight” of the air for the entire planet. Feel free to grab your own numbers!

Using Brave AI:

“… based on the Earth’s surface area and atmospheric pressure, the total amount of “atmosphere” there is an atmospheric volume of about 5.15 x 10^18 cubic meters.

Using a “computer modelled” constant “global” CO2 parts per million of 427, and the average molecular weight of CO2 (44 g/mol) – (compared to average molecular weight of air of 29 g/mol), we can estimate the “weight” of CO2 in the atmosphere as:

“427 ppm (CO2) x 5.15 x 10^18 cubic meters (atmospheric volume) x 28.97 g/mol (average air molecular weight) / 44 g/mol (CO2 molecular weight) ≈ 3.23 x 10^12 metric tons of CO2.”

3.23 trillion tones of CO2 in the earth’s atmosphere (out of around 7,560 trillion tons total atmosphere in the world,

The general claim is that CO2 emissions by mankind are around 37 billion metric tonnes a year (using dodgy computer models and assumptions for estimates).

37 billion tonnes annual emissions (US around 5 billion of those) out of 3.23 trillion “naturally occurring” CO2 = 1.1% of the total CO2 in the world.

The claim is that “Annual global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production are around 10.7 Petagrams of Carbon (Pg C) per year, with a projected limit of 12-15 Pg C per year by 2050.”

So, a 26% increase from 10.7 Pg to a mid-point of 13.5 Pg results in an increase n global average temperatures of 1.5 degrees C over the next 25 years. Zero point zero six degrees a year – I am thinking that there is an equal chance of global cooling in that time!

Pesky petagrams! They are the next step up from millions, billions, and trillions.

“A 1.5°C (2.7°F) warming above 1880 levels is projected by 2050, according to one snippet.”

From this global average temperature starting point, taken from here:

Annual 2023 Global Climate Report | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)

“The year 2023 was the warmest year since global records began in 1850 at 1.18°C (2.12°F) above the 20th century average of 13.9°C (57.0°F). “

The “globe average temperature” – whatever that means (in cities, in rural areas, a “global” surface area average including deserts, jungles, ice caps, mountain ranges, and the oceans? Or mostly cities?

No mention of the impact of Hunga Tonga, or other volcanic activity!

[roboe1]

"Climate Change For Social Control" - Hunga Tonga Supervolcano CHALLENGE...

[pettirosso1959]

La VERA RAGIONE DEL CAMBIAMENTO CLIMATICO:

Il riscaldamento del Sole è ciclico, NON è costante. La distanza dal Sole cambia costantemente perché sia l'orbita della Terra attorno al Sole è irregolare sia il Sole stesso oscilla a causa dell'attrazione gravitazionale combinata di tutti i pianeti insieme. Guarda il ciclo solare di Schwabe di 11 anni, il ciclo solare di Jose del moto inerziale solare di 179 anni, il ciclo solare di Eddy di 1000 anni, i cicli di Bray-Halstatt di 2300-2500 anni, quindi guarda i tre cicli di Milankovitch.

Cambiamenti climatici a breve e medio termine:

Moto inerziale solare: la massa combinata dei pianeti sposta anche la posizione del Sole attraverso la loro attrazione gravitazionale combinata, il che significa che il Sole si muove seguendo il baricentro in continuo movimento del sistema solare piuttosto che trovarsi in un punto centrale fisso nel sistema solare centrale. Questa è la cosa fondamentale da capire: il Sole si muove, oscillando in un moto a spirale mentre viaggia, non è stazionario. Una volta capito che tutti i cambiamenti climatici a medio termine possono essere spiegati semplicemente a causa della distanza variabile del Sole dalla Terra.

Niente di tutto questo ha a che fare con gli ESSERI UMANI.

Niente di tutto questo ha a che fare con la CO2.

I modelli del Sistema Solare con cui sei cresciuto da bambino erano delle semplificazioni grossolane. Ti hanno condizionato a credere che il Sistema Solare abbia una posizione fissa del Sole con un'attività solare regolare con orbite regolari, di cui la Terra è una.

Eppure questa non è la realtà: non solo la Terra si inclina e oscilla mentre orbita, ma l'orbita è un'ellisse variabile e non un cerchio perfetto, il che significa che la distanza dal Sole non è costante.

Questi sono i tre cicli di Milankovitch. Anche altri pianeti hanno orbite irregolari.

L'effetto combinato di tutte queste orbite irregolari insieme tira il Sole fuori dal centro del sistema solare verso il baricentro. Un Sole che ondeggia è la vera ragione del cambiamento climatico a breve e medio termine, e un'orbita terrestre irregolare, inclinata e oscillante è la ragione del cambiamento climatico a lungo termine.

E questo è solo l'inizio della storia dell'irregolarità nell'orbita terrestre attorno al Sole, poi ci sono cicli di attività solare, che la rendono più forte o più debole a seconda di quanto è vicina al ciclo di 11 anni di inversione dei poli magnetici, il prossimo sarà nel 2024, e a quante macchie solari e brillamenti solari siamo esposti.

Poi devi considerare l'attività vulcanica. L'eruzione vulcanica sottomarina Hunga-Tonga Hunga del gennaio 2022 ha aumentato il vapore acqueo nella stratosfera del 10%, questo di per sé causerà un notevole riscaldamento del pianeta nella maggior parte delle regioni.

Non è sicuramente una semplicistica storia in bianco e nero di CO2, un gas serra minore, poiché il 95% dei gas serra della Terra è costituito da VAPORE ACQUEO.

Gli ESSERI UMANI non hanno alcun potere di determinare né l'orbita della Terra attorno al Sole né l'attività interna ed esterna del Sole, né il vapore acqueo nell'atmosfera.

La vita si adatta molto più facilmente alle temperature più elevate e agli aumenti di CO2, in particolare piante, vegetazione, alberi, plancton e fitoplancton, rispetto alle diminuzioni di CO2.

Il vero pericolo è una diminuzione di CO2 e una diminuzione della temperatura, non un aumento di entrambe.

Ancora una volta, siamo stati ingannati da un sistema di finanziamento scientifico sistematicamente corrotto legato agli interessi degli oligarchi.

La CO2 è sempre stata una manopola di controllo per la prosperità economica, non per il clima".

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciences/articles/10.3389/fspas.2022.937930/full

ROBINMG 🚀

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Swarm detects ocean tides' magnetic signatures

A study using data from ESA's Swarm mission suggests that faint magnetic signatures created by Earth's tides can help us determine magma distribution under the seabed and could even give us insights into long-term trends in global ocean temperatures and salinity.

Swarm is a constellation of three satellites that study Earth's geomagnetic field. This magnetic field that extends from Earth's interior into space is thought to be produced largely by an ocean of liquid iron in the planet's outer core. Other sources of magnetism include magnetized rocks in the crust.

And although we might not normally think of oceans as generating magnetism, the salty sea water is a moderate electrical conductor. This means that as tides flow across Earth's magnetic field, they generate weak electric currents, which in turn induce small magnetic signals that can be detected from space.

With its satellites flying at an altitude between 462 km and 511 km, Swarm measures Earth's magnetic field more accurately than ever before. It can detect faint tidal signatures and distinguish them from other stronger magnetic field sources from Earth's interior.

"This study shows that Swarm can provide data on properties of the entire water column of our oceans." says Anja Strømme, ESA's Swarm Mission Manager.

Swarm's data can also provide insights into the distribution of magma, which could in future support better understanding of events such as the Hunga-Tonga volcanic eruption of 2022.

The study of these signatures made the front cover of the world's oldest scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, and was conducted by a team from the University of Cologne and the Technical University of Denmark.

Swarm gets better with age

The mission, launched in 2013, was only meant to fly for four years but is now in its 12th year. Anja adds, "This is one of the benefits of flying missions for longer than originally planned. So, by flying as long as the scientific output is of excellent quality and resources allow, you can tackle scientific questions that weren't originally envisaged."

Swarm is, however, slowly nearing the natural end of its lifespan as drag gradually brings the satellites physically closer to Earth. This has enabled the mission's instruments—the satellites carry state-of-the-art sensors including magnetometers that measure the strength, magnitude and direction of the magnetic field—to capture faint signals that would be more difficult to detect from the higher orbits at the start of the mission.

Less solar interference

Swarm's ability to detect the faint ocean signals was also helped by the sun's less active period around 2017. "These are among the smallest signals detected by the Swarm mission so far," says lead author Alexander Grayver, of the University of Cologne.

"The data are particularly good because they were gathered during a period of solar minimum, when there was less noise due to space weather."

The "minimum" period of the sun's 11-year solar cycle is when the sun's surface is least active. During this "quiet" period, it emits less solar matter—including electromagnetic radiation and charged particles—so "space weather" phenomena such as the Northern Lights are less frequent. And with less electromagnetic radiation from the sun, the geomagnetic signals from Earth are more easily detectable by Swarm's magnetometers and other instruments.

The hope is that, when the next solar minimum comes around after 2030, Swarm might still be flying—albeit at a lower altitude—and will be able to continue detecting the faint signals that can help us understand more about the temperatures and salinity deep within our oceans.

IMAGE: The tidal flows of Earth’s salty seawater across Earth’s magnetic field lines generate electric currents within the ocean. These in turn induce secondary magnetic fields that form part of the planet’s complex magnetic field signal that can be detected from space. ESA’s Swarm satellites can measure these tiny oceanic magnetic fields and distinguish them from other magnetic fields such as those from the core, ionosphere, magnetosphere and magnetized crust. Credit: Lina Jakaitė