#Genus: Pygoscelis

[haveyouseenthisanimal-irl]

[pleistocene-pride]

Pygoscelis papua, better known as the gentoo penguin, is a species of penguin in the genus pygoscelis which is native to the waters of the southern, south atlantic, and south pacific oceans with notable colonies occurring on the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and Kerguelen Islands, Macquarie Island, Heard Islands, Crozet Islands, the South Shetland Islands, and the Antarctic Peninsula. Gentoos mainly feed upon crustaceans, such as krill, squat lobsters, and shrimp but are also known to eat a variety of fish, squid, and octopi. Gentoo penguins are themselves preyed upon by sea lions, leopard seals, orcas, skuas, and giant petrels. Reaching some 28 to 35 inches (70 to 90cms) tall and 9 to 19lbs (4.5 to 8.5kgs) in weight, gentoos are the third largest species of penguin after the emperor penguin and the king penguin. They are the fastest swimming of all birds reaching up to 22 mph (36 kmh). These birds sport a white stripe extending like a bonnet across the top of its head, pale pink feet, and a bright orange-red bill. There tail is also remarkably long, the largest amongst penguins. Gentoo penguins typically mate for life, breeding in large colonies which gather in areas free from ice. Pairs build circular nests made of stones, the smoother the better. These stones are jealously guarded and highly prized, so much so that penguins often trade stones with each other often in exchange for food or sexual favors. Once the nests are build, two eggs are typically laid and incubated in shifts by both parents for 34 to 36 days until hatching. The young then remain in the nests for around 30 days before joining other chicks in the colony and forming crèches. The chicks moult into subadult plumage and go out to sea at around 80 to 100 days. Under ideal conditions a gentoo penguin may live up to 20 years.

[fatbirdpics]

chiiiiinstraaaaaaaaaaaps

Pygoscelis is the best penguin genus. Sorry Aptenodytes, not sorry Eudyptes or Sphenicus

[azuredrg]

happy themis thursday everyone!

new event for my blog where i post themis on thursday

todays themis thursday is what penguin is he?

this was a tough decision, but i wanted him to be a chinstrap chick specifically because, unlike other penguin chicks, they are completely white. A runner up was an emperor chick, for similar white down. but I think a chinstrap would suit him better

They're antartic island birds & part of the Pygoscelis or "brush tailed" genus. They're social & considered one of the more aggressive penguins. they mate for life. Adult chinstraps are also quite white, but not nearly as white as the chicks.

themis would be this penguin because of the social traits ^ (some have been seen mingling with Adelies!) I think this would help for being an emissary maybe. He's specifically a chick because he is my little baby. could also maybe symbolize being the youngest in the convocation

[penguinfacts]

Pygoscelis III

Every penguin in the Pygoscelis penguin genus - Chinstrap, Adelie, and Gentoo - make their nests out of stones!

though that isn’t to say they don’t just chill where they want

(x)

[tanapacozyfashion]

The gentoo penguin is a penguin species in the genus Pygoscelis, most closely related to the Adélie penguin and the chinstrap penguin. The earliest scientific description was made in 1781 by Johann Reinhold Forster with a type locality in the Falkland Islands.

[a-dinosaur-a-day]

Pygoscelis

Gentoo Penguins walking along a Penguin Highway, by Arturo de Frias Marques, CC BY-SA 4.0

Etymology: Rump Leg

First Described By: Wagler, 1832

Classification: Dinosauromorpha, Dinosauriformes, Dracohors, Dinosauria, Saurischia, Eusaurischia, Theropoda, Neotheropoda, Averostra, Tetanurae, Orionides, Avetheropoda, Coelurosauria, Tyrannoraptora, Maniraptoromorpha, Maniraptoriformes, Maniraptora, Pennaraptora, Paraves, Eumaniraptora, Averaptora, Avialae, Euavialae, Avebrevicauda, Pygostaylia, Ornithothoraces, Euornithes, Ornithuromorpha, Ornithurae, Neornithes, Neognathae, Neoaves, Aequorlitornithes, Ardeae, Aequornithes, Austrodyptornithes, Sphenisciformes, Spheniscidae

Referred Species: P. adeliae (Adélie Penguin), P. antarctica (Chinstrap Penguin), P. papua (Gentoo Penguin), P. tyreei, P. grandis, P. calderensis

Status: Extinct - Extant, Least Concern

Time and Place: From 16 million years ago until today; from the Burdigalian of the Miocene 

In the Miocene and Pliocene, Pygoscelis was restricted to northern Chile. By the Pleistocene, it was found on the Southern Island of New Zealand. Today, it ranges throughout the southernmost portion of the southern hemisphere, mainly on Antarctica and parts of Antarctica, depending on the species. 

Physical Description: Pygoscelis is a genus of medium-sized penguins consisting of the Adélie, Gentoo, and Chinstrap Penguins, as well as a few extinct species that are actually known from more northern (so, warmer) locations than the living species, which extend its temporal range through the Miocene. These birds weigh between 3.2 and 8.5 kilograms, with Gentoos being the largest species (and the third-largest penguin overall) and Chinstraps being the smallest. They all have black backs, wings, and tails and white bellies. Unlike some other species of penguin, they don’t have extensive other colors or display structures; instead, the Chinstrap Penguin has a noticeable strap under its chin, the Adélie Penguin has a completely black head, and the Gentoo Penguin has orange feet and a white stripe over its eye. They all have flippers for wings and webbed, orange-pink feet. Like other penguins, they have a unique feather structure that traps air to help keep the penguins warm, and to help them not get too waterlogged as they swim in their ocean habitats. They also have thick blubber to aid in preserving heat. The sexes of these penguins are alike. As babies, they are grey, puffy, and ridiculously muppet-like, before transitioning to more adult plumage. Most of them have short tails, except the Gentoo Penguin, which has a longer tail than usual for penguins. 

Chinstap Penguin by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in the Public Domain

Diet: These dinosaurs primarily eat krill, especially Antarctic krill, though they do also eat fish, cephalopods, and other crustaceans. They often dive extensively, even up to 175 meters to reach their favorite krill.

Behavior: These are highly social, active, and fascinating birds - obviously, as they are penguins. They form large colonies that together hunt for food and take care of their young. Pursuit predators, they get all of their food from the sea, diving and chasing after food very rapidly in the ocean. On land they are a bit less graceful, like other penguins - they waddle about their rocky shoreline habitat, and walk back and forth across Antarctica and South America to reach their food and nesting sites. In fact, the paths they make as they walk across Antarctic snow are called Penguin Highways. 

Adélie Penguins by Jason Auch, CC BY 2.0

These birds arrive at their nesting colonies between September and October, and start laying eggs in November (though Gentoo Penguins can arrive as early as June and start laying then, too). They lay their nests out of small stones protecting a depression in the ground, though Gentoo Penguins use grass and moss as well, and very jealously guard their nest stones. They lay two eggs; in Chinstrap and Adélie Penguins, both are raised, but Gentoo penguins typically only have one survive to hatching. The parents tend to take turns to help incubate the eggs, while the other penguin goes off to eat on their off-hours. Chinstrap and Adélie Penguins rarely lay replacement clutches, but Gentoo Penguins will if needed. Success of breeding varies based on nesting site, with some having up to 50% of the young surviving, and others having as low as 7.5% success rates. Unfortunately, due to reductions in sea ice, many colonies have seen sharp drops in breeding success rates. Chinstrap Penguins reach sexual maturity at 3 years of age; Adélie at 8 years; and Gentoo at 2 years. These are primarily monogamous birds, and in Gentoo Penguins infidelity is punished by banishment from the colony. 

Gentoo Penguins by Liam Quinn, CC BY-SA 2.0

These are also birds which showcase documented homosexual behavior - in 2004, a pair of Chinstrap Penguins named Roy and Silo in the Central Park Zoo of New York City formed a pair bond and, together, adopted a fertile egg which they raised together. Homosexual behavior is also known in wild individuals - Adélie penguins, especially young ones, often mate with other males. This can be as ascribed to inexperience as to choice, however, as they often also try to mate with young chicks and dead females due to not know what the heck they are supposed to do.

Conviviality varies wildly in this genus. Adélie Penguins were described by Apsley Cherry-Garrard as “extraordinarily like children, these little people of the Antarctic world, either like children or like old men, full of their own importance.” They are friendly birds and often approach human scientists as they conduct research on the continent. Chinstrap Penguins, on the other hand, are the most aggressive species of penguin, and are straight-up assholes to humans who approach them. 

Adélie Penguins by Lescroël et al., CC BY 4.0

These are very loud birds, like most penguins; they make trumpting calls, cawing calls, almost bark-like calls, cacklings, and grunts, as well as hissings and hummings. They live entirely in huge colonies and migrate together back and forth between breeding sites and feeding sites; sometimes they’ll migrate large distances based on food availability.

Ecosystem: All these birds live in cold, tundra or straight up ice-filled environments, though where exactly depends on species. As chicks, they are preyed upon by other birds such as Skuas, Sheathbills, Kelp Gulls, and Giant Petrels; as adults, they are targeted by Leopard Seals, Sea Lions, and Orca Whales.

These penguins spend most of their time on rocky shores, though based on species they will often spend time in snow and ice as well. They hunt and spend a good amount of time in cold marine water, like other penguins - probably the most aquatically adapted group of dinosaurs besides Hesperornithines. 

Chinstrap Penguins by Lewnwdc77, CC BY-SA 3.0

Other: Though none of these species are currently threatened with extinction, they are all vulnerable to the current dramatic climate change occurring that is leading to dramatic dips in ice and other suitable habitat for them. While this has also lead to things such as krill booms, which allows for the populations to grow, their nests are not as successful and breeding is going down somewhat. Conservation efforts are necessary to keep these birds alive, as their habitat is rapidly and dramatically disappearing.

Species Differences: Besides differences in appearance and behavior, each of these three species live in different habitats. Gentoos live mostly in South America rather than Antarctica; though they are associated heavily with snow, they prefer to breed in more rocky regions. Adélie penguins live and molt on ice flows and actively seek out ice, and migrate between the Antarctic mainland and the sea for food and nesting. Chinstrap Penguins will seek out areas with light pack ice, but it is an ice-intolerant species and avoids it during the nesting season.

~ By Meig Dickson

Sources under the cut 

Acosta Hospitaleche, C., M. Chavez, and O. Fritis. 2006. Pingüinos fósiles (Pygoscelis calderensis sp. nov.) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno), Chile. Revista geológica de Chile 33(2):327-338

Bianucci, G., S. Sorbi, M. E. Suarez and W. Landini. 2006. The southernmost sirenian record in the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Late Miocene of Chile. Systematic Palaeontology 5:945-952

Cherry-Garrard, A. 2000. The Worst Journey in the World. Picador.

Chinstrap Penguin. The Animal Files.

Clements, J.F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2017. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017

February 2014 observation and photo report by Robert Runyard, translator for INACH (Chilean Antarctic Institute).

Jobling, J. A. 2010. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Christopher Helm Publishing, A&C Black Publishers Ltd, London.

Marples, B. J. 1960. A fossil penguin from the late Tertiary of North Canterbury. Records of the Canterbury Museum 7(3):185-195

Martínez, I., Christie, D.A., Jutglar, F., Garcia, E.F.J. & Sharpe, C.J. 2019. Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Martínez, I., Christie, D.A., Jutglar, F. & Garcia, E.F.J. 2019. Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Martínez, I., Christie, D.A., Jutglar, F., Garcia, E.F.J. & Sharpe, C.J. 2019. Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

McKie, R. 2012. Sexual depravity of penguins that Antarctic Scientist dared not reveal. The Guardian.

Trather, P. N., J. Forcada, R. Atkinson, R. H. Downie, J. R. Shears. 2008. Population assessments of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) breeding at an important Antarctic tourist site, Goudier Island, Port Lockroy, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Biological Conservation 141 (21): 3019 - 3028.

[symbiotic-science]

Abstract

Penguins are classified in the order Sphenisciformes into a single family, Spheniscidae. The genus Pygoscelis Wagler, 1832, is composed of three species, Pygoscelis antarcticus Forster, 1781, P. papua Forster, 1781 and P.adeliae Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841. In this work, the objective was to describe and to compare the karyotypes of Pygoscelis penguins contributing genetic information to Sphenisciformes. The metaphases were obtained by lymphocyte culture, and the diploid number and the C-banding pattern were determined. P. antarcticus has 2n = 92, P. papua 2n = 94 and P. adeliae exhibited 2n = 96 in males and 2n = 95 in females. The difference of diploid number in P. adeliae was identified as a multiple sex chromosome system where males have Z1Z1Z2Z2 and females Z1Z2W. The C-banding showed the presence of a heterochromatic block in the long arm of W chromosome and Z2 was almost entirely heterochromatic. The probable origin of a multiple system in P. adeliae was a translocation involving the W chromosome and the chromosome ancestral to Z2. The comparison made possible the identification of a high karyotype homology in Sphenisciformes which can be seen in the conservation of macrochromosomes and in the Z chromosome. The karyotypic divergences in Pygoscelis are restricted to the number of microchromosomes and W, which proved to be highly variable in size and morphology. The data presented in this work corroborate molecular phylogenetic proposals, supporting the monophyletic origin of penguins and intraspecific relations.

[uwmarchives]

Penguin Awareness Day

January 20, 2019, is Penguin Awareness Day! The above photos come from the Zoological Society of Milwaukee County collection (call number: PH Milw MSS 204, Box 2, Folder 16). The first three photographs depict Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) in the Taylor Family Humboldt Penguin Exhibit by the entrance of the zoo. They joined the other animals at the zoo in the late 1970s and the species is now the subject of several joint research endeavors between researchers in Milwaukee and in the penguins’ native Chile. For more information on these projects and other conservation efforts, visit the Zoological Society’s website.

The last photo was colorized by me from its original black and white. It depicts the rockhopper penguins (the two with yellow crests to the left of the man) and juvenile Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) housed in the zoo’s Herb and Nada Mahler Family Aviary. There are several subspecies of the rockhopper penguin; all belong to the Genus Eudyptes and can be found around southern Argentina and the Antarctic Peninsula with the Gentoos or around southern Australia and New Zealand.

In addition to these three species, there are 14-17 more species of penguins in the world - there is some debate regarding if different subspecies should be considered their own species or just a variant on another. These range from the Emperor penguin, the largest species that makes its home in and around Antarctica, to the aptly named little penguin or little blue penguin found around Australia and New Zealand, among other islands. The northernmost penguin is the Galapagos penguin, an endangered species that is the only one found north of the equator in the Galapagos Islands.

On this Penguin Awareness Day, take some time to learn a little more about these adorable flightless birds and maybe take a trip to the Milwaukee County Zoo. If you’re not in the area, you can still enjoy Milwaukee’s Humboldt penguins through ZooView.TV, a joint project by Milwaukee County Zoo and the Zoological Society.

-Samantha Dickson, Archives Graduate Intern

[protectcosette]

No, that's gangrene. Gender is a penguin species in the genus Pygoscelis, found on the Falkland Islands

no that’s gengar. gender is a game of skill that involves balancing wooden blocks

[relishthisjourney]

The Adélie penguin got it's name from the French Antarctic explorer, Jules Dumont d'Urville. On discovering these sea birds in 1840 he decided to name them after his beloved wife – Adéle. ... Pygoscelis means 'rump-legged', but the genus is better known as 'brush-tailed penguins'. (Source: wwf.org.uk). ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ #relishthisjourney #antarctica #passionpassport #natgeotravel #instatravel #instatrip #bucketlist #wanderlust #travelpics #travelgoals #earthpix #lindbladexpeditions #lovetheworld #tripadvisor #natgeoexpeditions #lonelyplanet #travelgram #travelstoke #penguin #penguins #penguinsofinstagram #animallover #penguinlove #wildlifeonearth #reflection #reflectionphotography #reflectiongram #addicted_to_reflections #wildlifephotography #wildlife_captures (at Antarctica) https://www.instagram.com/p/B6ivXycgIDk/?igshid=19j227x7ztzo0

[haveyouseenthisanimal-irl]

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[wikimili]

#PictureOfTheDay The gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) is a penguin species in the genus Pygoscelis, most closely related to the Adélie penguin and the chinstrap penguin. The earliest scientific de...==> https://t.co/ATnti8Rh0v #picoftheday #pictures https://t.co/4LAtHgVwC0

[imagesbylemke]

Gentoo penguin in Black and White. The long-tailed gentoo penguin is a penguin species in the genus Pygoscelis, most closely related to the Adélie penguin and the chinstrap penguin. #marchofthepenguins #gentoo #penguinawarenessday#imagesbylemke #nature #lancelemke #birds #zoophotography #gentoopenguins #penguinstagram #penguinlover #sealife #travel #penguin #antarctica #wildlife #wildlifephotography #nature_org #nature_shooters #nature  #emperor #dynamic#loveit #beautiful #animalsofinstagram #animals (at Milwaukee County Zoo)

[jtmorris]

This is a gentoo penguin, or Pygoscelis Papua. It has orange around its beak, a white design around the eyes and on the top of its head, and it has a white belly and a black back.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Sphenisciformes

Family: Spheniscidae

Genus: Pygoscelis

Species: Papua

Gentoo penguins are found in Antarctic regions where there is water. They eat any fish that can fit in their mouth. 

They mate where ice is minimal. They build nests with relatively spherical hunks of rock that are about 1-2 inches in diameter (2.5-5 cm). They lay two eggs each mating season. Incubation is done in daily shifts until the babies hatch after about 36 days. Chicks stay in the nests for about 30 days, and they leave their parents after 80-100 days.

Fun Fact: In the water, Gentoo penguins are threatened by leopard seals, sea lions, and killer whales, while on land, they do not have any predators.