#High Performance RF | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

thefrogman · 1 year ago

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I can't believe you forgot the five thousand dollar HDMI cable! That's the most important part! Never mind the fact that most HDMI cables do basically the same thing and have very few specialized features, don't think about it. Never mind the fact that gold plating is worthless on a digital signal. Spend five thousand dollars on a gold plated HDMI lead, right now!

You can never go wrong with AudioQuest. If you want overpriced cable nonsense, they got you covered.

Meet the Dragon "10K" HDMI cable.

For a cool $2300 you can get "Level 7 Noise Dissipation."

LEVEL 7!!!!!

Check out this totally scientific description of this feature...

"Traditional ��100% shielding” is not enough to guard against the increasingly prevalent effects of Wi-Fi, cellular, and satellite radiation. In AudioQuest HDMI cables, all 19 conductors are Direction-Controlled to minimize the RF Noise that damages performance by “directing” or draining it away from the most vulnerable circuits. In Level 7 Noise Dissipation, high-loss graphene is added to the carbon layer sandwiched between layers of metal around the 4 FRL + eARC pairs, a "global" high-loss carbon layer is placed around all conductors, we incorporate our patented 72v Dielectric-Bias System, and even the drain wires are 100% Perfect-Surface Silver."

I'm sure all of that would hold up to scientific scrutiny.

I mean, sure, you are just transferring 1s and 0s back and forth, and as long as all of the 1s and 0s get where they need to go, your picture will look exactly the same with a $10 cable as it does with a $2300 cable... but I really do need that Level 7 dissipation. My house is constantly flooded with satellite radiation.

Yes, there are shitty HDMI cables. And some of them struggle to meet the bandwidth they claim on the packaging. This will cause no picture or sound or it will cause dropouts or skipped frames. Sometimes you will get crazy artifacts that pop in and out. But you cannot improve video or audio quality with a fancy cable.

You will not see magical colors so bright you cum in your shorts.

You will not hear indescribably intense bass that will violently vibrate your testicles--killing your sperm. That was microplastics, okay?

You will get the data that was encoded into the media file.

You just need a cable that can pass along that data without incident. Buying a "good" cable is actually recommended. Blue Jeans Cable is a great brand that has high quality control standards and a good warranty. They are a little spendy, but everything is a good value.

Their website is built on ancient GeoCities technology...

So you know they prioritize their budget toward R&D and product design over graphic designer or a subscription to Squarespace.

I buy their cables because they always meet the data bandwidth they claim and they can take abuse due to using tougher materials that last.

My best advice when buying an HDMI or other data cable is to figure out how much bandwidth you need, and then make sure in the product description they mention the data rate.

So if you want 4K resolution at 60 Hz, you will need a cable that does at least 18 gigabits per second. If you need 4K/120Hz/4:4:4/12 bit, then the bandwidth should be 48 Gbps. And if you get more bandwidth than you actually need, the cable is backwards compatible.

Here is a handy chart...

USUALLY, if they list the actual data rate (Gbps) in the product description, you can trust they certified it can pass that much data through. It's when you don't see any Gbps rating in the product description that you should move on to another cable.

(USB standards are insanely confusing, but the same advice applies. Try to find out the data rate you need and research to make sure the cable is capable of that.)

I'm afraid all of this cable nonsense goes back a long way. When I turned 16 I immediately applied for a job at Best Buy selling computers. And I really loved that job. So many people were clueless about computers back then and I was very good at assessing their needs and making sure they went home with the equipment and accessories that would suit them within their budget.

And if they tried to buy the eMachines computers, I would tell them they might as well set their money on fire.

Throw directly into trash because this is some hot garbage.

Unfortunately my managers pressured me to sell warranties and accessories that I didn't really believe in. The hardest thing they asked me to do was sell people gold-plated printer cables. This is back when printers still used a parallel port connection.

They wanted me to sell these for $40 to $60 (depending on length).

Even though these bad boys did the exact same thing for only $20.

I could actually see on the store's computer how much markup these cables had. The cheap ones cost Best Buy the exact same amount as the gold ones.

Maybe they weren't as aesthetically pleasing, but those cheaper cables were built like fuckin' tanks. I probably still have some of these in my basement that would function just as well as they did 25 years ago.

The ONLY difference was the "gold" contacts on the ends. But my managers told me to lie to customers. I was to tell them you would get much faster print speeds, better colors, and more DPI (dots per inch). But both cables sent the same 1s and 0s. They either worked or they didn't. The only tiny advantage is that gold contacts are slightly less resistant to corrosion over time. But I have yet to see that happen within the lifespan of any cable.

So I would tell customers it was a waste of money and lie to my managers saying the customers weren't interested.

"Did you tell them it was faster?" "Yes." (A lie.) "Did you tell them it made the colors better?" "Yes." (Also a lie.) "Well, we're going to have to work on your sales presentation skills." "Sounds good, boss." (Whatever, dude.)

#long post

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mayumania · 1 year ago

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hi there!

im annabelle, and i desperately need new blogs to follow/be mutuals with !!! i also need friends lol

please interact with this post it you post any of the following and ill check out your blog :•D

-shitposts, memes, etc (reblog machines welcome <3)

-lesbian related stuff (no t*rfs)

-system related stuff (no endos & their supporters)

-spiderverse

-vocaloid/utau

-the owl house

-moral orel

-monster high

-spongebob

-invader zim

-popee the performer

-sonic the hedgehog

-miraculous ladybug

-adventure time

thanks for reading! :•D

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hexarcana · 3 days ago

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**okay now for some Yearling Centric RF goodness that I forgot to share so I’m posting it tonight bc I didn’t have enough brain power to do drafts 🤡

**mostly about Aggies parents and why Aggie lives with Olive

So David ran away from his mother as a child. He ran all the way to town, illegally hopped on SEVERAL forms of Public transportation which EVENTUALLY got him back to New York. He didn’t bother looking up his grandfather bc he’d just tell his mother and he vowed that day that he’d never see her again. He wound up at a police station where he explained to officers that he was an orphan. For the sake of “it’s a cartoon guys it’s not realistic” this works for him and he’s placed in Foster Care. I don’t have an exact timeline so idk how old he is exactly, but all that matters is that he was eventually adopted by a decent family in Staten Island. He settled into his new extremely boring but secure life very quickly and was on his way to having a normal life if it weren’t for the literal FAMILY of witches living across the street. He just knew them as the Cross Sisters. Most of them were older than he was but the youngest was around his age. She was a shy, timid girl who was always staring at him whenever he saw her. He didn’t really care.

As he grew up the youngest Cross sister started to try and make advances, which he wasn’t interested in. He had big plans to go into medicine someday and was very academically focused. Unfortunately Lucinda Cross had made her decision about who she wanted and she wanted him. Just like in canon, she bewitches him into falling in love with her. Now mind you, they’re teenagers in high school at this point, and thankfully (for his sake honestly) they forbid their daughter from dating. The spells were broken, David was confused and felt a little under the weather. He didn’t see the Cross girl again, apart from dreaming about her quite often.

Fast forward quite a few years. Lucinda still came to him in dreams but it was infrequent enough where he didn’t quite make a connection. He’s finally finished med school and he’s ready to embark on a new life in Manhattan. Her moves into an apartment a few blocks from the Hospital he was doing his residency. Across the street is an odd little house crammed between two apartment buildings. It looks really out of place, all white and old looking. He pays it little mind, not really caring to notice how the people who lived there appeared to be a group of about 25 women who were always dressed in black. He had a passing thought that maybe they were nuns? But one day as he’s walking home from work, he’s approached by one of the women in black who looks OVERJOYED to see him. It’s Lucinda. She’d found him. Or maybe he’d found her- it was hard to say since from that moment on he was once more under her spell, and it was stronger than ever thanks to her close proximity to her coven.

They were married VERY soon after they reunited in a small ceremony performed by the women of Lucinda’s coven. David wasn’t even mentally present. He had very little autonomy at the time.

Lucinda kept him docile and compliant. As far as he knew, he was happy.

Within a year of being married, they welcomed a child, a little girl named Agatha, named for David’s favorite author.

Had Lucinda had a son, things probably could have stayed as they were and David would have been under her spell for the rest of his life but unfortunately for her, she had a daughter who’s magic was wayyyy stronger than hers. That WAS her goal, to have a witch child that was supremely powerful, but she didn’t anticipate that Aggie’s meer presence even as a baby had a sort of curse-breaking effect on David. It was slow, and he came out of the magic in fits of rage where he and Lucinda would get into horrible screaming matches before she’d subdue him once more.

Canon Aggie free up in a house that was silent, but RF Aggie grew up in a house filled with anger and resentment and confusion and so much yelling and throwing things. She feared both of her parents in equal measure. David was at best, quiet and sort of blank and at worst he was angry at the whole world. Lucinda wasn’t motherly in the slightest, and as far back as Aggie could remember her mother was persisting her about magic whether she was awake or not. If she didn’t meet expectations she was punished. MIND YOU THIS WAS WHEN SHE WAS LIKE??? 3-5 YEARS OLD? So Anyone who saw Aggie would comment on dreadfully pale and sickly she seemed, but Lucinda was able to keep it up until there was a major shift.

When Aggie was about five, David broke free of the magic firmly enough to hatch a plan. He ordered Aggie to pack her things. She did as instructed because she was terrified that he’d yell at her or worse if she didn’t obey. When Lucinda came into the home, David incapacitated her (AKA hit her with something very heavy) and then he fled the apartment with Aggie in tow.

In between fits of being bewitched and not, Lucinda had revealed what she was and what was happening and David was fucking PISSED. He’s lost years of his life with this woman that he hated, who used magic which as far as he could tell was just evil shit. He took Aggie (who he was neutral about at best) bc he knew Lucinda would twist her and make her as evil as she was and even though David HAD basically resolved to abandon her somewhere he didn’t exactly want her to turn out like Lucinda. But where to take her? What place could take a witch?

He remembered the town he’d spent a short amount of time in as a boy, trapped in the woods in a rusty old RV while his mom was off doing god knows what. That town, those woods, there was something about them. Full of freaks like his mother, the freak he was raising would fit right in.

So, just like in canon, he drove Aggie alllll the way to Oregon, where he sought the assistance of a local tourist trap owner to locate his mothers home.

He really hasn’t antipated how enraged he would become upon seeing his mother again. It didn’t matter that she seemed shrunken and empty, unable to meet his eyes or say much more than a few words in a shaking voice. Frankly, she disgusted him, and he went the fuck OFF on her, yelling at her for everything from how poor and unhappy they were in New York when he was small (Honestly this was a fucking low blow bc that was before she cracked) to leaving him alone in that camper and never trying to find him when he ran off.

Olive just. Stood there. Because she couldn’t argue, even if she could string together enough coherent thoughts to do so. She was sickened by herself too, frankly.

What neither person expected was the frightened five year old in his car tearing out into the yard and yelling at her father to stop yelling. Aggie was five, but wise for her age, and she could tell that this poor woman was sick and also she just!!! She was so scared of him when he yelled! And after being taken from her home, dragged across the country- She’d had ENOUGH. Thing is she put a way more oomph into her shout than intended.

In that moment David suddenly forgot the following:

-Who the two people in the woods with him are

-The fact that he had a child

-The fact that his mother even existed

-Where he was, and why he was there.

Aggie had wiped massive chunks of his memory. All his rage and anger were gone as if a switch had been thrown. He looked between the girl and the woman blankly before asking who they were and where he was and what was going on. Olive was stunned, and unable to really speak. So Aggie took over, explaining that he was on his way to California looking for a new job, and he’d gotten lost. He asks for directions and Olive shakily points back the way he came. He thanks her and apologizes for bothering them, and got back into his car. Aggie watched him go, clicking her fingers to “summon” her suitcase to appear right next to her. Olive doesn’t see this though, she was too busy staring as her sons car drove off. This absolutely broke her heart. She crumpled to the ground and cried. Aggie sat by her in the grass beside her and patted her shoulder.

David never came back, and likely never will. And Aggies been there ever since.

Aggie doesn’t like to talk about her parents in general, but she feels terrible about what she did to David mostly bc she knows it hurts Olive to know that she’ll never be able to talk him again. She also just… KNOWS that’s the kind of the magic her mother would want her to do and that’s not who she wants to be.

Speaking of her mother… She is out there. Somewhere.

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g-nicerf · 7 days ago

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usafphantom2 · 1 year ago

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BAE Systems will improve GPS technology in the Eurofighter Typhoon

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 11/17/2023 - 14:00 in Military

After successful activities to demonstrate functional compatibility and feasibility of physical installation, BAE Systems' Digital Anti-jam GPS Receiver (DIGAR) was selected to continue in the next phase of the Phase 4 Improvements (P4E) capability program on the Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft.

DIGAR will increase the protection of the aircraft against GPS signal interference, falsification and radio frequency (RF) interference, so that pilots can perform their missions in the most contested RF environments.

DIGAR uses advanced electronic antenna, high-performance signal processing and digital beam formation for significantly improved GPS signal reception and superior interference immunity. These capabilities considerably increase the level of protection against GPS interference and are critical for combat aircraft while maneuvering in a contested battle space.

The fighter will also receive the new GEMVII-6 airborne digital GPS receiver from BAE Systems which, when coupled to the electronic unit of the DIGAR antenna, allows the platform to conduct high-capacity digital beam formation anti-jamming.

“Modern fighters require accurate positioning and navigation data for mission success in GPS-contested environments,” said Luke Bishop, director of Navigation Systems and Sensors at BAE Systems. "Our DIGAR antenna electronic components and GEM VII GPS receivers are reliable to protect these vital platforms in GPS-challenged environments to support mission success."

The Eurofighter Typhoon is the backbone of the combat to air defense of the United Kingdom and several of its main European and international allies. Serving nine nations, it provides 24/7 air security, 365 days a year and is in frontline operations, including NATO's ongoing air policing throughout Eastern Europe.

BAE Systems, as part of the Eurofighter consortium of four countries behind the aircraft, is continuously investing in the Typhoon jet to maintain its cutting-edge military capability.

In addition to the Typhoon, DIGAR is also installed on the F-16, F-15 and other special-purpose aircraft in the U.S., such as air interdiction and force protection platforms, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles.

Leveraging more than 40 years of GPS experience, BAE Systems' GPS product family offers suitable size, weight and power characteristics for a variety of applications, including portable electronics, precision guided ammunition, unmanned aerial vehicles, vehicles and aircraft.

The work at DIGAR and GEMVII takes place at BAE Systems' facilities in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where the company invested in a state-of-the-art engineering and production center with 25,800 square meters.

Tags: Military AviationBAE SystemsEurofighter TyphoonGPS

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Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, has participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Dayton Airshow and FIDAE. He has work published in specialized aviation magazines in Brazil and abroad. Uses Canon equipment during his photographic work in the world of aviation.

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charmixpower · 11 months ago

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Having Dia be a magic using specialist opens her up for a friendship with Helia that's really funny

It's unlikely that she'd actually manage to get away from Samara long enough to like.. actually manage to lean to be a specialist at all until most of the way though s3, after Sky and Diaspro are saved and their marriage is crashed but I always like the idea that Helia would eventually take over RF, and Diaspro wanting to pick up a sword would kinda be his first little foray into teaching

I always imagined Helia really enjoys being a specialist and the reason he was at art school before was because he'd essentially already learned everything about being a specialist from his parents and going to RF would be superfluous + he needed to learn how to manage and control his magic and RF couldn't manage that properly. Helia is deeply introverted and finds most muscle heads extremely annoying but I imagine he does really enjoy sharing what he's learned with others and finds being a specialist rewarding

So, s3. Helia is technically an auxiliary member of the winx (like Nabu, Lucy, and Mirta are) but he's never really around. Hes around more often than he was last year, which is pretty easy because he only showed up like 3 times, deeply attached to RF as that's where he grew up, and protective of his grandfather so he doesn't often stray unless the winx actively needs his help. If he's required he'll show but he doesn't like people and is worried about RF being attacked so he usually doesn't

Enter Diaspro. Dia who was literally raised to be a wife has no real education beyond what she needs to be a wife, her magic is stunted and underdeveloped due to her emotions being forcefully repressed, and who realized after like one mission that she absolutely wants to be a magic user that works directly with specialists after like one mission she tagged along with because she likes using her magic in combat situations to carefully subdue threats

S4 Dia starts training to be a specialist and because she's older than everyone else, way behind everyone else, and embroiled in a huge political conspiracy of the Erakylon crown conspiring with Valtor to maintain control, having her in normal classes would be a bit weird. So Helia is personally tutoring her. This is. Extremely awkward for both parties at first. Helia is an introvert and Diaspro is used to constantly maintaining the expectation of femininity, basically they don't know what to do with each other. I like to imagine that Helia's lack of fucks is extremely comforting for Diaspro because he doesn't care she has no expectations of performance she has to maintain, and Diaspro would be perfectly happy to just exist in companionable silence with Helia making him feel more comfortable. They'd just. Vibe together

Both Helia and Diaspro don't feel like proper auxiliary members of the winx because neither of them were around as often as anyone else and they both find each other comfortable because they understand having other priorities that kept them from being with the Winx as often as they'd like. I feel like Helia would regret stuff like not going on the camping trip in s2 which is why he's around more in s3, but he's still not really there all that often. Bonding over this and becoming a fairy witch group of just the two of them hanging out at red fountain, doing missions together in companionable silence or chatting shit about people they dont like, and eventually when Saladin steps down Helia becomes the new headmaster of RF and Diaspro becomes the vice principal and casually bullys Helia about how he makes her do all the social stuff

Most circles or covens are like??? High commitment, especially faries, but Diaspro wouldn't mind that Helia isn't often available and vice versa. Helia has RF to worry about and it's been years since Diaspro has seen her parents so she's busy catching up with them. It's like PEEK adhd friendship where there's no relationship degradation, they just always pick up where they left off which no fucks given that neither of them have seen each other in months

#rus chatters #winx diaspro #winx headcanons #winx helia #winx club #rus has ideas

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rfantennaindia · 1 year ago

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sankalpalloys · 1 year ago

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professorspork · 2 years ago

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ok your baseball post might be my favorite post of the hiatus thus far and it has inspired me to start thinking about my own rwby baseball headcanons so here they are if you are interested (please feel free to ignore)

I always thought Nora would be a good catcher—she’s sneaky smart and definitely has the classic catcher build. I see her as sort of being in the Cal Raleigh or Evan Gattis mode where she mostly hits for power but she would also have a strong arm and catch everyone stealing (plus she would LOVE Raleigh’s nickname lol)

Jaune on the other hand I see as a pitcher, but one kind of like Jamie Moyer or Mark Buehrle—he doesn’t throw hard at all but he has like 6 different pitches and is very clever about mixing them up and picking his spots and generally outsmarting batters.

I also like Sun as a centerfielder who always makes crazy athletic catches even though half of them are the result of him misjudging the ball off the bat. Definitely steals like 10 home runs a season but also forgets how many outs there are every few games.

Lastly, Cinder has “closer” written all over her. She’s got one gear and that gear is “fastball.” She throws 102 but has precisely two pitches. She can be insanely intimidating when she’s on the top of her game but if it falls apart it falls apart BAD.

Sorry for rambling in your ask box lol you’ve activated 2 of my biggest obsessions all at once

I AM VERY INTERESTED I WOULD NEVER IGNORE

THIS IS ONE OF THE BEST ASKS I'VE EVER GOTTEN

oh my god what you said about Sun reminded me of something I meant to put in my own post about Nora (😭 I knew I'd forget something) which is that she absolutely would say something like Nick Castellanos did last post season when he was asked why his defense was so much sharper in October and he was like "EVERYTHING IS HIGH STAKES I CAN'T ZONE OUT LIKE NORMAL SO I GET A GOOD JUMP ON THE BALL" and it's like someone please get this boy some ritalin he literally just said he's too ADHD for right field in the regular season

but yeah that is ABSOLUTELY Sun, you're so right. I had the dubious honor of seeing Jeff Francouer play the outfield at a Giants game in 2013 and. when I tell you I have never seen weirder and more out-of-the-way routes to balls in my WHOLE ENTIRE LIFE...

anyway i LOVE these headcanons and I definitely agree about the Big Dumper Energy. not sure what the equivalent of JOE MAUER POWER HOUR would be for Nora but it would absolutely exist. also just:

RF Nora 🤝 C Nora throwing runners out

and also frankly

C Jaune 🤝 SP Jaune thoughtful pitch selection

but like Jaune turning in like a 2012 WS game 1 Zito vs Verlander performance of just outfoxing people with mostly offspeed semi-junk on the regular is such a delightful thought (also lmao can you tell I was an Even Years Giants bandwagoner back in the day) i LOVE that for him

and oh my god Cinder is just. just literally Aroldis Chapman right down to being the worst fucking person in the world YOU ARE SO CORRECT

#rwby #baseball #leah watches rwby #rwby baseball

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ptiautiste · 10 months ago

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AM-Detection -the not easy way

Sometimes quite simple things can be a real nightmare if you take a closer look. One of those is AM detection. Your worst enemies are distortion and fading (the latter results in the first). The AM-Detector is only one little part in a receiver, exactly that kind of part usually no one thinks about. "It works, so what should be wrong with?" -a lot and sometimes there's more wrong than right.

A good part of that distinctive AM-Sound we all know is because of the Detector, even under the best conditions. If you're listen to shortwave or the broadcast band during the night then you also have to cope with Fading. Shouldn't be that problem, the automatic gain control takes care of that, right? Ehmmm... Yes. Sometimes. Why the sound gets so distorted when the signal goes down? Just because it's very often 'Selective Fading' and not just Fading -and your Detector doesn't like it.

Really good AM-Reception has a lot in common with High-End-Audio: if it shall work well EVERYTHING has to be well. So let's just talk a bit about Detectors...

Basically the Detector just splits the Audio Signal from the received and amplified Signal. Sounds easy and in fact it is -up to some degree. If you want more than this things getting complicated -really complicated. In at least 999 out of 1000 AM-Receivers for the Detector a small circuitry called 'Envelope Detector' is used, it's just a small Diode (Tube or Semiconductor), a few Resistors and small Capacitors. So, from the view of the Development Engineer: just put half a dozen cheap Components together and Bob's your Uncle. To tell the Truth: compared to the expense that thingy works surprisingly well. Because of this it's the 'Gold Standart' for this task since at least the mid 30s. But as good as it is, it absolutely has it's Limitations. Up to about 15...30% Distortion at a 100% Modulation Level is one, the inability to detect a signal with different sidebands (>selective Fading!) properly another.

To overcome these Limitations a thing named 'Synchronous Detector' was developed many Decades ago. This kind of Circuit has many advantages over the Envelope Detector, but to make one the complexity and the component count of those is just hilarious compared to the Envelope Detector. If only the result counts and nothing else: that's the way to go. We'll talking later how this exactly works, but before this you have to know that in a receiver with a Synchronous Detector also an Envelope Detector is needed: just for tuning in. So first we'll have a closer look how we can get the most ideal Envelope Detector.

Basically it's quite simple: want to have low overall Distortion? Feed it with at least 'a few' volts RF at it's input for having a high ratio between the input voltage and the 'forward voltage' of the Diode. Want low Distortion at low modulation levels? Use a Diode with low Impedance and a load Resistor with a value as low as possible. Want low Distortion at high modulation levels? Just make the input Impedance of the following Stage as high as possible for having the highest possible Ratio between the Resistance of the Load Resistor and the input Impedance of the following Stage.

The Receiver i wanted to use (R+S EK07) has an IF output, meant for exactly such things, the IF Level there's about 250mVpp @ 300kHz. So having everything above in mind -and just adding a 700mVpp IF output for the Synchronous Detector and an additional AGC-Circuitry, then we're coming to this:

The EK07 is a fully tube equipped receiver, so i also want to use tubes as far as possible and -like in the EK07- in a way which guarantees 10k's of Service hours. If at one point a Semiconductor may perform muuuch better -ok, so then. First of all i want high performance. So what tubes may perform optimal here?

For the first IF-Amp (IF1) not much is needed, the Gain is only about 3, the output voltage low and besides that it has to be an remote-controlled type. Selectivity isn't needed or desired, so no IF-Can, only a Broad-Band setup. Nearly every IF-Tube with a Transconductance of at least about 3000mhos (3mA/V) would do that job. To have better performance i took the EF805s, which is a Special Quality Version of the EF85 -or 6BY7.

Transconductance is about twice what's needed, so we'll have Gain to spare, anyway, it's getting controlled with the AGC so it will work with less current which adds greatly to the service life. So no problems here.

For the second IF-Amp (IF2), things aren't exactly that easy. First: the output for the Synchronous Detector is placed between both Amps and has to deliver a constant voltage, so for the 2nd IF we need an Amplifier with an fixed Gain. A STABLE fixed Gain over long time periods. Further we want to have a relatively high and undistorted output voltage which calls for quite a bit of gain. Wait: there was also that thing with the low-value Load Resistor in the detector itself -so we also need a quite reasonable amount of output power from this stage. In Addition we want to have a stable gain for a time as long as possible. A IF-Tube like the EF805s could also handle this, but then we have to 'beat the crap' out of this thing. Not a good start for a long and stable service life, also not with Special Quality Tubes.

Because of all that my choice was a kinda 'special'-Special-Quality type: the E81L.

The datasheet calls this a 'Long range, Special Quality Tube for the use in Telephone Equipment'. Telephone Equipment? Like an answering machine?? Nope, by far not. Back in these days telephone companies needed to have Amplifiers for pushing the calls through loooong cables for long range service. But: this was all multiplex service, so they pushed dozens and dozens of calls simultaneously through one pair of wires or a Coax. The same way like for cable TV. THIS was these bulbs were meant for. For this task every company employed tens of thousands of such tubes 24/7/365. If a single one failed -most likely somewhere in nowhere of course- they had a problem. So they absolutely had to last.

These little bulbs are designed for about 4.5W plate dissipation at 20mA, the Transconductance is 11000mhos (11mA/V)-so it's about twice an usual IF Tube in every respect. So that's exactly what's needed here: a tube especially designed to last, quite powerful, so we can drive it with comfortable low settings, enhancing service life and stability much further.

Because we need some amount of power the usual Broad-Band Amplifier arrangement (still: selectivity is not wanted or desired) with just a plate Resistor isn't good here, a suitable inductor works way better here. This has the further advantage that we can build it with a Tab like an Autotransformer -we don't need that much voltage it could deliver with that inductor by far, so this adds further to a good SNR and lower output Impedance. 300kHz trough a transformer? Yep, no problem. Just use the right core. Here it's not a laminated iron core but a ferrite one instead. Cause it's a single-A Amplifier of course we must add an air-gap, preventing saturation.

In a penthode stage the gain depends nearly exclusively on the Transconductance of the tube used, have to much just cut it down. The E81L has a quite high transconductance, about 3 times more than needed -and in the same order than big output tubes like the 6550, EL34 or 6CA7. For cutting that down to the desired level just put a Resistor or Pot in series to the bypass cap of the cathode Resistor. This acts as an series feedback so it also enhances linearity and long time stability greatly. Yap, i thought quite a while about which tube i should use here.

So after all Amplification is done now, we need a Diode for the Envelope Detector. Back in the Octal-Days this was the 6H6 / EB34, later in the Miniature-Days the 6AL5 / EAA91, both with two separate diodes in one bottle (or Can for the 6H6). These were not A DIODE, these were THE DIODE, so there's not much to choose from. Both are kinda close to each other, but are these ideal for what we want? They both can handle a reverse voltage of several hundreds of volts, so waaaay more than we need here. Both having a Plate Resistance of 600-something Ohms per System which is quite low -could be lower, even with both Systems in parallel. Of course these would be work well, no doubt about. But still.... Hey, this should be High-end so we're whining here at a very high level!

Basically we can use EVERY TUBE as a diode: just take the control grid as Anode, the Cathode as what it is and everything else as Shielding. We don't need hundreds of Volts reverse Voltage, nor high current, so also no big Cathode. We only want to have an internal Resistance as low as possible, so a close spacing between the Grid and the Cathode. This calls for a small Tube with a high Gm (or Transconductance) -like the 6AK5 / EF95. Can it handle the reverse voltage we need? Datasheet says 50V, so at least twice of what's needed. So just take one, put some current trough and take the voltage drop. Result: 210 ohms -way less than that what one of the double-diodes would provide, even with both Systems in parallel. Fits very well!

This is the soviet-military version of the 6AK5W / E95F. Special Quality. See these 'trenches' in the bulb? And the microscopic rivets holding the Plate together? The Soviets literally ruggedized the heck out of this tube! Why? Just because they used it widely in their Fighter Planes, ICBM's, Tanks and so on. Doubts about the soviet built quality? Hey, they wanted to win WWIII with them -so: nope. If you ever saw a ruggedized tube: this it is.

After the Detector itself is done, we come to last part of our little contraption: the buffer Amplifier. At the output of the Detector we have the AF as well with the overlayed AGC-Voltage and we want to have an input Impedance as high as possible for the Buffer Amp. Voltage Gain isn't needed -we have plenty of both from the Detector- so we just can use a Cathode Follower for the buffer. Ideally the Buffer should handle both voltages simultaneously, but then the output will be negative with respect to Ground. How to....? Simple: just put that thing between a positive and a negative supply rail. Then the output can swing freely between every positive or negative Potential as desired. Further: we don't need a Grid Resistor! The Grid just follows any voltage swing of the Detector, this also adds to a high input Impedance.

This Circuit will provide us a very high input Impedance, but this is High-End! So: what tube will be the best for? Because of the lack of any Grid Resistor the input Impedance depends now largely on the contact potential of the grid. So we want a tube with low contact potential which calls for a tube with a low Transconductance. Further we want a tube which needs only a low bias voltage for it's Grid, 'cause we'll loose any bias-volt in our AGC-Output voltage. This calls for a tube with an high Gain. Low contact potential and low Transconductance? High Gain?? That's the 12AX7 / ECC83! Ok, it's of course a double Triode, but we still can use the second system for something else -like for the Line-Output Amp. In that Stage there's not much needed so it also will perform well enough there -we're still talking about AM!

So let's put everything neatly together, adding adequate shielding and so on -and we get this:

So now it's time to have a closer look we did everything right. Just put a 300kHz-Carrier in, 100% modulated with a triangle-signal. We should get a perfect Triangle at the AF-Output -if physics are with us. Due to the Triangle Signal any Distortion can easily be spotted on the Scope.

Looks promising! But somehow... Is the beam defocused? Let's take a very close look:

No, it's not. Those are just the very small remnants of the Carrier, so we actually have a look how the Detector works on a nearly 'microscopic' Level. I could take a measurement how much distortion we have left, but the Flanks of the Triangle are perfectly straight, so the Distortion will be really small -like 1% or so worst case. At least for the moment it's not worth the Effort. Compared to the usual 15...30% Distortion at a 100%-Modulation level this works really well, there's no doubt about.

So finally: we wanted to have a Envelope-Detector as good as possible and here we are. Ok, tbh it's better than needed, cause finally the REAL Detector will be a synchronous one. So why i took this that far? Easy: because of mental peace. Now i never have to think about if that part of the whole final thing could work better. As i said before: it's High-End.

Will update you if the next module is ready. But i fear this here was just the more easy part of the whole thing. From now on things may get a bit more tricky...

#vacuum tube #tube amplifier #shortwave #radio #shortwave radio #am radio

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