#How India Pakistan Seperated

[pessimisticshapewithablog]

Narinder's Veil - An Analysis

A quick overview.

With the addition of the Bishop's of the old faith DLC, it was reveals Narinder's robes are actual a uniform of sorts denoting him as a death god. And once the Lamb has rescued all the bishops, they receive a version of these robes in fleece form. This made me wonder if TOWW's veil had any deeper meaning?

What is a Veil?

"A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance."

TOWW wears a black veil that partially obscures his face. Similar ones can be seen on his attendants, Baal and Aym, and former members of his old cult, Klunko, Flinky, and Shrumy. They seemingly serve no pratical use as before initiating combat Aym and Baal rip the veils off, possibly for increased visibility and keep the stands out of their eyes. Because these veils are only seen worn by TOWW and those in association with him or his cult, I assume these veils are exclusive to him and the veils we see worn by others are derivatives of his.

After some research, I was able to find an irl veil that most resembled the one TOWW wears:

A Sehra

"In some parts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal, men wear a sehra on their wedding day. This is a male veil covering the whole face and neck. The sehra is made from either flowers or beads."

Similar to veils worn by women, a sehra was worn to ward off the evil eye and to keep the bride and groom from seeing see each other before their wedding ceremony. While the reason for wearing the sehra is different, TOWW's veil very much resembles one.

Irl there are many cultural that require participants to adorn face veils or for sacred objects to be veiled. The most common practice that is familiar to most would be the wearing veils by brides on their wedding day. Interestingly the act of wearing a veil was prominently done by women and there are few cultures where men are expected to veil instead. In these cultrures, boys begin wearing veils after puberty and is considered a mark of manhood. It's interesting to note that everyone that wears a veil in COTL is male or male presenting.

Veils aren't always used for religious purposes.

Now that we have a better understanding of what veils are and why they are used let's move on to the next part of this analysis.

In-universe cultural meaning?

What could TOWW's veil mean to him and his servants?

Because all the information I've collected thus far, l'll break them down into seperate theories.

1.

As a mortal, Narinder died before or on his wedding day and was buried in his grooms clothes. Once he became a god, his wedding veil was one of the things he kept, either as a sentimental or cultural memento.

When the lamb usurps TOWW as death god, they don't recieve a veil, only his robes. This led me to assume TOWW veil is unique to him. For those that don't know, TOWW's name, Narinder, is of Indian origin. Because this and his face veil resembling a Sehra headdress, I like to image TOWW was originally from the COTL equivalent of India. Given how long TOWW has been a god, this place may no longer exist, with TOWW being the last 'living' member of this long lost culture. Only he would know the cultural meaning behind the veil. Others may have begun wearing them in association with TOWW.

11.

Given TOWW's station, being the patron of a cult and a literal god, it's plausible that his veil could be worn as a way of creating a barrier between himself and his followers. With the each number of strands denoting a rank amongst his servants. While Ratau's gang don't worship TOWW anymore, if at all given their dedication to Ratau, they may still wear the uniform of their ranks before the dissolution of TOWW's old cult.

"One view is that as a religious item, it is intended to honor a person, object or space. The actual sociocultural, psychological, and sociosexual functions of veils have not been studied extensively but most likely include the maintenance of social distance and the communication of social status and cultural identity."

The reason his servants are wearing them could be for a similar purpose. To seperate themselves from low level followers and layman. What is a cult if not a religion in it's infancy? Even still there seems to be a hierarchy amongst veiled servants of TOWW. Aym and Baal, likely due to their proximity to TOWW and having directly trained by him, have the most strands second only to TOWW himself. Ratau's gang each have different numbers of strands, possibly implying they were each at different level of their ordainment. Within TOWW's cult veiled members may have been the equivalent of enforcers

111.

TOWW's veil is a mourning veil of sorts.

"The mourning veil was commonly seen as a means of shielding the mourner and hiding her grief, and, on the contrary, seen by some women as a means of publicly expressing their emotions."

We don't know the deeper psychology behind what it takes to be a death god, to see hundred of thousands of millions of people die for all eternity. Granted TOWW seems quite psychopathic and is probably able to rationalize away his role as a death god, so maybe the veil is more for the souls that he reaps. A faux display of grief by an impersonal grim reaper. From a superstitious aspect, I'm sure looking directly into the face of death would be held as a very bad thing to do. TOWW also seems emotional constipated enough to wear something to show the emotions he won't let himself express.

A Deeper Look...

Something I noticed about the veils. Including TOWW, each character has a different number of strands/garlands:

Narinder = 22

Aym and Baal = 20

Klunko = 8

Flink = 6

Shrumy = 4

It's up to speculation as to why they each have a different number but that's what I'm here for. After a bit of searching I came to the realization that the amount of strands might correspond to the Major Arcana. While a pack contains 78 cards the first 22 are referred to as such and are considered more important than the rest. This is because they were meant to represent the spirtual journey through life. With that knowledge we can attribute each number of stands to a card in the Major Arcana:

Note the first card of the deck, The Fool, is not numbered.

If I match the number of veil strands to a card in the major arcana this is what we get:

Narinder (22) = The World (XXI)

Aym and Baal (20) = The Sun (XIX) or Judgment (XX)

Klunko (8) = Justice/Strength (VII/XI)

Flinky (6) = The Lovers (VI)

Shrumy (4) = The Emperor (IV)

The Arcana of the Lamb

Starting with TOWW, this what each correlation of veil strands to a card could mean.

Narinder The World (XXI)

"THE WORLD - Assured success, recompense, voyage, route, emigration, flight, change of place.

Reversed: Inertia, fixity, stagnation, permanence."

The World card is said to represent the end of life. It makes sense that Narinder wears this number.

"The World represents an ending to a cycle of life, a pause in life before the next big cycle beginning with the fool."

The "nexus between what was and what was not" in TOWW's own words. It's says alot that the number of TOWW's veil strands corresponds with this card and not the literal death card (XIII). That could be because the death tarot does not actually represent death but change. Paradigm shifts, changes in beliefs and philosophies.

The reverse of this card also represents TOWW's situation. "Stagnation" & "permanence". As death, TOWW was a permanent fixture within the world of COTL. Even with his fascination with the new and novel, his siblings, or atleast Shamura, expected TOWW to remain unchanged and stagnant in his existence.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_(tarot_card)

Aym and Baal The Sun (XIX) or Judgment (XX)

Judgment : self-evaluation, awakening, renewal, purpose, reflection, reckoning

Reversed: self-doubt, lack of self-awareness, failure to learn lessons, self-loathing

Per google, the word judgement has two definitions:

1. the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions.

2. a misfortune or calamity viewed as a divine punishment.

It can be assumed that the meaning of their corresponding tarot is the second definition. Within the story of COTL, they are fought after declining to return the red crown. Their battle could be interpreted as divine punishment, as they say as much. Within the game, they act as the precursor to TOWW's battle. Their fight could be considered a test of sorts for the player, as many of their attacks are diminutive versions of their master's.

Or

"THE SUN - Material happiness, fortunate marriage, contentment.

Reversed: The same in a lesser sense."

Considering their fate within COTL's story, I doubt this is the real interpretation of the number they wear. It is the actual 20th card of the Major Arcana but it can be assumed the devs meant the technical 20th card, The Judgement. Granted, depending on the players, the two can be reunited with their mother which makes them happy and content, that was retroactively added in the DLC and might not have been something the devs originally meant to add.

Klunko (and Bop) Justice/Strength (VII/XI)

Within the major arcana, the order of the Justice/Strength is switched or changed depending on the deck. So I decided to give the meaning of both.

FORTITUDE - Power, energy, action, courage, magnanimity; also complete success and honours.

Reversed: Despotism, abuse of power, weakness, discord, sometimes even disgrace."

And

JUSTICE - Equity, rightness, probity, executive; triumph of the deserving side in law.

Reversed: Law in all its departments, legal complications, bigotry, bias, excessive severity."

Within the game, Klunko, and Bop by extension, will give The Lamb the Strength from Without Tarot Card if they beat them.

Flinky The Lovers (VI)

THE LOVERS - Attraction, love, beauty, trials overcome.

Reversed: Failure, foolish designs. Another account speaks of marriage frustration and contrarieties of all kinds.

"In some traditions, the Lovers represent relationships and choices. Its appearance in a spread indicates some decision about an existing relationship, a temptation of the heart, or a choice of potential partners. Often an aspect of the Querent's life will have to be sacrificed; a bachelor(ette)'s lifestyle may be sacrificed and a relationship gained (or vice versa), or one potential partner may be chosen while another is turned down. Whatever the choice, it should not be made lightly, as the ramifications will be lasting."

While the numbers may align, I personally don't feel the card really applies to Flinky, unless the devs are implying some hidden relationship between Flinky and another character. This card better suits Ratau and Ratoo, given they give the in-game version of the Lovers card. They could also be twins, the Lovers cards us also associated with the star sign Gemini, known as the Twins. But I digress..

But Flinky's number of veil strands corresponding to the lovers card could have more to do with the imagery depicted on the Lover's card:

"In the Rider Waite deck, the imagery for this card is changed significantly from the traditional depiction. Instead of a couple receiving a blessing from a noble or cleric, the Rider–Waite deck depicts Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. By reducing the number of human beings depicted in the card from three to two, Waite was able to reinforce its correspondence with Gemini. The Rider–Waite card also includes the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil with a serpent wrapped around its trunk. The symbolism of no return from making bad decisions, and the consequences of innocence lost, would be more widely understood from this imagery."

Flinky could be an homage to the serpent that tempted Eve to eat the apple of Eden. Maybe his consul is what influenced Ratau that leaving their old cult was an option.

Shrumy The Emperor (IV)

UPRIGHT: Authority, establishment, structure, a father figure

REVERSED: Domination, excessive control, lack of discipline, inflexibility

"The Emperor sits on a ram-adorned throne, a symbol of Mars. Another ram head can be seen on his cloak. His long white beard bears the symbol of "wisdom". He holds an Ankh scepter in his right hand, and a globe, symbol of domination, in his left. The Emperor sits atop a stark, barren mountain, a sign of "sterility of regulation, and unyielding power." He symbolizes the top of the secular hierarchy, the ultimate male ego. The Emperor is the absolute ruler of the world."

"In Astrology, the Emperor is associated with the masculine, cardinal-fire sign of Aries, the domicile sign of Mars which is symbolized by the ram."

Shrumy behavior toward the Lamb fits alot with this card, in my opinion. When they first meet he's quick to assert his dominance as a non-follower of the lamb. Shrumy also makes it clear that he has no care or respect for crown bearers, as the power they wielded seemed to change them.

"What are you looking at? Hmf. That's right. You crown bearers are all the same. Nothing without your adoring Followers. Ratau wasn't like that. He stayed true to who he was. You'll NEVER live up to him. Get out of my way, I've got Knucklebones to play and money to win. Come and play me if you want a real challenge."

- Shrumy to the Lamb

Shrumy falls more into the reversed position of this card. But I did notice a striking similarity to the Emperor Tarot and TOWW's role within the plot of COTL.

"The Emperor is the absolute ruler of the world."

Whatever TOWW'S gospel was the end result of killing his siblings would have made him the only god remaining and the De facto ruler.

After millennia, all may bask in my glory once more.

"Vessel, do you not worship me? Do you not give offerings in hopes of gaining my favor?

Soon I shall be freed, and the world remade in my image. All will pledge themselves to the Cult. All will bow to my name."

The words of a man(cat?) with enough ego to choke a horse lol. While not explicitly stated to be Baal and Aym's father TOWW does fill a father figure role to them. Having essentially raised and mentored them. Similar to Ratau's relationship with the Lamb, TOWW could also be considered a father/mentor to the Lamb too.

Conclusion

Initally I was only going to include the tarot card bit, but I couldn't keep my love of anthropology at bay so I added some cultural theories too.

I'm entirely sure the inclusion of these characters wearing veils doesn't actually mean anything but I'm just zooted off my gourd on caffeine so I'm gonna theorize anyway lol. Either way I had fun researching info for this rabbit hole I dug and I hope anyone who actually takes time to read this enjoys it too.

[cellblockpsycho]

Photographer Research Post 7 A Look at the Work of Margaret Bourke-White

The beauty of the past belongs to the past.

-Margaret Bourke-White

Margaret Bourke White is a well known photojournalist from America whose landmark effect on the world of photography and photojournalism was being the first female war correspondant and being the very first person from a foreign country to photograph and document soviet industry. She is also responsible for taking a photograph that was used as a cover for the very first issue of Life magazine.

During the 1930's, she was among the first photojournalists to be allowed to enter the soviet union to take photographs. There she would take photos of all the famous individuals of the country such as Jospeh Stalin, Karl Radek and many others. Her photos showed a mixed, yet overall positive view on the soviet union.

Later on, she would become the first female war correspondant during WWII, where she traveled to the Soviet Union after they broke their pact of non-agression with germany. She captured the german invasion of moscow on camera from the safety of the U.S embassy.

She would also go on to take photos for the Korean War in the following years for Life magazine and document the ensuing violence.

However, one of her most well known achievements was the documenting of the India–Pakistan partition violence. She is well known for documenting the violence that occured during the seperation of India and Pakistan. Pictured above is one of her most famous photographs of Mohandus Ghandi.

What attracted me to the work of this individual was the less of the fact that she was the first of something and therefore worth of merit, but the composition of a lot of the photographs that were taken. While a lot of the war pictures were interesting, I found the images taken of inudstry and the world of both america and the soviet union to of particular note. The image of the woman laying upon a gargoyle suspended several thousand feet above the ground was particularly stunning. The danger of the shot is what ultimately excites me, as well as how it shows the city down below. It's composition is just interesting is what I am trying to say.

The war photos, espeically the air raid over moscow, are more captivating due to the story behind the photo rather than the photo itself, I will admit that. It's still interesting to behold.

[buzz-london]

How The India Pakistan Partition Actually SAVED India - 20/8/23

The Partition of India in 1947, is undoubtedly one of the worst events to befall India. Not only did the partition end in millions of deaths and ruined lives, but it also seperated a vital part of the Indian civilization from India.

However, what if I told you that there may have been a silver lining within the partition of India. and that the partition of India may actually have saved India, its culture, and her civilization.

How is that possible?

[archived-and-moving]

Also today was Pakistan's independence day, it was the day Pakistan was officially seperated from India and declared an independent country

And tommorrow is Indian independence day , the day India officially gained independence from the British

That's actually kind of neat how they fall next to each other. But anyway happy Pakistan and Indian independence day!

[todaysghost]

" Money speaks but if there's strength together, it runs".

It is universally confirmed that money speaks. Most of the writers has written in an ancient time and in present time as well. I am not writing on the basis of those writers or famous personalities who said it..but time is proving it.

In the era of 20th century, in we are living our life. It is telling and showing that " Money speaks" but if there's is strength together then it runs". Do not say to yourself that it's false. If you have money than leave one line of steam of money and thirsty people will come their to calm their thirsty ...but if you have "Power" along with it then start uprooting anything, no one will raise his fingers. In any case if fingers are raising anywhere then leave one line of stream of money to calm everything...

This is new philosophy of 20th century. Because we can analyse any aspects of life or territories..

I have latest two examples, which has ongoing high rated drama, action, enigma, love and many more Colors make it ghastly.

I am talking about CHINA policies to become a super power on the Earth and was talking about Sushant Singh Rajput case, which is related to Bollywood.

Both cases taught us that Money speaks but if there's strength together then it runs.

We will discuss both the scenario but one by one. Let's talk about CHINA policies first..I know that everyone knows everything about this issues but we need to think once, " PM of Nepal Mr. Oli has done major damage to Friendship bond of India-Nepal under influence of China just to be in Power. PM Mr. Oli issued false or wrong Map on Nepal and claimed few indian lands as Nepal.

PM mr. Oli just wanted to be in power so he took assistance of china foreign minister and it leads to few shkrimish in between indian soldiers and Nepali soldiers.

He did not stop his intention here and claimed for Lord Rama birth place also.

Who were pretending to be a friend in past but now emerged as enemy. I am talking about CHINA and Nepal. I am leaving Pakistan because we never had any relationship as any neighbour country should have. We are fighting since we had seperated.

But China has proved the concept of Money speak's but if there's a strength together then it runs..

There are many things to discuss about Chinese policies because politics never ends anywhere. How China was planning since decades but never opend any pages of his enigmatic books of politics and desire of expansion. As we know that China was small country as Afganistan but due to his dark intention and expansion of land policies, it has accuired his neighbouring countries land by guile because his neighbouring countries were weak and they didn't had powerful army..so China defeated them easily and accuired their land forcefully..it is small story of China of becoming big geographically.

But expansion policies was a forte of ancient rulers but China wants to apply it in 20th centuries but he tasted bitter taste of defeat in galwan Wally in Laddhakh. China is still in agony of defeat by indian soldiers because of it China didn't disclose his soldiers death count yet to the world.

If we will talk about China so we could discuss it many hours because it is burning topic in the world and not resolved yet.

Let's talk about Sushant Singh Rajput case. One adorable man achieved success in his life in the field of Bollywood. But He left the world enigmatic way.. He was everything money, fame and invited petels of love in his life to make it colorful as rainbow. He never thought of leaving the world as enigmatically..I think.

But now every pages is telling ghastly story every day, if we come accross the news. CBI investigating now but earlier state law authority was not keen to do proper investigation and was trying to hide few pages of SSR case.

SSR case is also story of money, which consists of love, relationship, friendship, betrayal, enigmatic crime and death.

It is combo of money and power. Money can heal any possible things today, along with power anything with good intentions but can uoroot anything with bad intentions...

Whatever I just shared, if you agree..please express yourself...

[exposingsmgask]

Since you spoke about how innocent Kashmiris are being killed rn. Let me do a fact check. Kashmir is currently divided into two parts. Indian occupied Kashmir which is the Indian state Jammu and Kashmir and the Pakistan occupied Kashmir. Now at the time of Indian independence the maharaja of Kashmir signed a document which made Kashmir a part of India. That is a fact. The problem was that there's a seperate set of rules in Kashmir. (1/n)

-

[margdarsanme]

NCERT Class 12 Political Science (India) Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Solutions (India Since Independence)

Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q 1. Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.

(a) The First General Elections in 1952 involved simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and…………. (The President of India/State Assemblies/Rajya Sabha/The Prime Minister)

(b) The party that won the second largest number of Lok Sabha seats in the first elections was the ………… (Praja Socialist Party/Bharatiya Jana Sangh/Communist Party of India/Bharatiya Janata Party)

(c) One of the guiding principles of the ideology of the Swatantra Party was……… (Working class interest/protection of Princely States/Economy free from State control/Autonomy of States within the Union)

Answer: (a) State Assemblies (b) Communist Party of India (c) Economy free from state control. Q 2. Match the following

Answer: (a)—(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(w), (d)-(iii) Q 3. Four statements regarding one-party dominance are given below. Mark each of them as true or false: (a) One-party dominance is rooted in the absence of strong alternative political parties (b) One-party dominance occurs because of weak public opinion. (c) One-party dominance is linked to the nation’s colonial past. (d) One-party dominance reflects the absence of democratic ideals in a country.

Answer: (a) True, (b) False, (c) True, (d) False Q 4. If Bharatiya Jana Sangh of the Communist Party of India had formed the government after the first election, in which respects would the policies of the government have been different? Specify three differences each for both the parties.

Answer: 1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh: The policies of Bharatiya Jana Sangh were based on the principles as follows: (a) It replaced secular concept by the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. (b) No cultural and educational rights as this party opposed the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities. (c) It focused on the reunity of India and Pakistan under the concept of Akhand Bharat. 2. Communist Party of India: Communist Party of India would have been different on the principles as follows: (а) It worked for proportional representation in the govern-ment. (б) This party followed communist ideology in various policies. (c) It emphasised on a control over electronic mass media by an autonomous body or corporation. Q 5. In what sense was the Congress an ideological coalition? Mention the various ideological currents present within the Congress.

Answer: The Congress Party became a social and ideological coalition for it merged different social groups alongwith their identity holding different beliefs: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary, conservative, pacifist, radical, extremist and moderates and the rights and the left with all other shades of the centre. 2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to take part in the national movement. Ideological currents present within the Congress: (a) In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties with their own constitutions and organisational structures were allowed to exist within the Congress. (b) Some of these like “Congress Socialist Party” later seperated from the Congress and became on opposition party. Q 6. Did the prevalence of a ‘one-party dominant system’ affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics?

Answer: No, the prevalence of one party dominance system did not affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics because: 1. The key role of Congress in the freedom struggle gave it a head start over others. 2. The Congress accommodated diversified interests, religion, beliefs and aspirations to strengthen democracy. 3. Despite being taken place of free and fair elections, Congress won elections in the same manner again and again. 4. Congress party consisted of various factions inside itself, based on ideological considerations who never taught together or went out of Congress. 5. Hence, on the basis of above mentioned criterion, it can be concluded that Congress strengthened ideals of democracy and held unity and integrity of the country. Q 7. Bring out three differences each between Socialist Parties and the Communist Party and between Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party.

Answer: 1. Differences between Socialist Parties and Communist Party:

2. Differences between Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party:

Q 8. What would you consider as the main differences between Mexico and India under one party domination?

Answer: There was a difference between one party domination in India and Mexico. In Mexico, this was a one party system only not dominance because: 1. In India, the Congress party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (in Spanish) ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship. 2. In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but it Mexico, elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI. Q 9. Take a political map of India (with State outlines) and mark: (a) Two states where Congress was not in poiver at some point during 1952-67. (b) Two states where the Congress remained in power through this period.

Answer. Map is attached and marked as: (a) 1. Kerala (Travancore-Cochin) 2. Madras (Travancore-Cochin) (b) 1. Punjab or U.P. 2. Rajasthan or West Bengal. Q 10. Read the following passage: “Patel, the organisational man of the Congress, wanted to purge the Congress of other political groups and sought to make of it a cohesive and disciplined political party. He … sought to take the Congress away from its all-embracing character and turn it into a close-knit party of disciplined cadres. Being a ‘ r list he looked more for discipline than for took too romantic a view of “eariging on the movement,” Patel’s idea of transforming the Congress into strictly political party with a single ideology and tight discipline showed an equal lack of understanding of the eclectic role that the Congress, as a government, was to be called upon to perform in the decades to follow.”—Rnjni Kotl c – 1 (а) Why does the author think that Congress should not have been a cohesive and disciplined party? (b) Give some examples of the eclectic role of the Congress party in the early years. (c) Why does the author say that Gandhi’s view about Congress future was romantic?

Answer: (a) Because she wanted to take the Congress away from its all embracing character and turn it into a close knit party of disciplined caders. (b) These examples are in the form of social and ideological coalition of Congress: (i) It provided a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to participate in national movement. (ii) Congress party represented a rainbow like social coalition representing diversity of India including various castes, religions and languages. (c) Because Gandhiji believed in hand- in-hand characteristic of national movement led by Congress which attracted various sections groups and society to form a social and ideological coalition in Congress.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Q 1. Which political party laid emphasis on the idea of one party, one culture and one nation?

Answer: Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Q 2. Which political party of India had leaders like A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, and S.A. Dange?

Answer: Communist Party of India. Q 3. Who was the founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh?

Answer: Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951. Q 4. In which year was the Election Commission of India set up and who was the first chief Election Commissioner of India?

Answer: 25 January 1950, Sukumar Sen. Q 5. Name the founder president of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was given to this party after 1948?

Answer: The founder president of the Congress Socialist Party was Acharya Narendra Dev and after 1955 it came to be known as Socialist Party. Q 6. Differentiate between one party dominance and one party system.

Answer: One party dominance refer to representation on behalf of popular consensus alongwith free and fair elections i.e. Congress in India whereas one party system refers representation based on malpractice, fraud etc. to ensure winning of a particular party. Q 7. When and why was the electronic voting machine used in India for the first time?

Answer: The electronic voting machine was used in India in 1990 for first time for more accuracy and fair dealing while counting as well as it helps to check Booth capturing and other malpractices. Q 8. How did socialist party origin?

Answer: The founder president of the Congress socialist party was Acharya Narendra Dev and after 1955 it came to be known as Socialist Party. Q 9. Define faction.

Answer: Faction are the groups formed inside the party i.e. coalitions made in Congress created various factions which were based on either ideological considerations or personal ambitions. Q 10. When and by whom PRI was founded?

Answer: The ‘Institutional Revolutionary Party’ (PRI) was founded in 1929 by Plutareo Elias Calles in Mexico which represented the legacy of Mexican Revolution.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

Q 1. How did the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections help in establishing a democratic set-up in India?

Answer: The first general election was the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Till then democracy had existed only in the prosperous countries. By that time many countries in Europe had not given voting rights to all women. In this context India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky. India’s general election of 1952 became a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world. It was no longer possible to argue that domocratic elections could not be held on conditions of poverty or lack of education. It proved that democracy could be practised anywhere in the world. The next two general elections strengthened democratic set-up in India. Q 2. Highlight any two features of ideology of Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Answer: 1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh laid emphasis on ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. 2. Bharatiya Jana Sangh called for reunity of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat. Q 3. Explain the major difference of ideology between that of Congress and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Answer: The major difference of ideology between Congress and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh was that Bharatiya Jana Sangh emphasised on one party country. One culture, one nation i.e. a Hindu nation or Hindutva whereas Congress formed ideological and social coalitions accommodating social diversities. Q 4. State any two ideologies of the Swatantra Party.

Answer: Swatantra Party was founded by Senior Congress leader C. Rajgopalachari in August 1959: 1. The party believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom. 2. This party was against land ceilings in agriculture and opposed to cooperative farming. Q 5. How has the method of voting changed from the first General Election of 1952 to the General Election of 2004?

Answer: 1. In the first General Election a box was placed inside each polling booth for each candidate with the election symbol of the candidate. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper to drop into the box, they wanted to vote for. 2. After first two elections, this method was changed. Now ballot paper carried the names and symbols of candidates and the voter stamped against the name of candidate to vote for. 3. In 2004, Electronic Voting Machine were introduced to press the button according to choice of the voter containing the name of candidate and symbol of political party. Q 6. When was Communist Party emerged?

Answer: The Communist Party emerged in 1920 in different parts of India. It took the inspiration from Bolshevik revolution in Russia. The important leaders of CPI were A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh etc. Q 7. “India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky”. Justify the statement.

Answer: Because: 1. Country’s vast size and electorates made these elections unusual. 2. The year 1952, it was a big test for poor and illiterate country. 3. Till then, democracy had been existed only in the prosperous countries mainly in Europe and North America where everyone was almost literate. Q 8. Mention the aims and goals of Socialist Party of India. Why the party could not prove itself as an effective alternative to the Congress?

Answer: Aims and goals of socialist party of India: 1. The Socialist Party believed in the ideology of democratic socialism to be distinguished from Congress and Communists both. 2. It criticised Congress for ignoring the workers and peasants. It became difficult for socialist party to prove itself as an effective alternative to Congress because Congress Party declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society in 1955. Q 9. What were the reasons for dominance of one party system in India?

Answer: The dominance of Congress in India was due to following reasons: 1. Congress was identified with the freedom struggle for building national unity and solidarity. 2. Congress was associated with Mahatma Gandhi’s name. 3. It had a broad based manifesto to include the various section of society. 4. Congress bore a popular appeal of charismatic leader like Mahatma Gandhi, J.L. Nehru, Sardar Patel, Indira Gandhi etc. 5. Congress focused on building role of the party. Q 10. How did India’s first general elections of 1952 become a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world?

Answer: Because: 1. These elections were competitive among various parties. 2. The participation of people was encouraging also. 3. The results were declared in a very fair manner, even to be accepted by the losers in a fair manner. 4. This experiment of India, proved the critics wrong also.

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]

Q 1. Describe the organisation of Congress Party as a social and ideological coalitions. Or “For a long time Congress Party had been a social and ideological coalition”. Justify the statement. 

Answer: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary conservative, extremist and moderates with all other shades of the centre.

Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to take part in national movement.

In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties were allowed to co-exist within the Congress. Some of these like ‘Congress Socialist Party’ later separated from the Congress and became an opposition party. 

Q 2. How was one party dominance of India different from the other examples of one party dominance in the world?  Or Examine the comparative analysis of nature of Congress dominance.

Answer: India is not the only country to have dominance of one party but we have some other examples also for the same. But the dominance of one party in India does not compromise democratic spirit of constitution whereas other nations have compromised it: 1. In countries like China, Cuba and Syria are permitted to be ruled by one party only by the constitutional provisions. 2. Myanmar, Belarus, Egypt also experience one party system due to legal and military measurer. 3. In India, Congress dominates on behalf of free and fair elections based on democracy where the losing of other party is also fair. Q 3. “In India, hero-worship, plays a part in its politics unequalled in magnitude by the part it plays in the politics of any other country But in politics, hero-worship is a sure road to degradation and eventual dictatorship”.Babasaheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Analyse the statement.

Ans: The above mentioned statement speaks of accommodating diversities by the leader of India which was a challenging path to democracy. Our leaders wanted to represent politics as a way of solution of problems in place of making politics a problem. Q 4. Examine the dominance of Congress in the first three General Elections.

Answer: I. In the first election Congress won 364/489 seats as per expectations. 2. The Communist Party next to Congress won only 16 seats. 3. Congress scored higher in state elections also except Travancore- Cochin (Kerala), Madras and Orissa. 4. Hence, country ruled at national and state level both by declaring Pt. J.L. Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India. 5. In second and third elections also, Congress maintained the same position in Loksabha by winning of three fourth seats in the years 1957 and 1962 respectively.

Passage Based Questions [5 Marks]

1. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: This coalition-like character of the Congress gave it an unusual strength. Firstly, a coalition accommodates all those who join it. Therefore, it has to avoid any extreme position and strike a balance on almost all issues. Compromise and inclusiveness are the hallmarks of a coalition. This strategy put the opposition in a difficulty. Anything that the opposition wanted to say, would also find a place in the programme and ideology of the Congress. Secondly, in a party that has the nature of a coalition, there is a greater tolerance of internal differences and ambitions of various groups and leaders are accommodated. The Congress did both these things during the freedom struggle and continued doing this even after Independence. That is why, even if a group was not happy with the position of the party or with its share of power, it would remain inside the party and fight the other groups rather than leaving the party and becoming an ‘opposition’. Questions 1. What do you mean by a faction? 2. How did coalition-like character affect the nature of Congress Party? 3. How did Congress avoided to increase number of ‘opposition’?

Answer: 1. Factions are the groups formed inside the party based on either ideological considerations or on personal ambitions and rivalries. 2. Coalition-like character of Congress accommodated all social diversities and maintained a balance on almost all issues. Even a proper space for the programmes and ideology of opposite parties was also given. In such a way Congress showed greater tolerance towards internal differences. 3. Alongwith its coalition-like character, Congress did not let the groups to leave the party to become an opposition. 2. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: The socialists believed in the ideology of democratic socialism which distinguished them both from the Congress as well as from the Communists. They criticised the Congress for favouring capitalists and landlords and for ignoring the workers and the peasants. But the socialists faced a dilemma when in 1955 the Congress declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society. Thus it became difficult for the socialists to present themselves as an effective alternative to the Congress. Some of them, led by Rammanohar Lohia, increased their distance from and criticism of the Congress party. Some others like Asoka Mehta advocated a limited cooperation with the Congress. Questions 1. Mention the ideology of Socialists. 2. Name some leaders of the Socialist Party. 3. Why did it become difficult for socialists to present themselves as an effective alternative to the Congress?

Answer: 1. Socialists believed in the ideology of democratic socialism to be distinguished from Congress as well as from Communists. 2. Ram Manohar Lohia, Ashok Mehta and Acharya Narendra Dev, Jayaprakash Narayan etc. 3. Because in 1955, Congress declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society.

Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks]

Q 1. Describe the various steps taken to hold the first general elections in India. How far these elections were successful?

Answer: The first general elections had to be postponed twice and finally held from October 1951 to February 1952: 1. These elections were referred to as 1952 elections because most parts of country voted in January 1952. 2. It took six months for campaigning, polling and counting to be completed. 3. Elections were competitive because there were on an average more than four candidates for each seat. 4. The level of participation was en-couraging to vote out in the election. 5. The results were declared and accepted as fair even by losers to prove critics wrong. These elections were successful: 1. The losing of the parties was also accepted as fair. 2. These elections became a landmark in the history of democracy. 3. It was no longer possible to argue that democratic elections could not be held in conditions of poverty or lack of education. Instead, it can be practised anywhere in the world. Q 2. Why was Congress considered as a social and ideological coalition in independence days? Explain.

Answer: The Congress Party became a social and ideological coalition for it merged different social groups alongwith their identity holding different beliefs: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary, conservative, pacifist, radical, extremist and moderates and the right and the left with all other shades of the centre. 2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interacts and even political parties to take part in the national movement. Ideological currents present within the Congress: (а) In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties with their own constitutions and organisational structures were allowed to exist within the Congress. (b) Some of these like ‘Congress Socialist Party”, later separated from the Congress and became an opposition party. Q 3. How was the one party dominance in India different from the one party system in Mexico? In your opinion which of the two political systems is better and why?

Answer: There was a difference between one party domination in India and Mexico. In Mexico, this was a one party system only not dominance because: 1. In India, the Congress Party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolu-tionary Party (PRI) (in Spanish) ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship. 2. In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but in Mexico, elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI. In our opinion one party dominance¬like India is better because this sort of dominance: 1. Accommodates social diversities. 2. Encourage large number of parti-cipation. 3. Ensures democratic spirit as well as maintains the same. 4. Bear respect even for opposition. Q 4. How did opposition parties emerge in India? What was their importance?

Answer: Some of the diverse opposition parties had come into existence before the first general elections in 1952 as non-Congress parties which succeeded to gain only a taken of representation in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. These parties maintained a democratic character of the system: 1. These offered a criticism based on principles to keep ruling party under check. 2. These parties groomed the leaders also to play a crucial role in shaping the country. 3. In the early years, these was a lot of respect between leaders of Congress and opposition parties i.e. interim government included even opposition leaders like Dr. Ambedkar, Jayaprakash Narayan, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee into the cabinet.

Picture/Map Based Questions [5 Marks]

A. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions 1. What does the cartoon represent? 2. What does the term ‘Tug of war’ refer to? 3. Who has been shown on the branches of tree?

Answer: 1. Cartoon represents dominance of Congress which is being tug by opposition parties to throw Congress out of power. 2. ‘Tug of war’ refer to pulling out the Congress by criticism and mentioning its weaknesses in an honest and justified manner. 3. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru alongwith his colleagues in the cabinet. B l. In the outline political map of India given below, five States have been marked as A, B, C, D and E. With the help of the information given below, identify them and write their correct names in your answer book along with the serial number of the information used and the related alphabet in the map.

Questions (i) The State to which C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor-General of India, belonged. (ii) The State where the first non-Congress Government was formed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad. (iii) The State to which Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1952-54) belonged. (iv) The State which faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-1967. (v) The State which led the country to White Revolution through Dairy Cooperative Movement.

Answer: A — (iv) Bihar B — (iii) Uttar Pradesh C — (v) Gujarat D — (i) Tamil Nadu C — (a) Kerala 2. On a political outline map of India locate and label the following and symbolise them as indicated:

Questions 1. Two states where Congress was not in power at some point during 1952-67. 2. Two states where the Congress remained in power through this period.

Answer: 1. (i) Jammu & Kashmir (ii) Kerala 2. (i) Uttar Pradesh (ii) Maharashtra

from Blogger http://www.margdarsan.com/2020/08/ncert-class-12-political-science-india_13.html

[samanthasbarkss]

Reading about the kids at the border is heartbreaking Trump and his supporters really don't have a heart I mean children being locked in cages like dogs toddlers being separated from their mothers and we still have no idea where the little girls are it's frightening

They care more about unborn babies and guns than they do about living children abd their safety. And i am only talking about those trump supporters. Not the people with common sense to see how corrupt it is to seperate familiesWhat really gets me pissed off is the fact that my father, an immigrant to this country from Jamaica, his parents also were from imigration (india and pakistan due to slavery) and he supports Trump? A man who us against almost everything that he is? Fucks sake. I do not get how he can be so blind

[buzz-london]

In Search of India’s Soul

‘In Search of India’s Soul’ - Very interesting title of this mini reportage on Al Jazeera. 

I was hopeful when I first heard the title and thought it would be an exploration of what makes India tick. Sadly, its biased cherry-picking of quotes and misrepresenting facts saddened me at that lost opportunity for Al Jazeera's viewers to get to know the most populous democracy in the world.

One of the topics covered in the reportage was 'Love Jihad'.  Aatish Taseer speaks to Hindus who opposed 'love jihad' and felt uncomfortable by their desire to stop this 'abuse of trust' in their community.  The Hindus he spoke to clearly said, if the man was honest from the beginning and revealed his muslim heritage at the start of the courtship, they had no problem.  But the reporter ignored that fact.  He ignored the fact that if there was 'love' in that marriage, there would be no reason for anyone to convert.  Why can't the women keep their religion even after marriage?  He ignored the fact that many muslim men deliberately targeted Hindu girls and after marriage, abandoned them.  Their only purpose for marriage was to convert them.  Having converted, the women could not go back to their religion.  He also ignored the fact that grooming-gangs in UK have been doing the same thing for decades.  None of that unsettled him.  But the desire for communities to protect their womenfolk from predatory men unsettled him. 

Aatish Taseer's account on Kashmir was also stilted and ignored the fact that Kashmir only acceded to India when it was invaded by Pakistan.  Article 370 was inserted later by politicians to try and keep hold of their vote bank amongst muslims from the vale of Kashmir, ignoring the rights of other citizens of Kashmir.  Plus, how long can a state remain seperate from a nation?  At some point it must integrate!  If not now, when?

There was a bitter complaint about 'cow vigilantes.  Yet, he didn't explain why the muslim man was transporting cattle at midnight near the border of two states.  When cattle smuggling a reality in that area, why was he only giving us half the story?

Despite having lived in India, side by side with Hindus, Aatish Taseer refused to recognise the hurt Hindus naturally feel when they see their ancient, sacred monuments being commandeered by invaders.  He floats the GyanVapi mosque  and knowing that it was built on the ground of a temple, he ignores the hurt it gives very Hindu everytime they see it.  Instead, he blithely states, 'This has happened in parts of the world.'  How callous is that?!  Should the soul of the nation be continually hurt by a stake visibly sticking out of its very heart?  

Aatish Taseer conveniently ignored the fact that India has had Presidents, Prime Ministers, ministers and other leaders from all classes, creeds and genders.  He failed to realise that the biggest democracy in the world voted all these people to power.  If people voted 3 muslim Presidents to power, and they now want to vote in a Hindu Prime Minister, what's wrong with that?  Surely, that is the prerogative of the people.  Shouldn't democracy reflect the state and the aspirations of its people?  If muslims and sikhs could be good leaders for India, why not a Hindu?

In general, I was very disappointed by his report.  I wish Aatish Taseer had been more balanced and more in tune with the true soul of India.    

[margdarsanme]

NCERT Class 12 Political Science (India) Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Solutions (India Since Independence)

Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q 1. Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.

(a) The First General Elections in 1952 involved simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and…………. (The President of India/State Assemblies/Rajya Sabha/The Prime Minister)

(b) The party that won the second largest number of Lok Sabha seats in the first elections was the ………… (Praja Socialist Party/Bharatiya Jana Sangh/Communist Party of India/Bharatiya Janata Party)

(c) One of the guiding principles of the ideology of the Swatantra Party was……… (Working class interest/protection of Princely States/Economy free from State control/Autonomy of States within the Union)

Answer: (a) State Assemblies (b) Communist Party of India (c) Economy free from state control. Q 2. Match the following

Answer: (a)—(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(w), (d)-(iii) Q 3. Four statements regarding one-party dominance are given below. Mark each of them as true or false: (a) One-party dominance is rooted in the absence of strong alternative political parties (b) One-party dominance occurs because of weak public opinion. (c) One-party dominance is linked to the nation’s colonial past. (d) One-party dominance reflects the absence of democratic ideals in a country.

Answer: (a) True, (b) False, (c) True, (d) False Q 4. If Bharatiya Jana Sangh of the Communist Party of India had formed the government after the first election, in which respects would the policies of the government have been different? Specify three differences each for both the parties.

Answer: 1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh: The policies of Bharatiya Jana Sangh were based on the principles as follows: (a) It replaced secular concept by the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. (b) No cultural and educational rights as this party opposed the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities. (c) It focused on the reunity of India and Pakistan under the concept of Akhand Bharat. 2. Communist Party of India: Communist Party of India would have been different on the principles as follows: (а) It worked for proportional representation in the govern-ment. (б) This party followed communist ideology in various policies. (c) It emphasised on a control over electronic mass media by an autonomous body or corporation. Q 5. In what sense was the Congress an ideological coalition? Mention the various ideological currents present within the Congress.

Answer: The Congress Party became a social and ideological coalition for it merged different social groups alongwith their identity holding different beliefs: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary, conservative, pacifist, radical, extremist and moderates and the rights and the left with all other shades of the centre. 2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to take part in the national movement. Ideological currents present within the Congress: (a) In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties with their own constitutions and organisational structures were allowed to exist within the Congress. (b) Some of these like “Congress Socialist Party” later seperated from the Congress and became on opposition party. Q 6. Did the prevalence of a ‘one-party dominant system’ affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics?

Answer: No, the prevalence of one party dominance system did not affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics because: 1. The key role of Congress in the freedom struggle gave it a head start over others. 2. The Congress accommodated diversified interests, religion, beliefs and aspirations to strengthen democracy. 3. Despite being taken place of free and fair elections, Congress won elections in the same manner again and again. 4. Congress party consisted of various factions inside itself, based on ideological considerations who never taught together or went out of Congress. 5. Hence, on the basis of above mentioned criterion, it can be concluded that Congress strengthened ideals of democracy and held unity and integrity of the country. Q 7. Bring out three differences each between Socialist Parties and the Communist Party and between Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party.

Answer: 1. Differences between Socialist Parties and Communist Party:

2. Differences between Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party:

Q 8. What would you consider as the main differences between Mexico and India under one party domination?

Answer: There was a difference between one party domination in India and Mexico. In Mexico, this was a one party system only not dominance because: 1. In India, the Congress party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (in Spanish) ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship. 2. In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but it Mexico, elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI. Q 9. Take a political map of India (with State outlines) and mark: (a) Two states where Congress was not in poiver at some point during 1952-67. (b) Two states where the Congress remained in power through this period.

Answer. Map is attached and marked as: (a) 1. Kerala (Travancore-Cochin) 2. Madras (Travancore-Cochin) (b) 1. Punjab or U.P. 2. Rajasthan or West Bengal. Q 10. Read the following passage: “Patel, the organisational man of the Congress, wanted to purge the Congress of other political groups and sought to make of it a cohesive and disciplined political party. He … sought to take the Congress away from its all-embracing character and turn it into a close-knit party of disciplined cadres. Being a ‘ r list he looked more for discipline than for took too romantic a view of “eariging on the movement,” Patel’s idea of transforming the Congress into strictly political party with a single ideology and tight discipline showed an equal lack of understanding of the eclectic role that the Congress, as a government, was to be called upon to perform in the decades to follow.”—Rnjni Kotl c – 1 (а) Why does the author think that Congress should not have been a cohesive and disciplined party? (b) Give some examples of the eclectic role of the Congress party in the early years. (c) Why does the author say that Gandhi’s view about Congress future was romantic?

Answer: (a) Because she wanted to take the Congress away from its all embracing character and turn it into a close knit party of disciplined caders. (b) These examples are in the form of social and ideological coalition of Congress: (i) It provided a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to participate in national movement. (ii) Congress party represented a rainbow like social coalition representing diversity of India including various castes, religions and languages. (c) Because Gandhiji believed in hand- in-hand characteristic of national movement led by Congress which attracted various sections groups and society to form a social and ideological coalition in Congress.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Q 1. Which political party laid emphasis on the idea of one party, one culture and one nation?

Answer: Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Q 2. Which political party of India had leaders like A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, and S.A. Dange?

Answer: Communist Party of India. Q 3. Who was the founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh?

Answer: Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951. Q 4. In which year was the Election Commission of India set up and who was the first chief Election Commissioner of India?

Answer: 25 January 1950, Sukumar Sen. Q 5. Name the founder president of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was given to this party after 1948?

Answer: The founder president of the Congress Socialist Party was Acharya Narendra Dev and after 1955 it came to be known as Socialist Party. Q 6. Differentiate between one party dominance and one party system.

Answer: One party dominance refer to representation on behalf of popular consensus alongwith free and fair elections i.e. Congress in India whereas one party system refers representation based on malpractice, fraud etc. to ensure winning of a particular party. Q 7. When and why was the electronic voting machine used in India for the first time?

Answer: The electronic voting machine was used in India in 1990 for first time for more accuracy and fair dealing while counting as well as it helps to check Booth capturing and other malpractices. Q 8. How did socialist party origin?

Answer: The founder president of the Congress socialist party was Acharya Narendra Dev and after 1955 it came to be known as Socialist Party. Q 9. Define faction.

Answer: Faction are the groups formed inside the party i.e. coalitions made in Congress created various factions which were based on either ideological considerations or personal ambitions. Q 10. When and by whom PRI was founded?

Answer: The ‘Institutional Revolutionary Party’ (PRI) was founded in 1929 by Plutareo Elias Calles in Mexico which represented the legacy of Mexican Revolution.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

Q 1. How did the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections help in establishing a democratic set-up in India?

Answer: The first general election was the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Till then democracy had existed only in the prosperous countries. By that time many countries in Europe had not given voting rights to all women. In this context India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky. India’s general election of 1952 became a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world. It was no longer possible to argue that domocratic elections could not be held on conditions of poverty or lack of education. It proved that democracy could be practised anywhere in the world. The next two general elections strengthened democratic set-up in India. Q 2. Highlight any two features of ideology of Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Answer: 1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh laid emphasis on ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. 2. Bharatiya Jana Sangh called for reunity of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat. Q 3. Explain the major difference of ideology between that of Congress and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Answer: The major difference of ideology between Congress and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh was that Bharatiya Jana Sangh emphasised on one party country. One culture, one nation i.e. a Hindu nation or Hindutva whereas Congress formed ideological and social coalitions accommodating social diversities. Q 4. State any two ideologies of the Swatantra Party.

Answer: Swatantra Party was founded by Senior Congress leader C. Rajgopalachari in August 1959: 1. The party believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom. 2. This party was against land ceilings in agriculture and opposed to cooperative farming. Q 5. How has the method of voting changed from the first General Election of 1952 to the General Election of 2004?

Answer: 1. In the first General Election a box was placed inside each polling booth for each candidate with the election symbol of the candidate. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper to drop into the box, they wanted to vote for. 2. After first two elections, this method was changed. Now ballot paper carried the names and symbols of candidates and the voter stamped against the name of candidate to vote for. 3. In 2004, Electronic Voting Machine were introduced to press the button according to choice of the voter containing the name of candidate and symbol of political party. Q 6. When was Communist Party emerged?

Answer: The Communist Party emerged in 1920 in different parts of India. It took the inspiration from Bolshevik revolution in Russia. The important leaders of CPI were A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh etc. Q 7. “India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky”. Justify the statement.

Answer: Because: 1. Country’s vast size and electorates made these elections unusual. 2. The year 1952, it was a big test for poor and illiterate country. 3. Till then, democracy had been existed only in the prosperous countries mainly in Europe and North America where everyone was almost literate. Q 8. Mention the aims and goals of Socialist Party of India. Why the party could not prove itself as an effective alternative to the Congress?

Answer: Aims and goals of socialist party of India: 1. The Socialist Party believed in the ideology of democratic socialism to be distinguished from Congress and Communists both. 2. It criticised Congress for ignoring the workers and peasants. It became difficult for socialist party to prove itself as an effective alternative to Congress because Congress Party declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society in 1955. Q 9. What were the reasons for dominance of one party system in India?

Answer: The dominance of Congress in India was due to following reasons: 1. Congress was identified with the freedom struggle for building national unity and solidarity. 2. Congress was associated with Mahatma Gandhi’s name. 3. It had a broad based manifesto to include the various section of society. 4. Congress bore a popular appeal of charismatic leader like Mahatma Gandhi, J.L. Nehru, Sardar Patel, Indira Gandhi etc. 5. Congress focused on building role of the party. Q 10. How did India’s first general elections of 1952 become a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world?

Answer: Because: 1. These elections were competitive among various parties. 2. The participation of people was encouraging also. 3. The results were declared in a very fair manner, even to be accepted by the losers in a fair manner. 4. This experiment of India, proved the critics wrong also.

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]

Q 1. Describe the organisation of Congress Party as a social and ideological coalitions. Or “For a long time Congress Party had been a social and ideological coalition”. Justify the statement. 

Answer: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary conservative, extremist and moderates with all other shades of the centre.

Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to take part in national movement.

In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties were allowed to co-exist within the Congress. Some of these like ‘Congress Socialist Party’ later separated from the Congress and became an opposition party. 

Q 2. How was one party dominance of India different from the other examples of one party dominance in the world?  Or Examine the comparative analysis of nature of Congress dominance.

Answer: India is not the only country to have dominance of one party but we have some other examples also for the same. But the dominance of one party in India does not compromise democratic spirit of constitution whereas other nations have compromised it: 1. In countries like China, Cuba and Syria are permitted to be ruled by one party only by the constitutional provisions. 2. Myanmar, Belarus, Egypt also experience one party system due to legal and military measurer. 3. In India, Congress dominates on behalf of free and fair elections based on democracy where the losing of other party is also fair. Q 3. “In India, hero-worship, plays a part in its politics unequalled in magnitude by the part it plays in the politics of any other country But in politics, hero-worship is a sure road to degradation and eventual dictatorship”.Babasaheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Analyse the statement.

Ans: The above mentioned statement speaks of accommodating diversities by the leader of India which was a challenging path to democracy. Our leaders wanted to represent politics as a way of solution of problems in place of making politics a problem. Q 4. Examine the dominance of Congress in the first three General Elections.

Answer: I. In the first election Congress won 364/489 seats as per expectations. 2. The Communist Party next to Congress won only 16 seats. 3. Congress scored higher in state elections also except Travancore- Cochin (Kerala), Madras and Orissa. 4. Hence, country ruled at national and state level both by declaring Pt. J.L. Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India. 5. In second and third elections also, Congress maintained the same position in Loksabha by winning of three fourth seats in the years 1957 and 1962 respectively.

Passage Based Questions [5 Marks]

1. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: This coalition-like character of the Congress gave it an unusual strength. Firstly, a coalition accommodates all those who join it. Therefore, it has to avoid any extreme position and strike a balance on almost all issues. Compromise and inclusiveness are the hallmarks of a coalition. This strategy put the opposition in a difficulty. Anything that the opposition wanted to say, would also find a place in the programme and ideology of the Congress. Secondly, in a party that has the nature of a coalition, there is a greater tolerance of internal differences and ambitions of various groups and leaders are accommodated. The Congress did both these things during the freedom struggle and continued doing this even after Independence. That is why, even if a group was not happy with the position of the party or with its share of power, it would remain inside the party and fight the other groups rather than leaving the party and becoming an ‘opposition’. Questions 1. What do you mean by a faction? 2. How did coalition-like character affect the nature of Congress Party? 3. How did Congress avoided to increase number of ‘opposition’?

Answer: 1. Factions are the groups formed inside the party based on either ideological considerations or on personal ambitions and rivalries. 2. Coalition-like character of Congress accommodated all social diversities and maintained a balance on almost all issues. Even a proper space for the programmes and ideology of opposite parties was also given. In such a way Congress showed greater tolerance towards internal differences. 3. Alongwith its coalition-like character, Congress did not let the groups to leave the party to become an opposition. 2. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: The socialists believed in the ideology of democratic socialism which distinguished them both from the Congress as well as from the Communists. They criticised the Congress for favouring capitalists and landlords and for ignoring the workers and the peasants. But the socialists faced a dilemma when in 1955 the Congress declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society. Thus it became difficult for the socialists to present themselves as an effective alternative to the Congress. Some of them, led by Rammanohar Lohia, increased their distance from and criticism of the Congress party. Some others like Asoka Mehta advocated a limited cooperation with the Congress. Questions 1. Mention the ideology of Socialists. 2. Name some leaders of the Socialist Party. 3. Why did it become difficult for socialists to present themselves as an effective alternative to the Congress?

Answer: 1. Socialists believed in the ideology of democratic socialism to be distinguished from Congress as well as from Communists. 2. Ram Manohar Lohia, Ashok Mehta and Acharya Narendra Dev, Jayaprakash Narayan etc. 3. Because in 1955, Congress declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society.

Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks]

Q 1. Describe the various steps taken to hold the first general elections in India. How far these elections were successful?

Answer: The first general elections had to be postponed twice and finally held from October 1951 to February 1952: 1. These elections were referred to as 1952 elections because most parts of country voted in January 1952. 2. It took six months for campaigning, polling and counting to be completed. 3. Elections were competitive because there were on an average more than four candidates for each seat. 4. The level of participation was en-couraging to vote out in the election. 5. The results were declared and accepted as fair even by losers to prove critics wrong. These elections were successful: 1. The losing of the parties was also accepted as fair. 2. These elections became a landmark in the history of democracy. 3. It was no longer possible to argue that democratic elections could not be held in conditions of poverty or lack of education. Instead, it can be practised anywhere in the world. Q 2. Why was Congress considered as a social and ideological coalition in independence days? Explain.

Answer: The Congress Party became a social and ideological coalition for it merged different social groups alongwith their identity holding different beliefs: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary, conservative, pacifist, radical, extremist and moderates and the right and the left with all other shades of the centre. 2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interacts and even political parties to take part in the national movement. Ideological currents present within the Congress: (а) In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties with their own constitutions and organisational structures were allowed to exist within the Congress. (b) Some of these like ‘Congress Socialist Party”, later separated from the Congress and became an opposition party. Q 3. How was the one party dominance in India different from the one party system in Mexico? In your opinion which of the two political systems is better and why?

Answer: There was a difference between one party domination in India and Mexico. In Mexico, this was a one party system only not dominance because: 1. In India, the Congress Party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolu-tionary Party (PRI) (in Spanish) ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship. 2. In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but in Mexico, elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI. In our opinion one party dominance¬like India is better because this sort of dominance: 1. Accommodates social diversities. 2. Encourage large number of parti-cipation. 3. Ensures democratic spirit as well as maintains the same. 4. Bear respect even for opposition. Q 4. How did opposition parties emerge in India? What was their importance?

Answer: Some of the diverse opposition parties had come into existence before the first general elections in 1952 as non-Congress parties which succeeded to gain only a taken of representation in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. These parties maintained a democratic character of the system: 1. These offered a criticism based on principles to keep ruling party under check. 2. These parties groomed the leaders also to play a crucial role in shaping the country. 3. In the early years, these was a lot of respect between leaders of Congress and opposition parties i.e. interim government included even opposition leaders like Dr. Ambedkar, Jayaprakash Narayan, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee into the cabinet.

Picture/Map Based Questions [5 Marks]

A. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions 1. What does the cartoon represent? 2. What does the term ‘Tug of war’ refer to? 3. Who has been shown on the branches of tree?

Answer: 1. Cartoon represents dominance of Congress which is being tug by opposition parties to throw Congress out of power. 2. ‘Tug of war’ refer to pulling out the Congress by criticism and mentioning its weaknesses in an honest and justified manner. 3. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru alongwith his colleagues in the cabinet. B l. In the outline political map of India given below, five States have been marked as A, B, C, D and E. With the help of the information given below, identify them and write their correct names in your answer book along with the serial number of the information used and the related alphabet in the map.

Questions (i) The State to which C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor-General of India, belonged. (ii) The State where the first non-Congress Government was formed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad. (iii) The State to which Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1952-54) belonged. (iv) The State which faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-1967. (v) The State which led the country to White Revolution through Dairy Cooperative Movement.

Answer: A — (iv) Bihar B — (iii) Uttar Pradesh C — (v) Gujarat D — (i) Tamil Nadu C — (a) Kerala 2. On a political outline map of India locate and label the following and symbolise them as indicated:

Questions 1. Two states where Congress was not in power at some point during 1952-67. 2. Two states where the Congress remained in power through this period.

Answer: 1. (i) Jammu & Kashmir (ii) Kerala 2. (i) Uttar Pradesh (ii) Maharashtra

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NCERT Class 12 Political Science (India) Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Solutions (India Since Independence)

Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q 1. Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.

(a) The First General Elections in 1952 involved simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and…………. (The President of India/State Assemblies/Rajya Sabha/The Prime Minister)

(b) The party that won the second largest number of Lok Sabha seats in the first elections was the ………… (Praja Socialist Party/Bharatiya Jana Sangh/Communist Party of India/Bharatiya Janata Party)

(c) One of the guiding principles of the ideology of the Swatantra Party was……… (Working class interest/protection of Princely States/Economy free from State control/Autonomy of States within the Union)

Answer: (a) State Assemblies (b) Communist Party of India (c) Economy free from state control. Q 2. Match the following

Answer: (a)—(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(w), (d)-(iii) Q 3. Four statements regarding one-party dominance are given below. Mark each of them as true or false: (a) One-party dominance is rooted in the absence of strong alternative political parties (b) One-party dominance occurs because of weak public opinion. (c) One-party dominance is linked to the nation’s colonial past. (d) One-party dominance reflects the absence of democratic ideals in a country.

Answer: (a) True, (b) False, (c) True, (d) False Q 4. If Bharatiya Jana Sangh of the Communist Party of India had formed the government after the first election, in which respects would the policies of the government have been different? Specify three differences each for both the parties.

Answer: 1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh: The policies of Bharatiya Jana Sangh were based on the principles as follows: (a) It replaced secular concept by the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. (b) No cultural and educational rights as this party opposed the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities. (c) It focused on the reunity of India and Pakistan under the concept of Akhand Bharat. 2. Communist Party of India: Communist Party of India would have been different on the principles as follows: (а) It worked for proportional representation in the govern-ment. (б) This party followed communist ideology in various policies. (c) It emphasised on a control over electronic mass media by an autonomous body or corporation. Q 5. In what sense was the Congress an ideological coalition? Mention the various ideological currents present within the Congress.

Answer: The Congress Party became a social and ideological coalition for it merged different social groups alongwith their identity holding different beliefs: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary, conservative, pacifist, radical, extremist and moderates and the rights and the left with all other shades of the centre. 2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to take part in the national movement. Ideological currents present within the Congress: (a) In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties with their own constitutions and organisational structures were allowed to exist within the Congress. (b) Some of these like “Congress Socialist Party” later seperated from the Congress and became on opposition party. Q 6. Did the prevalence of a ‘one-party dominant system’ affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics?

Answer: No, the prevalence of one party dominance system did not affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics because: 1. The key role of Congress in the freedom struggle gave it a head start over others. 2. The Congress accommodated diversified interests, religion, beliefs and aspirations to strengthen democracy. 3. Despite being taken place of free and fair elections, Congress won elections in the same manner again and again. 4. Congress party consisted of various factions inside itself, based on ideological considerations who never taught together or went out of Congress. 5. Hence, on the basis of above mentioned criterion, it can be concluded that Congress strengthened ideals of democracy and held unity and integrity of the country. Q 7. Bring out three differences each between Socialist Parties and the Communist Party and between Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party.

Answer: 1. Differences between Socialist Parties and Communist Party:

2. Differences between Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party:

Q 8. What would you consider as the main differences between Mexico and India under one party domination?

Answer: There was a difference between one party domination in India and Mexico. In Mexico, this was a one party system only not dominance because: 1. In India, the Congress party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (in Spanish) ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship. 2. In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but it Mexico, elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI. Q 9. Take a political map of India (with State outlines) and mark: (a) Two states where Congress was not in poiver at some point during 1952-67. (b) Two states where the Congress remained in power through this period.

Answer. Map is attached and marked as: (a) 1. Kerala (Travancore-Cochin) 2. Madras (Travancore-Cochin) (b) 1. Punjab or U.P. 2. Rajasthan or West Bengal. Q 10. Read the following passage: “Patel, the organisational man of the Congress, wanted to purge the Congress of other political groups and sought to make of it a cohesive and disciplined political party. He … sought to take the Congress away from its all-embracing character and turn it into a close-knit party of disciplined cadres. Being a ‘ r list he looked more for discipline than for took too romantic a view of “eariging on the movement,” Patel’s idea of transforming the Congress into strictly political party with a single ideology and tight discipline showed an equal lack of understanding of the eclectic role that the Congress, as a government, was to be called upon to perform in the decades to follow.”—Rnjni Kotl c – 1 (а) Why does the author think that Congress should not have been a cohesive and disciplined party? (b) Give some examples of the eclectic role of the Congress party in the early years. (c) Why does the author say that Gandhi’s view about Congress future was romantic?

Answer: (a) Because she wanted to take the Congress away from its all embracing character and turn it into a close knit party of disciplined caders. (b) These examples are in the form of social and ideological coalition of Congress: (i) It provided a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to participate in national movement. (ii) Congress party represented a rainbow like social coalition representing diversity of India including various castes, religions and languages. (c) Because Gandhiji believed in hand- in-hand characteristic of national movement led by Congress which attracted various sections groups and society to form a social and ideological coalition in Congress.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Q 1. Which political party laid emphasis on the idea of one party, one culture and one nation?

Answer: Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Q 2. Which political party of India had leaders like A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, and S.A. Dange?

Answer: Communist Party of India. Q 3. Who was the founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh?

Answer: Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951. Q 4. In which year was the Election Commission of India set up and who was the first chief Election Commissioner of India?

Answer: 25 January 1950, Sukumar Sen. Q 5. Name the founder president of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was given to this party after 1948?

Answer: The founder president of the Congress Socialist Party was Acharya Narendra Dev and after 1955 it came to be known as Socialist Party. Q 6. Differentiate between one party dominance and one party system.

Answer: One party dominance refer to representation on behalf of popular consensus alongwith free and fair elections i.e. Congress in India whereas one party system refers representation based on malpractice, fraud etc. to ensure winning of a particular party. Q 7. When and why was the electronic voting machine used in India for the first time?

Answer: The electronic voting machine was used in India in 1990 for first time for more accuracy and fair dealing while counting as well as it helps to check Booth capturing and other malpractices. Q 8. How did socialist party origin?

Answer: The founder president of the Congress socialist party was Acharya Narendra Dev and after 1955 it came to be known as Socialist Party. Q 9. Define faction.

Answer: Faction are the groups formed inside the party i.e. coalitions made in Congress created various factions which were based on either ideological considerations or personal ambitions. Q 10. When and by whom PRI was founded?

Answer: The ‘Institutional Revolutionary Party’ (PRI) was founded in 1929 by Plutareo Elias Calles in Mexico which represented the legacy of Mexican Revolution.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

Q 1. How did the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections help in establishing a democratic set-up in India?

Answer: The first general election was the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Till then democracy had existed only in the prosperous countries. By that time many countries in Europe had not given voting rights to all women. In this context India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky. India’s general election of 1952 became a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world. It was no longer possible to argue that domocratic elections could not be held on conditions of poverty or lack of education. It proved that democracy could be practised anywhere in the world. The next two general elections strengthened democratic set-up in India. Q 2. Highlight any two features of ideology of Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Answer: 1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh laid emphasis on ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. 2. Bharatiya Jana Sangh called for reunity of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat. Q 3. Explain the major difference of ideology between that of Congress and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Answer: The major difference of ideology between Congress and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh was that Bharatiya Jana Sangh emphasised on one party country. One culture, one nation i.e. a Hindu nation or Hindutva whereas Congress formed ideological and social coalitions accommodating social diversities. Q 4. State any two ideologies of the Swatantra Party.

Answer: Swatantra Party was founded by Senior Congress leader C. Rajgopalachari in August 1959: 1. The party believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom. 2. This party was against land ceilings in agriculture and opposed to cooperative farming. Q 5. How has the method of voting changed from the first General Election of 1952 to the General Election of 2004?

Answer: 1. In the first General Election a box was placed inside each polling booth for each candidate with the election symbol of the candidate. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper to drop into the box, they wanted to vote for. 2. After first two elections, this method was changed. Now ballot paper carried the names and symbols of candidates and the voter stamped against the name of candidate to vote for. 3. In 2004, Electronic Voting Machine were introduced to press the button according to choice of the voter containing the name of candidate and symbol of political party. Q 6. When was Communist Party emerged?

Answer: The Communist Party emerged in 1920 in different parts of India. It took the inspiration from Bolshevik revolution in Russia. The important leaders of CPI were A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh etc. Q 7. “India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky”. Justify the statement.

Answer: Because: 1. Country’s vast size and electorates made these elections unusual. 2. The year 1952, it was a big test for poor and illiterate country. 3. Till then, democracy had been existed only in the prosperous countries mainly in Europe and North America where everyone was almost literate. Q 8. Mention the aims and goals of Socialist Party of India. Why the party could not prove itself as an effective alternative to the Congress?

Answer: Aims and goals of socialist party of India: 1. The Socialist Party believed in the ideology of democratic socialism to be distinguished from Congress and Communists both. 2. It criticised Congress for ignoring the workers and peasants. It became difficult for socialist party to prove itself as an effective alternative to Congress because Congress Party declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society in 1955. Q 9. What were the reasons for dominance of one party system in India?

Answer: The dominance of Congress in India was due to following reasons: 1. Congress was identified with the freedom struggle for building national unity and solidarity. 2. Congress was associated with Mahatma Gandhi’s name. 3. It had a broad based manifesto to include the various section of society. 4. Congress bore a popular appeal of charismatic leader like Mahatma Gandhi, J.L. Nehru, Sardar Patel, Indira Gandhi etc. 5. Congress focused on building role of the party. Q 10. How did India’s first general elections of 1952 become a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world?

Answer: Because: 1. These elections were competitive among various parties. 2. The participation of people was encouraging also. 3. The results were declared in a very fair manner, even to be accepted by the losers in a fair manner. 4. This experiment of India, proved the critics wrong also.

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]

Q 1. Describe the organisation of Congress Party as a social and ideological coalitions. Or “For a long time Congress Party had been a social and ideological coalition”. Justify the statement. 

Answer: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary conservative, extremist and moderates with all other shades of the centre.

Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to take part in national movement.

In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties were allowed to co-exist within the Congress. Some of these like ‘Congress Socialist Party’ later separated from the Congress and became an opposition party. 

Q 2. How was one party dominance of India different from the other examples of one party dominance in the world?  Or Examine the comparative analysis of nature of Congress dominance.

Answer: India is not the only country to have dominance of one party but we have some other examples also for the same. But the dominance of one party in India does not compromise democratic spirit of constitution whereas other nations have compromised it: 1. In countries like China, Cuba and Syria are permitted to be ruled by one party only by the constitutional provisions. 2. Myanmar, Belarus, Egypt also experience one party system due to legal and military measurer. 3. In India, Congress dominates on behalf of free and fair elections based on democracy where the losing of other party is also fair. Q 3. “In India, hero-worship, plays a part in its politics unequalled in magnitude by the part it plays in the politics of any other country But in politics, hero-worship is a sure road to degradation and eventual dictatorship”.Babasaheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Analyse the statement.

Ans: The above mentioned statement speaks of accommodating diversities by the leader of India which was a challenging path to democracy. Our leaders wanted to represent politics as a way of solution of problems in place of making politics a problem. Q 4. Examine the dominance of Congress in the first three General Elections.

Answer: I. In the first election Congress won 364/489 seats as per expectations. 2. The Communist Party next to Congress won only 16 seats. 3. Congress scored higher in state elections also except Travancore- Cochin (Kerala), Madras and Orissa. 4. Hence, country ruled at national and state level both by declaring Pt. J.L. Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India. 5. In second and third elections also, Congress maintained the same position in Loksabha by winning of three fourth seats in the years 1957 and 1962 respectively.

Passage Based Questions [5 Marks]

1. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: This coalition-like character of the Congress gave it an unusual strength. Firstly, a coalition accommodates all those who join it. Therefore, it has to avoid any extreme position and strike a balance on almost all issues. Compromise and inclusiveness are the hallmarks of a coalition. This strategy put the opposition in a difficulty. Anything that the opposition wanted to say, would also find a place in the programme and ideology of the Congress. Secondly, in a party that has the nature of a coalition, there is a greater tolerance of internal differences and ambitions of various groups and leaders are accommodated. The Congress did both these things during the freedom struggle and continued doing this even after Independence. That is why, even if a group was not happy with the position of the party or with its share of power, it would remain inside the party and fight the other groups rather than leaving the party and becoming an ‘opposition’. Questions 1. What do you mean by a faction? 2. How did coalition-like character affect the nature of Congress Party? 3. How did Congress avoided to increase number of ‘opposition’?

Answer: 1. Factions are the groups formed inside the party based on either ideological considerations or on personal ambitions and rivalries. 2. Coalition-like character of Congress accommodated all social diversities and maintained a balance on almost all issues. Even a proper space for the programmes and ideology of opposite parties was also given. In such a way Congress showed greater tolerance towards internal differences. 3. Alongwith its coalition-like character, Congress did not let the groups to leave the party to become an opposition. 2. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: The socialists believed in the ideology of democratic socialism which distinguished them both from the Congress as well as from the Communists. They criticised the Congress for favouring capitalists and landlords and for ignoring the workers and the peasants. But the socialists faced a dilemma when in 1955 the Congress declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society. Thus it became difficult for the socialists to present themselves as an effective alternative to the Congress. Some of them, led by Rammanohar Lohia, increased their distance from and criticism of the Congress party. Some others like Asoka Mehta advocated a limited cooperation with the Congress. Questions 1. Mention the ideology of Socialists. 2. Name some leaders of the Socialist Party. 3. Why did it become difficult for socialists to present themselves as an effective alternative to the Congress?

Answer: 1. Socialists believed in the ideology of democratic socialism to be distinguished from Congress as well as from Communists. 2. Ram Manohar Lohia, Ashok Mehta and Acharya Narendra Dev, Jayaprakash Narayan etc. 3. Because in 1955, Congress declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society.

Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks]

Q 1. Describe the various steps taken to hold the first general elections in India. How far these elections were successful?

Answer: The first general elections had to be postponed twice and finally held from October 1951 to February 1952: 1. These elections were referred to as 1952 elections because most parts of country voted in January 1952. 2. It took six months for campaigning, polling and counting to be completed. 3. Elections were competitive because there were on an average more than four candidates for each seat. 4. The level of participation was en-couraging to vote out in the election. 5. The results were declared and accepted as fair even by losers to prove critics wrong. These elections were successful: 1. The losing of the parties was also accepted as fair. 2. These elections became a landmark in the history of democracy. 3. It was no longer possible to argue that democratic elections could not be held in conditions of poverty or lack of education. Instead, it can be practised anywhere in the world. Q 2. Why was Congress considered as a social and ideological coalition in independence days? Explain.

Answer: The Congress Party became a social and ideological coalition for it merged different social groups alongwith their identity holding different beliefs: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary, conservative, pacifist, radical, extremist and moderates and the right and the left with all other shades of the centre. 2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interacts and even political parties to take part in the national movement. Ideological currents present within the Congress: (а) In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties with their own constitutions and organisational structures were allowed to exist within the Congress. (b) Some of these like ‘Congress Socialist Party”, later separated from the Congress and became an opposition party. Q 3. How was the one party dominance in India different from the one party system in Mexico? In your opinion which of the two political systems is better and why?

Answer: There was a difference between one party domination in India and Mexico. In Mexico, this was a one party system only not dominance because: 1. In India, the Congress Party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolu-tionary Party (PRI) (in Spanish) ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship. 2. In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but in Mexico, elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI. In our opinion one party dominance¬like India is better because this sort of dominance: 1. Accommodates social diversities. 2. Encourage large number of parti-cipation. 3. Ensures democratic spirit as well as maintains the same. 4. Bear respect even for opposition. Q 4. How did opposition parties emerge in India? What was their importance?

Answer: Some of the diverse opposition parties had come into existence before the first general elections in 1952 as non-Congress parties which succeeded to gain only a taken of representation in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. These parties maintained a democratic character of the system: 1. These offered a criticism based on principles to keep ruling party under check. 2. These parties groomed the leaders also to play a crucial role in shaping the country. 3. In the early years, these was a lot of respect between leaders of Congress and opposition parties i.e. interim government included even opposition leaders like Dr. Ambedkar, Jayaprakash Narayan, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee into the cabinet.

Picture/Map Based Questions [5 Marks]

A. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions 1. What does the cartoon represent? 2. What does the term ‘Tug of war’ refer to? 3. Who has been shown on the branches of tree?

Answer: 1. Cartoon represents dominance of Congress which is being tug by opposition parties to throw Congress out of power. 2. ‘Tug of war’ refer to pulling out the Congress by criticism and mentioning its weaknesses in an honest and justified manner. 3. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru alongwith his colleagues in the cabinet. B l. In the outline political map of India given below, five States have been marked as A, B, C, D and E. With the help of the information given below, identify them and write their correct names in your answer book along with the serial number of the information used and the related alphabet in the map.

Questions (i) The State to which C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor-General of India, belonged. (ii) The State where the first non-Congress Government was formed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad. (iii) The State to which Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1952-54) belonged. (iv) The State which faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-1967. (v) The State which led the country to White Revolution through Dairy Cooperative Movement.

Answer: A — (iv) Bihar B — (iii) Uttar Pradesh C — (v) Gujarat D — (i) Tamil Nadu C — (a) Kerala 2. On a political outline map of India locate and label the following and symbolise them as indicated:

Questions 1. Two states where Congress was not in power at some point during 1952-67. 2. Two states where the Congress remained in power through this period.

Answer: 1. (i) Jammu & Kashmir (ii) Kerala 2. (i) Uttar Pradesh (ii) Maharashtra

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